Fundamentals of

Precision Shaft
Alignment

PREPARED BY
DLI ENGINEERING CORP.
(Jan 2006)
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface and Table of Contents .........................................................................................i

List of Figures and Tables................................................................................................ii
Safety Precautions............................................................................................................iii
Glossary ...........................................................................................................................vi

1. Introduction To Alignment ........................................................................................1

1.1 Overview........................................................................................................1
1.2 Basic Concepts...............................................................................................1
1.3 Causes And Corrections Of Misalignment ....................................................3
1.4 Section 1 Quiz................................................................................................8

2. Pre-Alignment Procedures .........................................................................................9

2.1 Outline............................................................................................................9
2.2 Trial And Error Alignment Method ...............................................................9
2.3 Dial Indicator Method ...................................................................................10
2.4 Section 2 Quiz................................................................................................15

3. Measurements And Calculations ...............................................................................16

3.1 Outline............................................................................................................16
3.2 Three Methods ...............................................................................................16
3.3 Section 3 Quiz................................................................................................21

4. Horizontal Machinery Alignment ..............................................................................22

4.1 Outline............................................................................................................22
4.2 Alignment Procedures....................................................................................22
4.3 Section 4 Quiz................................................................................................28

5. Vertical Machinery Alignment ..................................................................................29

5.1 Outline............................................................................................................29
5.2 Alignment Procedure .....................................................................................29
5.3 Section 5 Quiz................................................................................................36

6. Supplemental Information..........................................................................................37
6.1 Rim & Face Method Of Alignment ...............................................................37
6.2 Case of Obstruction........................................................................................39

Workbook and Lecture Guide..........................................................................................41

 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1-1, Parallel and angular misalignment..................................................................2

Table 1-1, Alignment Tolerances .....................................................................................2
Figure 1-2, Coupling alignment.........................................................................................3
Figure 1-3, Assembly of Indicator reverse method. ..........................................................4
Figure 1-4, Dial indicator placements. ..............................................................................5
Figure 1-5, Indicator Sag ...................................................................................................6
Figure 1-6, Soft foot ..........................................................................................................6
Figure 1-7, Thermal growth curve.....................................................................................7
Figure 2-1, Effect of end play on indicator placement. .....................................................11
Figure 2-2, Indicator placement for soft foot check. .........................................................12
Figure 2-3, Indicator setup for checking sag. ....................................................................13
Figure 3-1, Measurements needed for alignment. .............................................................16
Table 3-1, Alignment Formulas ........................................................................................17
Figure 3-2, Graphing the alignment. .................................................................................18
Figure 3-3, Graphical representation of adjustments.........................................................19
Figure 3-4, Dial indicator placement for horizontal movement. .......................................26
Figure 5-1, Dial indicator setup for checking alignment...................................................29
Figure 5-2, Dial indicator setup for correcting alignment ................................................29
Figure 5-3, Measurements for alignment check. ...............................................................30
Figure 5-4, Dial indicator placement for measuring bent flange......................................32
Figure 5-5, Numbering the hold down bolts.....................................................................33
Figure 5-6, Indicator placement for offset adjustment. .....................................................35
Figure 6-1, Setup for rim face method of alignment. ........................................................37
Figure 6-2, Measurements for rim face method. ..............................................................39

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 PREFACE
This manual began as a set of paper copy notes at DLI Engineering. The original author
is unknown.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Machinery alignment is often accomplished in areas that are hazardous, unless proper
precautions are observed. Equipment and materials used must be appropriate to the work
area and handled correctly to ensure safety of personnel. Constant vigilance by both
workers and supervisors is necessary to eliminate hazardous conditions that could cause a
fatal or injurious accident.

1. Ensure that neck chains and loose bracelets are removed or properly secured
when working with rotating machinery or in close quarters.

2. Ensure that loose clothing is properly secured when working near rotating
machinery.

3. Ensure that appropriate protective items, such as gloves, eye shields, and safety
shoes are worn to prevent injury.

4. Ensure that all sources of electrical power have been secured and tagged by
qualified electricians before undertaking any repairs.

5. Never bypass any electrical safety or control equipment. When it is necessary

that a bypass be made for a specific test or check, only qualified electricians
should conduct the test or check. Upon completion of test or check, the safety
or control device must be restored immediately.

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 GLOSSARY

Alignment The process of adjusting a piece of machinery so that its shaft

centerline will be in line with the shaft centerline of the machine to
which it is coupled.

Angularity Is the angle of the shaft centerline of the machine to be moved

(MTBM) in relation to the shaft centerline of the Stationary Machine
(SM). The angle amount is expressed in rise over run (Thousandths
of an inch per inch), rather than in degrees.

Back Feet Machine supports opposite the coupled end. Sometimes these are
referred to as the free end or as the outboard feet.

Cold Alignment This is intentional angularity and offset misalignment entered into the
machine to be shimmed, during the cold alignment check, to
compensate for thermal growth. Always establish and verify a
"Corrected Cold Alignment Specification".

Cold Alignment Specification

Some manufacturers provide a cold alignment setting that allows the
alignment engineer to know how thermal growth will affect the final
running alignment. The manufacturer's technical manual should be
consulted to obtain this setting.

Face Reading Readings obtained with a dial indicator as both shafts are rotated
when the centerline of the dial indicator stem is set parallel to the
shaft centerline.

Front Feet The machine supports on the coupled end, also known as the driven
end or inboard feet.

Horizontal Misalignment
Misalignment which requires horizontal movement of the machine to
be moved (MTBM) for correction. Shims are not typically used to
correct horizontal misalignment.

Hot Alignment Check

The act of measuring shaft alignment after the machinery has been
operated for a period sufficient to allow it to attain its normal
operation temperature and therefore undergo thermal growth. This
check should be performed as soon as possible after securing the unit.

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Indicator Sag The bending of the indicator mounting hardware caused by gravity. It
occurs when the shaft is rotated and the dial indicator moves from the
“Top” position to the "Bottom" position.

Jacking Bolts Bolts on the machine foundation located at each foot used to adjust
the horizontal or vertical position of the machine.

MTBM Machine to be moved or the machine which will have shims installed
under its feet. This will normally be the prime mover (e.g. electric
motor, steam turbine). Driven components (pumps, compressors),
constrained by pipe connections, are not good candidates for the
MTBM.

Offset The amount of distance between the centerlines of each machine shaft
when measured at the coupling center. Offset is typically expressed in
"thousandths of an inch" or "mils".

Rim Readings Dial indicator readings obtained as the shafts are rotated and the
centerline of the dial indicator stem is set perpendicular to the shaft
centerline.

Total Run-out The total radial deflection of a shaft with respect to a fixed point as
the shaft is rotated through one complete revolution. Often called TIR
for total indicated run out. This measurement can also be performed
in the axial direction when measuring a gear or pulley.

Skewed Misalignment
Combination of parallel offset, and angular misalignment.

Soft Foot The condition which exists when all of the machine's feet are not
equally supporting the weight of the machine. Similar to a four
legged chair with one of the legs slightly shorter than the other three.

Stationary Machine (SM)

The term "Stationary Machine" will be used to describe the machine
that will not be adjusted, usually the driven machine.

