Accounts Assistant

GK JKSSB

Of

Jammu Kashmir
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 Chak Dynasty Akbar – was Mughal emperor then Died – 1605
Longest Jahangir (wife was Noor Jahan) Died 1627
time Mughals Shah Jahan Died – 1658
Aurangzeb (died 1707) Then No permanent Ruler
Alamgir II 1753 - 62

1762 Afghans Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani

empire) (1762 - 1772)
. Timur shah Durrani (1772 -1793)
.
Zaman Shah (1793 – 1801 )
.
1819 Ranjit Singh | 1839 Maharaja Ranjit
.
.
Sikh Singh Died

Dogra
Gulab Singh (1846-1856) 10 years
1846
MAHARAJA RANBIR SINGH
. (1856 - 1885)
.
Maharaja Pratap Singh (1885 - 1925)
. (son of maharaja Ranbir Singh)
. Maharaja Hari Singh (1925 - 1947)
1947 (not the son of Pratap Singh )
Chak Dynasty Mughals
• Chaks were people form Gilgit and Hunza area. Babur
• Last native ruler of Chak dynasty – Yakud Shah. Humayun
• Last Muslim independent ruler – Yusuf Shah. Akbar
Jahangir
Mughal army(Qasim Khan was representative) Shah Jahan
defeated Yakud shah and entered Kashmir. Aurangzeb

Mughals
Akbar – was Mughal emperor then
• Constructed “Imperial Road” or Mughal Road from Lahore to Kashmir
• Raja Todarmal [F.M.] -> introduced revenue settlement | one of the Navratna of Akbar
• Akbar visit Kashmir only thrice
• 3rd visit important – Baltistan and Ladakh (occupied)
• Construed Hari parbat
• Dies – 1605
Then came King Jahangir (before becoming king he was called prince Saleem)
Jahangir (wife was Noor Jahan)
• Visited Kashmir several times
• Love for Kashmir – 14 summers
• Contribution – Shalimar Bagh, Achabal and Verinag spring(was just been renovated and not
made)
• Shalimar Villa – made by Pravarsena II – 6th century
He just made a Bagh – Shalimar Bag – Farah Baksh (Joy Imparting)
• Nishat Bagh – garden of Joy – made by Asif Khan (was brother in law of Jahangir)
- Mughal Princess – Zubra Begum (D/o Alamgir II) was buried here
• Died 1627
• Then came king Shah Jahan (was prince Khurram)

Shah Jahan
• Built Chashme Shahi and Pari Mahal(actually a library and a residential area of Shah
Jahan)
• Pari mahal was gifted to DARA SHIKHO (elder most son of Shah Jahan)
• Last Visit – 1651,
• Died – 1658 | Then comes Aurangzeb (also called Alamgir or Zinda Pir)
Aurangzeb
• Maximum Reign among all Mughals (50 years)
• 15 Governors
• Shawl became the major item of Export (founder of Kashmiri Shawl : Zain- ul- Abidin | Bud
shah | also know as Akbar of Kashmir)
• 1707 Died
• Then No permanent Ruler
Afghan Rulers
1748 – Afghan Ruler (Ahmed Shah Abdali) invaded Indian under Asmatulla Khan(but not
successful
1750-51 Again invaded and Punjab (occupied)
1753 Again invaded -> Delhi plunder and occupied Kashmir But, Only for
• At that time last Mughal – Ahmad Shah (Mughal Ruler) 5 months he ruled.
Then again a Mughal Ruler – Alamgir II took over Kashmir under Sukh Jiwan Mal
(governor)

1753-62 Mughals
1762 Again Ahmad Shah Abdali occupy Kashmir | made Nur-ud-Din (Governor)
So Afghans in Kashmir – 57 years

1762 – 1819 Afghan Rule

1819 – 1846 Sikh
1846 – 1947 Dogras

Afghans in Kashmir
(28 governors)
Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani empire) (1762 - 1772)
• Shawl export declined
• Cruelty towards Kashmiris
• 1st Afghan Governor to rule Kashmir -> Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi | when afghan enter
for first time into Kashmir 1753
• Nur – ud – din (Governor)
Went to Kabul and gave control to Buland Khan
• Appointed Pandit Kailash Dhar as revenue collector and Mir Muqin Kant as Diwan

Timur shah Durrani (1772 -1793)

• Shifted the capital to Kabul from Gandhar and made Peshawar as winter capital
• Amir Kahan(governor) made “Amira Kadal” (bridge on Jhelum river) , also called Diler
Jung
• Next governor Karim Dad Khan – in 1779
Ranjit Singh Attacked but forced were crushed.
Other governor also came
Zaman Shah (1793 – 1801 ) Mahmud Shah (1801 - 1803)
Governor at Kabul Younger brother of zaman Shah
Son of Timur
Shuja Shah (1803 - 1809)
In 1809 signed a treaty with British
(first treaty)

Mahmud Shah (1809 - 1818)

1819 – 1846 Sikh Second time ruler

Sultan Ali shah (1818 – 1819)

Ayub Shah (1819)

Afghan last control of Kashmir to Sikh empire in the ‘battle of shopian’.
Ranjit Singh was helped by fateh Mohammad khan (rule of Afghanistan)
• Last Afghan Governor was Jabbar Khan (only for 4 months)
 SIKH empire(1819 –
Ranjit Singh
1846)
– born in Nov 2, 1780
Son of Mahan Singh
(Leader of “Sukharchakiya” misl)
Mahan Singh died when Ranjit Singh was 12 years old
Raised by mother Raj Kour

In 1799 Ranjit Singh Acquire Lahore from Zaman Shah, major conquest by Ranjit Singh.
In 1819 Kashmir became part of Lahore Darbar and Remained part for 27 years
Diwan Moti ram was the first Sikh governor of Kashmir.

