JURONG PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE

2020 JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729)

Tutorial 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

Level 1 – Self–Check Questions

1 [Definition of Enthalpy Changes]
For each of the following enthalpy changes, write its balanced equation.

(a) enthalpy change of formation of solid sodium sulfate

(b) enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide gas
(c) enthalpy change of combustion of glucose, C6H12O6(s).
(d) enthalpy change of neutralisation of barium hydroxide and ethanoic acid,
CH3CO2H
(e) enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine
(f) bond energy of bromine
(g) bond energy of N–H in ammonia
(h) third ionisation energy of aluminium
(i) second electron affinity of sulfur
(j) lattice energy of magnesium sulfide
(k) enthalpy change of hydration of hydrogen carbonate ion
(l) enthalpy change of solution of potassium chloride

2 [Calorimetry; Hn ]
The chemical reaction between 30 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
and 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulfuric acid solution in a plastic cup gave rise to a
temperature rise of 7.3 C. The efficiency of the process was expected to be 90 %.
(a) Explain, with the aid of a chemical equation, what is meant by the standard
enthalpy change of neutralisation.
(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the neutralisation reaction.
[Assume specific heat capacity of the solution to be 4.18 J g 1 K1 and its
density to be 1 g cm3.]

3 [Energy Cycle; Hess’ Law; Bond Energy]

(a) By means of a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, illustrate
the term the average Si–Cl bond energy in SiCl4.
(b) The standard enthalpy change of formation of SiCl4(g) is –610 kJ mol1.
The standard enthalpy change of atomisation of silicon and chlorine are
+338 kJ mol1 and +122 kJ mol1 respectively.
Draw an energy cycle to calculate the average Si–Cl bond energy in SiCl4.

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 1 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

4 [Energy level diagram; Hess’ Law; Lattice Energy]
The lattice energy of lithium chloride can be calculated from a Born-Haber cycle
using the following data:

Standard enthalpy change of formation of lithium chloride, LiCl(s) –409 kJ mol1

Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of lithium +159 kJ mol1
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine +121 kJ mol1
First electron affinity of chlorine –364 kJ mol1

(a) Using appropriate data from the Data Booklet, construct a BornHaber cycle
for lithium chloride to determine the lattice energy of lithium chloride.
(b) Explain how you would expect the numerical value of the lattice energy of
sodium chloride to compare with that of lithium chloride.

[Energy Cycle; Hess’ Law; ∆Hsol; ∆Hhyd]

The lattice energy of of sodium chloride is –776 kJ mol1. Some enthalpy changes
of hydration are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Ions Hhyd / kJ mol1
Li+ –499
Na+ –390
Cl –381
(c) (i) Using the data provided, draw an energy cycle to determine the
enthalpy change of solution for the salt, LiCl.
Hence, calculate the enthalpy change of solution of NaCl.
(ii) Comment on the relative solubilities of sodium chloride and lithium
chloride.
(iii) Explain and comment on how you would expect the numerical value of
the standard enthalpy change of hydration of the bromide ion to
compare with that of the chloride ion

5 In a calorimetric experiment, 1.60 g of a fuel is burnt. 45% of the energy released

is absorbed by 200 g of water. The temperature of the water increases from 18 C
to 66 C.
Given that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g –1 K–1, what is the total
energy released per gram of fuel burnt?

A 25200 J B 56000 J
C 89600 J D 143000 J

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 2 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

6 Some enthalpy change of combustion are given below.
Hc / kJ mol1
CO(g) + ½ O2(g)  CO2(g) −283
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) −286
CH3OH(l) + 1½ O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) −715

What is the enthalpy change of the following reaction?

CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3OH(l)

A −146 kJ mol1 B −140 kJ mol1

C +140 kJ mol1 D +146 kJ mol1

7 The enthalpy change of formation of H2S(g) and H2O(l) are −21 kJ mol1 and
−286 kJ mol1 respectively, and the enthalpy change of vaporisation of water is
+41 kJ mol1.
What is the enthalpy change of reaction for the following process?
H2S(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(g) + S(s)

A −224 kJ mol1 B −265 kJ mol1

C −306 kJ mol1 D −348 kJ mol1

8 A possible way of preparing hydrogen peroxide is through the following sequence

of reactions.
H2(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(l) ∆H = x
H2O(l) + ½O2(g)  H2O2(l) ∆H = y
Which expression can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the following
reaction?
H2O2(l)  H2(g) + O2(g)

A –x–y B x+y
C –x+y D x–y

9 The enthalpy change of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid can be
measured in the laboratory.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
What information, other than that obtained in this experiment, is needed to
calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation of aqueous ZnCl2?

