CHAPTER 5 Side Scan

Processing

HYPACK® includes two programs that may be used to process

and mosaic HYPACK® side scan data. Each has its advantages.
• TARGETING AND MOSAICKING provides better tools for
bottom-tracking and heading. The resulting mosaics are better
because the water column is more accurately removed. This
program also provides targeting tools. This module reads only
side scan data.
• GEOCODER™ reads HYPACK® as well as some 3rd party
XTF files and has more advanced corrections settings. It can
also generate mosaics from multibeam backscatter and snippet
data.
If you are processing HYPACK® side scan data, you can take
advantage of the strengths of each program by using TARGETING
AND MOSAICKING to do bottom-tracking and targeting, then
loading the resulting XTF files to GEOCODER™ to generate the
mosaic.
The SIDE SCAN REFORMATTER utility converts third-party side
scan data to HYPACK® HSX format.

More Information
• Side Scan Processing Flowchart on page 11-25
• DATA CONVERTER on page 9-164
• TARGETING AND MOSAICKING on page 5-2
• GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data on page 5-62
• GEOCODER™ With Multibeam Snippets on page 6-281

Last Updated March / 2018 5-1

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Running TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

The TARGETING AND MOSAICKING program is the side scan
processing program where you can edit and smooth track lines,
heading and towfish altitude then perform targeting and generate a
side scan mosaic in geo-TIF format.
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING saves the edited files to your
project Edit folder in the HYPACK® HS2 format. It appends "_ss"
to the file name in order to distinguish edited side scan files from
edited multibeam data which may be generated from the same raw
data.
HYPACK® includes two versions of TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING: 32-bit and 64-bit. Select SIDE SCAN-TARGETING
AND MOSAICKING. HYPACK® automatically runs the version
according to your Windows® operating system.

The TARGETING AND MOSAICKING program reads raw side

scan data and draws it to a series of windows in the Raw Data
Mode, where you can edit and smooth track lines, heading and
towfish altitude.

Scan View Mode enables you to visually examine your data, one
file at a time. Select each line using the arrow keys in the shell or
by clicking on the track line in the coverage map. Use the scroll bar
in the Waterfall window to progress through each data set, while
marking targets, making notes and taking measurements at any
points of interest.

Mosaic Mode is used to convert side scan data to a mosaic. A

mosaic is a blending of the side scan data from one or more data
files. A mosaic is not a file type in itself. Rather, it is the preview of
one or more georeferenced PDF or TIF files that you can then
display in your project as background files. You may also generate
mosaics using the Automosaic feature in SURVEY.

Multiple TIF files may be generated in batches using the SIDE

SCAN AUTOMOSAIC program.

RUNNING TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

To launch TARGETING AND MOSAICKING select SIDE SCAN -
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING. The program’s shell will appear.

5- 2
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 1. TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Shell

The shell is used to load your data, to select the program mode
and to access the Side Scan Controls.
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING has three modes.
• In Raw Data Mode:
a. Load your data and set your Read Parameters.
b. Omit ‘useless’ lines.
c. Set your view options.
d. Edit your heading.
e. Edit your track lines.
f. Set your fish altitude. This value is important in order to
accurately remove the water column from your display and
make your mosaic.
g. Save the edited data to your project’s Edit folder in HS2
format.
• In Scan View Mode:
a. Visually inspect your files.
b. Mark any targets. (Optional)
c. Print data. (Optional)
• In Mosaic Mode:
a. Select the files to be included in the mosaic.
b. Define the mosaic construction settings.
c. Build the mosaic.
d. Edit out small white areas if desired.
e. Save the results to TIF format.

LOADING DATA TO TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING draws raw side scan data. It
supports loading several formats directly:
• HYPACK® HSX side scan
• XTF (multiple sensor models)
• Klein SDF
• C-MAX CM2
• EdgeTech JSF

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 3

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Loading Data to TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

You may select either individual files or a catalog file. A catalog file
is a list of individual data files. If a catalog file is selected, the
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING reads the file and provides you
with a list of files in the catalog.
IMPORTANT: The catalog listing also shows if any of the files in the catalog have
previously been saved to edited format. If you reload the raw data
with these notations and save them using the same file naming
format, you will overwrite the edited files from the previous editing
session. To avoid overwriting, change the file naming method in
the File Save options.
Tip: If you collect side scan data outside of HYPACK®, to a format that
can not be loaded directly to SIDE SCAN MOSAIC, the SIDE
SCAN DATA REFORMATTER converts several additional third-
party formats to the HYPACK® HSX format.
1. Select FILE-OPEN (or the File Open icon) and open
one or more individual files or a catalog file (*.LOG) of
either of these file types.

NOTE: If you collected your data with the HYPACK® SIDE

SCAN SURVEY program, catalog files have been
automatically created in your Raw folder. If you have
collected your data using another system, you will have
to create catalog files.

•If you load raw data the Read Parameters dialog appears.
•If you load edited (*.HS2) files, they are loaded directly
into Scan View.
2. Enter your Read Parameters options.
FIGURE 2. Read Parameters Dialog—Selections Tab

Selections tab:

5- 4
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

• Select a device of each type from which the program

should read. For example, if your hardware configuration
includes more than one position device, you must select the
device from which position data will be read for your
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING display.
• If your side scan is hull-mounted, choose your
HYPACK® Navigation.
• If your side scan is towed, select the HYPACK®
Mobile.
For heading, there will be several options. Experiment with
your data to see which gives you the best result. (These
selections will be recorded to the header in the edited file.)
• If you are loading dual frequency data, select the
frequency that you want to view.

NOTE: This is not strictly a choice of high or low frequency.

The second frequency is only populated when you
have logged two frequencies.

• Override Sound Velocity allows you to enter a sound

velocity correction value that will replace that recorded
during data collection.
• Snap to Line takes all of your soundings and moves them
perpendicular until they fall right on the planned survey line.
This is a dangerous option.
FIGURE 3. Read Parameters Dialog—Device Info Tab

The Device Info tab offers the opportunity to modify your

device offsets. It initially displays the offsets from your
hardware configuration. If you have found that any of these
settings were incorrect during survey, enter the correct settings.
Any modifications you make here will be reflected only in the

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 5

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Loading Data to TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

edited data saved from this TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

session.
FIGURE 4. Read Parameters Dialog—Survey Info Tab

The Survey Info tab displays the project information, if you

entered any, from SURVEY. You can modify this information, if
you wish, for the edited data.
The Advanced Tab allows you to automatically smooth the
bottom track and heading.
Tip: We recommend that you first manually do these operations to
better understand what is happening before automating the
process.
FIGURE 5. Read Parameters - Advanced Tab

• Default Smoothing: The strength of smoothing of each

value: bottom-tracking, heading and navigation. When any
of these options is greater than zero, the program
automatically smooths the data once when it loads the
data.

5- 6
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

NOTE: This is an all or nothing operation. The entire track line

of all loaded files will be smoothed.

• Default Adjustment raises and lowers the bottom track by

the defined percentage of the range scale.
• Bipolar XTF amplitude tells the program to ‘zero’ negative
amplitudes.
• Weighted XTF amplitude corrects striping in the mosaic
window which occurs under a specific set of conditions.
Select this option only if you see the striping in the mosaic
preview.
IMPORTANT: This option is not retained. You must check it each time you load
such raw data to the program.
• Apply Median Pre-filter removes outlying data spikes, but
retains features. This reduces noise and improves
blending.

NOTE: A similar filter is available in the blending options of

the mosaic mode; however, it is less effective
because you apply it to the lower-resolution,
completed mosaic rather than the full set of pings
available during the loading phase.

3. When you have completed your Read Parameters settings,

click [OK] and the program will automatically proceed to the
Raw Data Mode.
If you have chosen an individual file, it is listed in the drop-
down box on the shell.
If you have chosen a LOG file, the first file in the catalog is
displayed.
Selecting Files to To select the file to draw to the screen:
Draw • Scroll forward and back in the catalog using the arrows on
either side of the file list.
• Select a file from the catalog using the drop-down list.
FIGURE 6. Selecting a File

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 7

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Loading Data to TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

• Click a track line in the Track lines window.

When a data file is selected, the track line and heading for the
selected line will be displayed in the Heading and Track Line
windows respectively.
FIGURE 7. Track Line Window

FIGURE 8. Heading Window

Drawing Data in To draw the data in the Towfish Altitude window, select whether
the Towfish Alti- you want to view the port or starboard data from the ‘Show’
tude Window options. The scans are stacked in order and drawn to the right-
hand side of the window to provide an image of the scanned area.

5- 8
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 9. Towfish Altitude Window

Omitting Lines To omit lines from the mosaic, select it in the shell and
from the Mosaic click the [X] to the right of the arrow button.