Thermal Growth The expansion of a material which occurs when its temperature
increases from room temperature to operating temperature.

TIR Total indicator reading. This is the total deflection of the dial
indicator pointer between the furthest deflection positive to the
furthest deflection negative.

Vertical Misalignment

v
 Misalignment which requires movement of the machine in the vertical
direction for correction. Vertical movement is often accomplished
with shims.

Zero (O) The process of setting the dial indicator face to "zero" (O).

vi
1. INTRODUCTION TO ALIGNMENT

1.1 OVERVIEW

Upon completion of this lesson, the trainee will be able to:

1. Explain the importance of using proper equipment for alignment.

2. Explain two types of misalignment.

3. Explain and define common alignment terminology, techniques, and tolerances

for Pump-Driver alignment.

4. Define the effects thermal growth has on shaft alignment.

5. Explain the use of dowel pins in machinery alignment.

1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS

A. General

This guide will provide the trainee with the information necessary to perform
accurate alignment of machinery shafting. The term "accurate" needs to be
emphasized. Misalignment is measured in mils, thousandths of an inch. A small
alignment error can cause considerable vibration, and accelerated machine wear.
Proper alignment plays an important role in the ability of a machine to provide
long, reliable, service. Thus, accurate alignment is an important contributor to
reduced maintenance and increased machinery plant readiness. The driver and
driven machine shaft centerlines (not the coupling halves) must be properly
aligned, ideally forming a straight line.

B. Angular and Parallel Misalignment

Shaft misalignment is usually a combination of angular misalignment and parallel

offset (refer to Figure 1-1). After alignment, both of these must be within
specified tolerances. Adjustment is made in two planes, vertical and horizontal,
for horizontally mounted equipment, "Back-Front" and "Left-Right", for vertically
mounted units.
 Centerlines
meet at
coupling center

Angularity

Offset

Parallel Misalignment Angular Misalignment

Figure 1-1, Parallel and angular misalignment.

C. Alignment Tolerances

1. Misalignment in excess of recommended tolerances will result in frequent

repairs to such machinery components as couplings, bearings, sleeves, packing,
mechanical seals, etc.

2. Recommended maximum allowable alignment tolerances for pump-driver

units are given in Table 1-1. These tolerances are given for units in a hot, i.e.
normal operating temperature, condition and are stated in terms of angularity
and offset.

Table 1-1, Alignment Tolerances

NEW INSTALLATION

RPM OFFSET ANGULARITY

0-4000 ±2.0 mils ±0.500 mils/in

4000 & UP ±1.0 mils ±0.250 mils/in

IN-SERVICE

RPM OFFSET ANGULARITY

0-2000 ±5.0 mils ±1.000 mils/in

2000-4000 ±4.0 mils ±1.000 mils/in

4000 & UP ±2.0 mils ±0.500 mils/in

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1.3 CAUSES AND CORRECTIONS OF MISALIGNMENT

A. Causes of Misalignment

1. Misalignment can occur by the loosening of hold-down bolts, mechanical

shock, shifting of foundations, etc. This is the reason that periodic alignment
checks are recommended especially when the vibration analysis program
diagnoses misalignment.

2. Misalignment also occurs during the installation of either or both the driver and
the driven units. This is usually the result of inexperience, the lack or proper
measuring instruments or tools, and the alignment techniques used.

3. A common alignment error occurs when the shafts are not both rotated during
alignment. This wrong method is called "coupling alignment". Several
potential errors are associated with simply aligning coupling halves. Aligning
the coupling halves doesn't guarantee the alignment of the shafts. Slight
misbores, distortion of the coupling diameter, dents, corrosion, and bent shaft
ends are all common sources of error for coupling alignment. These errors can
result in serious shaft misalignment, even though the coupling halves are
aligned. (Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-2, Coupling alignment.

B. Correction of Misalignment

1. Proper alignment methods require the use of dial indicators, a straightedge, a

taper gage and a feeler gage.

2. The two units are placed in their approximate installed positions. One unit,
normally the driven component, is fixed in place and the other is brought
precisely into alignment with the stationary component.

3. Rough positioning is performed by taking straightedge, feeler and taper gage

readings on the coupling. The driver unit is then repositioned horizontally or
vertically until the shafts are aligned as closely as possible.

3
 4. Dial indicators are then attached in the Reverse Indicator fashion as shown in
figure 1-3. Measurements are taken and the adjustments are calculated from the
readings.

Figure 1-3, Assembly of Indicator reverse method.

5. The driver, or machine being moved, is lifted and shifted using shims and dial
indicators until specified tolerances for misalignment are met.

C. Alignment Terminology

It is important to understand the definition of terms commonly used in alignment.

This helps to remove some of the "mystery" from the language, as well as from
what actually occurs during alignment procedures. A few of the most commonly
used alignment terms and their definitions are as follows:

1. Angularity.

a. The angle (expressed as a slope in "thousandths of an inch per inch")

between two shaft centerlines.

b. Angularity occurs in any direction, but is corrected first in the vertical

direction, and then in the horizontal direction.

c. Vertical angularity is corrected by adding or removing shims.

d. Horizontal angularity is corrected by shifting the machine sideways.

2. Parallel Offset.

a. Parallel offset is also called "parallel misalignment". It is the distance,

(expressed in "thousandths of an inch"), between two shaft centerlines
measured at the midpoint of the coupling.

b. Parallel offset exists to some degree, however slight, if the centerlines of the
shafts do not meet at the center of the coupling.

4
c. Parallel offset can occur in any direction, and like angularity, is corrected
first in the vertical direction, then the horizontal direction.

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 d. Vertical offset is corrected by adding or removing shims in equal amount to
both front and back feet.

e. Horizontal offset misalignment is corrected by shifting the unit, equal

distances front and back, to the left or right.

3. Machine to be moved (MTBM) and the stationary machine.

a. In most alignment procedures, one of the units, the MTBM, will be adjusted
into alignment with the other, the stationary machine.

b. The MTBM will normally be the driver, electric motor, turbine, diesel
engine, etc.

c. The stationary unit will normally be the driven machine, a pump,

compressor, etc.

4. Skewed Misalignment

a. Skewed misalignment is a combination of parallel offset and angular

misalignment.

b. This is the most common way misalignment occurs.

5. Rim Reading

a. Rim reading is a reading obtained on a shaft, as it is rotated with the dial

indicator stem placed at a 90° angle from its centerline. (Refer to figure 1-
4.)

Rim Reading

Face Reading

Figure 1-4, Dial indicator placements.

b. "Top and Bottom" rim readings (0° and 180° ) are taken to detect possible
vertical offset misalignment.

c. "Left and Right" (90° and 270° ) rim readings are taken to detect possible
horizontal offset misalignment.

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6. Front feet (or foot)

a. Front feet are the machinery supports nearest the shaft end.

b. Front feet are also called "inboard feet".

7. Back feet (or foot)

a. Back feet are the machinery supports that are farthest from the coupling.

b. Back feet are also called "outboard feet".

