TUTORIAL SHEET- PHYSICS-II: UNIT 1

WAVE MECHANICS

Short Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 50-75 words)

1. What is wave particle duality?

2. Discuss few important properties of matter waves.
3. What was the objective of Davisson-Germer experiment? Discuss results of this
experiment.
4. Determine the de Broglie’s wavelength of electron and photon?
5. What is the difference between matter waves and electromagnetic waves?
6. What do you understand by phase and group velocities?
7. Show that the phase velocity of de Broglie wave is greater than velocity of light.
8. Show that de Broglie wavelength of a photon is equal to the wavelength of the
radiation.
9. Explain Bohr quantization rule on the basis of de Broglie’s concept of matter
waves.
10. What is the physical significance of wave function?
11. What do you understand by Eigen function and Eigen value?
12. What is the importance of Schrödinger equation?
13. On the basis of Uncertainty principle, how will you explain non-existence of
electrons in the nucleus?
14. On the basis of Uncertainty principle, how will you show that the spectral lines
can never be sharp but they have a finite width?
15. Briefly discuss that the uncertainty principle has no meaning at macroscopic
level.
16. What do you understand by diffraction of X-rays? Give five properties of X-rays.
17. Show that the Compton shift is undetectable for visible light.
18. How will you show that the electron can recoil only in the onward direction while
photon can scatter in any direction?
19. What is the kinetic energy of recoiled electron?
20. How will you show that only unmodified radiations are present for zero scattering
angle?

Medium Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 100-200 words)

1. A particle of charge q and mass m is accelerated from rest through a potential

difference V. Find its de Broglie wavelength. Calculate the wavelength (), if particle is
an electron and V = 50 volts.

2. For an electron and a proton, each having a wavelength of 1.0Å, compare their
(a) momentum, (b) total energy, (c) ratio of kinetic energy. (Given that h = 6.63X10 -34 Js,
rest mass of electron (m0) is 9.1X10-31 kg, c = 3.0X108 m/s, 1 eV = 1.6x10-19 joule).
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3. Prove that de Broglie wavelength of a particle of rest mass mo and charge q,

h
λ=
accelerated by a potential difference V is given by √2 m0 qV (1+qV /2 m0 c 2 ) .
4. In Davisson-Germer experiment, at what angle would the second-, and third-
order diffracted beams corresponding to the strong maximum occur? At what angle
would the first-order beams occur if the accelerating potential were changed from 50
volt to 65 volt?
5. Calculate the smallest possible uncertainty in the position of an electron moving
with a velocity 2X107 m/s.
6. A particle is in motion along a line between x=0 and x=a with zero potential
energy. At point for which x < 0 and x > a, the potential energy is infinite. The wave
function for the particle in the n th state is given by ψ n =A Sin(nπx /a) . Find the
expression for the normalized wave function.

7. A particle is moving in a one-dimensional box of width 30Å. Calculate the

probability of finding the particle within and at intervals of 2Å at the centre of the box
when it is in its state of least energy.

8. X-rays of =0.3Å are incident on a crystal with a lattice spacing 0.5Å. Find the
angles at which second- and third-order Bragg’s diffraction maxima are observed.

9. A set of lattice planes reflects X-rays of wavelength 1.2Å at a glancing angle of

9°30´. Deduce the possible spacing of this set of planes.

10. A beam of –radiations having energy of 510 keV is incident on a foil of

aluminum. Calculate (a) the wavelength of radiation scattered at 90, (b) energy of the
recoiled electron, (c) direction of the corresponding electron.

Long Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 300-500 words)

1. Discuss the dual nature of matter and waves. Describe the properties of matter
waves. Also distinguish between wave & group velocity, and show that vg.vp = c2. Also,
derive formulae for de Broglie wavelength for particle (of charge q and mass m) in terms
of KE and its rest mass energy; accelerated through a potential difference V, and
accelerated through thermal energy.

2. What are de Broglie’s matter waves? Describe Davisson-Germer experiment to

prove that electrons possess wave nature.