More Information
• Catalog Files (*.LOG) on page 1-94
• Setting your Mosaicking Options on page 5-57

SETTING TARGETING AND MOSAICKING DISPLAY

OPTIONS
Settings that affect what appears in your display windows, and how
it looks are found in the side scan controls and in the View Options
dialog.
The side scan controls affect the side scan data itself, while the
View Options dialog configures the window displays and
HYPACK® processing options (eg. HYPACK® data other than the
side scan data, managing targets and smoothing, etc.).

SIDE SCAN CONTROLS IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
The side scan controls affect the side scan data itself.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 9

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

COLORS TAB The side scan controls optimize the TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING displays and control the range to be displayed and
included in the mosaic and exported TIF.
To access the settings dialogs, click the Side Scan
Controls icon.
You can use the color preview to preview the effects of
your display settings. The sliders above and below the signal graph
set high and low color saturation limits.
FIGURE 10. Color Preview

There are several default color options for which you can adjust the
brightness and contrast using the corresponding sliders. In each
case, low amplitude is light and high amplitude is dark (the
traditional display method), but you can also reverse amplitudes
represented by the dark and light color by checking the Invert
checkbox. This is a more natural display because it emulates light
and shadows.
You can neither modify the colors, nor the color distribution in the
default palettes; however, you can create or modify custom
palettes in the Color Palette Editor. Custom palettes are saved
separately from your project, so you can use them across all of
your side scan projects.
Creating Custom 1. Open the Color Palette Editor. Click [Edit Custom Palettes].
Palettes

5- 10
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 11. Color Palette Editor

2. Select a palette to modify and click [Load Selected

Palette]. The palette name and colors appear in the Current
Palette display.
3. Modify the palette as required, in the current palette display.
• To select new colors, click one of the sliders and choose a
new color from the color dialog that appears.
• To add a color (slider), click on the current palette
spectrum where you want to place it, then choose its color
from the Color dialog that appear and click [OK].
• To shift the color distribution, reposition the sliders.
• To delete a slider, hold Shift and click the slider.
4. Save your palette. Enter a name at the bottom right and click
[Save Palette].
• If you have modified a default palette, you must save
your modifications to a new palette. The editor suggests the
name by appending (1) to the default palette name, but you
may change it. Your new palette appears in the Custom
Palettes list.
• If you have modified a custom palette, you can overwrite
the existing palette, or save it to a new palette with a
different name.
Deleting Custom You can delete any custom palette. Just select it in the Custom
Palettes Palettes list and click [Delete Selected Palette].
Default Settings If your results are unsatisfactory and, perhaps, you don’t know
why, the dialog provides two buttons that restore typical settings:
[Default Values] reloads the Gold setting with 50% brightness and
contrast.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 11

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

[Reset Color Saturation Limits] resets the average amplitude

value. The color schemes are all based on this value so, if your
display looks light or dark and the Brightness control doesn't help,
try this button to correct it.

8-bit vs 24-bit In addition to the color palette, in the Advanced tab of the View
Mosaics Options dialog, you can choose to build your mosaics with either
the default 8-bit color depth (255 colors) or 24-bit color depth (16
million colors). The greater color capability can be useful in areas
where signal returns are similar, but it also takes about twice as
long to build the mosaic.

GAIN TAB The basic gain controls are available separately for port and
starboard transducers. Check ‘Apply Basic Gains’ and use the
sliders to optimize your displays.
FIGURE 12. Side Scan Controls Dialog

Gain adjusts the signal level uniformly up or down.

TVG (Time Varied Gain) compensates for signal loss due to
absorption. It is a linear increase with time.
Starboard Gain =Port Gain keeps the two settings synchronized.
The TVG controls are custom controls for which we were
contracted by some of our French users. Auto TVG scales colors
based on the along track time series of each sample.
Typically, the side scan image darkens as the distance from the
sonar head increases. Since the decreased strength of return
toward the outer areas is due primarily to the distance from the

5- 12
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

sonar head, the program attempts to even the color over the
distance scanned.
• Auto TVG: Attempts to automatically find present the best
display.
• Apply TVG = dBs/100Meters: The strength of return will be
multiplied by this value for every 100 meters of distance from
the transducer it is.
• Apply TVG equation: This option enables you to apply a
straight shift, a linear shift, an exponential shift or any
combination of the three according to the values you enter for
the P1, P2 and P3 variables. Each side scan device is different,
so there are no default or suggested values. Experiment with
different values to optimize your display.
You can toggle between these TVG settings using the
Toggle TVG icon on the window’s toolbar. With each click it
changes to the next method:
• Click 1: Auto TVG. The current sigma setting is displayed and
the scroll buttons enable you to adjust the sigma setting 1
sigma for each click.
• Click 2: dBs/100 meters. The dB setting is displayed and the
scroll buttons enable you to adjust the dB setting 5 dB for each
click.
• Click 3: Off. (The TVG equation is only applied through the
dialog.)

Display settings only affect the line currently displayed. Click

[Apply to all Files] to make the settings consistent for all files in
the log.

DISPLAY TAB The Display Tab contains options which determine the method to
calculate the data to be displayed.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 13

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

FIGURE 13. Side Scan Controls Dialog—Display Tab

Remove Water Column shows the side scan data corrected for
slant ranges.

NOTE: For this option to work well, your towfish altitude must be
accurately measured.

Draw Center Line draws a line vertically between the port and
starboard channels in the waterfall display.
Show Signal Graph displays the side scan signal below the
toolbar.
Show Bottom Tracking (recommended) superimposes a blue line
that represents the bottom tracking in the Survey window.
Show HYSCAN Bottom Track Slider displays a bar above the
waterfall display with a blue bar for the bottom track and a red bar
on each side to define the amount the bottom track can change
vertically per second before adjusting the bottom tracking. This
helps filter bad soundings.
Range Lines draws reference range lines at the user-defined
Spacing Interval and color from the water column outward.
Display Optimal Fish Altitude draws a red line at 10% of the
sonar ping range—typically the height at which you can record the
best quality data.
Display Range can be used to limit the data for display purposes
only. For example, the side scan might be set to scan 100m, but
you only wish to view 50m. The SIDE SCAN SURVEY program still
logs all of the side scan data for post processing. Set this value to 0

5- 14
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

and the window automatically scales according to the full extent of

the data.
Smoothing eliminates minute depth changes.
The Side Scan Channel options enable you to view both
channels (recommended) or the Port or Starboard channel alone.
Clip Range to NOAA Guidelines reduces the range of the mosaic
produced when the towfish gets too close to the bottom. When it is
less than the 8% of the device range scale from the bottom, the
range of the mosaic created is 12.5 times the towfish altitude. For
example, at a 100 meter range scale with the towfish at 5 meter
altitude, the mosaic will extend only to 62 meters (5 x 12.5).

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG- GENERAL TAB

Settings in the View Options dialog, which may be accessed by
selecting VIEW – OPTIONS (F9), configure the interface displays.
FIGURE 14. TARGETING AND MOSAICKING View Options Dialog—General
Tab

Show Side Scan Coverage in Track Editor and Mosaic draws

lines perpendicular to the track line to demonstrate coverage area.
Draw Timeout: If drawing the coverage lines is too slow (as with
very dense data), this option omits them. If the coverage line can
not be drawn within the user-specified time, it will proceed with only
the track line.
Show Charts in Track, Coverage and Mosaic windows.
Lat/Lon Format determines how these grid coordinates will be
displayed in the Target dialog and in the TARGET VIEWER.
TIFF Output:

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 15

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

• Write GeoTif (embedded TFW).

• Write TFW file enables you to generate a separate file that
contains coordinates that describe the location, scale, and
rotation of the TIF. It is used by geographic information systems
(GIS) software for locating areas in raster map images.
• Use LZW Compression: This is a lossless compression
algorithm that significantly reduces the resulting file size
without losing resolution of the image.

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG- SCAN VIEW TAB

The Scan View tab includes options specific to the Scan View
phase.
FIGURE 15. View Options - Scan View Tab

Show Targets in Scan View displays your targets in the in Scan

View window. A square is drawn around the target area. Targets
marked while viewing the current line are red. Targets marked
while viewing overlapping lines are blue.

NOTE: The Coverage window always shows each target as a

triangle symbol with the target name (time) at the target
location.

Show Events in Scan View annotates the display with a

horizontal line and event time.
Show Scale Bar shows across track distances.
Show Signal Trace shows the sonar return at the current cursor
position.

5- 16
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

Tip: The Show Signal Trace, Show Targets and Show Events options
are also accessible through a right-click menu from the Scan View
window.
Scan View Printing Options:
• Time Line Spacing: Interval in seconds where annotation
marks will be drawn in gray and labeled with the time.
• Draw Event Lines: Events are annotated in blue and labeled
with ‘EventNumber.Time’.