A lattice energy of zinc(II) chloride

B enthalpy change of formation of zinc
C enthalpy change of formation of aqueous H + and Cl– ions.
D first and second ionisation energies of zinc

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 3 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

10 The gaseous oxides of nitrogen have positive enthalpy changes of formation.
Which factor is likely to make the most significant contribution to these enthalpy
changes?

A the high bond energy of the nitrogen molecule, N 2

B the high electron affinity of nitrogen atoms
C the high electron affinity of oxygen atoms
D the similarity of the electronegativities of oxygen and nitrogen

11 Which statement helps to explain why magnesium and oxygen form MgO instead
of Mg2O?

A Less energy is required to remove one electron from the magnesium atom
than to remove two electrons.
B When Mg2O is formed from its elements, more energy is released than
when MgO is formed.
C The lattice energy of MgO is more exothermic than that of Mg 2O.
D More energy is released in forming the oxide ions from oxygen molecules in
the formation of MgO than in the formation of Mg2O.

12 Table 2 shows the enthalpy change of neutralisation, Hneut, for various acids and
bases.
Table 2
acid base Hneut /kJ mol1
HCl NaOH –57.0
P NaOH –54.0
HCl Q –52.0
H2SO4 R –57.0
Which identifications of P, Q and R are correct?

P Q R
1 CH3COOH NH3 KOH
2 CH3COOH NH3 Ba(OH)2
3 H2SO4 Ba(OH)2 NH3

A 1 only
B 3 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 1, 2 and 3

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 4 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

13 The diagram illustrates the energy changes of a set of reactions.

∆H = –134 kJ mol1
R S

∆H = +92 kJ mol1

∆H = –75 kJ mol1
T U

Which of the following statements are correct?

1 The enthalpy change for the transformation U  R is +42 kJ mol1.

2 The enthalpy change for the transformation T  S is endothermic.
3 The enthalpy change for the transformation R  T is –33 kJ mol1.

A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only

14 Which enthalpy changes are required to determine the lattice energy of caesium
hydride, CsH, via the BornHaber cycle?

1 H(g) + e–  H–(g)
2 H2(g)  2H(g)
3 Cs(s)  Cs+(g) + e–

A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 5 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

Level 2 – Application Questions
15 [Calorimetry; ∆H]
0.70 g of magnesium powder was added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid solution at 23.0 C. The temperature of the mixture rose to 41.0 C.
Given that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g 1 K1, calculate the
enthalpy change, Hr, of the following reaction.
State the assumptions made.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Hr

*16 [∆Hc; Energy Cycle; Hess’ Law] [J93/I/3, modified]

(a) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of combustion?
Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol,
CH3CH2OH.
(b) When 1.00 g of ethanol was burnt directly under a beaker of water, it was
found that 100 g of water was heated from 15 C to 67 C.
Given that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1 and the
enthalpy change of combustion per mole of ethanol is 1330 kJ mol1,
calculate the percentage efficiency of the transfer of heat energy.
(c) Using the value given in (b) and the following data, construct an energy
cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of ethanol.
enthalpy change of combustion of carbon = –394 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen = –286 kJ mol–1
(d) Using bond energy data given in the Data Booklet, suggest briefly why the
combustion of ethanol is an exothermic process.

*17 [∆H; Hess’ Law] [N2003/III/3 either, modified]

Hydrogen carbonate ions react with acids as follows.
HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The standard enthalpy change of the above reaction was determined experimentally by mixing know
Volume of NaHCO3(aq) used = 40.0 cm3
Volume of HCl(aq) used = 40.0 cm3
Change in temperature = –0.5 °C

(a) Use the data given to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
reaction. Assume the heat capacity of all solutions = 4.2 J K –1 cm–3 and
concentrations of HCl(aq) and NaHCO3(aq) are both 1.0 mol dm3.
(b) (i) Use the data in Table 3 to calculate another value for standard
enthalpy change for the above reaction.
Table 3
species ∆Hf / kJ mol–1
H2O(l) –285.8
CO2(g) –393.5
HCO3–(aq) –692
H+(aq) 0.0

(ii) Suggest one possible reason why your answers in (a) is different from
that in (b)(i).
2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 6 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)
*18 [∆Hn; Temperature-Correction Curve]
An experiment is performed to find the enthalpy change of neutralisation for the
reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ethanoic acid.
The temperature of a 40 cm3 solution of 2.0 mol dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide
in a polystyrene cup is measured every 30 seconds for 1.5 minutes. At the second
minute, a 20 cm3 solution of 2.0 mol dm3 aqueous ethanoic acid is poured into
the aqueous sodium hydroxide. The temperature of the resulting mixture is then
measured every 30 seconds for a further 5 minutes.

