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Experiment No.2 To Study Flow Characterstics Through A Venture Flume. Objectives

This experiment studied flow characteristics through a venturi flume. The objectives were to analyze the effect of constriction, determine the coefficient of discharge, and plot the surface water profile. Measurements of depth and discharge were taken at the converging, throat, and diverging sections of the flume. Calculations determined the theoretical and actual discharge at the throat section. Graphs were plotted showing the relationships between depth and discharge at different sections. The coefficient of discharge was calculated and commentary provided on the results and observations.

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Muhammad Umar Farooq
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38 views

Experiment No.2 To Study Flow Characterstics Through A Venture Flume. Objectives

This experiment studied flow characteristics through a venturi flume. The objectives were to analyze the effect of constriction, determine the coefficient of discharge, and plot the surface water profile. Measurements of depth and discharge were taken at the converging, throat, and diverging sections of the flume. Calculations determined the theoretical and actual discharge at the throat section. Graphs were plotted showing the relationships between depth and discharge at different sections. The coefficient of discharge was calculated and commentary provided on the results and observations.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar Farooq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO.

2
TO STUDY FLOW CHARACTERSTICS THROUGH A VENTURE FLUME.

Objectives:

1. To study the effect of constriction in a canal on flow conditions.


2. To determine the coefficient of discharge for the venturi flume.
3. To plot the surface water profile for the flume.

Apparatus:

 Self-contained glass sided Tilting Flume


 Venturi Flume Assembly
 Instrument Carrier
 Hook and Point Gauge (for flow depth measurement)

Related theory:

Venturi flume: It is a critical flow open flume with a constricted flow which causes a drop in
hydraulic grade line creating a critical depth in a constricted section. It has three sections.

1) Converging section
2) Throat
3) Diverging section

Converging section has less length than the diverging section because diverging losses are
more.

General discharge equation is,


Q=C . a √2 g(h−h1 )
1
C=C d

a
√ 1−m2
m=
A
Where,
Q = discharge
a = throat area (bh1)
A = upstream area
C = discharge coefficient

Standing wave equation is Q=1.704 b H 3/ 2


Critical Depth: It is the depth of flow that occurs when specific energy is minimum for a given
discharge and Froude No. is equal to one (F.N = 1)
1 1
q2 3 Q2
y= y c =
g( ) ( )
= 2
b g
3

Critical Flow: It is the flow that occurs when depth of flow is equal to critical depth.

Super Critical Flow: It is the flow in which Kinetic Energy (K.E) is more as compare to
Potential Energy (P.E)

OR
Flow for which the depth of flow is less than the critical depth and velocity is high.
y < y c , v >v c
OR
Flow when Froude’s number is greater than one. (Fr > 1)

ub Critical Flow: Flow for which the depth of flow is more than the critical depth and velocity is
low.
y > y c , v <v c
OR
Flow when Froude’s number is lesser than one. (Fr < 1)

Critical Velocity: The velocity of flow at critical depth is called as critical velocity.
q
v c= ∨v c =√ g y c
yc
Specific Energy: It is the energy of cross-section of open channel with respect to the channel
bed. S.E if the total energy per unit weight measured relative to the channel’s bed and
mathematically,
v2
E=Z + P+
2g
v2
E= y +
2g
Where:
E = Specific Energy per unit weight
y = Depth of Flow
v2
=Velocity Head
2g

Procedure:

1. Adjust the discharge in the venture flume and change it after taking set of readings.
2. At converging section take 3 depth readings at a fixed distance for every discharge.
3. Similarly take 3 depth readings at throat and at diverging discharge for every discharge.
4. Calculate “C” value by putting it in general equation of discharge.
5. After calculating c value calculate “cd” value for every discharge.
6. Then plot graphs b/w
(a) Q verses h-h1 (b) Q verses h1 (c) Q verses h

Precautions:

 Take discharge readings only when flow is steady.


 The height measuring needle must be adjusted precisely.
 The tip of the needle must be just touching the water surface while taking observations.

Calculations and Plots:

Width at inlet of convergence = 300 mm


Width at throat = 94 mm

Discharge per unit Critical Depth in Converging Section at


Discharge
width Depth at Start Mid End used for
Sr. No.
Q q1= Q / B q2= Q / b yc=(q2/g) 1/3 y1 y2 y3 calculation
(m3/sec) (m3/sec/m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1 0.007 0.023 0.074 0.082 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12
2 0.008 0.027 0.085 0.090 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13
3 0.009 0.030 0.095 0.097 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14
4 0.010 0.033 0.104 0.103 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.15
5 0.011 0.035 0.113 0.109 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15
6 0.011 0.038 0.120 0.114 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.16
7 0.012 0.040 0.128 0.118 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.17
8 0.013 0.043 0.138 0.125 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17

Throat Section at Diverging Section at


Start Mid End used for Start Mid End used for h-h1
y1 y2 y3 calculation y1 y2 y3 calculation
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.048
0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.051
0.10 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.057
0.11 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.060
0.11 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.060
0.12 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.065
0.12 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.068
0.13 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.068
Average flow Average flow
Qtheoratical Qactual
area at conv. area at throat m=a/A Cd C
at throat at throat
A=B*h a=b*h1
(m2) (m2) - (m3/sec) - - (m3/sec)
0.035 0.007 0.186 0.187 1.066 1.085 0.007
0.038 0.007 0.185 0.192 1.129 1.149 0.008
0.041 0.008 0.183 0.200 1.105 1.124 0.009
0.044 0.008 0.184 0.206 1.111 1.130 0.010
0.045 0.008 0.187 0.210 1.145 1.166 0.011
0.047 0.009 0.184 0.215 1.138 1.158 0.011
0.050 0.009 0.184 0.220 1.120 1.139 0.012
0.051 0.010 0.188 0.225 1.149 1.170 0.013

0.20
0.18
Depth at inlet of convergence, h (m)

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
Discharge (m3/s)
0.18
0.16
Depth at throat, h1 (m)

0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
Discharge (m3/s)

0.080

0.070

0.060

0.050

0.040
h - h1 (m)

0.030

0.020

0.010

0.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
Discharge (m3/s)
Comments:

1. Discharge increases with depth in venture flume at convergence and throat.


2. At a certain value of discharge, discharge per unit width is greater at throat than converging
section.
3. Discharge increases as the difference increases between flow depth at convergence and
throat.
4. Value of Cd usually remains below 1. However, value of Cd greater than 1 herein is due to
unknown reasons and needs to be examined.
5. In our case water depth at throat remained below critical depth against all the discharge
observations and no hydraulic jump was formed.

Photographs:

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