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG- SPREADSHEET TAB

The Spreadsheet Tab enables you to display a configurable
spreadsheet window when you advance to Scan View. Each time
you click in the Scan View display, the spreadsheet display
automatically synchronizes and highlights the record
corresponding to the click position.
FIGURE 16. Spreadsheet Tab

Items available are listed on the left, while items selected are listed
to the right. Select items in either column then use the [Add=>] and
[<=Remove] to include or omit them from your spreadsheet
display..

NOTE: The list of items available is maintained in alphabetical

order. The list of items selected shows the order that the
columns will be displayed in the spreadsheet. Normally,
they will be listed in the order that they are selected.
However, if you wish to insert a column in the middle of the
list, select the item in the selected items list that you wish

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 17

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

your new selection to follow. The next added items will be

inserted there.

Alternatively, you can right-click in the Spreadsheet interface and

select or deselect items through the menu.
FIGURE 17. Spreadsheet Window

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG- TARGETS TAB

The options in the Targets tab enable you to customize the
handling of your targets marked in Scan View.
FIGURE 18. View Options - Targets Tab

Default Naming Options: Choose the components with which the

program will automatically name targets you mark in Scan View.

5- 18
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

NOTE: If you want each target to have a unique name, you must
select at least the ‘Use Number’ option. You may also add
any of the other options, if they suit your purpose.

• Use Number: Numbers the targets consecutively beginning

with a number defined in the corresponding field.
• Use Date: Uses the date in the format mm/dd/yyyy.
• Use Time (default): Uses Military time in the format hh:mm:ss.
• Use Prefix: Each target name begins with ‘Prefix_’ where
Prefix is defined in the corresponding field. If this is the only
selected option, each target is named Prefix.
• Use Suffix: Each target name ends with ‘_Suffix’ where Suffix
is defined in the corresponding field. If this is the only selected
option, each target is named Suffix.
• Use \SS Images folder: Stores images associated with targets
in the project \SS Images folder. Otherwise, it defaults to the
project folder.
Show Red Cross: A red ‘+’ appears at the target location in the
Target dialog.
Auto Management:
• One Target File Per Line/Date determines how each target is
saved.

TABLE 1. Target AutoManagement Save Option.

Program Option ‘One

TGT per line /date’
Checked? Target Save Routine
Yes The program automatically appends each target to two
target files; one target file for the current line and one
target file for the survey date. For example, a target
created in line 005_0920_ss1.hs2 that was surveyed on
November 8, 2004 is saved to 005_0920.tgt and
11082004.tgt.
No Targets are saved to the HYSCAN target group.
When the Auto Name Capture Files option is checked, the
program automatically names individual targets and their screen
captures according to the naming options. Otherwise, you are
given the opportunity to provide another name.
Auto Capture 70%: When you click [Save Target], Auto Capture
70% automatically stores an image file (jpg) that is 70% of the port
or starboard Scan View display where the target is marked. This
provides a set of image files of uniform shape and size.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 19

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options

NOTE: Using the capture image icon, to manually define

the capture area overrides this option for the
current target.

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG - TARGET GROUPS TAB

The Target Groups tab displays a listing of all project target groups.
You can choose to show all project targets or only targets from
selected group.
To display all project targets, select All Targets (or check
Selected Groups and check all of the target groups from the list).
To display select target groups, select Selected Groups and
check the target groups you want to display from the list.
FIGURE 19. View Options - Target Groups Tab

VIEW OPTIONS DIALOG- ADVANCED TAB

The Advanced tab contains options that do not exactly affect the
display. These options are described with the procedures they
affect.

5- 20
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 20. View Options - Advanced Tab

Track Smoothing Options:

• Moving Average: (recommended) Does a great job
smoothing, but doesn’t respond to small changes in heading.
• Savitsky-Golay Filter: Typically smooths your data while
retaining more detail than the Moving Average method. More
appropriate for a boat than a towfish.
Heading Smoothing Options affect how the smoothing is
implemented in the Heading window. A wider Box Width and
narrower Spike Limit each result in a stronger filter.
Program Options: Check Use Multi Processor Mode if you
computer is equipped with dual core processing to improve your
processing speed.
Use 24-bit Color generates mosaics using up to 16 million colors,
while the default, 8-bit color uses only 255 colors. The greater color
capability can be useful in areas where signal returns are similar,
but it also takes about twice as long to build the mosaic.

EDITING YOUR SIDE SCAN DATA

There are three parts to editing side scan data. You can edit:
• Track Lines to remove position spikes by smoothing the track
line or by deleting one or more segments from the defined
track.
• Heading: You can smooth or manually define the heading for
the entire length of the line or for one or more user-defined
segments of it.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 21

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Editing your Side Scan Data

• Towfish Altitude to smooth and vertically adjust the altitude of

the line or segments of it, and remove the water column to
allow the targeting in Scan View to be properly georeferenced.
Each time you smooth the line in any of the three windows, the
counter in the status bar of that window increments. This count is
maintained only for the current session. A similar count is
maintained for each vertical adjustment in the Towfish Altitude
window.
Tip: If editing operations have produced unsatisfactory
results, you can reverse them, in the reverse order in
which they were performed, using the Undo icon on the
toolbar.
When your track lines and heading are edited, and you have a
satisfactory towfish altitude defined, click the Scan View icon to
progress to Scan View Mode.
Edited Side Scan data is saved to HS2 format with an “_ss”
appended to the filename (ex.000_0904_ss.hs2), which
distinguishes them from multibeam data (000_0904.hs2) that may
be derived from the same raw data.
In Scan View, you can also edit layback and sound velocity.

More Information
• Editing Layback and Sound Velocity in TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING on page 5-29

EDITING TRACK LINES IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
The Track Line Editor displays the track lines and coverage of all
loaded files. The line currently selected in the shell is blue, while
the remaining tracks are gray. Use the zoom and pan tools to
optimize your view.

5- 22
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 21. Track Line Editor

In the Track Line Editor, you can remove position spikes, and
smooth your track lines.

• Removing Portions of the Track Lines on page 5-23

• Hiding/Showing Imagery on page 5-23
• Smoothing Your Track Lines on page 5-24

REMOVING Remove position spikes by block editing the track lines:

PORTIONS OF THE 1. Use your mouse to drag a box around your
TRACK LINES data.
2. Click the Delete In/Out buttons to remove data
where the tracks fall inside/outside the box.
If you remove a portion of the track line that does not include an
end point, the program assumes a straight track across the space.

HIDING/SHOWING In the Tracklines display, you can temporarily mark areas to be

IMAGERY omitted from the mosaic, omitting the data inside or outside each
user-defined area.
1. Use your mouse to drag a box around an area of data. The
Imagery buttons become enabled.
The red buttons remove data inside or outside your defined
area.
2. Click the appropriate Hide Imagery icon according to which
portion of the data you want to omit. The track line for the
hidden data turns red.
3. Repeat these steps to mark additional areas.
To restore the hidden areas, use the green Show Imagery
buttons in the same manner. You can either correct areas marked
in error, or restore the full dataset.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 23

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Editing your Side Scan Data

SMOOTHING YOUR 1. Select VIEW- OPTIONS (F9).

TRACK LINES FIGURE 22. Track Smoothing Options

2. In the Advanced tab, configure your smoothing option and

click [OK]. There are two Track Smoothing options:
• Moving Average (recommended) does a great job of
smoothing, although fine direction changes may be lost.
You must set the number of positions for each average.
• Savitzky-Golay Filter is more appropriate for a boat than a
towfish.
3. If you want to smooth only a portion of the line, use your
cursor to drag a box around the portion to be smoothed.
4. Click the Smooth icon in the Track Line Editor.
Your GPS track line usually needs little or no
smoothing.

EDITING HEADING IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
Minute changes in towfish heading seem to be exaggerated when
we stack the scans to create the mosaic. Smoothing the heading
improves the quality of the mosaic.

5- 24
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 23. Sample Heading Window

You can smooth the entire line with just one click of the
smoothing icon, or first drag your cursor across a range in
the Heading window to define the segment of the line that
will be smoothed.
A little smoothing (once) is a good thing; however, too much
smoothing (3 or more) can alter the positions of objects on the
outside of the side scan swath
You can also manually enter a heading value for the line, or for one
or more segments of the line.
1. Use the cursor to draw a box around the segment (any
portion including the entire line) for which you want to
define the heading.
2. Click the ‘Fill’ icon. A dialog will appear.
3. Enter the new heading value and click [OK]. The
defined heading will be applied to all data within the
defined area.

TOWFISH ALTITUDE IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
Determining the fish altitude is important to be able to accurately
remove the water column before creating your mosaic.
Some side scan devices have an altitude sensor and the fish
altitude is recorded in the data files. It is wise to check these values
for unlikely spikes and smooth them out. Other devices do not
include altitude sensors and we must create fish altitude records
based on the sounding data.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 25

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Editing your Side Scan Data

FIGURE 24. Sample Towfish Altitude Window

The Towfish Altitude window shows either the port or starboard

side scan data. The towfish altitude is indicated by the blue line.
There is one bottom detect for both channels. If it does not match
between the two channels, your towfish is not flying level.
The initial altitude is from the towfish altitude sensor, if you have
one. Otherwise, it is based on a bottom detection algorithm from
SURVEY.
BEWARE! Failure to remove the water column will result in a dark strip down
the TIF which will affect the accuracy of the georeferencing.
To Optimize Your Zoom tools are provided to change the horizontal and vertical
View: zoom scale of your data.

