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Unit 3 - Parallel and Plane Sailing

Parallel and plane sailing are methods for determining a vessel's position based on its course and distance traveled. Parallel sailing uses departure, which is distance traveled east or west between meridians, and assumes this distance remains constant with changes in latitude. Plane sailing treats the path of travel as a right triangle, relating departure to distance and latitude change using trigonometric functions. Traverse tables provide pre-calculated solutions for right triangles formed by courses, distances, and resulting position changes in latitude and longitude.

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Utpal Kant
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3K views

Unit 3 - Parallel and Plane Sailing

Parallel and plane sailing are methods for determining a vessel's position based on its course and distance traveled. Parallel sailing uses departure, which is distance traveled east or west between meridians, and assumes this distance remains constant with changes in latitude. Plane sailing treats the path of travel as a right triangle, relating departure to distance and latitude change using trigonometric functions. Traverse tables provide pre-calculated solutions for right triangles formed by courses, distances, and resulting position changes in latitude and longitude.

Uploaded by

Utpal Kant
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION

BSC SEM I
UNIT 3– PARALLEL AND PLANE SAILING
PARALLEL AND PLANE SAILING
DEPARTURE
Departure

❑Departure = D Long × Cos


Lat
DEPARTURE
Departure for a vessel on any
course other than North or South

Departure = D long ×
Cos (Mid latitude) which is
approximately equal to D long ×
Cos (Mean latitude)
SAILINGS
True course

True heading
RHUMB LINE

• Rhumb line is a line which when drawn on a chart


makes equal angle to all meridians on the way.
• On Mercator Charts Rhumb line appears as a
straight line. On a Gnomonic Chart, All Rhumb
line courses except North – South and East – West
courses, converge towards the poles.
Parallel Sailing: This name has come from the days when
navigators had no means of finding Longitude at sea. They
just sailed Northerly or Southerly until the desired Latitude
was reached, then sailed due East or West until a landfall was
made & finally coasted to their destination.
This is no longer the practice & ships are sailed obliquely
across the meridians so that the principle of parallel sailing is
now merely applied to finding the mean distance East & West
between two meridians. In practice so long as distance does
not exceed 600 Nautical miles & the Lat. is under 60ﾟwe use
the formula Dep =D Long × Cos Mean Lat
Parallel Sailing (contd)

In parallel sailing formula we use middle Lat which


takes into account of convergency of the meridian on
the surface of the sphere. The middle Lat in which
true departure lies. It is found by applying a
correction given in the nautical table.
Thus Parallel Sailing formula is:

Cos Lat = Dep ÷ D Long


or Dep = D long × Cos Lat
EXAMPLES
1. A vessel in lat. 47ﾟS long. 054ﾟW steers a course of
270ﾟ(T) for a distance of 412 miles. Find the
position arrived.

dep. / dlong = cos lat or dlong = dep. x sec lat =


412 sec 47ﾟ= 604.1’W = 10ﾟ04.1’W
Long arrived= 54ﾟW + 10ﾟ04.1’W = 064°04.1’W
Position arrived = 47ﾟS; 064ﾟ04.1’W
2. Two vessels on the equator, were 60 miles apart.
Both steered 180ﾟ(T) until they reached latitude 30ﾟS. Find
the distance between them on latitude 30ﾟS.

We know that dep. / dlong = cos lat.


Since the vessels are in 0ﾟlat, dep./dlong= cos 0ﾟ= 1
Therefore dep. (the distance between them) is equal to the
dlong between them. Thus dlong = 60’. As both ships
have steered 180ﾟ(T), i.e. along their respective meridians
the dlong between them remains the same on reaching lat
30ﾟS. As the two vessels are on the same lat, the dep, i.e.
the east – west distance between them = dlong.cos lat
=60.cos30ﾟ= 51.96 miles.
At 1200 Hrs on Jan 12th, a vessel in position Lat. 60° S,
Long. 178° 48’ E started steering a course 090° (T) till she
arrived at Long. 179° 32’ W at 1600 Hrs on the same day.
Calculate the average speed made good by the vessel.
(Assume ‘nil’ set/ drift)

D’ long made good = 179 32 W


178 48 E
-------------------------
100’ E
Departure = D’long x Cos Lat
= 100 x Cos 60°
= 50’ E
In Parallel sailing, Departure = Distance travelled = 50 M.
Av. speed made good = Distance/ Time taken = 50/ 4 = 12.5 Knots (Ans.)
Plane Sailing

