Sample Calculation

Design of Biaxially loaded T-column.

Input data:
Factored axial load = 2000 KN
Factored moment in the dir. = 140 KNm @ top and 122.5 KNm @
of larger dimension. bottom.
Factored moment in the dir. = 130 KNm @ top and 120 KNm @
of shorter dimension. bottom.
Breadth of Flange = 600 mm
Depth of Flange = 200 mm
Breadth of Web = 200 mm
Depth of Section = 400 mm
Concrete grade = M30
Steel grade = Fe415
Unsupported length along X = 7000 mm
Unsupported length along Z = 7000 mm
Effective length factor along = 0.857
larger dimension.
Effective length factor along = 0.714
shorter dimension.
Largest mainbar dia = 25 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
The column is unbraced.

Ag = 400 x 200 +(600-200)x200

= 160000 mm²
xbar = (400x200x300+(600-200)x200x300) / 160000
= 300 mm
ybar = (400x200x300+(600-200)x200x100) / 160000
= 150 mm
Ixx = 200x4003/12 + 200x400x(150-200)²+400x2003/12
+ 400x200x(150-100)²
= 1.733x109 mm4
 Zxx = Ixx/ybar
= 1.733x109/150
= 1.156x107 mm3
rx = Ixx/Ag
= 1.733x109/160000
= 104.083 mm
Iyy = 200x6003/12 + 200x2003/12
= 3.733x109 mm4
Zyy = Iyy/xbar
= 3.733x109/300
= 1.244x107 mm3
ry = Iyy/Ag
= 3.733x109/160000
= 152.753 mm
Check for slenderness moments
Here lex/ry > 40 is used for slenderness check because the section is not rectangular.
lex / ry = 7000 x 0.857 / 152.753 = 39.276 < 40
ley / rx = 7000 x 0.714 / 104.083 = 48.020 > 40
Therefore the column is slender about Y-axis.
The additional moments due to slenderness are given by
May = Pu.b.(ley/b)²/2000 = 2000 x 600 x (8.33)² / 2000
= 41.633 Knm
The above moment will have to be reduced in accordance with 38.7.1.1 of the
code;but the multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the steel percentage is
known.
From the program output we get p = 2.744 %
Ag = 160000 mm²
As = 2.744 x 160000 / 100 = 4390.4 mm²
Ac = 160000 - 4390.4 = 155609.6 mm²
Puz = 0.45.fck.Ac + 0.75.fy.As
= (0.45 x 30 x 155609.6 + 0.75 x 415 x 4390.4)/103
= 3467.24 KN
Calculation of Pb:
d'/D (about xx-axis) = 52.5/400 = 0.131
 chart or Table for d'/D = 0.15 will be used.
d'/D (about yy-axis) = 52.5/600 = 0.088
chart or Table for d'/D = 0.10 will be used.
From Table 60,
Pb (about xx-axis) = (k1 + k2.p/fck).fck.b.D
Pbx = (0.196 + 0.061 x 2.744 / 30) x 30 x 200 x 400/103
= 483.790 KN
Pb (about yy-axis) = (0.207 + 0.328 x 2.744 / 30) x 30 x 200 x 600/103
Pby = 853.204 KN
kx = (Puz - Pu) / (Puz - Pbx)
= (3467.24- 2000) / (3467.24 - 483.790)
= 0.492
ky = (Puz - Pu) / (Puz - Pby)
= (3467.24- 2000) / (3467.24 - 853.204)
= 0.561
Slenderness moments are given by
Msx = 0.0
Msy = ky.May = 0.561 x 41.633 = 23.356 KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial
moments after modifying the initial moments as follows(See Note 1 under 38.7.1
of the Code):
For unbraced columns:
Mix1 = MAX(140.0,130.0) = 140.0 KNm
Miy1 = MAX(122.5,120.0) = 122.5 KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from
minimum eccentricity consideration (See 24.4 of the Code) and greater value is
taken as the initial moment for adding the additional moments.
ex = L/500 + D/30 = 7000/500 + 400/30 = 27.33 mm > 20 mm
ey = L/500 + b/30 = 7000/500 + 600/30 = 34.00 mm > 20 mm
Moments due to minimum eccentricity:
Mix2= 2000 x 27.33/1000 = 54.66 KNm
Miy2 = 2000 x 34/1000 = 68.0 KNm