Icon Function
Horizontal Zoom In Reduces downsampling for display
purposes, which increases the
resolution but displays less of the
line at once.
Horizontal Zoom Increases downsampling for display
Out purposes, which reduces the
resolution but displays more data at
once..
Vertical Zoom In Click the icon, then drag your cursor
vertically across the data to define
the display range.

5- 26
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

Icon Function
Vertical Zoom Out Shows full vertical range of your
data.
Zoom Extents Downsamples enough to display the
full data set in the window.
To establish tow- • Auto-Bottom Detection: This method works particularly well
fish altitude: where there is little noise in the water column and the initial
bottom returns are strong. Three parameters control auto
detection.
• Blanking is a minimum altitude value where zero provides
no bottom tracking and a very high setting can set the
bottom tracking at a depth greater than the true depth. A
low value of 5-10 feet will usually improve the detection
process.
• Gate Size is the maximum expected change in towfish
altitude. Altitude points outside the gate are rejected unless
there are many of them.
• Sensitivity affects how receptive the tracking is to changes
in the water column. Increase sensitivity if altitude detection
is beyond the end of the water column. Decrease sensitivity
if water column noise (usually aeration) is consistently
mistaken as the bottom.
[Apply] activates the auto-detection.
• Digitizing: Manually mark the towfish altitude using your
mouse on the side scan record.
a. Click the digitize button to activate digitize mode.
b. Use the mouse to digitize points from left to right
across the side scan record. Your marks will appear
as red dots.
c. Click the digitize button again to apply the digitized
altitude.
Once the altitude is established you can further improve the fit of
the profile to your data by making vertical adjustments, smoothing
or both.
Adjust the defined altitude profile using the arrow
buttons. Each click raises or lowers the profile by 1
percent.
Smoothing rounds sharp angles in the profile.

NOTE: You can confine the auto-detection, adjustment or

smoothing to a select segment of the line by dragging a box

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 27

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

around the data before clicking the corresponding icon or

[Apply].

The status bar displays a count of times you have smoothed the
full line of data during the current session.

PITCH ROLL WINDOW IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
For systems with pitch and roll sensors, SIDE SCAN SURVEY
records the data and displays it, graphed against time, in the Pitch/
Roll window. It is not used to correct the side scan returns in any
manner.
FIGURE 25. Pitch/Roll Window

SCAN VIEW
To access Scan View Mode, click the Scan View Icon
in the TARGETING AND MOSAICKING shell. The
displays in the shell, Scan View and Coverage windows
are synchronized.
Scan View Mode enables you to visually examine your data, one
file at a time. Select each line using the arrow keys in the shell or
by clicking on the track line in the coverage map. Use the scroll bar
to progress through each data set, while marking targets, collecting
images, making notes and taking measurements at any points of
interest.

5- 28
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 26. Coverage Window (left), Scan View (right)

The signal window at the top shows the sonar return at the current
cursor position and the scale at the bottom shows across track
distances and the current cursor position (red). You can toggle
these two features off and on in the Scan View tab of the View
Options dialog.
The View Options (F9) provide the choice to display targets and
event marks in the Scan View.
The Coverage window displays an outline of the scanned area
with starboard scans in red and port scans in green. A blue border
defines the area currently in view in the Scan View window.
Using the View Options (F9), you can opt to also display
background charts, and targets to help locate the features seen in
the Scan View. The Side Scan Controls (Shift+F9) enable you to
remove the water column, add scale lines or modify the display
range.

EDITING LAYBACK AND SOUND VELOCITY IN

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING
Layback and Sound Velocity are the only editable values in the
Spreadsheet window.
• Type new values into individual cells or
• Reset one or more contiguous cells at the end of the line to
the same value by changing the first value in the series and
clicking [Fill Column]. If you start with the first cell, all cells in
the column will be the same.
• Adjust Layback by a constant amount:

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 29

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

a. Select TOOLS-ADJUST LAYBACK. A dialog will appear.

FIGURE 27. Adjust Layback Dialog

b. Enter your new Cable Out value and click [Recalculate].

The program will tell you when the calculations are
complete.
c. Click [OK]. The Adjust Layback dialog will close.
To see the results in the Coverage Map window, use one of the
icons in the Coverage Map window to cause the display to redraw.

MARKING TARGETS IN SCAN VIEW

You can create targets to mark points of interest as you inspect
your side scan data.
The program names and saves the targets according to your
selections in the Targets tab of the View Options dialog and in the
HYSCAN target group. The targets can then be loaded to the
HYPACK® window with your data files and the georeferenced TIF
file from the TARGETING AND MOSAICKING program to see
them in the context of your survey area.
If you select the Show Targets in Scan View option in the Scan
View tab of the View Options dialog, red squares denote all targets
marked while viewing the current line. Targets marked while
viewing overlapping lines are blue.
Tip: The Show Targets option is also accessible through a right-click
menu from the Scan View window.
Once you have set your target options in the View Options, the
program supports two methods of marking targets:
• Full-record method, when you mark each target, you may
also measure the targeted object, classify it, store an image of
it and make short notes about the target location.
• The Quick Mark method enables you to mark multiple target
locations in quick succession, each with a screen capture, but
there are no additional records about the target location.

5- 30
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FULL-RECORD When you mark each target using the Full Record method, you
TARGETS may also measure the targeted object, classify it, store an image of
it and make short notes about the target location.
1. Mark your targets. Double-click at the target location in the
Scan View. When each target is marked, the Target dialog
appears. If you have selected the Show Red Cross option in
the View Options, a red ‘+’ appears at the target location in the
Targets dialog.
2. Measure your targeted object. (Optional) This populates the
Altitude, Range to Target and Height values in the Target
dialog.
3. Assign a Classification ID of your targeted object.
(Optional)
FIGURE 28. Target Dialog

4. Edit any of these values to suit your needs.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 31

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

NOTE: You can also reposition the target by clicking [+], then
clicking the new position in the area view at the right.

5. Click [Save Target].

The following values are saved to the project targets listing.
• Date and Time of the survey at that target position.
• Event: Last Event Number at the target location.
• X, Y position of the target.
• WGS84 Lat/Lon position of the target.
• Heading of your vessel when that location was scanned.
• Altitude: Fish height above the bottom
• Range to target: Distance (measured diagonally) from the
sonar head to the object.
• Height: Height off the object of the bottom.
• Length and Width of your target object.
• Survey Line File on which the target is marked.
• Capture File: If you take a screen capture using the
Capture Image icon, the file name (jpg) appears here when
you close the Capture File window. Capture files also
appear in the Side Scan Images folder of the
HYPACK®Project Items list.
• Notes: User-defined memo regarding target position.
• Classification ID: Classification assigned from your
classification database.

NOTE: If you have selected the ‘One Target File Per Line/Date’
option in the View Options (F9) dialog, the program also
generates those TGT format target files. (This is the
one place where HYPACK® may generate new TGT
format target files.)

QUICK MARK • The Quick Mark method enables you to mark multiple target
TARGETS locations in quick succession, storing a screen capture of each,
but there are no additional records about the target location.
1. In the View Options (F9), select the Show Targets in Scan
View option. (Required) This enables you to see where you
mark targets. Otherwise, it appears nothing is happening until
you review your work in the Target Viewer or in the HYPACK®
TARGET EDITOR or Project Items list.
2. Enable the Quick Mark feature. Click the Quick Mark
target in the Scan View toolbar.

5- 32
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

3. In the waterfall, click and drag a window around the area to

be marked with a target. The program generates the target at
the center of the defined area and stores a JPG image of the
defined area, by default, to the project \ssimages folder.
You can repeat this step multiple times to mark multiple targets.

More Information
• Setting TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Display Options on
page 5-9
• Measuring Objects in the Targets Window on page 5-33
• Target Classification on page 2-350

MEASURING OBJECTS IN THE TARGETS WINDOW

You can use the features in the Target dialog to measure the
following distances:
• Fish height (Fish Altitude)
• Height of the object (Range to Target)
• Height of the object off the Bottom (Height)
• Length and width of the object (Length and Width)
To make vertical measurements, drag the numbered bars over
the return profile. All three bars must be positioned to obtain the
correct measurements.
1. Double-click on the object that you would like to measure
in the Scan View. The Target dialog appears with a section of
your scan that includes the object of interest and a profile of
your side scan returns at that point. If you have selected the
Show Red Cross option in the View Options, a red ‘+’ appears
at the target location.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 33

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

FIGURE 29. Measuring Objects based on Side Scan Return

Three sliding bars, each representing a vertical measurement, are

superimposed on the return profile.

