ESSENTIALS OF VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY Nemi C. Jain, BVSc and AH, MVSc, Phd Professor of Clinical Pathology Department of Clinical Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California 4 Lea & Febiger Philadelphia 1993Chapter 2 Comparative Hematology of Common Domestic Animals ‘Normal Blood Values 18 Enthroeytes 23 "worphologic and Physiologic Characteristics 23, Erythrocyte Morphology 23 Reticulocytes 27 Basophiic Stppling 32 Heinz Bodies 32 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 32 Extheocyte Osmotic Fragility 33 Erythrocye Life Span 34 Hemoglobin Types 34 2 Physiolope Variations in xythrocyte Parameters 35 Tnterelationship of Erythrocyte Parameters 35 Fetal Biood Values 35 [Age Diferences. 35, Breed Differences 36, Sex Differences and lnluence of Parturition and Lactation 36 Influence of Altitude 36 Role ofthe Spleen 36 Influence of Training Horses. 37 Iron Requirement of Suckling Pigs 38 Leukocytes 38 ‘Morphologic Characteristics 38 Newwoohis 36 Blood is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. It is necessary for the transport of oxygen, water, electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones to each cell and for the transport of metabolic wastes to the ongans of excretion. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes constitute the formed cle- ments of blood, and various coagulation factors and immunoglobulins are important constituents of the total plasma protein. The primary function of eryth- rocytes is carrying hemoglobin for the transport of oxygen, whereas the leukocytes are chiefly concerned with the body’s defense against microbial infection. ‘The platelets (thrombocytes) and coagulation proteins are necessary to maintain hemostasis—that is, to pre- vent the loss of blood from injured vessels. The immunoglobulins are essential components of the hu- moral immune response, which develops to protect the individual from infectious agents. Other proteins found in blood have various biologic roles, such as the maintenance of colloidal osmotic pressure and the transport of substances essential to maintain health. "This chapter is primarily concerned about the gen- eral propertics of blood cells and some plasma com- ee — — — —— ‘Mature or Segmented Neutophils 90 Band Neutrophils 38 Female Sex Chromatin Lobe 38 Eosinophils 38 Basophils 40 Lymphocytes 40 Monocytes 40 Physiologic Variations in Leukocyte Couns 41 Tnvluence of Age and the Neutophil: ymphocyte Ratio 41 Physiologic Leukocytes 42 Epinephrine fect 42 ‘Conicostroid Effect 44 fect of Parturition 44 Response o Disease 46 ‘Shit tothe Left and Toxic Newtophils 46 Shit tothe Right 47 Inflammatory Response inthe Cow. 47 Response to Endotoxemia and Septicemia 48 Platelets 49 Plasma 50 Icterus Index 50 “otal Plasma Proteins 50 Plasma Fibrinogen 51 Upemia 52 ponents common to domestic animals. Comparative Observations are briefly discussed. Additional infor- mation on normal hematologic values in various animal species may be found in other texts (Harvey, 1990; 1986; Hawkey and Dennett, 1989). NORMAL BLOOD VALUES Normal blood values are presented for mature dogs (Table 2-1), cats (Table 2-2), horses (Table 2-3), cattle (Table 2-4), sheep (Table 2-5), goats (Table 2-6), and pigs (Table 27). These values were determined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Vet- crinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Age- related changes in blood values of dogs (Tables 2-8 ‘and 2-9), cats (Table 2-10), horses (Tables 2-11 and 2-12), cattle (Tables 2-13, 2-14, and 2-18), sheep (Table 2-16), and pigs (Table 2-17) have been simi- larly derived or have been obtained from literature reports. Various factors may influence the reference or nor- mal blood values of various species. Disagreements 192/COMPARATIVE HEMATOLOGY OF COMMON DOMESTIC ANIMALS Table 2-3, Normal Blood Values for the Horse a “Hot Blooded Breis® Cold-Bloaded Brest Parameter Range ‘Mean = SD Range Ae Erythrocyte series Erythrocytes (% 105)u) 68-129 12 55-05 18 Hemoglobin (yl!) 10-199, 17 so-140 us PCV (Co) 320-580 a5 240-440 380 MCV () 370-585 3 = = MCH (pg) 123-197 15 = = MCHC (%) 310-370 m4 = = RBC diameter (um) 50-60 = = Resistance to hypotonic saline (%) 0340.55 = = - Leukocyte series “Total leukoeytesial 5.400-14,300 9,050 = 1,800 6,000-12,000 8.500 ‘Neutrophil (band) 0-100 36 = 104 = = Neutrophil (xegmenter) 2.260-8,580 445 = 1.285 = = Lymphocyte 11500—7,700 31500 = 1,120, = = Monocyte 0-1,000 588 = 288 = = Eosinophil 0-1;000 05 = 244 = = Basophil 20-290 45 = 62 = = (See Table 212 fr influence of age on total and differentia leukocyte counts) Percentage distribution ‘Neutrophil (band) 035 = 0.97 0-20 05 Neutrophil (egmenter) 5262 = 8.73 35-750 540 Lymphecyie 3873 = 8.60 15-50.0 38.0 Monocyte 432 = 248 2-100 50 Eosinophil 835 = 2.35 22120 50 ? Barophil 049 = 0.65, 0-30 05 Other data Plasma proteins (gil) 69 +06 = brinogen al) 036 = 0.08 — = Texerus index (units) Ginfluenced by plant pigments and PCV) “Thrombocytes (10%) 235 = - Erythrocyte life span (days) Myeloid erythroid rato 0.98:10 = = * Based on 147 clinically normal horses ‘ + From the literature Table 2-4. Normal Blood Values for Cattle Enthroctic Serie Leukoc Series Range Aw Range Ae, Erythrocytes (10%) 50-100, 70 Leukocytes/al 4,000-12,000 8,000 Pov Gs) 240-460 35.0 ‘Neutrophil (mature) 2,000 Mev'(a) 40.0-600 520 Lymphocyte 4500 MCH (pe) 110-170 140 Monocyte ‘400 MoH) 30.0-36.0 327 Eosinophil 700 Reticulocytes (%) ° ° Basophil 50 ESR (mum) hour ° ° Percentage Distribution Shours 0-3 ‘Neutrophil (band) 0-2 05 RBC diameter (um) 40-80 38 Neutrophil (mature) 15-45, 280 Resistance to saline (%) Lymphocyte 45-75 580 Minimum 052-066 Monocyte 7 40 Maximum 044-052 Eosinophil 0-20 90 Mycol: erythrod ratio OS1-185:1L0 —O.71:10 Basophil og 05 ‘Thrombocyes (109) 10-80 50 Ieterus index (units) 215 5-10 Eeythroeyte life span (days) 160 Plasma proteins pi) 10-88 Fibrinogen (gil) 03-07 seRAL VIFENAS