C Language

The C Language is developed by Dennis Ritchie for creating system applications that
directly interact with the hardware devices such as drivers, kernels, etc.

C programming is considered as the base for other programming languages, that is why
it is known as mother language.

Features of C Language

C is the widely used language. It provides many features that are given below.

1. Simple
2. Machine Independent or Portable
3. Mid-level programming language
4. structured programming language
5. Rich Library
6. Memory Management
7. Fast Speed
8. Pointers
9. Recursion

1) Simple
C is a simple language in the sense that it provides a structured approach (to break the
problem into parts), the rich set of library functions, data types, etc.
2) Machine Independent or Portable
Unlike assembly language, c programs can be executed on different machines with
some machine specific changes. Therefore, C is a machine independent language.

3) Mid-level programming language

Although, C is intended to do low-level programming. It is used to develop system
applications such as kernel, driver, etc. It also supports the features of a high-level
language. That is why it is known as mid-level language.

4) Structured programming language

C is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program
into parts using functions. So, it is easy to understand and modify. Functions also
provide code reusability.

5) Rich Library
C provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast.

6) Memory Management
It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. In C language, we can free the
allocated memory at any time by calling the free() function.

7) Speed
The compilation and execution time of C language is fast since there are lesser inbuilt
functions and hence the lesser overhead.
 8) Pointer
C provides the feature of pointers. We can directly interact with the memory by using
the pointers. We can use pointers for memory, structures, functions, array, etc.

9) Recursion
In C, we can call the function within the function. It provides code reusability for
every function. Recursion enables us to use the approach of backtracking.

How to install C
There are many compilers available for c and c++. You need to download any one. Here,
we are going to use Turbo C++. It will work for both C and C++. To install the Turbo C
software, you need to follow following steps.

1. Download Turbo C++

2. Create turboc directory inside c drive and extract the tc3.zip inside c:\turboc
3. Double click on install.exe file
4. Click on the tc application file located inside c:\TC\BIN to write the c program

1) Download Turbo C++ software

You can download turbo c++ from many sites.

This is official website

Download Turbo C++ for Windows 10 & 7(32-64 bit) Latest Version - 2021

First C Program
Before starting the abcd of C language, you need to learn how to write, compile and run
the first c program.

To write the first c program, open the C console and write the following code:

#include <stdio.h>    
int main(){    
printf("Hello C Language");    
return 0;   
}  

#include <stdio.h> includes the standard input output library functions. The printf()

function is defined in stdio.h .

int main() The main() function is the entry point of every program in c language.

rintf() The printf() function is used to print data on the console.

return 0 The return 0 statement, returns execution status to the OS. The 0 value is used
for successful execution and 1 for unsuccessful execution.

How to compile and run the c program

There are 2 ways to compile and run the c program, by menu and by shortcut.

By menu
Now click on the compile menu then compile sub menu to compile the c program.

Then click on the run menu then run sub menu to run the c program.

By shortcut
Or, press ctrl+f9 keys compile and run the program directly.

Compilation process in c
What is a compilation?
The compilation is a process of converting the source code into object code. It is done
with the help of the compiler. The compiler checks the source code for the syntactical or
structural errors, and if the source code is error-free, then it generates the object code.
The c compilation process converts the source code taken as input into the object code
or machine code. The compilation process can be divided into four steps, i.e., Pre-
processing, Compiling, Assembling, and Linking.

The preprocessor takes the source code as an input, and it removes all the comments
from the source code. The preprocessor takes the preprocessor directive and interprets
it. For example, if <stdio.h>, the directive is available in the program, then the
preprocessor interprets the directive and replace this directive with the content of
the 'stdio.h' file.

The following are the phases through which our program passes before being
transformed into an executable form:

23K

o Preprocessor
o Compiler
o Assembler
o Linker
Preprocessor
The source code is the code which is written in a text editor and the source code file is
given an extension ".c". This source code is first passed to the preprocessor, and then
the preprocessor expands this code. After expanding the code, the expanded code is
passed to the compiler.

Compiler
The code which is expanded by the preprocessor is passed to the compiler. The
compiler converts this code into assembly code. Or we can say that the C compiler
converts the pre-processed code into assembly code.

Assembler
The assembly code is converted into object code by using an assembler. The name of
the object file generated by the assembler is the same as the source file. The extension
of the object file in DOS is '.obj,' and in UNIX, the extension is 'o'. If the name of the
source file is 'hello.c', then the name of the object file would be 'hello.obj'.