NOTE: If you are displaying the red ‘X’ at the target location, it will
be hidden as you use each bar during the measuring
process.

2. Drag Bar 1 to the top of the water column represented by

the edge of the area of low return in the return profile. (This
corresponds to the dark stripe in your scan view.) The Fish
Altitude value on the left will update accordingly.
3. Drag Bar 2 to the top of the object. There should be an area
of high returns in the profile, proportionate to the size of the
object you are measuring, Place the bar on the edge of it
closest to the water column. The Range to Target value on the
left will update accordingly.
4. Drag Bar 3 to the end of the shadow. The Height value on
the left will update.

5- 34
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

To make horizontal measurements: Click in the length or width

field then click and drag with the mouse across the corresponding
dimension of the target object. The measurement at the left will
update according to the distance between the click and release of
the mouse button.

SCREEN CAPTURES IN SCAN VIEW

You can capture images when you mark a target. The process
varies according to the Auto-management options in the Targets
tab of the View Options dialog (F9).
In the Target dialog, you can capture a selected part of the
scanned image to a JPG and to a georeferenced TIF or PDF file.
These images are stored to the SSImages folder.
Later, you can view the JPG images, each with its target
information in the TARGET VIEWER and load the georeferenced
images as background charts.

TABLE 2. Screen Capture Options and Procedures

Auto Auto
Task Name Capture In the Target Dialog, Do This:
Automatically Capture N/A Y Click [Save Target].
and Name Your
Images
Automatically Name Y N/A 1. Click the Capture Image icon.
an Image of a User- 2. Use the cursor to drag a box around
defined Area the area you want to capture.
3. Click [Save Target].

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 35

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

Auto Auto
Task Name Capture In the Target Dialog, Do This:
Manually Capture and N N 1. Click the Capture Image icon.
Name an Image 2. Use the cursor to drag a box around
the area you want to capture. The
defined area is drawn to a separate
window.
3. If the defined area is satisfactory,
click the Save icon in the pop-up
window. A File Save dialog appears.
Otherwise, close the window and define
a new area.
4. Name your file, select your file type
and click [OK]. The program generates
a simple JPG or a georeferenced TIF or
PDF file. The TIF files are created
according to the Tiff Output options in
the General tab of the View Options (F9)
dialog. Alll
5. Click [Save Target].

More Information
• View Options Dialog- General Tab on page 5-15
• Marking Targets in Scan View on page 5-30
• Reviewing Targets in the TARGET VIEWER on page 5-36

REVIEWING TARGETS IN THE TARGET VIEWER

The TARGET VIEWER displays all information about each target
in one window.

5- 36
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 30. Sample TARGET VIEWER Display

1. In TARGETING AND MOSAICKING, select TOOLS-TARGET

VIEWER. The targets included, in this case, depends on
whether you have selected the ‘One Target File per Line/Date’
option in the Targets Tab of your program options (F9).

TABLE 3. Targets Displayed in TARGET VIEWER

’One Target File per

Line/Date’ Option
Selected? TARGET VIEWER does this...
Yes Loads all of the target files associated
with the lines you have loaded, except
the one named by the survey date.
No Loads the currently loaded target file.
No Displays a file select dialog for you to
choose your target file.
2. Highlight a target in the list to view the target, its
corresponding statistics and screen capture (if you have saved
one).
3. Modify any information in the center column as necessary.
• Name: The target name.
• Survey File: The survey line file that covers the area where
the target is located.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 37

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

• Capture File: Image file typically generated in TARGETING

AND MOSAICKING.
• Notes: Short notes about the target.
• Classification: A classification code from the target
classification database.

To delete the target currently displayed, click the

Delete icon. If you are automatically managing your
targets, the target will be deleted from both target files in
which it resides.

More Information
• Screen Captures in Scan View on page 5-35
• Target Classification on page 2-350

ADJUSTING TARGET POSITIONS IN TARGETING AND

MOSAICKING
When you merge multiple scans to build your mosaic, you may see
distinct bottom features positioned slightly differently between
scans. These differences occur due to the number of variables
involved in calculating the exact position of the towfish: cable out,
catenary factor, whether the vessel towing the fish is going straight,
and underwater currents to name a few.
To determine the true position of the feature, as accurately as
possible, the Target Viewer includes a Target Adjust routine which
calculates the ’true’ position, as accurately as possible based on
the position of multiple targets using your choice of three methods,
and generates a new target at that position.
• Average: Mathematically averages the coordinates of the
checked targets.
• High Confidence requires three or more targets. The position
of the target that you are currently viewing (highlighted) is
favored in the calculation. It gets 50% confidence while the
remaining 50% is divided between the other checked targets.
• Known Point: Moves all of the checked target positions to the
position of the highlighted target.
1. Load the side scan data into TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING.
2. In Scan View, mark the same, distinctive point in the
feature on each scan.
3. Select TOOLS-TARGET VIEWER.
4. If you are using the High Confidence or Known Point
method, highlight the favored target.
5. Check the targets you want to include in the calculation.

5- 38
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

6. Select ADJUST POSITIONS and your choice of methods.

The program generates a new target at the calculated position
named with the time appended by ‘_ADJ’.
FIGURE 31. Three Targets—Two Outer Target Positions Averaged to the
Center Adjusted Target Position

CONVERTING THE SIDE SCAN COVERAGE MAP TO

GEOREFERENCED TIF FILES
You can export the content of the Coverage window to a
georeferenced TIF file. This geo-tif can be used as a background
chart in other HYPACK® modules.
1. Set your TIF Save options in the View Options dialog.
FIGURE 32. TIF Save Options

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 39

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

• Write GeoTif (embedded TFW).

• Write TFW file enables you to generate a separate file that
contains coordinates that describe the location, scale, and
rotation of the TIF. It is used by geographic information
systems (GIS) software for locating areas in raster map
images.
• Use LZW Compression: This is a lossless compression
algorithm that significantly reduces the resulting file size
without losing resolution of the image.
2. Click the Save TIF File icon in the Coverage Map
window.
3. Name your output and click [OK].
FIGURE 33. Coverage Map Geo-TIF in HYPACK®

PRINTING THE SCAN VIEW IMAGE

If you would like a hard copy of your data, you can print the Scan
View display.
1. Set your print options. Select VIEW-OPTIONS (F9), enter
your print options in the Scan View tab and click [OK].

5- 40
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 34. TARGETING AND MOSAICKING View Options-Scan View Tab

Under Scan View Printing:

• Time Line Spacing in secs.: Enter an integer to define the
time interval at which the printout will include annotation
lines. Enter ‘0’ to disable this feature.
• Draw Event Lines: Check this option to annotate events in
the printout.
2. Click the print icon in the Scan View Window. The Windows
Print dialog will appear.
3. Set your printer options and click [OK].
The hard copy includes your project information and the path of the
project as well as the data, annotated according to your settings.
FIGURE 35. Segment of Sample Hard Copy

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 41

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Scan View

EXPORTING SPREADSHEET INFORMATION FROM SCAN

VIEW
You can configure and export a text file from the data in the
Spreadsheet window. This text file can then be imported to any
ASCII text editor or to your favorite spreadsheet program.
To export your spreadsheet data:
1. Click [Export] at the top of the Spreadsheet window. The
Spreadsheet Export dialog will appear.
FIGURE 36. Configuring the Spreadsheet Export Report

2. Set your export options and click [OK].

• File Option:
• Single File: Generates one text file that contains the
data from all survey lines loaded.
• One File per Line: Generates one text file for each
survey line loaded.
• Format Options:
• Space Separates Fields or Comma Separates Fields:
Choose your preferred delimiter between values on
each line.
• Include Record Numbers
• Include Column Titles
• Alternate Time Format: Seconds Past Midnight. If
this is not selected, it will export in hh:mm:ss.ss format.
• Alternate Position Format: Decimal Degrees. If this
is not selected, it will export in X, Y format.

5- 42
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

CREATING GEOREFERENCED TIF OR PDF FILES IN MOSAIC

MODE
To access the Mosaic Mode select MODE-MOSAIC or
click the Mosaic icon on the toolbar.
The mosaic process corrects the data for heading and
position changes, and merges the data to display your mosaic. It
then creates one or more georeferenced TIF files or a
georeferenced PDF file. Either output may be used as a
background file in your project.
If you generate georeferenced PDF files, you must output one
file with all of the selected data.
Tip: To generate one PDF per line, you can load the full data set, but
you must generate each PDF manually. Select a line, set your
output file name, and click [Make Mosaic]. When the output is
complete, clear the first selection and repeat the process with each
of the other lines.
If you generate georeferenced TIF files, you have some options:
• Output one file per line
• Output one or more TIF tiles for all of the selected data.
When you choose to generate one output for all of the selected
data files, the program automatically suggests one or more
tiles1 based on the size of your data set, the resolution, and the
resources available on your computer. It then generates one
TIF per tile that you will typically display together to show the
full extent of your data selection.