The temperatures recorded are plotted as shown in Fig.1.

temperature / C

time / min
Fig. 1

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 7 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

 (a) Given that the specific heat capacity of the resulting solution is 4.2 J g 1 K1
and the density of the resulting solution is 1.00 g cm 3, calculate the
enthalpy change of neutralisation of the reaction.
(b) When the experiment is repeated with 2.0 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid
instead of 2.0 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid, the enthalpy change of neutralisation
is more exothermic as compared to the answer in (a).
Explain why.

*19 [Bond Energy; ∆Hc] [N2005/III/3 or]

One of the most important uses of alkanes is for fuels. In some countries, where
crude oil is either scarce or expensive, biofuels such as ethanol are increasingly
being used for fuels instead of hydrocarbons.

(a) What do you understand by the term bond energy?

(b) (i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of liquid octane, C 8H18.
(ii) Use bond energies in the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change of combustion of octane.

(c) The accurate experimental enthalpy changes of combustion of three liquid

hydrocarbons are given Table 4.
Table 4
alkane formula ∆Hc / kJ mol1
heptane C7H16 –4817
octane C8H18 –5470
nonane C9H20 –6125

(i) Suggest a reason for the discrepancy between the ∆Hc for octane you
calculated in (b)(ii) and that given Table 4.
(ii) Suggest what the regular increase in the values of ∆Hc in Table 4
represents.
(iii) The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –1367 kJ mol1, and
the densities of ethanol and octane are 0.79 g cm 3 and 0.70 g cm3
respectively.
Calculate the heat produced by the complete combustion of 1.0 dm 3 of
each fuel and hence, conclude whether ethanol or octane is a better
fuel.

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 8 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

*20 [Energy Cycle; Hess’ Law; Bond Energy]
The compound furan, (CH)4O, is a liquid at room temperature with a boiling point
of 31 C. It is used to make solvents and nylon. The displayed formula of furan is
as shown.

(a) Using relevant data from the Data Booklet and the data in Table 5, construct
an appropriate energy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of atomisation
of furan.
(CH)4O(l)  4C(g) + 4H(g) + O(g) Ha((CH)4O)
Table 5
enthalpy change of formation of furan –62 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of atomisation of carbon +717 kJ mol1
Note: Enthalpy change of atomisation of a compound is the heat
absorbed when one mole of the compound in its standard state is
turned into its constituent gaseous atoms.

(b) (i) Using appropriate bond energy values from the Data Booklet alone,
calculate another value for the enthalpy change of the reaction in (a).
(ii) The value calculated using this method differs from that calculated in
(a). By considering the definition of bond energy, suggest one reason
for the difference in enthalpy values.

*21 [Lattice Energy; Energy level diagram; Hess’ Law]

(a) What do you understand by the term lattice energy?
(b) Write equations to represent
(i) the lattice energy of calcium oxide, CaO,
(ii) the enthalpy change of formation of calcium oxide, CaO
(c) (i) Using the following data, together with relevant data from the Data
Booklet, construct an energy level diagram to calculate the lattice
energy of calcium oxide.
enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s) +178 kJ mol1
first electron affinity of oxygen –140 kJ mol1
second electron affinity of oxygen +789 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of formation of CaO(s) –639 kJ mol1
(ii) Suggest, with reasons, how the magnitude of the lattice energies of
CaO(s) might compare to that of
 CaS
 CaF2

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 9 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

*22 [Lattice energy; ∆Hhyd; Energy cycle; Hess’ Law]
(a) Using relevant data from the Data Booklet and the data in Table 6, construct
an energy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of MgCl3(s).
Table 6
Enthalpy change of atomisation of magnesium +147 kJ mol1
First electron affinity of chlorine –364 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of MgCl (s) –753 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of MgCl2 (s) –2520 kJ mol1
Lattice energy of MgCl3 (s) –5440 kJ mol1

(b) Given the enthalpy change of formation of MgCl2 (s) is –643 kJ mol1,
comment on the stability of MgCl3 (s) relative to MgCl2 (s).
(c) Even though the lattice energy of MgCl3 (s) is the most exothermic, MgCl3 (s)
is not formed.
By considering the relevant ionisation energies of magnesium, explain why this
is so.

(d) (i) Using relevant data in Table 6 and data in Table 7, construct an energy
cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of solution of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
Table 7
enthalpy change of hydration of Mg 2+(g) –1920 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of hydration of Cl(g) –381 kJ mol1

(ii) How would you expect the temperature to change when MgCl2 is
dissolved in water?

