Bismillahirrahamanirraheem

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS-I
PROF. DR. YOUNIS JAMAL
Lecture 20
 BUCKLING
Buckling is defined as the sudden large lateral deformation of P
a structure due to a slight increase of an existing compressive
load under which the structure had exhibited little, if any,
deformation before the load was increased.
A member of a structure which is in compression may be
called a column or strut. P
The term column is frequently used to describe a vertical member
whereas the word strut is occasionally used in regard to inclined bars.
 BUCKLING
Columns or struts subjected to compression can be classified in
three ways:
(i) Those having a very short length
(ii) Those not greater in length than about thirty diameters
(iii) Those of greater length than about thirty diameters
Long columns fail by buckling or excessive lateral bending;
intermediate columns, by a combination of crushing and buckling,
short column by crushing.
 BUCKLING
A long column is a compression member that is so slender
compared to its length that under gradually increasing loads it fails
by buckling at loads considerably less than those required to cause
failure by crushing.
Buckling of long slender (thin) columns is caused not by failure of
the material of which the column is composed, as distinct from
short columns which fail by compressive stress, but by
deterioration of what was a stable state of equilibrium to an
unstable one.
 BUCKLING
Slenderness Ratio:
Ratio of the length of column 𝑙 to the minimum radius of gyration 𝜌
𝑙
of the cross-sectional area 𝐴 is termed as the slenderness ratio,
𝜌
𝐼
where 𝜌=
𝐴

or 𝐼 = 𝐴𝜌2
Slenderness ratio is determined for the axis about which buckling
tends to occur, therefore, 𝜌 is the radius of gyration about the axis
of buckling.
 BUCKLING
Slenderness Ratio:
Since an axial loaded column tends to buckle about the axis of
least second moment of area, the least radius of gyration should be
used to determine the slenderness ratio.
Buckling occurs about the “weak” axis ⎯ the axis of least second
moment of area.
 BUCKLING
Critical Load:
In the analysis of axial deformation, it is implicitly assumed that, even
under compressive loading, the member undergoing axial deformation
remains straight, and that the only deformation is a shortening or
lengthening of the member.
However, at some value of compressive axial load the member no
longer remains straight, but suddenly deflects laterally, bending like a
beam.
This lateral deflection cause by axial compression is called buckling.
 BUCKLING
Critical Load:
Buckling failures are often sudden and catastrophic.
The value of the load at which the transition from stable equilibrium to
unstable equilibrium occurs is called the critical load, 𝑃𝑐𝑟 .
This loss of stability is called buckling, and the load 𝑃𝑐𝑟 is called the
buckling load.
Critical buckling load or Euler buckling load, is defined as the minimum
axial compressive load for which a column will experience lateral
deflections or the maximum axial compressive load for which the column
is in stable equilibrium.
 BUCKLING
Critical Load:
For long, slender columns, the critical buckling load occurs at stress levels
much less than the proportional limit for the material.
This indicates that this type of buckling is an elastic phenomenon.
A critical load can be interpreted as the maximum axial load to which a strut
can be subjected and still remain straight, although in such an unstable
condition that a slight sideways thrust will cause it to bow out.
Or the critical load of a long slender bar subjected to axial compression is that
value of the axial force that is just sufficient to keep the bar in a slightly
deflected configuration.
 BUCKLING
Critical Load:
Critical load is obtained by Euler’s formula:
𝑛𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝑛𝜋2 𝐸𝐴𝜌2
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = =
𝐿2 𝐿2

𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑛𝜋2 𝐸
= 𝜎𝑐𝑟 =
𝐴 𝐿2 /𝜌2

𝐿 2 𝑛𝜋2 𝐸
=
𝜌 𝜎𝑐𝑟

𝐿 𝑛𝐸
=𝜋
𝜌 𝜎𝑐𝑟
 BUCKLING
Critical Load:
It is used when buckling is assumed to take place in the
elastic range.
In the Euler’s formula n is the end fixity coefficient, which
depends on the end conditions, as given in Figure.
 BUCKLING
P P P P P