NOTE: Since the number of TIF tiles depends, in part, on the

resources available on your computer at the time you
generate the TIF output, the program may generate a
different number of tiles at different times or on different
computers.

• User-defined tiles 1.
The process is simple:
1. Load your data files.
2. Choose the your mosaic area. Accept the default settings
and include the full data set or limit the output as follows:
• Mosaic only select data files

1. A tile defines the boundaries of your output file, together with the mosaic setup
options. The program generates one output file for each tile.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 43

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

• Mosaic only the area defined by loading a border file

(*.BRD).
• Create user-defined tiles
3. Calculate the size of each tile at the default resolution.
4. Adjust the resolution (optional).
5. Set remaining options for the mosaic construction.
6. Generate the mosaic.
7. Save the mosaic to a georeferenced TIF or PDF.

More Information
• Mosaic Mode Interface on page 5-44
• Choosing your Mosaic Area on page 5-45
• Optimizing the Image Resolution in TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING on page 5-55
• Setting your Mosaicking Options on page 5-57
• Constructing Mosaics and TIF or PDF Files from Side Scan
Data on page 5-58
• Merging Georeferenced TIF Files on page 2-35
Mosaic Mode Interface

The Mosaic Mode is composed of a set of controls at the left, and

the mosaic display on the right. When you first enter, the mosaic
display is blank. The loaded files are listed, but must be selected to
be included in the mosaic from which your output file will be
produced. You can also display enabled charts, coverage
diagrams or both through a right-click menu.
Show Charts displays charts currently enabled in your project.
Show Coverage displays a line drawing of the track and side scan
swaths.

5- 44
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 37. Mosaic Mode

CHOOSING YOUR MOSAIC AREA

All of the files that you have loaded to TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING are listed in the Mosaic window.
Use the checkboxes to select the files that you want to include
in the mosaic (and ultimately the output chart file). The selected
lines are blue in the mosaic display.
FIGURE 38. Choosing Lines for the Mosaic

In addition to selecting the data files, you also define the physical
area and mosaicking instructions for an output file.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 45

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

A tile defines the boundaries of your output file, together with the
mosaic setup options. The program generates one output file for
each tile.
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING automatically suggests tiles to fit
your data set (the default tile set). You can use the tools in the
Advanced tab to add, remove and modify tiles.
FIGURE 39. Advanced Tab

5- 46
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 40. Advanced Tab

TABLE 4. Modifying your Tile Set

Task Icon Action

Adding a Tile [+] Click the Add Tile Icon then position and resize it to
your needs.
Removing a Tile [-] Select the tile in the list and click [-].
Resizing/Relocating a None Use your cursor to click and drag the tile borders to
Tile the desired position.

To restore the originally suggested tiles, click [Default].

FULL DATA SET The program automatically limits the size of the output geo-TIFs
according to the resources of your computer. To do so, it suggests
one or more tiles based on the size of your data set, your specified
resolution and your computer resources. This is reflected in the
Image Size field and by the tiles outlined in the map window.
If the program generates more than one file, it automatically
appends numbers to the end of the file name to name the output
(eg HSX_RAW07062015_1.tif, HSX_RAW07062015_2.tif, etc).

NOTE: This is your only option to output a georeferenced PDF.

PDF output requires only one tile.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 47

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

1. Clear the Multiple Output Files option. The program

suggests the LOG file name for your output file.
2. If you want a different file name or type than what is
suggested, rename your output file. Click [...], choose the
output file type, enter a name and click [Save].
FIGURE 41. Generating Tiles for Full Data Set

5- 48
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 42. Generating Tiles for Full Data Set

ONE OUTPUT PER The Multiple Output Files option automatically generates a tile for
LINE each selected survey line and names it with its corresponding line
name. It’s much faster than generating each line manually.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 49

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

FIGURE 43. Generating One TIF per Line

USER-DEFINED In the Advanced tab, you can manually define tiles to suit your
TILES needs. This can be handy if, for example, you want to generate a
higher resolution geo-TIF of isolated areas in your dataset.
1. Add a tile. Click [+]. The program adds a tile to the list, displays
an outline in the map display and suggests a name.
To remove a tile, select it in the Tiles list and click [ - ].
2. Resize and position the tile. In the map display, use your
cursor to drag the edges of the tile outlines.
3. Rename the output file. (Optional.) Click [...], enter a name
and click [Save].

5- 50
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 44. Resulting TIFs of User-Defined Areas

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 51

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

FIGURE 45. Resulting TIFs of User-Defined Areas

BORDER FILES To further restrict the mosaic area within each tile, enter a BRD
file in the HYPACK® Border File field. The program mosaics the
area defined by the border file and generates one TIF for each tile
with which it intersects.

5- 52
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 46. TARGETING AND MOSAICKING Suggested Two Tiles for the
Line (left) and the Border File Limits the Output TIF to the Area
Inside (right)

FIGURE 47. Resulting Georeferenced TIFs. One from Each Original Tile

TEMPORARY If there are areas in your data you want to omit from your mosaic,
OMISSIONS TARGETING AND MOSAICKING provides Imagery tools in the
Track Lines window.
This feature was developed for (but is not restricted to) data
collected on lines with sharp turns. The mosaic where the vessel
turned sharply will be of poor resolution. Deleting positions results
in straight line interpolation, so it does not correct this problem.
Tip: You can mark these areas in the Track Line window at any time;
however, you may find it useful to build a preliminary mosaic to
guide this process.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 53

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

TABLE 5. Imagery Tools in TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

Tool Function
Hide Imagery Inside Block (left) and Hide
Imagery Outside Block (right) mark areas for the
mosaicking process to omit scan data.
Show Imagery Inside Block (left) and Show
Imagery Outside Block (right) reverse the effects
of the Hide Imagery icons.

1. In the Track Lines window. define one or more rectangular

areas to omit from the mosaic. For each area, do the
following:
a. Use the default cursor to click and drag a rectangle
from one corner to the corner diagonally opposite. The
Imagery icons become enabled.
b. Click one of the Hide Imagery icons to hide the scan data
inside or outside of your defined area.
The track lines turn red where data is hidden and, if you have
made a preliminary mosaic, the track line in the Mosaic window
also turns red.
2. Set your mosaicking options.
3. Click [Make Mosaic]. The resulting mosaic omits the hidden
areas.
FIGURE 48. Mosaicked Data—Full Data Set (left) and Hidden Turns (right)

5- 54
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

To restore the hidden areas, follow the same process using the
Show Imagery icons.
Tip: You can define an area that includes multiple hidden areas and
restore them all in one operation.

More Information
• Side Scan Controls in TARGETING AND MOSAICKING on
page 5-9

OPTIMIZING THE IMAGE RESOLUTION IN TARGETING

AND MOSAICKING
Once you have chosen your files for the mosaic, TARGETING
AND MOSAICKING calculates the size of the TIF file that will result
from the selected data at the current resolution. If the file size is too
large, you can reduce the size by adjusting the resolution or
reducing the mosaic area.
Adjusting the resolution affects file size and clarity of the image.
A larger resolution makes a smaller, less detailed file. This feature
can be especially useful if you have limited hard drive space as you
can predetermine the completed mosaic size will be no larger than
your available space.
The Resolution Calculator computes three resolutions (m/pixel):
digitization resolution (across-track digital sampling rate), across-
track resolution, and along-track resolution (based on average
speed). The across-track resolution typically generates the
sharpest mosaic.
Once you know the optimal resolution, you can reconsider your file
choices and your resolution, which recalculates the file size, until
you achieve a satisfactory balance. A larger resolution value
decreases the sharpness of the resulting image, but it also
decreases file size.

NOTE: Decreasing the calculated resolution value will not improve

your mosaic results.

1. Access the Resolution Calculator by clicking the

icon. The calculator appears with a display of the
average runtime properties read from your data files.

NOTE: You may also access the calculator through the Tools
menu, but the results are not transferred to the
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING interface when you

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 55

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

close the calculator. This feature enables you to try

different settings without affecting your data.

FIGURE 49. Resolution Calculator

2. Input the sonar properties supplied by the sonar the

manufacturer. The average altitude, range, and speed are
detected from the loaded data, but you may choose to
overwrite them.
Additional specifications for several sonar models are hard-
coded in the Load Sonar menu for your convenience. If the
model of your sonar is not pre-defined, manually enter the
specifications from the device manufacturer.
Tip: If you have saved your sonar properties, select your sonar model
through the Load Sonar menu.
3. Save your sonar properties. (Optional) Click [Save Sonar].
The current Sonar Properties will be saved to a file that
populates the Load Sonar menu. The next time you process
data collected by the same sonar model, you can quickly and
easily load the properties by selecting the correct sonar in the
Load Sonar menu.
Tip: To insure you are using the same sonar properties on all of your
HYPACK® computers, copy the \HYPACK
2018\TargetInfo\HyscanCalc.ini to the same location on each
computer.
4. Click [Close]. The calculated optimal resolution is copied to
the Resolution field in the TARGETING AND MOSAICKING
interface.