Linker
Mainly, all the programs written in C use library functions. These library functions are
pre-compiled, and the object code of these library files is stored with '.lib' (or '.a')
extension. The main working of the linker is to combine the object code of library files
with the object code of our program. Sometimes the situation arises when our program
refers to the functions defined in other files; then linker plays a very important role in
this. It links the object code of these files to our program. Therefore, we conclude that
the job of the linker is to link the object code of our program with the object code of
the library files and other files. The output of the linker is the executable file. The name
of the executable file is the same as the source file but differs only in their extensions. In
DOS, the extension of the executable file is '.exe', and in UNIX, the executable file can be
named as 'a.out'. For example, if we are using printf() function in a program, then the
linker adds its associated code in an output file.

printf() and scanf() in C

The printf() and scanf() functions are used for input and output in C language. Both
functions are inbuilt library functions, defined in stdio.h (header file).
 printf() function
The printf() function is used for output. It prints the given statement to the console.

The syntax of printf() function is given below:

1. printf("format string",argument_list);  

The format string can be %d (integer), %c (character), %s (string), %f (float) et

scanf() function
The scanf() function is used for input. It reads the input data from the console.

1. scanf("format string",argument_list);  

Program to print cube of given number

Example of c language that gets input from the user and prints the cube of the given
number.
#include<stdio.h>    
int main(){    
int number;    
printf("enter a number:");    
scanf("%d",&number);    
printf("cube of number is:%d ",number*number*number);    
return 0;  
}    

The scanf("%d",&number) statement reads integer number from the console and

stores the given value in number variable.

The printf("cube of number is:%d ",number*number*number) statement prints the

cube of number on the console.

Program to print sum of 2 numbers

Example of input and output in C language that prints addition of 2 numbers.
#include<stdio.h>    
int main(){    
int x=0,y=0,result=0;  
  
printf("enter first number:");  
scanf("%d",&x);  
printf("enter second number:");  
scanf("%d",&y);  
  
result=x+y;  
printf("sum of 2 numbers:%d ",result);  
1.   
return 0;  
}    

Data Types in C
A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer, floating,
character, etc.

There are the following data types in C language.

Types Data Types

 Basic Data Type int, char, float, double

Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union

Enumeration Data Type enum

Void Data Type void

Basic Data Types

The basic data types are integer-based and floating-point based. C language supports
both signed and unsigned literals.

The memory size of the basic data types may change according to 32 or 64-bit
operating system.

Data types and its size is given according to 32-bit architecture.

Data Types Memory Size Range

char 1 byte −128 to 127

signed char 1 byte −128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255

short 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

signed short 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 byte 0 to 65,535

int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

signed int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

unsigned int 2 byte 0 to 65,535

short int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

 signed short int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65,535

long int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4 byte

double 8 byte

long double 10 byte

Variables in C
A variable is a name of the memory location. It is used to store data. Its value can be
changed, and it can be reused many times.

It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily

identified.

Syntax to declare a variable:

1. type variable_list;  

The example of declaring the variable is given below:

1. int a;  
2. float b;  
3. char c;  

Here, a, b, c are variables. The int, float, char are the data types.

We can also provide values while declaring the variables as given below:

1. int a=10,b=20;//declaring 2 variable of integer type  
2. float f=20.8;  
3. char c='A';  

Rules for defining variables

o A variable can have alphabets, digits, and underscore.
o A variable name can start with the alphabet, and underscore only. It can't start with a
digit.
o No whitespace is allowed within the variable name.
o A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc.

Valid datatypes:

o int a;  
o int _ab;  
o int a30;  

Types of Variables in C
There are many types of variables in c:

1. local variable
2. global variable
3. static variable
4. automatic variable
5. external variable

Local Variable
A variable that is declared inside the function or block is called a local variable.

It must be declared at the start of the block.

void function1(){  
int x=10;//local variable  
}  

Global Variable
A variable that is declared outside the function or block is called a global variable. Any
function can change the value of the global variable. It is available to all the functions.

It must be declared at the start of the block.

int value=20;//global variable  
void function1(){  
int x=10;//local variable  
}  

Static Variable
A variable that is declared with the static keyword is called static variable.

It retains its value between multiple function calls.

void function1(){  
int x=10;//local variable  
static int y=10;//static variable  
x=x+1;  
y=y+1;  
printf("%d,%d",x,y);  
}  

Automatic Variable
All variables in C that are declared inside the block, are automatic variables by default.
We can explicitly declare an automatic variable using auto keyword.