8. Indicator sag (figure 1-5.)

Sag

Sag

Figure 1-5, Indicator Sag

a. Indicator sag is the bending of the dial indicator mounting hardware caused
by gravity. It occurs as the shafts are rotated from the "Top" to the "Bottom"
position.

b. In most cases, this bending will be severe enough to cause a significant error
in the readings obtained.

c. Indicator Sag should be determined prior to the start of alignment and used
to adjust readings taken when dial position changes in vertical height.

9. "Soft foot” (Figure 1-6).

Short leg
"Soft Foot"
Shims needed to hold up leg.

Figure 1-6, Soft foot

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 a. Soft foot is a condition that exists when the bottom of all four component
attachment points are not in the same plane and equally supporting its
weight.

b. Soft foot can be compared to a four legged chair with one short leg. When
the hold down bolts are tightened, the frame of the machinery is twisted.
This can result in excessive strains on bearings / seals, and an irregular air
gap between the motor rotor and stator.

c. Irregular support loading must be corrected prior to commencing alignment

procedures.

10. Jacking bolts

a. Jacking bolts are permanently installed bolts sometimes incorporated into

the feet of large components. They are used to raise MTBM feet for
inserting or removing shims.

b. Horizontal jacking bolts are sometimes incorporated on the base plate and
used to move the MTBM sideways to correct for horizontal misalignment.

11. Thermal Growth.

a. The expansion of the metal of the machine (and its surrounding supports
and attachments) which occurs when the temperature of the metal increases
from ambient temperature to operating temperature.

b. This expansion causes the relative placement of the shaft centerlines to

change thus affecting the alignment of the unit. (Figure 1-7.)

Warm up
Amount Cool Down
of
Growth

-10 0 12
Hours

Figure 1-7, Thermal growth curve.

12. "Cold Alignment Specifications."

a. This is the recommended relative placement of shaft centerlines at ambient

temperatures.

b. This placement may include an intentional misalignment of Angularity and

Offset (usually only in the vertical plane).

8
 13. "Hot Alignment Checks."

a. Hot alignment checks are used to confirm alignment at operating

temperatures.

b. Hot alignment is ideally no angularity and no offset in both the vertical and
horizontal planes. The findings of the hot alignment check are applied to
the "Cold Alignment Specification."

NOTE
Some manufacturers provide cold alignment settings ("Cold Alignment
Specifications") which should compensate for thermal expansion of the metal
which occurs as the unit heats up to operating temperature. If the manufacturer
gives this information in other than angularity (expressed in "thousandths of an
inch per inch") and parallel offset at the coupling "Midpoint" (expressed in
"Thousandths of an inch"), the specifications should be converted to these terms
before proceeding with the "Cold Alignment".

D. Tapered Dowel Pins

1. Tapered dowel pins are installed through the feet of the machine into the base.
They are used as an extra precaution against it slipping out of alignment.

2. Dowel pins are installed after final alignment.

1.4 SECTION 1 QUIZ

1. Explain the importance of proper equipment alignment.

2. Describe the two types of misalignment.

3. Define alignment tolerances.

4. Define thermal growth.

5. Describe how tapered pins are used in machinery alignment.

9
2. PRE-ALIGNMENT PROCEDURES

2.1 OUTLINE
Upon completion of this lesson, the trainee should be able to:

1. Define the difference between "trial and error" and precision alignment
methods.

2. Explain why a computational method should be used to determine angularity

and offset when doing an alignment.

3. List the three alignment methods that can be used.

4. Explain dial indicator setup for conducting alignment using the Reverse
Indicator method.

5. Demonstrate ability to correct for "soft foot" on an actual machine.

6. Demonstrate ability to correct for indicator sag.

2.2 TRIAL AND ERROR ALIGNMENT METHOD

Some alignment methods may be classified as "trial and error". The units are
positioned, readings are taken, units are repositioned, and readings are taken and
so on. This method can be time consuming and the quality of the alignment job is
often suspicious. Proper alignment is measured in thousandths of an inch, the
difference between proper and improper alignment often cannot be seen with the
human eye or accurately measured without the proper measuring instrumentation
and techniques. The final result of trial and error alignment depends on the
experience level of the alignment mechanic. This method requires much
experience and a certain "feel" to achieve acceptable results. Since the trial and
error method is used widely due to its "intuitive approach", there is often a sense
of "mystery" to shaft alignment felt by less experienced persons. Equipment is
available that makes alignment easier. When properly used, it is relatively easy to
to make alignments closer than specifications require. There is no real "mystery"
in the mathematical formulas used in alignment, or by various computers that are
on the market used for alignment.

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2.3 DIAL INDICATOR METHOD

Alignment kits that use this method normally include dial indicators, mounting
brackets, clamps, rods, and other accessories. If the dial indicators are electronic
they normally connect to some kind of computer. For kits with manual dials an
alignment computer is normally provided. The purpose of the computer is to
automate the mathematics required to solve the trigonometry problem.

A. Using Manual Dial Indicators

1. After choosing the method of alignment, the mechanic inputs the

measurements required by the prompts. These are the dimensions needed for
the calculations. By following the prompts, the information is input in the
proper order. After making measurements, the computer will then give the
necessary information to correct misalignment. This computer aided approach
results in faster alignments, thus reducing maintenance man-hours, material
costs, and equipment downtime.

2. The alignment kit can be used on equipment with the coupling connected or
disconnected. Routine alignment checks on all components, as well as "hot"
checks on steam driven components, will be done with the coupling connected.
In cases where one or both of the components are being reinstalled, alignment
will be done with the coupling disconnected. Alignment tools such as a
straight edge, feeler gage, and taper gage will continue to be used for the
preliminary rough alignment.

3. The alignment computers typically can be used with any of three dial indicator
arrangements noted below. The technician must select the alignment method
best suited for the situation and then use step-by-step measurement procedures.

B. Alignment Methods

1. There are three methods that can be used, The Reverse Indicator method, and
two variations of the "Rim-Face" method.

2. The "Rim-Face" method is addressed in section 6 "Supplemental Information".

3. Reverse Indicator method. Brackets are mounted on both shafts. Clamps and
dial indicator rods are then attached to the brackets. Dial indicators are next
attached and positioned to contact the brackets for rim readings on both the
MTBM and stationary machine. (Figure 1-3)

NOTE

11
 Regardless of the method used, all readings will be taken on the brackets attached
to the shaft and not on the actual shaft or coupling.

C. Selection of which Alignment Method to Use

1. The most common mistake made concerning alignment is to attempt to check

alignment, or to align two components by taking "Rim" readings on only one of
the components.

2. In rare cases, it may be impossible to attach two dial indicators at the same
time. In such cases, it is permissible to attach one dial indicator, obtain the
required reading, and then mount the dial indicator on the other machine to
obtain the other required readings.

3. With different methods available, a decision must be made as to which method

to use. One factor that will influence your decision is the amount of "end play"
present in either machine. The "Reverse Indicator method is only minimally
affected by end play. (Figure 2-1.)
Rim Reading

End Play

Face Reading

Figure 2-1, Effect of end play on indicator placement.

4. "End play" is defined as the amount of axial movement of a shaft. Nearly all
machines designed with journal or sleeve bearings will have some "End play",
but it may be possible to keep "End play" to a minimum by applying pressure
to the end of the shaft during the rotation necessary to obtain reading.

