© cS Zz a] 4 \~n Steuclures fr» Recbrakorn of Ltr Discde Theor Sislerns in L-Dorogio: A discxete Lieve sypteso is OO eyskero Mook accepts a discrete Weve sigedl. os veput and praceses A, and daivers thee processed discrete ene good Os output qrothecatically , ao discke bee sysites is epreserted by o Asffererce equ Pogiclly ao discte Were aytees is vated ox ivaplescented either as a digital, havdusare ox 0S 0 sofhware RINNIOG ;OO oO digital \axdtoaxe Ae PC- Resorall Cocapuhex) Disade Tce TR Syelero: bel, Hess Trandder function of dicate Lieve TR ayshern The egresol foron of Aronster funckon of UR systero is, Hiey cSob bth bt 4 | ot bg VEO UHO, UL OQ TN Let, X@) < dapat of Lhe diceete ene syflero ee - N@e Output = HQ) < X& - bot U4 Ty bg | X@)(Aa\Z4 G74 ae — a5) On cross coulkilying the equation (as) we a (lear rays ot Oy TNO e [rete bem bz) RED Yet art TFG, TYR F.-. +A ¥(2) boy XI 4 6, ALD boy SRD a ot bong @™™ K(ZJOn Aadang inves 2-trancloeen of Re oboe eq. wx a {Ora you #05402). 4 On (O-n) af Tew we eb Xl) + 6, LOI) yXO-2) 4-H KE-69) Zou} er *xG GO? =-OfON-6,4O93~ on Yeon) abe HO + by xO-eb, Xp-2) a + bn X(t) Y= ~Z Owy loren) E bn fro) 3 (2.96) The eq: @.a5) ig Khe tronder function of discrete Lime ets systenn ond the (240) is Hee bene doreain difference equalion erenng Jsccrete ene BER sgkecn. Prone eo (3.36), | is observed thot the output ok any tere 9 depends on | pack autpas ond so the IR systerns Axe KRCUXSVE egskeens Disudk Tee PLA cyckeen: heb, Heese Tandler funckon of dsccle ten Te cysteco The gow feces of Aransfer funckion of FRR sgters is, Hare bt bb, 74 4 by TOY Leb, Kee Cop of the Rcaade Lene gypkeco in 7-doreain, Y@2Odekpa 5 , . Heo e bet be 2%4 bai tT OY (aaa) @ | Ox canss coalkicl ying We eq, G99) ove qc, e092 bs He,24 b.wt zen} x2) be XOIEG, 27 Kb ZEA) # ot by TOY KAYbo Lolang jovexse, Zohtanshorwn of Lhe okwve eq we ae 4 = bol +b XO) + AOD) At oa X(o- 1) ) 7m = bata) — G28) ; The 20, (3.2) is oe transfes fucekon of dicate Nene | pre eters and the ey G78) is Abe “rece Bosna difference ea qorerning Aisctte Nene FER agers: Frees 09; (8.98), 1 is dbocerved Leak the ovkpet ot oxy hen does ck depend los post ookpats and so the FUR agilerns Axe MORMKEUUKSive oysters. Basic Elerserts of lode Diogarn : \ “The difference equations of UR om cam Mee viewed 0s 0 cornputational proudne (ve algoatore,) |*s Sedercaime tee oukpat signal yo fron ee ipo sega Los. The computations ia tee alone AiHfexerce eqpation of Oo systero can ‘be axornged late various cqpivdlert ks of difference cqokions. For eacky ech ot aay solos Use cam conduct « Hock diogara consisting of adder, conker coulligher yunit dow | eleeoent ood Unik odvacce decent Sc lode dagraras axe xeferted b os eedizalion of eyes of eggivdleathy os druckore {ox vedhiing aysteess. The owe dlecoents asad tw consmack block dogvarns ase liked io Loble A Fae often 3.6Table 36 TBasic deraeats