5- 56
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

To remove a custom sonar from the Load Sonar menu, select

the sonar then click [Delete]. You can only delete sonars you have
added to the menu.

SETTING YOUR MOSAICKING OPTIONS

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING provides several options
regarding the processing of your data into the mosaic.

NOTE: Remember that the mosaic is also affected by the settings

in the Side Scan Controls (F9).

FIGURE 50. Mosaicking Options

Overlapping Areas options instruct the program what values to

use where there are multiple layers of data.
Fill Gaps: Interpolates the data to fill uncovered areas.
Remove Water Column removes the portion of the side scan
record before the sound reaches the bottom (the blank stripe in the
middle) from the output TIF, creating a more accurate image.
Otherwise, the mosaic will have a white space between the port
and starboard swaths.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 57

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

NOTE: For this option to work well, your towfish altitude must be
accurately measured.

Filters:
• Average: Smooths the mosaic by setting each pixel to the
average of the eight adjacent pixels.
• Median: Smooths the mosaic while preserving edges by
setting each pixel to the median of the pixel and its eight
adjacent pixels.
• Sharpen Image: Sharpens the mosaic by enhancing pixel
contrast relative to its adjacent pixels.
Output File Name: TARGETING AND MOSAICKING provides a
default output file name based on the catalog (or raw) file name.
When it generates multiple tiles to cover your survey area, it
creates a unique file name for each output geo-TIF by appending
tile positioning indicators to the default file name (eg.
HSX_RAW09092015_0,0, HSX_RAW09092015_0,1).
If the current output file name may cause you to overwrite existing
files, the program warns you so you can escape the process and
change the Output File Name.

CONSTRUCTING MOSAICS AND TIF OR PDF FILES

FROM SIDE SCAN DATA

Once the files are loaded to the TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

program, and the resolution, data selection and construction
options are set, you are ready to mosaic the data.
The mosaicking process, corrects the data files for heading and
position changes, and merges them to create a georeferenced file.
The results may be stored to a georeferenced TIF or a
georeferenced PDF, by default, in the project \Post Processed
Mosaic folder where you can enable and disable them in your
project display.

NOTE: If you are using a datum shift file in GEODETIC

PARAMETERS, the program cannot generate a
georeferenced PDF.

• Immediate Mosaic Processing on page 5-59

• Delayed Mosaic Processing in AUTOMOSAIC on page 5-59

5- 58
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

IMMEDIATE To generate the mosaic now, just click [Make Mosaic]. The
MOSAIC program generates the mosaic according to your instructions. If
PROCESSING you have enabled Show Charts display option, the resulting mosaic
then appears in the map display.

NOTE: This method is required for PDF output.

DELAYED MOSAIC To generate the mosaic in TIF format later, you can save the
PROCESSING IN processing instructions to a batch file to be run at a later time using
AUTOMOSAIC the SIDE SCAN AUTO MOSAIC program. This is useful
particularly if you are processing multiple sets of data or very large
data sets.

NOTE: This method is required for user-defined tiles.

A Batch File (*.BAT) is a series of programming commands. In this

case, a batch file includes the file name and all of your chosen
settings to create the mosaic and TIF. This enables you to edit and
choose settings for individual or groups of files, but build the
mosaics and generate the geo-TIFs at a later, more convenient
time.
1. For each file or set of files do the following:
a. Load and process your files in TARGETING AND
MOSAICKING and set your options in Mosaic mode.
b. Add the information to a batch file.
i. In the General tab, click [Add to Batch File]
or, in the Advanced tab, click the Add to
Batch File icon. The Add to Batch File dialog
appears.
FIGURE 51. Add to Batch File Dialog

ii. Select the batch file to which you want to add the
processing directions. Click [Batch File], name your

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 59

TARGETING AND MOSAICKING • Creating Georeferenced TIF or PDF Files in Mosaic Mode

file and click [OK]. You can select an existing batch file
or generate a new one by entering a new name.
iii. Click [Add] and an output file name for each tie
appears in the lower section.
To remove a file from the batch, select it and click
[Remove].
To remove all files from the batch, click [Clear].
iv. Click [OK].
2. When you have a block of time when your computer is free,
generate all of the mosaics and TIF files in the batch file at
once using the AUTOMOSAIC program.
a. Launch AUTO MOSAIC by selecting SIDE SCAN-SIDE
SCAN AUTO MOSAIC.
b. Click [Batch File] and select the batch file you want to
process. The TIF files that are included in the batch will be
listed under ‘Mosaic Files’.
c. Omit select TIFs from processing, if necessary. Select
any TIF to be omitted and click [Remove]. This only
removes the TIF from the processing list for this session.
d. Click [Start Auto Mosaic]. All of the processes saved to
the batch will be run. The Actions area display messages
regarding the progress and the georeferenced TIF files are
saved, by default, to the project folder.
e. Exit AUTOMOSAIC by clicking the [x]. If you have
removed any TIF files from the current batch, it will ask if
you want to make the change permanent. To restore the
removed TIF to the batch, click [No].

5- 60
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING

FIGURE 52. Auto Mosaic Program

You can load the TIF files as a background file in your project or
drape them over the TIN Model in 3D TERRAIN VIEWER.
FIGURE 53. Displaying the TIF File as a Background File in HYPACK®

More Information
• Merging Georeferenced TIF Files on page 2-35

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 61

GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data • Running GEOCODER™ with Side Scan Data

GEOCODER™ WITH SIDE SCAN DATA

The purpose of GEOCODER™ is to produce multibeam
backscatter mosaics and ARA (Angular Response Analysis)
seafloor characterization. It may also be used to generate mosaics
of side scan data.
GEOCODER™ is a program developed by Dr. Luciano Fonseca of
the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM) at the
University of New Hampshire. It has been licensed by HYPACK for
inclusion in HYPACK® software.
HYPACK® includes two versions of GEOCODER™: 32-bit and 64-
bit. Select SIDE SCAN-GEOCODER™. HYPACK® automatically
runs the version according to your Windows® operating system.

GEOCODER™ can be used to generate mosaics from Mosaic

HYPACK® HSX files containing side scan data. The data may
come from traditional side scan (EdgeTech, Klein, etc.) or
multibeam side scan (Atlas, Reson, etc.). Raw side scan records
are tagged with RSS.
Tip: If you are processing HYPACK® HSX side scan data, you can get
the best from both tools. Use TARGETING AND MOSAICKING to
define the bottom track and remove the water column. Save the
results in HS2 format then load that data into GEOCODER™ to
take advantage of the advanced corrections settings before
building the mosaic.

RUNNING GEOCODER™ WITH SIDE SCAN DATA

1. Remove the water column from your data in TARGETING
AND MOSAICKING. (Optional) Some systems do better than
others at bottom tracking. With all things being equal,
TARGETING AND MOSAICKING finds the bottom better than
GEOCODER™.
2. Launch the GEOCODER™ by selecting SIDE SCAN-
GEOCODER.

5- 62
GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data

FIGURE 1. GEOCODER™

3. If this is the first time loading the data set to

GEOCODER™, select PROJECT-NEW SESSION.
4. Select the data source from Source menu. The "Snippets"
and "+ DTM" options will correct the side scan time series using
known ranges. It results in a more accurately positioned side
scan image.

Data type Source Selection

Multibeam (HS2, GSF) Average Backscatter
Multibeam with co-registered Side Scan Data (HS2, GSF) Snippets
Side Scan Data (HS2, HSX) Side Scan
Side Scan and DTM (Digital Terrain Model as XYZ or MTX) Side Scan and DTM
5. Enter calibration settings.
6. Load a gridded XYZ file of the area bathymetry. (Optional)
Click [...] next to the DTM field and choose the file.
The TIN MODEL or MAPPER program can output the gridded
XYZ file from your bathymetric data.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 63

GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data • Running GEOCODER™ with Side Scan Data

• With a DTM, the data is used to generate a digital terrain

model (DTM), which is factored into the calculations when
the mosaic is constructed.
• Without a DTM, GEOCODER™ will assume a flat bottom.
7. Enter mosaic options. (Optional) If you want to restrict the
extent of the mosaic to the area covered by the DTM, you
should check the ‘Lock’ option under ‘Extents’ in the Mosaic
Options dialog. You can set the other options at the same time,
but it may make more sense to wait until you have loaded your
side scan data.
8. Load your side scan data. Select PROJECT-INSERT LINE
and choose one or more HSX or HSX2 files. Track lines appear
as the program reads each file.
9. Save the project. (Optional) Select PROJECT-SAVE
SESSION, and provide a name. The data, along with your
current settings, will be saved with a GPR extension, by
default, to your project folder.
10. Adjust calibration settings and mosaic options if
necessary.
• To modify calibration settings on individual lines, click
on the line in the graphic, then [Calibrate Settings]. Change
the required options and click [OK].
• To modify your mosaic options, click [Mosaic Options],
change the required options and click [OK]. If you have not
checked them already, you should definitely verify that you
have the proper settings at this time.
11. View the Histogram. (Optional) Generally, this is more
applicable to multibeam data when adjustments have been
made for beam patterns and ARA (Angular Response
Analysis).
12. Generate your mosaic. Just click [Make Mosaic] and the
program does the rest. As the mosaic for each line is
constructed, its track line appears in the right side of the
window.
13. Save the results to a georeferenced TIF file. Click [Save
TIFF] and provide a name. The file TIF and its corresponding
TFW file will be saved, by default, to the project folder.