5. In the case of very large machinery or machinery that requires jogging or

bumping for rotation, applying manual pressure could be impossible (and
dangerous). The Reverse Indicator method should be used in this situation
because "End play" has minimal effect on "rim" readings but a large effect on
"face" readings. (See figure 2-1)

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D. Pre-Alignment Procedures

Before commencing alignment: Check for and correct "Soft Foot" condition. (See
section 1.3, C-9). To correct soft foot, proceed as follows:

1. Check stationary (driven) machine for soft foot first. Prepare for soft foot
check by removing all dirt, rust, and burrs from the bottom of the stationary
machine, mounting feet and the shims to be used. Do the same to the
component mounting pads on the foundation.

a. Install dial indicator on the foot #1 of the stationary machine so that the
stem is vertically over, and touching, one foot. (See Figure 2-2.)

Figure 2-2, Indicator placement for soft foot check.

b. Compress the dial indicator button approximately half travel, 0.050 inches.
Zero the dial and loosen the hold-down bolt for that foot. Note dial
indicator deflection, as the bolt is loosened. If the dial indicator shows more
than 0.004 inches of movement of the support foot, soft foot may exist.
Record the amount for that foot.

c. Loosen all hold-down bolts. Add shim(s) equal to the recorded clearance
beneath the foot as required, use a minimum number of shims of maximum
thickness. Note that opposite corners should have the same deflection, but
shims to correct soft foot are only placed under one side of the machine.

NOTE
All shims must be made of Series 304 Stainless Steel material.

d. Repeat procedure for each remaining foot

e. Ensure that each hold-down bolt is re-torqued after checking each foot.

f. If mounting bolts are not already numbered, designate one of the coupling
end feet on stationary machine as "foot #1". Move to the rear foot on the
same side as foot #1 and designate that foot #2. The other rear foot is #3 and
the other front foot is #4. Tighten hold-down bolts to torque specifications
in an "X" pattern as follows: #1, #3, #4, and #2.

13
2. Correct for soft foot on the MTBM using the same procedure as described for
the stationary machine in step 1.

3. Make preliminary machine placement.

a. Conduct a radial run-out test to both the driver and driven unit shafts using a
dial indicator. Consult appropriate technical manuals, or manufacturer's
technical manual to determine if run-out is within specification. Take
action as necessary if run-out is not within specifications.

b. Place stationary machine and torque the bolts as described in step 1-f.

c. Place MTBM and check rough alignment at coupling faces using a

straightedge, feeler gage and taper gage.

d. Do not remove the shims put in place during soft foot measurements.

e. Conduct a preliminary horizontal alignment by moving the MTBM as

necessary.

f. Reposition the MTBM as necessary until the coupling can be connected

without difficulty.

4. Determine indicator sag for Reverse Indicator method.

a. Indicator sag will cause large errors in the alignment procedure if it is not
accounted for. Indicator sag is caused by the force of gravity which bends
the bar that holds the dial indicator.

b. Set up the indicator mounting brackets on a straight, round bar. It is

important that the brackets and indicators are spaced apart the same as they
will be when they are mounted on the shafts to be aligned. (See Figure 2-3)

Figure 2-3, Indicator setup for checking sag.

14
 c. Mount dial indicators, clamps, and rods to brackets as shown in figure 2-3.

d. Hold pipe so that the top indicator is at 000° (pointing straight up), and the
bottom indicator is at 180° (pointing to the earth).

e. Zero the top indicator and rotate pipe 180° so the top indicator is now on
the bottom.

f. Note and record dial indicator deflection (sag).

g. Repeat procedure for dial indicator that is now on top.

NOTE
During alignment, indicator sag is corrected for by setting the top dial indicator
"positive" by the amount of sag when measuring misalignment in the vertical
direction.

5. Install dial indicators and mounting hardware to machine shafts.

a. Remove the brackets from the pipe used to check sag. Do not disturb the
attachments that are used to adjust the distance between the bracket and the
dial indicator.

b. Attach brackets, clamps, and rods to the shafts of the machines to be

aligned. Install each dial indicator such that the indicator button is 90° to
the mounting bracket of the opposite dial indicator.

c. Mount the dial indicators close enough to the brackets so that the plungers
are about half compressed. The dial indicators are now installed and ready
to be set to take alignment readings.

NOTE
Check installation of brackets, hardware, and dial indicators to ensure dial
indicators are set as far as possible from the front feet of the MTBM.

6. Obtain specifications. (Refer to Table 1-1.)

a. Alignment between any two components is never expected to be perfect

(0.000). Maximum tolerances measured in thousandths of an inch and total
indicated run-out (TIR) are included in the design specifications for all
major pieces of equipment.

b. In some cases, design or maintenance information will refer to "Hot" and

"Cold" alignment readings. These specifications are intended to allow for
metal expansion during operation.

15
 c. Consult manufacturer's technical manuals, equipment drawings, etc. for
specifications before undertaking any alignment tasks.

2.4 SECTION 2 QUIZ

1. Define the differences between "trial and error" and precision alignment
methods.

2. Demonstrate ability to correct for "soft foot" on actual equipment.

3. Explain the indicator setup for the indicator reverse method.

4. Demonstrate ability to correct for indicator sag prior to actual alignment.

16
3. MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

3.1 OUTLINE
Upon completion of this lesson the trainee will be able to:

1. Explain the various calculation methods for determining angularity and offset
for horizontally mounted machinery.

2. Calculate the angularity and offset for horizontal machinery using the graphical
method or using mathematical formulas.

NOTE
Vertical machinery is covered in section 5.

3.2 THREE METHODS

A. Required Measurements.

1. Use a ruler and measure the dimensions A, B, C, and D, correctly to 1/8 inch.
(See Figure 3-1)

PI A

Stationary MTBM
Machine
MI

B C D

Figure 3-1, Measurements needed for alignment.

2. The letter "A" represents the distance between the sensor buttons of the two
dial indicators.

3. The letter "B" represents the distance between the coupling center and the dial
indicator sensor button on the MTBM.

4. The letter "C" represents the distance from the dial indicator sensor button on
the MTBM to the front feet centerline of the hold-down bolts on the MTBM

5. The letter "D" represents the distance from centerline of the front feet hold-
down bolts to the centerline of the back feet hold-down bolts on the MTBM.

6. The letters "PI" (pump side indicator) represent the dial indicator reading on
the stationary machine.

17
 7. The letters "MI" (motor side indicator) represent the dial indicator reading on
the MTBM.

8. Detailed instructions for obtaining PI and MI readings for horizontal machinery

are contained in section 4-B

B. Calculating Alignment Corrections Using Formulas

1. Using the formulas in table 3-1 and the measurements from section A to
calculate angularity and offset. All answers should be calculated using whole
numbers rounded off to the nearest half thousandth (0.0005) inch for
simplicity.
Table 3-1, Alignment Formulas

MI + PI
Angularity
2×A

MI
Offset (B × ANGULARITY) -
2

Front MI
Adjustment [(C + B) × ANGULARITY]+
2

Rear MI
Adjustment [(B + C + D) × ANGULARITY] +
2

2. If the offset or angularity exceeds tolerance, then calculate front and back
adjustments using the formulas in table 3-1.