1. void main(){  
2. int x=10;//local variable (also automatic)  
3. auto int y=20;//automatic variable  
4. }  

External Variable
We can share a variable in multiple C source files by using an external variable. To
declare an external variable, you need to use extern keyword.

extern int x=10;//external variable (also global)  
program1.c
#include "myfile.h"  
#include <stdio.h>  
void printValue(){  
    printf("Global variable: %d", global_variable);  
}  

C Identifiers
C identifiers represent the name in the C program, for example, variables, functions,
arrays, structures, unions, labels, etc. An identifier can be composed of letters such as
uppercase, lowercase letters, underscore, digits, but the starting letter should be either
an alphabet or an underscore. If the identifier is not used in the external linkage, then it
is called as an internal identifier. If the identifier is used in the external linkage, then it is
called as an external identifier.

We can say that an identifier is a collection of alphanumeric characters that begins

either with an alphabetical character or an underscore, which are used to represent
various programming elements such as variables, functions, arrays, structures, unions,
labels, etc. There are 52 alphabetical characters (uppercase and lowercase), underscore
character, and ten numerical digits (0-9) that represent the identifiers. There is a total of
63 alphanumerical characters that represent the identifiers.

Rules for constructing C identifiers

o The first character of an identifier should be either an alphabet or an underscore, and
then it can be followed by any of the character, digit, or underscore.
 o It should not begin with any numerical digit.
o In identifiers, both uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. Therefore, we can say
that identifiers are case sensitive.
o Commas or blank spaces cannot be specified within an identifier.
o Keywords cannot be represented as an identifier.
o The length of the identifiers should not be more than 31 characters.
o Identifiers should be written in such a way that it is meaningful, short, and easy to read.

Example of valid identifiers

1. total, sum, average, _m _, sum_1, etc.  

C Operators
An operator is simply a symbol that is used to perform operations. There can be many
types of operations like arithmetic, logical, bitwise, etc.

There are following types of operators to perform different types of operations in C

language.

o Arithmetic Operators
o Relational Operators
o Shift Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Ternary or Conditional Operators
o Assignment Operator

Precedence of Operators in C
The precedence of operator species that which operator will be evaluated first and next.
The associativity specifies the operator direction to be evaluated; it may be left to right
or right to left.

int value=10+20*10;  
The value variable will contain 210 because * (multiplicative operator) is evaluated
before + (additive operator).

The precedence and associativity of C operators is given below:

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Comma , Left to right

Comments in C
 Comments in C language are used to provide information about lines of code. It is
widely used for documenting code.

There are 2 types of comments in the C language.

1. Single Line Comments

2. Multi-Line Comments

Single Line Comments

Single line comments are represented by double slash \\. Let's see an example of a
single line comment in C.

#include<stdio.h>    
int main(){    
    //printing information    
    printf("Hello C");    
return 0;  
}      

Mult Line Comments

Multi-Line comments are represented by slash asterisk \* ... *\. It can occupy many lines
of code, but it can't be nested. Syntax:

/*  
code 
to be commented 
*/  

Example of a multi-Line comment in C.

#include<stdio.h>    
int main(){    
    /*printing information   
      Multi-Line Comment*/  
    printf("Hello C");    
return 0;  
}       

C Format Specifier
The Format specifier is a string used in the formatted input and output functions.
The format string determines the format of the input and output. The format
string always starts with a '%' character.

The commonly used format specifiers in printf() function are:

Format Description
specifier

%d or %i It is used to print the signed integer value where signed integer means that
the variable can hold both positive and negative values.

%u It is used to print the unsigned integer value where the unsigned integer
means that the variable can hold only positive value.

%o It is used to print the octal unsigned integer where octal integer value
always starts with a 0 value.

%x It is used to print the hexadecimal unsigned integer where the hexadecimal

integer value always starts with a 0x value. In this, alphabetical characters
are printed in small letters such as a, b, c, etc.

%X It is used to print the hexadecimal unsigned integer, but %X prints the

alphabetical characters in uppercase such as A, B, C, etc.

%f It is used for printing the decimal floating-point values. By default, it prints

the 6 values after '.'.
 %e/%E It is used for scientific notation. It is also known as Mantissa or Exponent.

%g It is used to print the decimal floating-point values, and it uses the fixed
precision, i.e., the value after the decimal in input would be exactly the same
as the value in the output.

%p It is used to print the address in a hexadecimal form.

%c It is used to print the unsigned character.

%s It is used to print the strings.

