Cells

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

System

Organism
Cells
▪ Basic building blocks of all living
things.
▪ The human body is composed of
trillions of cells.
▪ Contain the body’s hereditary material
and can make copies of themselves.
Cells
▪ They provide structure for the
body, take in nutrients from food,
convert those nutrients into
energy, and carry out specialized
functions.
white blood cell

red blood cell

muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of cells,
organisms may be:
▫ Unicellular – composed of one cell
▫ Multicellular - composed of many cells that
may organize into tissues, etc.
Cell Structure
Cell Membrane
▪ Double layer of
phospholipids
▪ Outer lining of the cell.
▪ Separates the cell from its
environment and allows
materials to enter and
leave the cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
▪ Made up of a jelly-like fluid
(called the cytosol) and
other structures that
surround the nucleus.
▪ Cell expansion
▪ Metabolic activities
Ribosomes
▪ Process the cell’s genetic
instructions to create
proteins.
▪ Can float freely in the
cytoplasm or be connected
to the endoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Helps process molecules
created by the cell.
▪ Transports these
molecules to their specific
destinations either inside
or outside the cell
Golgi Apparatus
▪ Packages molecules
processed by the
endoplasmic reticulum
to be transported out of
the cell.
Mitochondria
▪ Complex organelles that
convert energy from food into a
form that the cell can use.
▪ Have their own genetic
material, separate from the
DNA in the nucleus, and can
make copies of themselves.
Vacuoles
▪ Storage of materials
and water
▪ Releasing of cellular
waste products
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
▪ Recycling center of the cell.
▪ Digest foreign bacteria that
invade the cell, rid the cell of
toxic substances, and
recycle worn-out cell
components.
Cytoskeleton
▪ Network of long fibers that
make up the cell’s structural
framework.
▪ Determining cell shape
▪ Participating in cell division
▪ Allowing cells to move.
Nucleus
▪ Cell’s command center
▪ Sending directions to the
cell to grow, mature,
divide, or die.
▪ Houses DNA, the cell’s
hereditary material.
Nucleus
▪ The nucleus is
surrounded by a
membrane called the
nuclear envelope, which
protects the DNA and
separates the nucleus
from the rest of the cell
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• “before the nucleus” • “true nucleus”
• Without nucleus • With nucleus
• Unicellular • Multicellular
• Protozoa, Algae • Animals, Plants
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell Wall Absent Present (formed of
cellulose)
Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)

Vacuole One or more small vacuoles One, large central vacuole

(much smaller than plant taking up to
cells) 90% of cell volume.
Centrioles Present Only present in lower plant
forms
Chloroplast Absent Plant cells have
chloroplasts to make their
own food
Cytoplasm Present Present
 Animal Cell Plant Cell

Ribosome Present Present

Mitochondria Present Present

Plastids Absent Present

Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present

(rough and smooth)

Peroxisomes Present Present

Golgi Apparatus Present Present

 Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell membrane Only cell membrane Cell wall and cell membrane
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments
Flagella Present in some cells Present in some cells (e.g.
( e.g. mammalian sperm sperm of
cells) bryophytes and
pteridophytes, cycads
and Ginkgo)
Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in Lysosomes usually not
cytoplasm. evident
Nucleus Present Present

Cilia Present Most plant cells do not

Cell Division
 Mitosis Karyokinesis Haploid Anaphase

Gametogenesis Telophase Meiosis Diploid

Somatic Cells Oogenesis Prophase Gametes

Interphase Synthesis Metaphase Cytokinesis

Cell Division
▪ Process of
cellular
reproduction
Cell Cycle

Mitosis Meiosis

Reproductive
Somatic Cells
Cells
Mitosis
 INTERPHASE
S
Growth
(DNA synthesis)
G1
Growth
G2
Interphase
▪ Preparatory stage
▪ Longest phase in the cell
cycle for most cells.
▪ Lasts for at least 90% of
the total time required for
the cell cycle.
Interphase
▪ Cell at interphase may
appear resting under the
microscope, but it
actually goes through a
period of very high
metabolic activity.
G1
▪ Cells undergo majority of
growth
▪ Makes protein, organelles
like mitochondria
▪ Size of the cell
▪ 8-10 hours
S
▪ Synthethic Phase
▪ Cell makes another copy
of its chromosomes.
▪ 6-8 hours
G2
▪ Completion of DNA
synthesis
▪ Prepares the cell for
chromosomal separation
▪ 4-6 hours
 INTERPHASE
S
Growth
(DNA synthesis)
G1
Growth
G2
Mitosis
▪ The term “mitosis” is derived from the Latin
word mito meaning “threads” within cells so
they named the process of “thread
movements” as mitosis.
▪ The equal nuclear division called karyokinesis
is followed by the division of the cell body
called cytokinesis.
Mitotic spindle begins
to form from the
centrioles

Prophase: Formation of
Mitotic Spindle
Nuclear envelope breaks
into fragments
 Chromatids begin
moving toward the
center of the cell

Metaphase: Alignment
of the Chromosomes
Two sister
chromatids detach
from each other.

Anaphase: Movement of the

Daughter Chromosomes
Nuclear envelope will
Mitotic
form again
spindle
around each set of
disappear
chromosomes

Telophase: Formation of Two

Daughter Nuclei
Interphase – G1, S, G2
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Meiosis
Meiosis
▪ Results in daughter
cells having the
number of
chromosomes
(haploid number) of
the parent cell.
Meiosis
▪ Reproductive cells of ovaries
in female (Oogenesis) and
testes in male
(spermatogenesis).
▪ Two successive nuclear
division (Meiosis I and
Meiosis II).
Gametogenesis
▪ Process by which reproductive cells
are formed by meiotic division.
▫ Spermatogenesis – sperm cell
formation
▫ Oogenesis – egg cell formation
 Mitosis Karyokinesis Haploid Anaphase

Gametogenesis Telophase Meiosis Diploid

Somatic Cells Oogenesis Prophase Gametes

Interphase Synthesis Metaphase Cytokinesis

Activity #2
▪ Why cell division is important?
▪ In your own words, distinguish the
following:
▫ Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
▫ Plant cell and animal cell
▫ Mitosis and Meiosis.