NOTE
When calculating adjustments, a positive answer means that the feet must have
shims added (for vertical alignment), or the machine must be moved to the "right"
(looking from the outboard end of the driver) for corrections in the horizontal
plane. A negative answer indicates adjustment in the opposite direction.

18
C. Calculating Alignment Correction Using the Graphical Method

1. A piece of graph paper can be used to determine the angularity, the offset and
the amount of adjustment for both front and rear supports. The vertical scale
on the graph paper will be in thousandths of an inch, and the horizontal scale
will be in whole inches.

2. Using a straight edge, draw a straight horizontal line on the graph paper. This
line represents "true alignment". Place four points at properly scaled distances
along this line. Start with the location of PI on the left, then MI, then the
locations of the front support and the rear support. See figure 3-2.

3. Divide the measurements MI and PI by 2, change the sign of the MI reading,

and then plot positive values above the points on the line and negative values
below the points on the line corresponding to the indicator locations. See figure
3-2.

4. Draw a straight line through the two measured points PI/2 and MI/2, continue
the line until it passes beneath the point that represents the rear supports. This
line represents the actual alignment of the driver. See figure 3-2.

PI
Driven Driver
MI

13" 10"
7"

Readings
PI = +8 mils PI 10
MI = +24 mils 2
A = 13 inches
B = 7 inches
C = 7 inches
D = 10 inches -10
MI
2
-20
Scale
1 vert. div.= 2 mils -30
1 horiz. div. = 1 inch
-40

-50

Figure 3-2, Graphing the alignment.

19
 5. Determine the offset by measuring the distance between the actual alignment
line and the reference line at the coupling center. (See figure 3-3)

6. Determine the angularity by measuring the slope of the actual alignment line.
This is done by dividing the amount of rise by the amount of run at any
location along the line. (See figure 3-3)

7. Determine the amount of front adjustment required by measuring the vertical

distance from the actual line to the point on the reference line representing the
front support. (See figure 3-3)

8. Determine the amount of rear adjustment required by measuring the vertical

distance from the actual line to the point on the reference line representing the
rear support. (See figure 3-3)

pi
Driven Driver
mi

13" 10"
7"

Readings
pi 10
pi = +8 mils
2
mi = +24 mils
A = 13 inches
B = 7 inches
C = 7 inches Offset = -3.5mils Add 20 mils
-10
D = 10 inches mi to front foot
2
Add 32.5 mils
rise
10 mils to back foot
-20
Scale run
1 vert. div.= 2 mils
8 inches -30
Angularity...
1 horiz. div. = 1 inch 10 mils
= rise
run = 8 inches -40
= 1.25mils/inch
-50

Figure 3-3, Graphical representation of adjustments.

20
D. Calculating Thermal Growth in an Alignment Procedure

Thermal Growth is expansion of metal in the machine and its surrounding

supports and attachments. The expansion occurs when the temperature of the
metal increases from room temperature to operating temperature. This expansion
causes the placement of the shaft centerlines to change, thus affecting the
alignment of the unit.

1. Cold alignment is alignment which is done when the machine is at room

temperature. Cold alignment often includes an intentional misalignment
(usually only in the vertical plane). This misalignment will compensate for
thermal growth so that the offset should be zero angularity and zero offset at
operating temperatures.

2. Hot alignment checks are performed immediately after the machine is secured
after operating for several hours. It is desired that the alignment be perfect at
operating conditions.

3. Some manufacturers provide a cold alignment setting (cold alignment

specifications) which is intended to compensate for thermal expansion of the
metal as the unit heats up to operating temperature. If the manufacturer gives
this information in other than angularity (expressed in "thousandths of an
inch") and parallel offset at the coupling "Midpoint" (expressed in
"thousandths of an inch"), the placement should be converted to these terms
before proceeding with the cold alignment.

4. Thermal growth compensation is usually only needed in the vertical direction.

The distance between the shaft center and the bottom of the base will have the
largest effect on the shaft's position. When manufacturers' specifications are
not available for thermal growth, the amount of growth in can be estimated by
using the following formula:

Thermal Growth (mils) = .000006 × L × ∆T

L is the distance from the machine support plane to the shaft center (inches).
∆T is the difference between room and operating temperature (°F).

NOTE
Thermal growth calculations are only approximate and should be verified with a
hot alignment check as soon as possible after startup.

21
3.3 SECTION 3 QUIZ

1. Describe the required measurements for determining angularity and offset for
horizontally mounted machinery.

2. Calculate the angularity and offset using mathematical formulas and then using
the graphical method.

22
4. HORIZONTAL MACHINERY ALIGNMENT

4.1 OUTLINE
Upon completion of this lesson the trainee will be able to:

1. Utilize computational methods in conjunction with the Reverse Indicator

readings to determine alignment corrections that are required for horizontally
mounted machinery.

2. Accomplish necessary alignment corrections by shimming, repositioning, and

redoweling components as necessary.

4.2 ALIGNMENT PROCEDURES

Alignment procedures must be performed according to a step-by-step procedure.

Accomplishing this will normally result in a close tolerance alignment after only
one shimming (vertical) and one shifting (horizontal) action.

NOTE
A second set of readings is always necessary in order to verify that original
readings were accurate. Re-take indicator readings and compare with original
readings.

A. Preparations for the Reverse Indicator Method (M3)

1. Check for soft foot. See Section 2.3.D.1.

2. Determine "Indicator Sag". See Section 2.3.D.4.

3. Mount indicators in Reverse Indicator fashion on the machinery shafts.

4. Obtain measurements A, B, C and D. See section 3.2, A

23
B. Procedure for Determining Vertical Misalignment

1. Obtain the dial indicator readings "MI" and "PI" required for vertical
alignment. Accurate "Rim Readings" (Top to Bottom) are necessary to
determine the misalignment in the vertical plane.

a. Rotate the shafts until the dial indicator which is at the driver end of the
coupling (MI) is in the top position.

b. Set MI to compensate for indicator sag, see 2.3.B.4.

c. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicator returns to
the sag compensation value at the top position. If it does not, check
indicator mounting hardware for looseness and repeat steps a, b and c.

d. Rotate shafts 180° so that the driver end dial indicator is at the bottom
position and obtain the "MI" reading.

NOTE
Always follow the travel of the dial indicator with an inspection mirror to
determine whether the reading is positive or negative.

e. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the "Rim" reading
returns to the same value in the "Bottom" position. If not, repeat steps a
through e.

f. Record the "MI" reading for the vertical plane.

g. Rotate the shafts until the dial indicator which is on the pump end of
coupling "PI" is in the top position.

h. Set the dial indicator to compensate for the indicator sag.

i. Rotate the shaft one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicator returns to
the sag compensation value at the "Top" position. If not, check indicator
mounting hardware for looseness and repeat steps g through i.

j. Rotate the shaft 180° (until the dial indicator is in the "Bottom" position)
and obtain the "PI" reading.

k. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the "PI" reading returns
to the same value at the bottom position. If not, repeat steps g - k.

i. Record the "PI" reading.