%ld It is used to print the long-signed integer value.

int main()  
{  
  int b=6;  
  int c=8;  
  printf("Value of b is:%d", b);  
  printf("\nValue of c is:%d",c);  
  
    return 0;  
}  

Control Statements
C if else Statement

The if-else statement in C is used to perform the operations based on some specific
condition. The operations specified in if block are executed if and only if the given
condition is true.
 There are the following variants of if statement in C language.

o If statement
o If-else statement
o If else-if ladder
o Nested if

If Statement
The if statement is used to check some given condition and perform some operations
depending upon the correctness of that condition. It is mostly used in the scenario
where we need to perform the different operations for the different conditions. The
syntax of the if statement is given below.

1. if(expression){  
2. //code to be executed  
3. }  

#include<stdio.h>    
int main(){    
int number=0;    
printf("Enter a number:");    
scanf("%d",&number);    
if(number%2==0){    
printf("%d is even number",number);    
}    
return 0;  
}    

Program to find the largest number of the three.

#include <stdio.h>  
int main()  
{  
    int a, b, c;   
     printf("Enter three numbers?");  
    scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);  
    if(a>b && a>c)  
    {  
        printf("%d is largest",a);  
    }  
    if(b>a  && b > c)  
    {  
        printf("%d is largest",b);  
    }  
    if(c>a && c>b)  
    {  
        printf("%d is largest",c);  
    }  
    if(a == b && a == c)   
    {  
        printf("All are equal");   
    }  
}  

Output

If-else Statement
The if-else statement is used to perform two operations for a single condition. The if-
else statement is an extension to the if statement using which, we can perform two
different operations, i.e., one is for the correctness of that condition, and the other is for
the incorrectness of the condition. Here, we must notice that if and else block cannot be
executed simiulteneously. Using if-else statement is always preferable since it always
invokes an otherwise case with every if condition. The syntax of the if-else statement is
given below.

if(expression){  
//code to be executed if condition is true  
}else{  
//code to be executed if condition is false  
}  

Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not.

#include <stdio.h>  
int main()  
{  
    int age;   
    printf("Enter your age?");   
    scanf("%d",&age);  
    if(age>=18)  
    {  
        printf("You are eligible to vote...");   
    }  
    else   
    {  
        printf("Sorry ... you can't vote");   
    }  
}  

if else-if ladder Statement

The if-else-if ladder statement is an extension to the if-else statement. It is used in the
scenario where there are multiple cases to be performed for different conditions. In if-
else-if ladder statement, if a condition is true then the statements defined in the if block
will be executed, otherwise if some other condition is true then the statements defined
in the else-if block will be executed, at the last if none of the condition is true then the
statements defined in the else block will be executed. There are multiple else-if blocks
possible. It is similar to the switch case statement where the default is executed instead
of else block if none of the cases is matched.

if(condition1){  
//code to be executed if condition1 is true  
}else if(condition2){  
//code to be executed if condition2 is true  
}  
else if(condition3){  
//code to be executed if condition3 is true  
}  
...  
else{  
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false  
}  

Program to calculate the grade of the student according to the

specified marks.
#include <stdio.h>  
int main()  
{  
    int marks;   
    printf("Enter your marks?");  
    scanf("%d",&marks);   
    if(marks > 85 && marks <= 100)  
    {  
        printf("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...");   
    }  
    else if (marks > 60 && marks <= 85)   
    {  
        printf("You scored grade B + ...");  
    }  
    else if (marks > 40 && marks <= 60)   
    {  
        printf("You scored grade B ...");  
    }  
    else if (marks > 30 && marks <= 40)   
    {  
        printf("You scored grade C ...");   
    }  
    else   
    {  
        printf("Sorry you are fail ...");   
    }  
}  

C Switch Statement
The switch statement in C is an alternate to if-else-if ladder statement which allows us to
execute multiple operations for the different possibles values of a single variable called
switch variable. Here, We can define various statements in the multiple cases for the
different values of a single variable.

The syntax of switch statement in c language is given below:

switch(expression){    
case value1:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
case value2:    
 //code to be executed;    
 break;  //optional  
......    
    
default:     
 code to be executed if all cases are not matched;    
}    

Rules for switch statement in C language

1) The switch expression must be of an integer or character type.

2) The case value must be an integer or character constant.

 3) The case value can be used only inside the switch statement.

4) The break statement in switch case is not must. It is optional. If there is no break

statement found in the case, all the cases will be executed present after the matched
case. It is known as fall through the state of C switch statement.

Examples.

We are assuming that there are following variables.

1. int x,y,z;  
2. char a,b;  
3. float f; 

valid Switch Invalid Switch Valid Case Invalid Case

switch(x) switch(f) case 3; case 2.5;

switch(x>y) switch(x+2.5) case 'a'; case x;

switch(a+b-2) case 1+2; case x+2;

switch(func(x,y)) case 'x'>'y'; case 1,2,3;

Example of c language switch statement.