3. Explain the difference between wave velocity and group velocity in wave motion.
Obtain expressions for the group velocity in dispersive and non-dispersive media.
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4. Show that the phase velocity of the de Broglie wave is greater than the velocity of
light, but the group velocity is equal to the velocity of particle with which waves are
associated.

5. What is Uncertainty principle? Explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle and

discuss any two applications of this principle.

6. Derive time independent and time dependent Schrödinger wave equations.

Explain .

7. Derive an expression for the wave function and energy of a particle confined in
one dimensional potential box using Schrödinger wave equation.

8. What is Bragg’s Law? Derive Bragg’s law for diffraction of X-rays of crystals.
Describe Bragg’s X-ray spectrometer and derive the necessary formula and explain how
it is used to study the structure of crystal.

9. What is Compton Effect? Explain the experimental verification of Compton’s

theory.

10. What is Compton shift? Derive expressions for the direction of recoiled Compton
electron, and change in wavelength of a photon when it is scattered by an electron.
Discuss the conclusions drawn based on this effect.
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TUTORIAL SHEET- PHYSICS-II: UNIT 2

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND NANOMATERIALS

Short Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 50-75 words)

1. What do you understand by superconductivity?

2. What is transition temperature?

3. Give five properties of superconductors.

4. Draw the diagram showing the conditions, with boundaries, producing

superconductivity

5. Distinguish Type I and Type II superconductors.

6. With the help of diagram, show the behaviour of magnetic field for two types of
superconductors.

7. What is isotopic effect in superconductors?

8. Briefly discuss the thermal properties of superconductors.

9. What is Josephson effect?

10. Write five characteristics of superconductors.

11. What are 1-2-3 materials?

12. What do you understand by nano-particles and nanotechnology?

13. What are the important features of the BCS theory?

14. What are high-Tc superconductors? Give some examples.

15. Why does the colour of nano-particles depend on size of cluster?

16. How does the magnetic moment of cluster depend on temperature?

17. What do you understand by carbon nanotubes?

18. Name five fields, which find use of carbon nanotubes for improvement.
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19. Name three types of structures of carbon nanotubes.

20. Mention few physical properties of CNT.

Medium Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 100-200 words)

1. Define and explain (a) Critical temperature (b) Critical field.

2. Define and explain Meissner effect.

3. Briefly discuss magnetic levitation.

4. Classify superconductors on the basis of their behaviour in magnetic field. Write

chief characteristics of each type.

5. A long thin superconducting wire of a metal produces a magnetic field 105X10 3

A/m on its surface due to current passing through it at a certain temperature TK.
Calculate T. Given Hc(0) = 150x103 A/m and Tc = 9.3K.

6. For a specimen of V3Ga, the critical fields are respectively 0.176 T (Tesla) and
0.528 T for 14K and 13K. Calculate the transition temperature and critical fields at 0K
and 4.2K.

7. Briefly describe C60 buckyballs.

8. Discuss various applications of nanotechnology.

9. Describe the properties and structure of carbon nanotubes.

10. The penetration depth of Hg at 3.5K is about 750Å. Find penetration depth at
0K. Given Tc (Hg) = 4.453K.

Long Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 300-500 words)

1. Give a quantitative explanation of BCS theory of superconductors. How does this

theory explain chief characteristics of superconductors?

2. Discuss the formation of cooper pairs and energy gap in superconductors on the
basis of BCS theory.

3. Explain variation in magnetization with applied magnetic field in Type-I and Type
-II superconductors. Give some examples of both types.

4. Derive relation between temperature and critical magnetic field in a super

conductor.
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5. Discuss Meissner effect. Distinguish between Type-I and Type-II super

conductors. Describe how has it been explained.

6. Discuss in detail high temperature superconductors.

7. What do you understand by nanomaterial? Discuss the properties of metallic and

semi-conducting nanomaterials.

