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Force and Pressure Notes

The document discusses different types of forces including contact forces like muscular force and frictional force, and non-contact forces like gravitational, electrostatic, and magnetic forces. It explains key characteristics of forces such as magnitude and direction. The document also covers concepts like pressure, upthrust, atmospheric pressure, and how forces can affect motion.

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991 views

Force and Pressure Notes

The document discusses different types of forces including contact forces like muscular force and frictional force, and non-contact forces like gravitational, electrostatic, and magnetic forces. It explains key characteristics of forces such as magnitude and direction. The document also covers concepts like pressure, upthrust, atmospheric pressure, and how forces can affect motion.

Uploaded by

matho logy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NOTES

FORCE AND PRESSURE

Introduction
In science, a push or pull of an object is known as force. The interaction between two objects
arises force. Force has both magnitude and direction. The strength of a force is expressed in
magnitude. Force brings about a change in the direction or state of motion of a body. In class 8
science chapter 11, various characteristics of force along with the types of force are discussed.

Push
A push is a force exerted away from the body, e.g: Hitting a snooker ball, kicking a football.

Pull
A pull is a force exerted towards the body, e.g: drawing a bucket of water from a well, playing tug
of war.

Force
 A force is a push or a pull.
 The interaction between objects that can change the state of the objects.

 force can produce the following effects:


 A force can move a stationary object.
 A force can stop a moving object.
 A force can change the speed of a moving object.
 A force can change the direction of a moving object.
 A force can change the shape and size of an object.
 Direction and Magnitude of Force:
(i) The measurement of strength and amount of force is called magnitude of force.
(ii) Two or more forces on the same object can be applied in the same direction and
opposite direction.
 1. When two or more forces are applied over an object in the same direction:
When two or more forces are applied in the same direction, then the total or net force
is the addition of magnitude of both the forces.
Example: When two persons push the box in the same direction with the magnitude of
forces of each 2 N, then resultant force will be-
Net force:-  2N + 2N= 4N (In the direction of applied force)


2. When two forces are applied over an object in the opposite direction:
When two forces are applied over an object in the opposite directions, the total
effective or net force is the difference of magnitude of two forces.
Example:
(i) When two persons push the box in the opposite direction with the magnitude of
forces of each 2 N, then resultant force will be-
Net force:-  2N - 2N= 0N (Box will not move)
(ii) If one person is applying a force of 6 unit in one direction and another person is
applying a force of 8 unit in opposite direction,
Then the resultant force: 8N - 6N= 2N (In the direction of higher magnitude force)
In this case, force will act in the direction of higher magnitude of force.

Magnetic force The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic bodies due to
their poles is known as a magnetic force.

Playing With It

Net force
 The resultant of all the forces acting on a body is known as net force.
 The acceleration of the body is along the direction of the net force.

Frictional force
 The force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces.
 Acts between the surface of the two bodies in contact.
 Type of contact force.

What Can Force Do?

Vector
– Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. E.g:
Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration etc.
– Vectors are used to find the resultant component acting on a body.
– When multiple forces act on a body, they can be resolved into one component known as the
net force acting on the object.
Example:

Vectors are also useful when the force acts at an angle to the horizontal.

Application of Force
– A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or in motion.
– It can change an object’s direction and velocity.
– Force can also change the shape of an object.

State of Motion
The state of motion of an object is defined by its velocity – the speed with a direction. Thus,
inertia could be redefined as follows:
Inertia = tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity.
An object at rest has zero velocity – and (in the absence of an unbalanced force) will remain with
a zero velocity; it will not change its state of motion (i.e., velocity). An object in motion with a
velocity of 2 m/s, East; will (in the absence of an unbalanced force) remain in motion with a
velocity of 2 m/s, East; it will not change its state of motion (i.e., velocity). Objects resist changes
in their velocity.

Types of Forces

Contact
A touch or contact is required to do most of our everyday activities. E.g Lifting, pulling, kicking,
pushing etc.

Contact forces
Forces that require a touch or contact to be applied are known as contact forces. E.g: Muscular
forces, frictional forces

Muscular force
The force applied by the effort of our muscles e.g lifting a heavy box, pulling a bucket of water,
pedalling a cycle.

Non-contact forces
 Forces that do not need a contact, or that have their influence without a touch.
 Example: magnetic force, electrostatic force, gravitational force.
Gravitational force
 The attractive force that a body experience towards the centre of the earth is called the
force of gravity due to earth.
 Property of the universe, every object attracts or exerts a force on every other object.

Electrostatic force
The force of attraction or repulsion experienced by a charged body from another charged body in
the same vicinity is known as Electrostatic Force.

Nuclear forces
 The nuclear force acts between all the particles in the nucleus. i.e., between two
neutrons, between two protons and between a neutron and a proton.
 It is an attractive force in all cases.
 It is the force that keeps the nucleus intact by overcoming the enormous
repulsive force between positive protons.
Thrust and Pressure

Pressure
 Force acting per unit area is known as pressure.
 P=forcearea
 SI unit is Pascal.

Distribution of pressure
 Force acting on a smaller area applies more pressure than the same force acting on a
larger area.
 Examples: Porters place a round cloth on their heads to increase surface area and
reduce pressure.
 A sharp knife cuts better as more pressure is exerted over a smaller area.

Pressure in fluids
The pressure exerted by a fluid(gases or liquids) in a container is transmitted undiminished in all
direction on the walls of the container.

Upthrust
The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object is known as upthrust or buoyant force.

Atmospheric Pressure

Gaseous pressure
Gases exert the same pressure on the walls of the container in all directions.

Atmospheric pressure
 Our atmosphere extends to several kilometres above sea level. The weight of the air acts
as pressure known as atmospheric pressure.
 The pressure in our body balances the atmospheric pressure and that is why we do not
feel it.

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