24
 NOTE
If a "Bottom" rim reading cannot be obtained due to physical obstructions (such
as piping or a shaft which is very close to the base plate), refer to Section 6.2 for
the mathematical method of determining the reading.

C. Procedure for Correcting Vertical Misalignment

The amount of angularity and offset can be calculated using any one of the three
methods described in section 3. Once the angularity and offset are known, they
should be compared to the specifications. If the angularity or offset exceed the
specification, correction must be performed.

1. All shims which are installed beneath the support feet of the pump or driver
shall be made of Series 304 Stainless Steel material.

2. Use of any other materials (such as brass, regular steel, or laminated shim
stock) is prohibited. These materials are compressible and tend to "work
harden" when subjected to high dynamic loads which occur due to the normal
vibration of machinery, as well as potential corrosion and corrosion problems.

3. The shim pack used beneath each support foot shall be composed of the
minimum number of shims of maximum thickness. The following design
criteria shall be employed for all shims:

a. All corners of the shims shall be rounded.

b. A portion of the shim which can easily be grasped by hand shall remain
protruding from beneath the support foot after it has been fully inserted.

c. All shims shall be free of burrs, bends or dents.

4. Place shims between supports and base.

a. Loosen the hold-down bolts on the MTBM.

b. Lift MTBM only as high as required to insert or remove shims.

c. Re-torque hold-down bolts.

d. Reinstall indicators, and recheck alignment.

25
D. Procedure for Determining Horizontal Misalignment

To determine the amount of horizontal misalignment, accurate horizontal "Rim

readings" (side to side) must be taken. The measurements A, B, C, and D
measured in section ‘A’ are the same and do not need to be repeated. In this
section, 'right' and 'left' are determined as one looks from the free end of the driver
towards the shaft end.

1. Obtain the dial indicator readings "MI" and "PI" required for horizontal
alignment. Accurate "Rim Readings" (Right to Left) are necessary to
determine the misalignment in the vertical plane.

a. Rotate the shafts until the dial indicator which is at the driver end of the
coupling (MI) is on the right.

b. Zero the indicator (do not account for sag).

c. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicators return to
zero. If it does not, check indicator mounting hardware for looseness and
repeat steps a, b and c.

d. Rotate shafts 180° so that the driver end dial indicator is on the left and
obtain the "MI" reading.

NOTE
Always follow the travel of the dial indicator with an inspection mirror to
determine whether the reading is positive or negative.

e. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the "MI" reading returns
to the same value on the left. If not, repeat steps a through e.

f. Record the "MI" reading for the horizontal plane.

g. Rotate the shafts until the dial indicator which is on the pump end of
coupling "PI" is on the right.

h. Set the dial indicator to zero.

i. Rotate the shaft one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicator returns to
zero. If not, check indicator mounting hardware for looseness and repeat
steps g through i.

j. Rotate the shaft 180° (until the dial indicator is on the left and obtain the
"PI" reading.

26
 k. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the "PI" reading returns
to the same value at the left. If not, repeat steps g - k.

i. Record the "PI" reading for the horizontal plane.

NOTE
If a side "Rim reading" cannot be obtained due to physical obstructions (such as
piping), refer to Section 6 for instructions on "In Case of Obstruction."

E. Procedure for Correcting Horizontal Misalignment

The amount of angularity and offset can be calculated using any one of the three
steps in section 3. Once the angularity and offset are known, they should be
compared to the specifications. If the angularity or offset exceed the specification,
correction must be performed in the horizontal plane.

1. Horizontal Plane Corrections: Horizontal corrections shall be made only after

"Soft Foot" and vertical plane corrections have been made. This order is
chosen because horizontal movements do not affect vertical alignments, but
vertical adjustments do affect horizontal alignment.

2. When monitoring the movement in the horizontal plane, dial indicators must
be placed at the support points that were used when determining the amount of
horizontal correction. Do not rely on only one indicator to monitor
movements. (See Figure 3-4)

Figure 3-4, Dial indicator placement for horizontal movement.

a. Loosen hold-down bolts.

b. Set both dial indicators at "Zero minus Amount of Movement" so that when
the MTBM is moved the desired amount, the dial indicators will be at zero.

c. Commence slowly moving MTBM horizontally while observing dial

indicators. Stop moving MTBM when the dial indicators are at zero.

27
 NOTE
Move MTBM by means of horizontal jacking bolts if installed.

d. Retorque hold-down bolts.

e. Recheck horizontal alignment.

f. Refer to Table 1-1 for alignment tolerances.

g. If alignment tolerances are not within specification, repeat horizontal

procedure.

F. Installation of Tapered Dowel Pins

The procedure for installation of tapered dowel pins each time the unit is
realigned is as follows.

1. Complete the final alignment for both planes and tighten hold-down bolts to
specified torque before installing dowel pins.

2. Do not use old dowel pin holes without "over-sizing" and reaming them to fit
larger dowel pins. This is to avoid possible horizontal misalignment due to the
dowel pins.

3. Use a standard taper (1/4 inch per foot) reamer to enlarge the hole after the
nominal size hole has been drilled through both the support foot and base. The
hole should be reamed such that the bottom inside diameter (ID) of the hole is
slightly enlarged.

4. Use a tapered dowel pin which, after being "hand fitted" into the hole,
protrudes at least a 1/4 inch above the hole.

5. Drive the pin into the hole approximately 1/8 inch to ensure a proper
interference fit of the pin to the unit and base plate.

6. Check the final alignment after all the dowel pins have been installed to assure
that the unit was not moved during installation of the dowel pins. If the
alignment is not within specified tolerances, the dowel pins must be removed,
the unit realigned, and the dowel pins reinstalled.

28
 G. Hot Alignment Check

A hot alignment check should be performed on a machine as soon as possible

after aligning a machine. Checking the alignment while the machine is still hot
will reveal the alignment condition at normal operating conditions. The following
paragraphs outline the procedures and cautions associated with the measurements.

1. Machinery must be run several hours before performing a hot alignment check,
some machines require as much as 12 hours of operation to reach operating
temperature. As a rule, machines should be run 10 to 12 hours before
performing a hot alignment check.

2. The hot alignment check should be performed within one half hour after unit is
secured.

8. Because of the initial rapid heat dissipation which occurs in metals, it is

necessary to obtain hot alignment check readings as quickly as possible after
the unit has been secured.

9. Readings obtained from hot alignment checks shall be used to correct the
initial cold alignment and cold alignment specifications for the unit.

10. Realign the unit after it has cooled down.

a. Do not attempt to realign the unit while it is hot.

b. In the process of cooling down, the horizontal position of the unit will
constantly be changing if the bolts are loosened.

11. Repeat the hot alignment check to verify results after cold re-alignment.

4.3 SECTION 4 QUIZ

1. Utilize the mathematical formulas and or the alignment computer in

conjunction with the Reverse Indicator method to determine alignment
corrections.

2. Accomplish necessary alignment corrections by shimming, repositioning, and

redoweling components as necessary.

3. Perform "Cold Alignment Specifications", and conduct "Hot Alignment

Checks".