8. Describe two methods of synthesis of nanoparticles.

9. What do you understand by C 60 buckyball? How was it discovered? Discuss its

electrical properties. How do electrical properties change if it is dopped with potassium?

10. Describe the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes.

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TUTORIAL SHEET- PHYSICS-II: UNIT 3

DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

Short Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 50-75 words)

1. What do you understand by a dielectric? Write two uses of dielectrics

2. What do you understand by dielectric constant?
3. What do you understand by polar and non-polar molecules? Give examples.
Write a note of three vectors ( E , D ∧ P ) .
4.
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
5. Name the types of electric polarization.
6. Explain the term electric susceptibility. How is it related to dielectric constant?
7. State Gauss’s law in dielectric.
8. State Clausius – Mossotti relation.
9. Distinguish Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity.
10. How does Gauss’s law change in presence of dielectric?
11. Draw ⃗P− ⃗E curve for a ferro-electric substance? What is its significance?
12. What is piezo-electric effect? Explain its origin.
13. Does dielectric constant depend on frequency? Explain.
14. What is meant by dielectric loss?
15. Write the physical significance of Clausius-Mossotti relation.
16. Write the consequences of Clausius-Mossotti Relation.
17. What is hysteresis? What does the area of hysteresis curve represent?
18. Define retentivity and coercivity.
19. How can the ultrasonic waves produced?
20. What are X-cut and Y-cut quartz crystals? Which type of crystal cut is used to
produce ultrasonic waves and why?

Medium Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 100-200 words)

⃗P=ε 0 ( ε r −1) ⃗E
1. Prove that ; where P⃗ is polarization vector and E⃗ is the
resultant electric field.

2. Establish the relation between electric susceptibility and dielectric constant.

3. A medium of dielectric constant of 8 and thickness 0.5 cm is placed between the

plates of capacitor of area 100 cm2. If the separation between plates is I cm and applied
potential between plates is 100 volts, then find the value of three vectors
⃗E , D⃗ ∧ ⃗P ,
where they have their usual meaning.

4. Calculate the percentage of ionic polarizability in sodium chloride which has the
refractive index and static dielectric constant 1.5 and 5.6 respectively.
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5. A quartz crystal of thickness 0.003 m is vibrating at resonance. Calculate the

fundamental frequency. (Given that Young’s modulus for quartz is 7.9X10 10 N/m2 and its
density is 2650 kg/m3).

6. What is ferroelectricity? Write six applications of ferroelectricity.

7. What is piezoelectricity? Write six applications of piezoelectricity.

8. What do you understand by dielectric breakdown? Explain the mechanism of

dielectric breakdown.

9. What are ultrasonic waves? Write six applications of ultrasonic waves.

10. How are ultrasonic waves detected? Explain the principle and working of a
thermal detector. Write six properties of ultrasonic waves.

Long Answer Questions. (The answers are expected to be in 300-500 words)

1. What do you mean by polarization of a substance? Write different mechanisms of

polarization in a dielectric and explain their temperature dependence.

2. Explain electronic polarizability in atoms and obtain an expression for electronic

polarizability in terms of radius of the atoms.

3. Obtain Claussius – Mossoti equation. How it can be used to determine the dipole
moment of a polar molecule from the dielectric constant measurements?

4. Obtain an expression for the internal field explained by an atom in a one-

dimensional array of atoms subjected to an external field.

5. What is dielectric loss? Obtain an expression for tangent loss. Write six
applications of dielectric material.

6. Discuss Langevin’s theory of diamagnetism and show that diamagnetic

susceptibility is independent of temperature.

7. What is meant by hysteresis? Explain hysteresis loss. How would you use
hysteresis curve to select materials for the construction of permanent magnet?

8. Discuss the nature of magnetic field in magnetic material. Describe Langevin’s

theory of paramagnetism.

9. What are ultrasonic waves? Explain how they are produced using
magnetostriction method.

10. What is piezoelectric effect? Explain how piezoelectric generator is used to

produce ultrasonic waves.