More Information
• Calibration Settings in GEOCODER™ on page 5-65
• GEOCODER™ Mosaic Options on page 5-67
• MAPPER Program on page 4-205
• XYZ Export from TIN Models on page 8-185

5- 64
GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data

CALIBRATION SETTINGS IN GEOCODER™

The calibration settings confirm the hardware offsets that were
configured to before the survey, and define the sources from which
the side scan data should be read to construct the mosaic.
To access the calibration settings, click [Calibration
Parameters].
The calibration settings set prior to loading the data are applied to
all lines as they are loaded to the program. You can, however,
apply different calibration settings to individual lines after the data
has been loaded. To do this, select a line, click [Calibration
Settings], enter the settings for that line and click [Close].
FIGURE 2. Calibration Parameters Dialog

• Offsets: These fields are automatically populated based on

data read from the raw line files. If you surveyed with erroneous
offsets, enter the correct offsets here. The program will
implement the corrected offset information in its output. This
will not affect the raw data.
IMPORTANT: When you load corrected data (*.HS2, *.HS2X or *.GSF), the
offsets are all zero. Do not re-enter your raw offsets; doing so
double-corrects your data.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 65

GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data • Calibration Settings in GEOCODER™

• Side scan options: Select the source from which

GEOCODER™ should read each type of data.
• Heading defaults to Ship heading if towfish heading is not
found.
• Navigation defaults to Ship position if towfish position is
not found. Spline Decimation accounts for any curves in
the track line in calculating the positioning of the swath.
• Altitude: We log only 1 altitude in the RSS record, which
can be from your configuration. Select either ‘Ship’ or
‘Sensor’ to use the altitude data from the RSS record.
If you choose the ‘Bottom Detection’ option,
GEOCODER™ uses its own algorithms to determine the
bottom.
• Channels: Select the frequency GEOCODER™ should
use.
• Layback:
• Apply the layback calculated during survey or
• ‘Force’ GEOCODER™ to use a constant user-defined
layback value.
• Runtime Parameters include information about your device
settings (ex. pulse widths, power and gain). Normally,
GEOCODER™ reads this information from your data files. If
your data does not include this information, click the link and
enter the values in the Runtime Parameters dialog. Any
runtime parameters you enter will be ignored if the data already
exists in your line files.
FIGURE 3. Runtime Parameters Dialog

• If you are working with Side Scan data, set applicable Side
Scan options.
• Sensor Navigation designates whether the sensor is
located on the main vessel (Ship) or the mobile (Sensor).
Begin with a spline setting of 300 to smooth the track line.
• Sensor Altitude designates the source of the height of
your sensor off the bottom.
• Ship if the data is read from a device driver assigned to
the main vessel.

5- 66
GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data

• Sensor the data is read from a device driver assigned

to another mobile.
• Bottom Tracking uses a value calculated from your
data in GEOCODER™.
• Sensor Heading: Course Made Good provides smoother
lines, while the other 2 options tend to result in abrupt,
unrealistic changes in direction.
• Channels 1 and 2 are typically the high frequency data,
while 3 and 4 are low frequency.
• Layback: If you are using ‘Sensor’ positioning, you may
choose to apply layback.
• To elect to apply layback, check ‘Apply’.
• To apply a constant, user-defined layback value in place
of the layback calculated during survey, check the ‘Force’
option and enter the layback value.

GEOCODER™ MOSAIC OPTIONS

The mosaic options provide instructions for building the mosaic
from the data you have loaded.
FIGURE 4. Mosaic Options Dialog

Extents displays the geographic range to be covered by the

mosaic. It automatically adjusts to the full extents of all data that
has been loaded to the project. However you can set your own
area by editing the values and checking the Lock option.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 67

GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data • GEOCODER™ Mosaic Options

To restore the values to the extents of the data, click the

zoom extents button.
Tip: You can restrict your mosaic to the extents of the DTM by checking
the Lock option after loading only the DTM. Or you may manually
edit the values and lock them.
Pixels Size determines the resolution of the mosaic. A smaller
pixel size increases the resolution, as well as the file size of the
finished mosaic.
Style:
• No Nadir options: Eliminate the nadir data and underweights
the defined percentage of the swath (10%, 25%, 50%)
extending from the nadir. If your nadir data is noisy, this option
will eliminate it. The remaining values are underweighted more
toward nadir and progressively less outward from nadir to the
defined percentage. Underweighting indicates data of less
quality and affects the blending with overlapping data.
Nadir OK includes the data from the nadir beam in the mosaic.
FIGURE 5. No Nadir 10% (green), 25% (Aqua), 50% (Red), Nadir OK (Blue)

• Blend: Overlapping data is mixed based on the chosen style

and Blend Percentage.
• Blend Percentage Slider: Affects the blending based on the
relative weights of overlapping data. Once each value in each
swath is weighted by your style option, the program compares
the weights of the overlapping data. Logically, if the overlapping
data is weighted equally, you would want both sets reflected in
the blend. If, however, the data is weighted very differently, you
would want the program to use the better data.
• With the slider far to the right, blending will almost
always occur, even though their weighting is quite different.
• With the slider far to the left, the program will usually
present the data from the data set with the greater weight.
• With the slider at a mid-range position, the two methods
are combined.
• Mean: This is a straight average of overlapping data values.

5- 68
GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data

• Fill Gaps: Data from the selected line is used only where there
is no other overlapping data. This is useful if you have a line
with a few gaps. You can re-run the same line, but remosaic
using the second one to fill the spaces in the first.
• Overlay brings the selected line to the top when the mosaic is
drawn.
• Delete omits the line from the mosaic. This option should only
be applied to select lines. (If it were applied to all line, you
would have no data left with which to build a mosaic.)
Tip: You can quickly preview possible changes to the mosaic layering
w/ a quick keystroke combination. These options are for display
purposes only and will revert to the true settings the next time the
screen redraws (zoom, pan, change view option).
Alt + Double-click: Line drawn on top
Shift + Double-click: Line drawn on bottom
Ctrl + Double-click: Line omitted from the drawing.
• Assemble: You can elect to use data from port, starboard or
both to build your mosaic.
• Start and Cutoff Angles, relative to nadir, define the range of
beams to be included in your mosaic. This option allows you to
omit noise around the nadir and at the outer edge.
• ‘Apply’ options: When the program reads the side scan data,
it separates the components. This enables you to choose which
of them should be included in the mosaic. By default, TX Power
RX Gain, Area Correction and Spherical Spreading are
checked.
• AVG Filter: These options assume a flat bottom. Use ‘Trend’ to
apply the DTM. Filter size is the number of pings affected by
the AVG option. The default value is 300.

SAVING YOUR MOSAIC FROM GEOCODER™

A georeferenced TIF can be loaded to any HYPACK® program
that supports background charts. This allows you to display your
mosaicked data in the context of your other project files.
You can choose to output only the mosaicked bottom image or a
screen capture of the Mosaic window. The screen capture includes
the track lines and the border around the mosaic, but the resolution
is not as good as converting only the mosaic.
To save your mosaic as a geo-referenced TIF, select FILE-
SAVE GRAYSCALE TIFF (or click [Save TIFF]), or select FILE-
SAVE COLOR TIFF and provide a name. The chart file of only the
mosaicked data will be saved with a TIF extension to the name and
place you define.

Last Updated March / 2018 5- 69

GEOCODER™ With Side Scan Data • Saving your Mosaic from GEOCODER™

FIGURE 6. Displaying a Geo-referenced TIF in HYPACK®

To save a screen capture:

1. Set your TIFF output options in the Program Options dialog.
• Write GeoTif (embedded TFW).
• Write TFW file enables you to generate a separate file that
contains coordinates that describe the location, scale, and
rotation of the TIF. It is used by geographic information
systems (GIS) software for locating areas in raster map
images.
• Use LZW Compression: This is a lossless compression
algorithm that significantly reduces the resulting file size
without losing resolution of the image.
2. Select FILE-SAVE VIEW AS TIFF and provide a name.
FIGURE 7. TIF Screen Capture

5- 70