of block diagrano io — Fond 2- dorcaio, Eleccects of Tene doroaic, 2-doenain Bock. dogionn xepesectah represeatobion Kw XW x2y 9) ALO LI) Addex —o... e-* *) OS Conctont Gs Axa) XG coulbalier fp jp e — ; | ue , ov Faye RW_ o_O ORLY West oddarce Xe 2X0 at) 1x1) 3) derwent fey SS ZS | Skeucluses for Redirabion of Gre Syshesos: Coy aeerol, Lhe hone doceain repecentabton of an j ns ovckex VER aygtess is, (= - & omer} Z beoxG-ro} | and the z-deonaie repreemtation of an AN osdec ete syshess oe Yo _ bot loeb 24. bon" MZ) Wear eayzea. FOE H@e ——=@ i The obbove {too representations of FIR ogters con) be | viewed Oo oO coropurabiona) procedure & lepton) to delerenice | tke output SeqHeOCe go horn the ioput sequence alo). Also, 9 the ghove sepreentations tee value of TM ges tee | cveabex of ews amd the Volue of Ne gues the eucnibe x of poles of Loe 22h gystero. | “The carpatakions io Yee oboe equation can be oven Liclo vasious eapivolent gets of Gtfewerce eqgsaltons , eich \e fo diferent tes of awuchares fox sechizing TLR aysleons. Sere of he struchues of Yoe systesn gues & dkeeck | xelation, beluxer, he hene decoaid equator and ve Z-docvaig equokion. The dffereck Ties of steudures fo cabsring We @TR | systecns ase, * |. Dneck Soren-L deuce a. Tireck fore -G sheuchuie 3. Cascade oxeoy sheuchure | 4. Poralle\ Levon ateuchate Direck Foroa- 7 Sauce of TER Sglevs: | Considee ee ees equation qourrning om IR sgt | Ode =F ae gor) Z boxo-en) | ye -aryor— ore ry~ anyon) pe tly 4 bh UO# by RO-2D4 tbo LOM)| On taking 2-leansforea ot the “oho eqpation we get 1b M@ye-azt Y@- 0.0 Y@) - -- aye" Ye thy X@ rb, Z XO 4 bLZ>KEI +--+ bm Z™ K)—- —3(,99) | The eqpiabion of Yer [eq: 39} can be dicey xepeented a Bock drograne as chown io fa 315 aod ns shuchare Lis called diceck forma% stischure. The diveck forrn-2 cheuchave proides a diveck relobor betiocen bene doenais and 2-doonaic | epokers. The dick dorco-T struchsre eequtees ceparate ddosgs le) fox input ond output soroples.themce fos vedbsing diveck foe. | shauchare rR eed iS required, Yo, x) e — go YO) z o (3.80 *@) | FQ ANG OTH Ogyt™ Ge) X@) - - met loot 2B = 4 bog —> (3.81) On cxgs soullspgng 24, Bo) ox ee Yeh cheery, 240) 4 bLT> WIE) + -- A )bm CIUNW AP &E W(2) 40, TAWRIFG, ZT? WEI 4-4 AVI" WH XQ) BWR) EX) =~ O17 WRD- Oj ZNB~-..- yz" WE —sGer) On css culbplying eq: Gai) ux ack Yes chp WR + 6,27) WR) « 6.2% WEI 4 bg?” WO 9-83) The equations (3.82) 2 6-83) xepreserd Ue 248 eysheon io 2-doenain aod can be xeaized oy o diveck chuuckure called direck foro TE stuckure as coon '6 tq 316. Gey diveck Aree | douckure Lhe cuscrkber of delays \s equo lo over of the | eghes and wo Lee Aiveck foeen-f structure ig Canonic chuck From dhe deck foreo-T deucure i is observed Vat | the real zation of am nt oxder disrdle Lene, eysteco wily | 7 ry cuceber of moe eal AL nuccker of pales, invelves Tat N+ |[racer of oullipheakons ond ment cursber of oddibons. 