29
5. VERTICAL MACHINERY ALIGNMENT

5.1 OUTLINE

Upon completion of this lesson the trainee will be able to:

1. Explain the methods for determining angularity and offset for vertically
mounted machinery.

2. Calculate the angularity and offset.

3. Correct misalignment on vertically mounted machinery.

5.2 ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE

Vertical machinery alignment is performed differently from horizontal machines.

Vertical and horizontal planes are exchanged for left-right and front-back planes.
The angularity and offset are found with the dial indicators set up in Reverse
Indicator fashion (Figure 5-1). Correction is done with the dial indicators set up
in rim-face fashion. (Figure 5-2)

MI Face
Indicator

PI Rim
Indicator

Figure 5-1, Dial Figure 5-2, Dial

indicator setup for indicator setup for
checking alignment. correcting alignment

Indicator sag and thermal growth are not considerations for vertical machines.
It is not necessary to determine indicator sag. Unless otherwise specified by the
manufacturer, thermal growth is ignored in alignments of flexible couplings on
vertical machines.

30
A. Checking the Alignment

1. Check the alignment in two planes, front-back and left-right, using the Reverse
Indicator setup as shown in figure 5-1. Angularity and offset tolerances are the
same for vertical machinery as for horizontal machinery. If a machine has
angularity or offset which exceeds the tolerance, the alignment requires
correction.

2. Refer to Figure 5-3. This diagram shows the required measurements that
should be taken in inches to the nearest 1/8 inch.

MI C
B
A

PI

Figure 5-3, Measurements for alignment check.

3. The letter "A" represents the distance between the sensor buttons of the two
dial indicators.

4. The letter "B" represents the centerline between the shaft ends and the dial
indicator sensor button on the MTBM.

5. The letter "C" represents the distance from the top indicator "MI" to the point
where the MTBM meets the support frame.

4. The letters "PI" represent the dial indicator reading on the Stationary Machine.
This reading is thousandths of an inch.

5. The letters "MI" represent the dial indicator reading on the MTBM. This
reading is in thousandths of an inch.

31
 6. Check Front-Back alignment.

a. Set MI to zero when it is in the front position.

b. Rotate both shafts 180° until MI in the back position, record the reading. Be
sure to observe the pointer on the indicator as the shafts are turned to
determine which way the indicator needle moves.

c. Repeat these steps and check for repeatability. When repeatable, record
front-back MI. If not repeatable, check for looseness.

d. Repeat steps (a) - (c) for PI.

e. Calculate the angularity and offset in the front-back plane. Use the same
methods used in horizontal machinery alignment, except for the D
measurement which is 0.

7. Check Left-Right alignment next.

a. Set MI to zero when it is in the left position.

b. Rotate both shafts 180° until MI in the right position, record the reading. Be
sure to observe the pointer on the indicator as the shafts are turned to
determine which way the indicator needle moves.

c. Repeat these steps and check for repeatability. When repeatable, record left-
right MI. If not repeatable, check for looseness.

d. Repeat steps (a) - (c) for PI.

e. Calculate the angularity and offset in the left-right plane.

B. Correcting Angular Misalignment

Vertical machinery alignment differs from horizontal machinery alignment in that

the angular alignment is performed separately from the offset alignment. Angular
misalignment occurs because the flange which supports the motor is not allowing
the shafts to be parallel. This is the point where angular misalignment is
corrected. Angular misalignment must be corrected before correcting offset
misalignment.

32
1. A condition similar to soft foot called "bent flange" can exist between the
driver flange and the flange to which it bolts. Check for this condition and
correct if necessary before proceeding with an alignment.

a. Check for soft foot or bent flange by placing a magnetic base indicator
holder on the base plate and positioning the stem of the dial indicator
against the top of the driver flange near one of the hold-down bolts. (Figure
5-4)

Figure 5-4, Dial indicator placement for measuring bent flange.

b. Be sure that all bolts are tight and then loosen the bolt near the indicator. If
more than 0.004 inch deflection occurs when bolt is loosened, the "Soft
Foot" must be corrected by inserting an appropriate amount of shim stock
beneath the driver flange.

c. Repeat this procedure for each of the hold-down bolts.

2. Mount the dial indicators in the rim-face configuration shown in figure 5-2.

3. Determine the "bolt to indicator ratio".

a. Use a tape measure and measure the radius of the bolt circle to the nearest
1/8 inch. This is the horizontal distance from the motor hold down bolts to
the center of the motor shaft.

b. Use a tape measure and measure the distance from the center of the shaft to
the button of the face indicator to the nearest 1/8 inch.

c. Divide the radius of the bolt circle (from step 3) by the radius of the face
indicator travel circle (from step 4). This ratio is called the "bolt to
indicator ratio".

33
6. Number the hold down bolts as shown in figure 5-5.
2
1
3

4
5

Figure 5-5, Numbering the hold down bolts.

7. Determine which bolt is the reference bolt.

a. Turn both shafts until the face indicator is directly beneath hold down bolt
#1, record the reading.

b. Repeat step (a) for each of the other hold down bolts.

c. The "highest" bolt is the one with the most negative reading. Select the bolt
with the "most negative" number. This is the reference bolt.

8. Obtain face readings for each hold down bolt relative to the reference bolt.

a. Turn both shafts until the face indicator is directly beneath the reference
bolt. Zero the indicator.

b. Once again, take readings with the face indicator at each hold down bolt and
record them. These readings indicate the difference in height between each
hold down bolt and the reference bolt.

NOTE
The indicator readings which were recorded at each bolt location in step 7 should
all be POSITIVE (+) or Zero (0). If a NEGATIVE (-) reading has been recorded,
an error was made in selecting the reference bolt and that step should be
repeated.

9. Multiply each of the readings obtained in step (7) by the "bolt to indicator
ratio". The product of these two numbers is the amount of shimming required
at each hold down bolt.

10. Loosen all of the hold down bolts.

12. Add shims to each hold down bolt except the reference bolt.

34
 13. Tighten all of the hold down bolts and check the face indicator run out.
Angularity is determined by dividing the indicated reading by the radius of the
indicator travel. The face indicator run out should not exceed angularity
tolerances specified in section 1.2C.

14. If the run out exceeds angularity tolerance, repeat the alignment steps starting
with step 6.

C. Correcting Offset

Offset is corrected by sliding the driver horizontally on the mounting flange. This
may be difficult due to the manufacturing practice of placing an alignment groove
or rabbet between the flanges. It may be necessary to grind material away from
the driver's flange in order to allow horizontal movement of the driver with
respect to the support frame.

1. Determine front-back and left-right offset. Take indicator readings using the
rim indicator shown in figure 5-2. The following procedure is used to obtain
the correct rim readings:

a. Rotate both shafts until the rim indicator is in the "Back" position.

b. Set the dial indicator to Zero.

c. Rotate the shaft one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicator returns to
zero. If it does not, check the indicator mounting hardware for looseness
and repeat steps a, b, and c.

d. Rotate the shaft 180° so that the rim indicator is in the "Front" position and
observe the "Front" rim reading.

e. Rotate the shaft 360° to ensure the "Rim reading" returns to the same value
in the "Front" position. If it does not, repeat steps a through e.

f. Record the "Front" rim reading.

g. Rotate the shaft until the rim indicator is in the "Right" position.

h. Set the indicator to zero in this position.

i. Rotate the shafts one full turn (360°) to ensure that the indicator returns to
zero. If it does not, repeat steps g, h, and i.

j. Rotate the shafts 180° so the rim indicator is at the "Left" position and
obtain the "Left" rim reading.