P P P P P

Both end Both end Flat One end One end fixed and
pinned fixed (Partially pinned, other other free
n=1 n=4 constrained) end fixed (Flagpole column)
n=1→4 n=2 n=
1
4
 BUCKLING
Characteristics of elastic buckling of ideal columns:
• The only material property that enters directly into the Euler’s formula is the
modulus of elasticity, 𝐸 , which represents the stiffness of the material.
Therefore, one way to increase the 𝑃𝑐𝑟 of a member would be to use a
member that is made of material with a higher 𝐸 value.
• 𝑃𝑐𝑟 can be increased by increasing the value of 𝐼, the second moment of
area of the cross section.
• If the second moments of area of the column cross section are unequal, the
column will buckle about the axis of the cross section that has the least
second moment of area.
 BUCKLING
Characteristics of elastic buckling of ideal columns:
• 𝑃𝑐𝑟 is inversely proportional to the square of the length of the column.
• Euler’s formula is valid only for long columns, that is, columns whose
slenderness ratio leads to a critical stress below the compressive
proportional limit.
• If the slenderness ratio is very large, the stress at buckling will be very
small. Therefore, the strength of the material is underutilised. The
design should be modified.
 P. S. NO. 6 P. NO. 10
Two pin-ended brass rods, used as compression members, each of 3 m
effective length.
One is hollow circular rod having external diameter 60 mm and internal
diameter 40 mm and the other is hollow square rod of 60 mm side.
(a) Determine the wall thickness of the hollow square rod for which the
rods have the same cross-sectional area.
(b) Using E = 105 GPa, determine the critical load of each rod.
(Ans: (a) 7.5 mm (b) 58.78 kN, 85.01 kN)
 P. S. NO. 6 Solution(a) P. NO. 10
Hollow circular rod:
𝑑𝑜 = 60 mm 𝑑𝑖 = 40 mm
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑑𝑜2 − 𝑑𝑖2 = 602 − 402 = 1570.8 mm2
4 4

Hollow square rod:

𝑏𝑜 = 60 mm 𝑡 =? 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 = 1570.8 mm2
𝑡
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑜2 − 𝑏𝑖2 = 602 − 𝑏𝑖2 = 1570.8 mm2
𝑏𝑖 = 45 mm
𝑏𝑜 𝑏𝑖
1 1
𝑡= 𝑏𝑜 −𝑏𝑖 = 60 − 45 = 7.5 mm
2 2
P. S. NO. 6 Solution(b) P. NO. 10
𝑛𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = For pin-ended, n = 1 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿𝑠 = 3 m
𝐿2

𝜋 𝜋
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖4 = 0.0604 − 0.0404 = 5.110−7 m4
64 64

1 1
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑏𝑜4 − 𝑏𝑖4 = 0.0604 − 0.0454 = 7.3810−7 m4
12 12

𝑛𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑐 𝜋2 105109 5.110−7

𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑐 = = = 58783 N
𝐿2𝑐 32

𝑛𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑠 𝜋2 105109 7.3810−7

𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑠 = = = 85062 N
𝐿2𝑠 32
 P. S. NO. 5 FIG. 3 P. NO. 1
The cantilever beams loaded as shown is made of titanium.
Determine the deflection and slope at the free end of beam.
Derive the formula you use.
Take E = 110 GPa. y
5 kNm
(Ans: 41.67 mm; 0.028 rad) Dia. 100 mm
x

3m
 P. S. NO. 5 FIG. 3 P. NO. 1
𝑑4 (0.1)4
𝑀 = −5000 𝐼= = = 4.9110−6 m4
64 64

𝑑2 𝑦
− 2 𝐸𝐼 =𝑀
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
y
− 2 𝐸𝐼 = −5000 5 kNm
𝑑𝑥
5 kNm Dia. 100 mm
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 5000𝑥 + 𝐶1 …….. (1) x
𝑑𝑥

5000𝑥 2 3m
𝑦𝐸𝐼 = + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 … (2)
2
 P. S. NO. 5 FIG. 3 P. NO. 1
Boundary Conditions
(i) at 𝑥 = 0 𝑦=0 Applying B. C. (i) 𝐶2 = 0
𝑑𝑦
(ii) at 𝑥 = 0 =0 Applying B. C. (ii) 𝐶1 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Substituting the values of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in equations (1) and (2)
𝑑𝑦 5000𝑥 𝑑𝑦 5000(3)
= = = 0.028 rad
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=3 110109 4.9110−6