1g a veabszable gysters, me2een ard © the cuenber of ddougs io dweck foxeo- shsuchuse asl) be equal Jo od. Heoce, ures a | Systees is vealized using dveeck taon—-T shucue, AY coernor locokions axe eequived to drove the deloyed sqoals Xs. We) | o k | Faq NG: Dreck foreo- duce of TER oysters fos VEM | Cascade Facer Redbszotion of TLR Systeen: | The trondes functor, HE can be expressed Os & prac of ao murcbex of eon A-oxdex 08 ficcl-oxcler secbons , aS | dros equoken Qk).Here ¥ EW) XH XHES.. Hae THE) —5 eu) (ZS te Cop a Cg 24 Cay 27> a kee, HZ) < des 4 dy Pe { second-omder sechos} Co Cy 2 oO Ce ll ee ee [Fick -order secon | The individual second-order 0¢ Re ee can | hee edized ‘eden in direct Foren Tox Aiveck Arce chucks Toe ovexal\ syskero ‘ig dbotained by cascading Loe individud _ sechions as shown i fa 3.20. The auraber of caleulakons aod the PRETONY vequivernent depends on the xedbeotior, | of individudh eeckions. . . | Ke) — - \ 2 ES. a) Fig 3.20: Cascode foren reals 2abion of 112 siyckeen , | The dvieulky fa costade skruchure ore, | L Decision of poring pales and eros | a. Deciding the order of cascading Khe fest ond second -oxdec s dio . [5 Sealing, erallyias held Ge prided taboos chad! sechons eo present Lee sgeless variables foo eeceratrg too oxge ox wo seal, Pasalte\ Fores, Realization of TLR Sgstern: The bransder funckion He) of oa derke hea aystern Cam ‘e expressed os a suse of Fuck amd second-order© “Tseckons using pork, eockion expansion Leclanignee as shan in eq B85) *e) Y@ . Ca Were Haleda--.+ Freel MOO ee) | 6 2 C+ Zo pe mons Cures H udbere >We Tora aed ; {secord-oeder sechion} oo ence ae dotdy et Fig. 321: Posollel faces) reclszalion (Fast codec ecko | t \ BacraLL io eso The individud fest and second-owler © secong cam be | wealized ekher wo diel fosrn- 7 o¥ diceck, forrn-@_ shuchures, Vee overall systero is aboained by connecting Sand wodrdual | seckons io parallel as shown iq fq 3.21. The oumber of cclcalobions and Loe meeoony requixernert depends on the | xeabs zabiony of iodiadudd sechows. | Exarope : Oban Ure direct four -1 5 diveck foro. 5 cascade band pavalle| Foren vealszahions of Lhe UTI gyshees grened bY the equation , i Yo “For yer * Yors+ a YO) 10)43 WOH aa(o->) | Sev Dec fovon— LT . | Gien thal,| A= Byer a ore pies erat AA)+ Qos aR ans i ; On Acking e-hrandosea of <4@ wx at, | Ye ZN SOW ro TENN) +371 XWI42T7*RW) The diveck forro- 2 steuchnre can be obbaired tomo ew) W432 p43 g2. aL 23 9 & BQ° 7 he Yer 21432 Ze —? We) a © On cross moultishyng eq) ue ae WO t Br wes +277 hW@)- werd 4 RO —© On cass wultiplyng 4S) we ah Mi) 2WO)4371 WR) #272 WR) — ~@ equations (6) a(2) cary be vealized oy a diveck Aen ste. ay Fa arDiseck foren-T vedizabion, shruchueCos ode Fo Consider eg (3) 2 Ye 2 Hey = 4 ZTHHIT Xe) Wee-3 —® Bp 3 SOR Le The surceotor ond denorimotos payrorals of eg &) shoul be expressed to the