35
 k. Rotate the shaft 360° to ensure the Rim reading returns to the same value at
the "Left" position. If it does not, repeat steps g through k.

l. Record the "Left" Rim reading.

NOTE
If the "Front" or "Left" Rim readings cannot be obtained due to physical
obstructions (such as the pump housing or piping), refer to Section 6.2 and
substitute "Back, Front, Right and Left" for Top, Bottom, Right, and Left"
respectively) for a mathematical method of determining the readings.

2. Calculate the necessary movement to correct offset. The "Front" and "Left" rim
readings which were obtained will now be used to determine the necessary
amount of movement in the "Back-front" and "Right-Left" planes as follows.
Dial indicator placement is very important in these steps. Right-Left and
Back-Front conventions must be followed closely for correct results.

a. Divide the "Front" reading by two. This value will be the amount of
movement required in the "Back-Front" plane. The direction of movement
can be determined by the following rule: If the sign of the reading was
POSITIVE (+), the driver must be moved toward the "Front". If it was
NEGATIVE (-), the driver must be moved toward the "Back".

c. Divide the "Left" reading by two. This value will be the amount of
movement required in the "Right-Left" plane. The direction of movement
can be determined by the following rule: If the sign of the reading was
POSITIVE (+), the driver must be moved toward the "Left". If it was
NEGATIVE (-), it must be moved toward the "Right".

3. Mount two dial indicators on the mounting base to monitor movement

necessary to correct offset.

a. Magnetically mount two dial indicators on the mounting base, one in the
"Back-Front" plane and one in the "Right-Left" plane, in such a manner that
their buttons are horizontal against the driver flange and able to monitor the
movements in the two required directions (figure 5-6)
Right
Left

Motor

Flange
Front

Back

Figure 5-6, Indicator placement for offset adjustment.

36
 b. Both indicators must be set to Zero before any movement of the driver is
attempted. The driver should then be moved horizontally on the base plate
until the required movements in both planes are obtained (see Figure 5-6).

5.3 SECTION 5 QUIZ

1. Explain the methods for determining angularity and offset for vertically
mounted machinery.

2. Calculate the angularity and offset using the alignment computer.

3. Correct misalignment on vertically mounted machinery.

37
6. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

6.1 RIM FACE METHOD OF ALIGNMENT

An alternate method of alignment to the Reverse Indicator method is the rim face
method. There are two variations to this method. The first variation (M1) calls for
the brackets to be mounted on the MTBM with the indicator buttons resting
against the shaft of the stationary machine. The second variation (M2) is identical
to the first except that the indicators are mounted on the stationary machine with
the indicator buttons resting against shaft of the MTBM.

1. The Rim Face method is often not as accurate as the Reverse Indicator method
and so should be considered the second choice of method except for the
following conditions:

a. The radius of the "Face" to be measured is larger than the distance from the
indicator bracket to the center of the coupling.

b. Vertical machines require "Face" measurements for correct alignment;

therefore Rim Face method will be used.

2. Mounting for the Rim Face method is shown in Figure 6.1.

Rim Indicator

Face
Indicator

Figure 6-1, Setup for rim face method of alignment.

3. After indicators are mounted, care must be taken to ensure that the indicator
plunger is perpendicular to the surface it is measuring. Measurements are taken
as follows:

a. Perform the vertical alignment first. This will save time as adding shims
will always misalign a machine horizontally.

b. Take indicator "Rim" and "Face" measurements at two locations per plane
of alignment, i.e. top and bottom for vertical plane, left and right for
horizontal plane.

38
 c. When using the alignment computer, always zero at the top and read the
measurement at the bottom. For horizontal alignment, zero on the right side
and read measurements on the left side. The right side will be positive
adjustment direction and the left side will be the negative adjustment
direction.

d. Sag needs to be compensated on the rim reading only.

e. Ensure that the face indicator is set for largest diameter of travel possible.

4. Determine vertical angularity. The face indicator is used to obtain angularity.

a. Measure the distance from the center of the shaft to the point at which the
face indicator touches the measurement surface. This is distance A.

b. Place the face indicator at the top, zero the indicator.

c. Rotate the indicator to the bottom; take the face reading, (FI).

d. Calculate vertical angularity: Angularity = FI / (2 × A).

5. Determine vertical offset. The rim indicator is used to obtain offset.

a. Place the rim indicator on the top. Set the dial indicator positive to the
amount of sag.

b. Rotate the rim indicator to the bottom. Take the rim reading (RI).

c. Measure the distance from the center of the coupling to the point at which
the rim indicator touches the point being measured. Record as distance B.

d. Calculate the offset. MTBM is high if offset is positive.

For rim face method M1, when dial indicators are mounted on
MTBM and measuring the position of the stationary machine, use the
following formula: Offset = (Angularity×B×-1) + (RI / 2)

For rim face method M2, when dial indicators are mounted on the
stationary machine and measuring the position of the MTBM, use the
following formula: Offset = (Angularity×B) - (RI / 2)

6. For horizontal alignment readings using the rim-face method, repeat step 5
while exchanging the top and bottom for left and right respectively.

39
7. Calculate Adjustments.

a. Use a tape measure to measure the horizontal distance between the center of
the coupling to the nearest support. Record this value to the nearest 1/16”
as C. (Figure 6-2)

b. Use a tape measure to measure the horizontal distance between the supports.
Record this value to the nearest 1/16 inch as D. (Figure 6-2)

A RI

FI

Driven Driver

C D
B

Figure 6-2, Measurements for rim face method.

c. Calculate front foot adjustment:

Front Support Adjustment = (C × Angularity) - Offset

d. Calculate rear foot adjustment:

Rear Support Adjustment = [(C+D) × Angularity] - Offset

8. See Section 4 for horizontal machinery adjustment details.

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6.2 CASE OF OBSTRUCTIONS.

A. Obstruction on the Bottom.

In the case for Reverse Indicator method, sometimes it is impossible to obtain
readings from the bottom indicators. If this is the case, proceed as follows:

a. Zero the rim indicator on the TOP at 1/2 the sag value (+).

b. Rotate the shafts to the left, take the reading

c. Rotate the shafts to the right, take the reading.

d. Add the two readings together, including signs. [For example, left reading =
-14, right reading = +6, then sum = (-14 + +6) = -8.]

e. The bottom reading is equal to the sum of the left and right readings.

B. Obstruction on the Side.

In the case for Reverse Indicator method, sometimes it is impossible to obtain
readings from one of the side positions due to obstruction. Proceed as follows:

a. Zero the rim indicator on the available side.

b. Rotate the shafts so the indicator is on the top, take the reading.

c. Rotate the shafts so the indicator is on the bottom, take the reading.

d. Add the two readings together, including signs. [For example, given that the
top reading = -14, and the bottom reading = +6, then by adding the two
algebraically, the sum = (-14 + +6) = -8.]

e. The missing side reading is equal to the sum of the top and bottom readings.

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