5000𝑥 2 5000(3)2
𝑦= 𝑦 = = 0.0417 m
2𝐸𝐼 𝑥=3 2110109 4.9110−6
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
A 100 mm  300 mm timber having a
modulus of elasticity of 8 GPa is used as a 300 mm
post as shown in Fig. 12. 1.5 m
Compute the maximum horizontal 7 kN
movement of the top of the post. 2.0 m
(Ans: 22.04 mm)

Fig. 12
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
𝑏𝑑 3 0.1(0.3)3
𝐼= = = 2.25 10−4 m4 NA
12 12
100 mm
𝑀 = −𝑃[𝑥 − 1.5]
300 mm
𝑑2 𝑦
− 2 𝐸𝐼 =𝑀
𝑑𝑥 300 mm
𝑑2 𝑦
− 2 𝐸𝐼 = −𝑃[𝑥 − 1.5] 𝑥 1.5 m
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑃 2 𝑃
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 1.5 + 𝐶1 …….. (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 2.0 m
𝑃 3
𝑦𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 1.5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 +𝐶2 … (2)
6
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
Boundary Conditions
(i) at 𝑥 = 3.5 𝑦=0 300 mm

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1.5 m
(ii) at 𝑥 = 3.5 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑃
Applying B. C. (ii)
2.0 m
𝑃
0= 3.5 − 1.5 2
+ 𝐶1  𝐶1 = −2𝑃
2
Applying B. C. (i)
𝑃 3
0= 3.5 − 1.5 − 2𝑃(3.5) + 𝐶2
6
𝐶2 = 5.667𝑃
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
Substituting the values of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in equation (2)
𝑃 3
𝑦𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − 1.5 − 2𝑃𝑥 +5.667𝑃… (2')
6

𝑃 1 3
𝑦= 𝑥 − 1.5 − 2𝑥 + 5.667
𝐸𝐼 6

7103 1 3
𝑦 = − 0 − 1.5 − 2 0 + 5.667
𝑥=0 8109 2.25 10−4 6

7103 5.667
𝑦 = = 22.04103 m
𝑥=0 8109 2.25 10−4
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
Alternative Procedure:
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑥 − 2𝑃 − 𝑃[𝑥 − 2] 300 mm
𝑑2 𝑦
− 2 𝐸𝐼 =𝑀 1.5 m
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑃
− 2 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑃𝑥 − 2𝑃 − 𝑃[𝑥 − 2] 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2.0 m
𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑃 2
− 𝐸𝐼 = − 2𝑃𝑥 − 𝑥−2 + 𝐶1 …….. (1) 𝑃
𝑑𝑥 2 2
2𝑃
𝑃𝑥 3 2𝑃𝑥 2 𝑃 3
−𝑦𝐸𝐼 = − − 𝑥−2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 +𝐶2 … (2)
6 2 6
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
Boundary Conditions 300 mm
(i) at 𝑥 = 0 𝑦=0
1.5 m
𝑑𝑦
(ii) at 𝑥 = 0 =0 7 kN
𝑑𝑥
Applying B. C. (ii) 2.0 m

𝐶1 = 0
Applying B. C. (i) Fig. 12
𝐶2 = 0
 P. S. NO. 5 P. NO. 5
Substituting the values of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in equation (2)

𝑃𝑥 3 𝑃
−𝑦𝐸𝐼 = − 𝑃𝑥 2 − 𝑥−2 3
6 6

𝑃 𝑃𝑥 3 2 1 3
𝑦= − +𝑥 + 𝑥−2
𝐸𝐼 6 6

7103 3.5 3 2 1 3
𝑦 = − + (3.5) + 3.5 − 2
𝑥=3.5 8109 2.25 10−4 6 6

7103 5.667
𝑦 = = 22.04103 m
𝑥=3.5 8109 2.25 10−4
THANK YOU