fackored foren. Conde Hoe mutreratos palyrorriol of eqyts W437 497% 2 2 (243242) 22* Gai) (z42) 2 eM Vezer) 2Qyzt) Gaaz) —@ Comeider Le deroenioater payresesll of <4) W232 By Ge [era Zee Be &| —(o) ee es] fos 3-4] ~\fg\ | le “as ey ye ete Yeu e woots of gpodcakic ) THz -Gqr8 are, ' Ae Ho ee Zee is ome of AG - em 32 (BCS) hate zea ON a wa, (hy Be 2 & § fe bh ene tote Boh z as ST RRR ete[eens ce Foca Ys tw (9) ood Cy) ue con eave, He case ssaz™ a zt) Gage) Set Bet does (4h 4 hae Jee) © Bec Cree ee) au Sore koeve axe Lovee facsk-order focors io Ye Secoesiorotor of e9-(.), H@) cary bee expressed as & podoct of 3 sechors as dows in e(3). \ta7zt tL 2 A eH « H@) 13) Ae yeh leu ly Lek, Hae te x \4 eskere, Ws cH ates MBC god Hse \ Age \_.- ee de pet | The frander function WO) cam be vedlized io diceck focen 1 | shuchote usiog eqpations (Ue) and (15), 0 house i kee FL Hay WO, WRI Ye eet WD" K() W> wher wey Ye ushese Wi i — & X@ us ond, Det a | 2 Wied 2 te) -$2 Wry 1s + (2) —s(Ia) Fig 3: DE-1 ste, of Hea 4 = WIM+27 13, @) —(1's) The bomstec dunction Hye com be vedlized io deecl focco-L deduce wGing equations (6) ond (a), 08 shown io fiqhe lek W@d= RO WO Ye saat WO NW we ubeYep Wile) NG | odhere pew. ond 7 Xe Bae | | Le zita2\ | Wiley i Fa 4:06 - 7 Wd 2N@-L 21 we — 06 PEPE AT ate of Hues Nu) 2 WyRI4977 Wales —() “ates @) Ye The thanstes furckion HA con f) | be seahizeed is deck oven -9 a | sien 1 PSE 2408) ,0 chose in figs. Rass be- Leb ere Yes, iat ‘lay 2 © Yee te Yes 2 Yt) | Yes eye Lot Yes —r(1e) The cascade structure of 4k geen LT systeon is oblained) | & coorechog Lhe indiadual seclions showon in fq 3,tgh aha i Kade as sous io tgs | Me - i (zi —-1 b i r ' 1 ' 1 1 ' i A i ef Urey Fig 6: Cascade vealiration of Abe wsgstero| Fale Forcat oo Conedes the egid Mewe —WezVlaort) (ode) dejiobe) By portal traction exparson, He bred Goer) bee) (te A ~ Cc + eet ade” a — Ge dOrart ae Qayeeay © 74*" a0 3 8 bx v2 (uae) (gene Fea e*) _(eay(ew) _Cayxea) la O-4)(E4) “Ee 28 zd 2 (ae) Grae) ae. Gaw(as) x4 (2°) bet) (-¥ art 2) ; ‘ . 2 210 (rd) (42a) 3x3 Chek i + 4 2 HQ) + BaF wy tesa yet whee, wie STs 5 Wats 2 5 Mae gan wie oe Lek, Hoe MO yar YO QO. yey. BY XR) x@y? eee sYO Y@ Ya) \3@) SARE METH OHO) > TEs AE BE X@ 2» Yey2 VWo+ ees) | The hander funckion Wed con be vedlred io daeck fovea: QING’ | ckeucsre wsog equotion (Wad a6 shows in tig? 38 Ye oo “3S lek, Ware h@ . Ss X(zy On cawmss, coubkhyng ond Konangog kr M2) Ze we ag, = ig HDivecforsg-7 heuchace Miwe-Lo ay - 35 xe) 309 Fg? Were - Eo bea - BS eG ov ce The tronsfer funchion W3@) can be veatized ig diveck Furca-1 struchwee |useg €9, 00) as sooo in figs. | Le, Wwe Ae . th, x@ Win Fig @: Dick foceg si 1 On cage mal plying and Weorrcngieg shucks, of Ht) | we ee Yi@=-424 la Sexe J — (20) The hansfer furchon 1,6) cam be [vealed in diteck foten-T shuclure a) xt : ®po (oo XE YN4 = Ansty O-K) ~—s(a) Fox niet XOI= YiOd+a, wyend