#include<stdio.h>  
int main(){    
int number=0;     
printf("enter a number:");    
scanf("%d",&number);    
switch(number){    
case 10:    
printf("number is equals to 10");    
break;    
case 50:    
printf("number is equal to 50");    
break;    
case 100:    
printf("number is equal to 100");    
break;    
default:    
printf("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");    
}    
return 0;  
}    

C Loops
The looping can be defined as repeating the same process multiple times until a specific
condition satisfies. There are three types of loops used in the C language. In this part of
the tutorial, we are going to learn all the aspects of C loops.

Why use loops in C language?

The looping simplifies the complex problems into the easy ones. It enables us to alter
the flow of the program so that instead of writing the same code again and again, we
can repeat the same code for a finite number of times. For example, if we need to print
the first 10 natural numbers then, instead of using the printf statement 10 times, we can
print inside a loop which runs up to 10 iterations.

Advantage of loops in C
1) It provides code reusability.

2) Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.

2.1M

54

OOPs Concepts in Java

 3) Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array or linked
lists).

Types of C Loops
There are three types of loops in C language that is given below:

1. do while
2. while
3. for

do-while loop in C
The do-while loop continues until a given condition satisfies. It is also called post tested
loop. It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at least once (mostly menu
driven programs).

The syntax of do-while loop in c language is given below:

do{  
//code to be executed  
}while(condition);  

while loop in C
The while loop in c is to be used in the scenario where we don't know the number of
iterations in advance. The block of statements is executed in the while loop until the
condition specified in the while loop is satisfied. It is also called a pre-tested loop.

The syntax of while loop in c language is given below:

while(condition){  
//code to be executed  
}  
 for loop in C
The for loop is used in the case where we need to execute some part of the code until
the given condition is satisfied. The for loop is also called as a per-tested loop. It is
better to use for loop if the number of iteration is known in advance.

The syntax of for loop in c language is given below:

for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){  
//code to be executed  
}  
Flow Chart for For:
do while loop in C
The do while loop is a post tested loop. Using the do-while loop, we can repeat the
execution of several parts of the statements. The do-while loop is mainly used in the
case where we need to execute the loop at least once. The do-while loop is mostly used
in menu-driven programs where the termination condition depends upon the end user.
 do while loop syntax

The syntax of the C language do-while loop is given below:

do{  
//code to be executed  
}while(condition);  

Example 
#include<stdio.h>  
#include<stdlib.h>  
void main ()  
{  
    char c;  
    int choice,dummy;    
    do{  
    printf("\n1. Print Hello\n2. Print java\n3. Exit\n");  
    scanf("%d",&choice);  
    switch(choice)  
    {  
        case 1 :   
        printf("Hello");   
        break;  
        case 2:    
        printf("Javatpoint");  
        break;  
        case 3:  
        exit(0);   
      

  break;  
        default:   
        printf("please enter valid choice");      
    }  
    printf("do you want to enter more?");   
    scanf("%d",&dummy);  
    scanf("%c",&c);  
    }while(c=='y');  
}  
Flowchart of do while loop
 while loop in C
While loop is also known as a pre-tested loop. In general, a while loop allows a part of
the code to be executed multiple times depending upon a given boolean condition. It
can be viewed as a repeating if statement. The while loop is mostly used in the case
where the number of iterations is not known in advance.

The syntax of while loop in c language is given below:

while(condition){  
//code to be executed  
}

Example of the while loop in C language

Program of while loop that prints table of 1.

#include<stdio.h>  
int main(){    
int i=1;      
while(i<=10){      
printf("%d \n",i);      
i++;      
}  
return 0;  
}    

Program to print table for the given number using while

loop in C
#include<stdio.h>  
int main(){    
int i=1,number=0,b=9;    
printf("Enter a number: ");    
scanf("%d",&number);    
while(i<=10){    
printf("%d \n",(number*i));    
i++;    
}    
return 0;  
}   

for loop in C
The for loop in C language is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program
several times. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like the array and
linked list.

Syntax of for loop in C

The syntax of for loop in c language is given below:

for(Expression 1; Expression 2; Expression 3){  
//code
}

#include<stdio.h>  
int main(){  
int i=0;        
for(i=1;i<=10;i++){      
printf("%d \n",i);      
}     
return 0;  
}     
 C Program: Print table for the given number using C for loop

#include<stdio.h>  
int main(){  
int i=1,number=0;      
printf("Enter a number: ");    
scanf("%d",&number);    
for(i=1;i<=10;i++){      
printf("%d \n",(number*i));    
}    
return 0;  
}