Plane Sailing is an approximate method of


navigation over small ranges of Lat & Long. It is
based on the assumption that the parallel through
the point of departure, the parallel through the
destination & the course form a right angled triangle
in a plane, called the plane sailing triangle.
Plane Sailing (contd)
Departure B
C

D Lat
Course

A
Angle A= Quadrantal Course Thus---
Dep = Sin Course DLat =Cos Course
Distance Distance
Departure = Tan Course
DLat
Plane Sailing(contd)

Plane sailing formulae are used in determining ship’s position


after sailing on a course or different courses for known
distances. They are also used to calculate CMG & DMG
between two known positions or to find rhumb line course to
make good & distance to go between known positions. If the
correct dep can be found for positions in different latitude &
meridian then the plane sailing formula has no limitation of
600 nm.
Mean or Middle Lat Sailing

• To determine Longitude of v/l after travelling along


rhumb line, mean latitude or middle latitude or Mercator
sailing method is used.
• Middle sailing formula is obsolete as Mercator sailing
formula is used for accurate results & for distances up to
600nm mean latitude sailing is used.
• Using plane sailing formulae, we can find dep & dlat but to
find d Long, dep needs to be converted to d long. To
convert dep into d Long or vice-versa the parallel sailing
formula is modified as
Dep = D Long × Cos Mean Lat
Tan Co = Dep / Dlat
Distance=Dlat × sec Co or Distance =Dep×cosec Co
A vessel in D.R 32ﾟ17’S 37ﾟ43’E obtains an observed
position of 32ﾟ29’S 37ﾟ38’E. Find the Set and Drift.

Cos Mean Lat × D’Long = Dep


Dep ÷ D’Lat = tan Co
D’Lat ÷ cos Co = Distance
D’Lat = 12’S
D’Long = 5’W
Mean Lat = 32ﾟ23’S
Set = S 19ﾟ23.1’W = 199ﾟ23’ (T)
Drift = 12.7’
A vessel makes a Dlat of 01° 44’N & a Dlong of
5°34’W while sailing a distance of 255 miles. What
course did she make good & between what latitudes
did she sail ?

Dlat = 1º 44’ = 104’ Dlong = 5º 34’ Dist = 255 miles


Cos Co = Dlat ÷ Dist = 104÷255 = N65°55.9’ W
Dep = dist × SinCo = 255 × Sin 65°55.9’ = 232.82
Dlong = dep × Sec mlat
334÷232.82 = Sec mlat
mlat = cos-1 0.697 = 45°48.5’
Mlat ±½ Dlat
45° 48.5 + 0 52’ = 46° 40.8’ N/S
45° 48.5 - 0 52’ = 44° 56.8’ N/S
In Sailing a certain distance & course, the dlat is 1.5
times the departure & 0.8 times the dlong. Find the
middle lat & CMG.
Dlat = 1.5 dep
Dlat = 0.8 dlong
Tan Co = dep ÷ dlat = 1×dep ÷ 1.5dep
= 1÷1.5 Co = Tan-1 1÷1.5
= 33°41.4’(CMG/Ans)
Dlong =Dep Sec mlat
Cos mlat =(Dlat÷0.8)÷(dlat÷1.5)
cos mlat = 0.8÷1.5
mlat = 57°46.1’ (Ans)
In a certain lat the departure for dlong of 145’ is 120
miles. Find the latitude?
dlong = 145
dep = 120
dlong = dep × Seclat Cos lat = 120÷145
Lat = 34°8.9 N/S
Traverse Tables
Traverse tables gives us the solution of successive right angled
triangle for every degree of angle & every unit length of hypotenuse
up to 600 NM. It is a ready reckoner, or multiplication table.
Base Dep B
C In plane sailing e.g. if a ship sails from A to B
say on course 030 for a distance of 100 miles
DLat

<A=30ﾟDist.=Hypo=100’
Thus Dlat=Adj(perp)=Hyp×CosA
Lat =100×Cos30=100×.866=86.6’ Also
A Course Base(opp side)BC=dep=Hypo×SinA
=100×Sin30=100×.5=50’
Note: Dep is always the opposite side to
the angle being used to solve the Δ.

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