WwW LO) 40) foo) A a0) < 3) Fig S89 Sndfe shage alt-pele labkice Ailker | The fal com be veabiced oy labbce stiuchue as shown in Bg S59 form obich ue can dobain | UFO) —siey We hlos = fle kg, @) etOI-“HY OI 56) => UO =YOskyOt) Iw giley = EKO +O eka yoru) —a¢) | Ceroposing £9.43 and bo) ux Gave kt aG) —>» 8@) Noo, let us conader for the case Ne2, they | LOz 0) — (0)O YOE HEOI~ OW) YO) - 0,1 YO-a) —>@ This output can also be dokained frm a ttn sta loklice Alber as howe in Fig. S88 froon whicly we ‘hove xO) 4 >) Sooo Yo) 40) wy le {o1 2) + 1 a Sale) =) Ao Leh 940) Fig: S88 Toso shoge all-pole (altice filber FOIz XQ) — a) foe f6)-kafot) ———>lia) SO) = kK Al 49, @-1) 3 Way Ai z Ale - aay ——> (is) Foy = Kl) +9, O-V) — > Ww SO) = fley = glo) ——> (a) Fioy-kig.4) afl) g(o-1) -k.g, (04) afo~ ke [es hlO4) 44,60-a)|-kg,@-1) Usiog eghia) one falda, Leyovsgio-a] hyov| 2UOI—hi (4) gor )—kayo25 —'8) | Siosterly ShlOd= be YOK (H eJyorys yoy —>(19) Ceenparing Equi) ond Eq-(e) we ae O02) a,052 KOs) 5 a(2d2k, — QD) Fox o Ai-stoge AR Aker veokized in lattice stuchsee 0s chown iy Faq S54 ve get xO) folny 409 op | Fig S54 AM pale Nalhice filler fn) (oa) Ssbsttuting coe. in Eqy(aay and in B4,(ea) we get FY hye g(r) —>lae) oa YO 2 Khoi+ g,fo-2) — 69) Subeblte Gy G8) and £4.09) we oblaio XO HOI Ka!) AV +E GOA ky ffen3+9 6-25} afyor4 ky 4+ af ib O44, 23) Hak, [hd + kafo-ay] ay [Who-r3+4/0-3)} = Yous (KC ao eyke] You —s60) +{htlokalea yore bado3) stay 2 yo y+ fokusey e@lyes {a,s40,0) 0,8)] x 4O2HAG YOR) = (: a0) 2K (+ wy —> (33) EYOMAW YODA) YO-2) +a) qos) Concpaxing &las) and £4, Ga) we actGAO) z15 Og) 2 a1) 40,2) a,() Bala) *Oyl2d + O41) Ogl3) keg = 2/3) —+ (33) Go grea Ovl0) 215 Oral) © Ayn 6) 1 OnglOO9 Ay, fO-) Oral) 2 kon — ay) The £4, Bh) can be used by eoowerL lokkce cauckue to diveck foxoo, | Lattice-haddes Shuchae: | A genexoh air filher coatoioing booty pokes and zews | con be xeolized using 09 all poe lathe os the basic | building block. Consider om FIR Alber with gysteco dunckon Hey. Bale , Zw ae MS ty SF onloe™ odnere nt 209. A lobhce ctruckure fps Eqs can be cooks | ted & fest neck cing on ol-pole Lathie coedfiients kon, | VEMEN dye the decorninatox An@ and ther addic Q | ladeex part as shang in Fig. 60 dox ment. The oulpul x the loddes past can be expressed a6 orighled Uneat combina ion of Latest: ” Novs The oulput is gen by, 42 Zod — ey —s(da) Fig 5-60 hothice-ladder ttackure or reining a poe-rewo EER filer wdbere {ero} ate called the ladder coethcienls and can le dbloired ong” the recursive relation, | i i | | | | Kone bem BGC) 5 meM,m-1,...0 —>@) Exareple : Comet — tee plowing pole ze TR filer into a \obkice adder skouchore . A LATS Haye tt2@t+az247 - alae in fies an ee ayes oe —————C CP Am @) 24 et x yt ge Oslo) 21 5 aC) = BE 9 Ad + Ss ale 4ke (32 ay Fars the eq. ux hove Ook = Gal-OnbManftn-b) 1 aR (en) Fox m3 and ket ayuye Saal) 2960) \-03(3) 3B