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 10 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

Level 3 – Challenging Questions

23 [Calorimetry; ∆Hc ; N2017/P2/Q6 modified]

A bomb calorimeter is used for accurate thermochemical determinations. It is
commonly used to determine the energy of foods and fuels. Fig. 2 shows a bomb
calorimeter, inside a controlled temperature water jacket, which is used to find
accurate values of energy changes of combustion for different substances.

Fig. 2
To find the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, the heat capacity of the
calorimeter is determined first. This is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of the calorimeter by 1 C.

Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter

A substance whose energy change of combustion is already known is burned in
the calorimeter. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is often used.
 A known mass of solid benzoic acid is placed in the crucible in the ‘bomb’
which is a strong steel container.
 A fuse is fed through the lid of the container into the benzoic acid and the
lid is tightened.
 The bomb is filled with oxygen gas at high pressure and then it is
immersed into a container filled with water. This calorimeter is placed
inside a controlled temperature water jacket.
 The benzoic acid is ignited using the fuse.
 The temperature of the water jacket is adjusted.
 The maximum temperature of rise of the water inside the calorimeter is
measured.

(a) (i) Suggest a property of benzoic acid which allows it to be used to find the
heat capacity of a calorimeter.
(ii) There is no heat lost from the calorimeter because of the controlled
temperature water jacket.
Suggest how the controlled temperature water jacket achieves this.

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 11 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

 (b) A chemist burned three samples of benzoic acid in the bomb calorimeter so
that the heat capacity of the calorimeter could be determined. The results are
shown in Table 8.
Table 8
initial highest
sample mass / g
temperature / C temperature / C
1 6.10 25.0 41.4
2 6.10 25.0 55.3
3 6.10 25.0 54.7
The reference value for the energy change of combustion of benzoic acid is
3230 kJ mol1.
After the first sample was burned, the chemist noticed that there was a
coating of black powder on the surface of the cruicible.

(i) Suggest why sample 1 produced a lower temperature rise than the
other two samples.
(ii) Suggest what the chemist could have done to ensure no black powder
was produced for samples 2 and 3.
(iii) Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter from appropriate data in
Table 8. State its units.
Assume that all the energy released from the combustion process is
converted into heat and none is lost to the surrounding.

(c) Once the heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined, the calorimeter can
be used to find the energy changes of combustion for other substances.
However, the energy change calculated by burning a known mass of
substance in the calorimeter is not a true value for its standard enthalpy
change of combustion, Hc; with a small correction the standard enthalpy
change of combustion can be found.

(i) Write an equation which describes the standard enthalpy change of

combustion of benzoic acid, C6H5COOH.
(ii) Suggest why the standard enthalpy change of combustion is slightly
different from the energy change calculated.
Assume all the energy released from the combustion is converted into
heat and none is lost to the surrounding.

(d) 1.60 g of ethanol (Mr = 46.0) was completely burnt in the calorimeter and the
rise in temperature was 7.6 C.
Calculate the energy change of combustion, in kJ mol 1,of ethanol.

(e) The bomb calorimeter setup consists mainly of the pool of water and the steel
bomb.
Briefly outline how the specific heat capacity of the steel bomb can be
determined.

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 12 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)

24 Aqueous strontium hydroxide is formed when solid strontium metal reacts with
water.
Sr(s) + 2H2O(l)  Sr2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + H2(g) Hr
Using the data in Table 9 and relevant data from the Data Booklet, draw an energy
cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction between strontium metal and
water.
Table 9
H / kJ mol1
enthalpy change of atomization of strontium +164
2+
enthalpy change of hydration of Sr ions 1337
enthalpy change of neutralization 58.0

enthalpy change for 2H (aq) + 2e  H2(g)
+
850

Answer Key to Level 1 MCQs

5 B 6 B 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 A

Numerical Answer Key

2(b) 56.5 kJ mol1 16(b) 75.2 % 19(b)(ii) 5130 kJ mol1 22(a) +3907 kJ mol1
3(b) +359 kJ mol1 16(c) 316 kJ mol1 19(c)(iii) 23500 kJ 22(d)(i) 162 kJ mol1
33600 kJ
4(a) 844 kJ mol1 17(a) +4.20 kJ mol1 20(a) +4050 kJ mol1 23(b)(iii) 5.38 kJ C1
4(c)(i) 36.0 kJ mol1 17(b)(i) +12.7 kJ mol1 20(b)(i) +3930 kJ mol1 23(d) 1180 kJ mol1
+5.00 kJ mol1
15 131 kJ mol1 18(a) 52.9 kJ mol1 21(c)(i) 3450 kJ mol1 24) 299 kJ mol1

2020 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 13 Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Part 1)