Mix = MAX(Mix1,Mix2) = MAX(140.0,54.66)=140.0 KNm
Miy = MAX(Miy1,Miy2) = MAX(122.5,68.00)=122.5 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are:
Mux = Mix + Msx = 140.0 = 140.0 KNm
Muy = Miy + Msy = 122.5 +23.356 = 145.856 KNm
The program gives p = 2.744 %.
Now the same problem is verified by manual calculations.
y1 = 60 Asy1 = 1756.25 (40 % of 2.744 x Ag)
y2 = 140 Asy2 = 1756.25 (40 % of 2.744 x Ag)
y3 = 340 Asy3 = 878.12 (20 % of 2.744 x Ag)
Depth of Neutral axis xu = 206.447 mm
Strain @ y1 = 0.0035(206.447-60)/206.447 = 2.483 x 10-3
Stress @ y1 = 344.15 N/mm²
Force @ y1,fy1= 344.15 x 1756.25 = 604413.438 N
Strain @ y2 = 0.0035(206.447-140)/206.447 = 1.127 x 10-3
Stress @ y2 = 236.67 N/mm²
Force @ y2 ,fy2 = 236.67 x 1756.25 = 415651.688 N
Strain @ y3 = 0.0035(206.447-340)/206.447 = -2.264 x 10-3
Stress @ y3 = -347.57 N/mm²
Force @ y3 ,fy3 = -347.57 x 878.12 = -305208.168 N
Since xu = 206.447 mm > df
Total compression force in web ,Cw = 0.361fck.bw.xu
Cw = 0.361 x 30 x 200 x 206.447
= 447164.202 N
This acts at a distance of 0.416xu from the compression fibre.
ycw = 0.416x 206.447
= 85.882 mm
Strain at the level of df = 0.0035(206.447-200)/206.447 = 1.093 x 10-4
Stress at the level of df = 1.093 x 10-4 x 2.1 x 105 = 22.953 N/mm²
Cf1 = 0.446fck.(bf-bw).0.43xu
= 0.446 x 30 x 400 x 0.43 x 206.447
= 475108.868 N
This acts at a distance of 0.215xu from the compression fibre.
ycf1 = 0.215x 206.447
= 44.386 mm
Cf2 = [(2/3) x 0.446fck.0.57xu - (2/3) x 0.446fck.(206.447-200)] x (bf-bw)
 = [(2/3) x 0.446 x 30 x 0.57 x 206.447 - (2/3) x 0.446 x 30 x 6.447] x 400
= 419863.651 - 23002.896
= 396860.755 N
The calculation of parabolic area is actually done by integration by the program.
But for verification purpose an approximate calculation is shown above.
C.g of the part parabola
C.g from point C
y = [419863.651 x (5/8) x 0.57 x 206.447
- 23002.896x(5/8) x 6.447] / 396860.755
= 77.576 mm
C.g from the compression fibre is given by
ycf2 = 206.447 - 77.576
= 128.871 mm
Total axial force on the section is given by
P = Cw + Cf1 + Cf2 + fy1 + fy2 + fy3
= 447164.202 + 475108.868 + 396860.755 + 604413.438
+415651.688 - 305208.168
= 2033990.783 N
= 2033.990 KN > 2000 KN
Total moment about C.g of the section is given by
M = Cw (ybar-ycw) + Cf1(ybar-ycf1)+ Cf2(ybar-ycf2)
+ fy1(ybar-y1) + fy2(ybar-y2) + fy3(ybar-y3)
= 447164.202 x (150- 85.882) + 475108.868 x (150-44.386)
+396860.755 x (150-128.871) +604413.438 x (150-60)
+415651.688 x (150-140) - 305208.168 x (150-340)
= 175106697.10 Nmm
= 175.107 KNm > 140 Knm
The calculation of capacity of the section in the other direction is also done on similar lines.
Pu/fck.Ag = 2000 x 103 / (30 x 160000) = 0.417
p/fck = 2.744/30 = 0.0915
Referring to chart 45 (d'/D = 0.15)
Mu/fck.b.D² = 0.560
Mux1 = 0.560 x 30 x 1.156 x 107 / 106
= 194.208 KNm > 140 KNm
Our manual calculations give M = 175.107 Knm (This is due to approximation done in calculation of
area of the parabolic stress block).The program output gives the value of Mux1 = 198.48 KNm which is
very close to the value from the chart.
Pu/Puz = 2000 / 3466.84 = 0.577
n = 1.628
(Mux/Mux1)n+ (Muy/Muy1)n = (140/198.48)1.628 +( 145.87/243.64)1.628
= 0.567 + 0.433
= 1.000
Hence the results are well comparable with the manual calculations.