oA(s 12._ +4 (§) 3 eet 8 ey For me3 and ker ka, @y2 ab-adlaa,() too 8) For coer and kel ke aul 2 Salt 2ales ont Lore) 3 1/3 ==) ea -(y 4 Therefore for latlice shuckuse webs beds kee whe; ee Fox \addes ghucete ™m Cre lom= Z— C10; (Fen) 5 met, MeL, 0 fem Cyebsz} Geb, -C20,(1) na-\{e] 2 W483 2b -& Gay (ie) fer alo [oan +C,a,(3} 2a-((-4583) le) (Sle) \< 0.8281 3 Coz by - = Ga,(i-e) i zb-(Gae + Go,@)+GQ0,(3)] Ale {ose Gp) nvuse3 (5) « 5| 2 -0,a649K,Sigeal Aaogopln: A signal Poogrods wo geapivok cepeentotion of Khe relatondap belie the variates of a ck of Linear differen eqpolions. The bane clerments of a sapol oogcgls axe bxanek ord voles. The sgreh Maw gaps is basically awk of decked Hbxandnes Kook conceck ot vodes. A ede represents ° se stern vowalle, whoide is eo. to Kee sures of incoening signals foro all branches conrecting bo the rede. There are too types of Hodes, Gunrce codes are modes hak have no entering branches | Sink. codes axe modes thot boxe only entering “ranches. A, | Siqpol teorels olong a brorely from one rode bo another node The sgrol, ovk of a loscnds i¢ equal to Abe brandy qin 1 Keone he signal foko Lee branch, The orm bead shows 4h i ee ee qe is indiaked eext to the axrois bod. The dele is indicated by Abe bon tronsearttance 2 When the sank tonsdttane is unity it Lis \efk unlabeled. Leb us consider a block diogronn cepeeserakion of a fish oxcer digilel Ailker shou in Figs S41 03: The systero hock. | diogors com be comerted to dhe sigoal lows aor hrousty i Fey Suatb. We find thot the fous grog contain {por codes, out of adhidy tise modes ate SUESENOG modes, ule be ott | Lo odes reptesenk bromeking paints. Branch shonsrarthonces | ate iodicaked pect to the ery and {he delay i[indeotedl 4 Hee bands horseshoe e | 5 sone | Ep & He wake | x6 a a br ® | Fg |G Segal foo gop “SAI @ Block diogiarss epreseotction of fuck -ovder dgtcl lhe cepesentolion oh heck -ovder dqicl AMher | | Tronsposthon {reoxeeos one Lronupaed oheucksxe: | The ‘ramspox of & ckeuckure iS delived by Loe {pllosing operations. [C3 Reverse Roe daeckor of oll lexanckes io Hoe sqood hous gag. Ky Grecchorrge oe scopes ood outputs. lows Revere Loe whes of oll wodes ia the Hoagie. w Sacoesing paiks becorne bxacching pains. (Bonding paioks becorne Sucoening points. According Lo teonspostion Akeorera, ‘hoe AAsreen Lransfe | funckion xecsain vedvanged bo Kronsposi isn | Exccoghe : Deleresioe Woe dieck forrn D and Transposed deck Foca D foc Hoe qren cystero gore YOU qoa+aeo \ +2x(0-1) | | . -SAI The sycters Lransfec funchon of the gre difference equation is gveey oy as Xx) 10.8244 0.26 72 By inspection, Hoe diveck foren & veolizabion a0 be dobained 0s howe i Fig S42. The aioe How aor of Fig 04248 | shows to Faq Gh, | PO etter ge | u | Gacavet | ell . « o | Te] | -ons Figg: S-bea. Breech ae xecbazobior, a | 10) 0) 5 Fig. S43. S MG S43 Siqoal Plooeraple repreentahacy of fq Sur