Administration of the city was entrusted to an official called kotwal

King appointed THANEDAR to maintain law and order
• Udho was appointed as Wazir by Ranjit Singh.
• Kulpurohit was the religious advisor of Maharaja.
• Mian Singh was the most able Sikh governor popularly known as Colonel
In 1832, victor Jacquemount, French Naturalist visited Kashmir to carry out Botanical Survey.
In 1830, he coated gold foil on Harminder Sahib hence called golden temple (Amritsar)
On April 25 1809, Maharaja signed “Treaty of Amritsar’’ – British east india company(Charles
T. Met Calfe) said, you stay north of Satluj river and we stay on south.

In 1838, signed treaty of “Treaty of Tripartite”- signed by maharaja Ranjit Singh.(+ afghans +
British east india company)

1844 – Gilgit + Ladakh + Baltistan → became part of Lahore Darbar (under Sikh)
(areas captured by General Zorabar sigh)(he was commander or maharaja Gulab Singh)

1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh Died. (He was one eye blind also because of chicken pox in his
child hood)
Then slowly and slowly Sikh control started to decline.
Last wife of Ranjit Singh - Jind Kour or Jindan Kour (his son was Duleep Singh)
Kharak Singh (1839) but same year he died
Prince Nav Nihal Singh (1839-1840) declare him self king but soon he also died.
Chand Kaur (1840)
Wife of Kharak Singh and mother of Nav Nihal
Only for 2nd a half months
Acted as regent on behalf of unborn child of Nav Nihal Singh
Sher Singh (1841 - 43)
Sun of Ranjit Singh
Murdered in 1843
Duleep Singh (1843 – 46)
Proclaimed as Maharaja with Rani Jind or Jindan as regent and Hari Singh Dogra as Wazir.
Hari Singh dogra murdered in 1844
New wazir Jawahar Singh (brother of Rani Jind), death in 1845
LAL SINGH New Wazir
Teja Singh commander of the forces
Last Sikh governor, Shaikh Imam-ud-din 1845
1845 – 46 1st Anglo Sikh war (Anglo means British)
Sikh → (Lal Singh(wazir) + Teja Singh(commander of the forces)) fight
Sikhs lost (because they were already reek after Ranjeet Singh)

Then happen “Treaty of Lahore” March 8, 1846

Duleep Singh – Sir henry Hardinge (Hardinge 1)
→ War Indemnity of 1 crore British demanded after win
→ Jalandhar Doab (land between 2 water) – will go to British
→ Duleep Singh – will be your King
→ Jind Kaur – Regent
→ British army will be part of Sikh army (also asked to reduce the Sikh army size)
→ Resident (sir Lawrence) will be there in your Darbar.

1808 – Battle of Gumat | Gulab Singh performed well and Ranjeet Singh was
Impressed by him.
1809 – Gulab Singh became part of army of Ranjeet Singh
17 June 1822 – jammu region maharaja declared → Gulab Singh
Coronation of Gulab Singh 1822, by Ranjit Singh, Akhnoor Jeo pota tree – on
bank of river Chinab (symbol or prosperity)
Up to 1839 he was fully loyal to Ranjeet Singh.

1846 – when Sikhs loose the war of Anglo Sikh war. So he became independent after that!

After treaty of Lahore → when Sikhs were not able to pay the Britishers 1 crore.
→ ‘treaty of Amritsar’ (16th march 1846) happen and under this Gulab Singh pay 75
lacs and purchase the now jammu and Kashmir.

Gulab Singh turns out to be the First Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
(because during his time only the first time the boundary demarcation happen).
 Dogra (1846 - 1947)
Gulab Singh (1846-1856)
• Born on 17th October 1792
• Founder of Dogra Dynasty in Jammu and Kashmir
• Son of Kishore Singh
• Gulab Singh brothers – 1817 – General Zorawar Singh joins Gulab Singh
Dhian Singh Army.(actually form Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh)
Suchet Singh 1841 – die “At the Battle of To-Yo”
1817 – Reasi was Captured (Reasi Fort Renovation)
• In 1828 Mian Dhian Singh Received the title of Raja of Bhimber. He was the longest serving
Diwan(25 years), murdered in 1843.
• Battle of Jammu/ Gumat 1808
• In 1821, captured Rajouri from Aghar Khan and placed Rahim-Ul-Khan as the new Raja by
Ranjit Singh.
• Zorawar Singh helped Gulab Singh.
• Kishtwar was annexed by Gulab Singh and Zorawar Singh made its Governor.

March 9, 1846 – Treaty of Lahore,

March 16, 1846 – Treaty of Amritsar,

• Gulab Singh First Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir second largest princely state During
British.
• Crime was supported during his reign, captured leaders of GLAWANS.
• He drove out Khakahas and Bombas out of the Valley.(were people form the POK and
Pakistan area.)
• He undertook to reform Begar System(forced labour)
• He organized Revenue and police administration.
• He organized the shawl Industry.
• He founded the Dharmarth trust.
Reorganization of Administration.
Reformed Polices and revenue administration by reorganizing into 4 Wizarats (districts) and
appointed trusted officers in key departments like Audit and account, shawl department etc.
1851 He started the construction of Raghunath temple.
1817 – Reasi Fort(Bhimgarh Fort) was first renovated by maharaja Gulab Singh and was
completed in 1841.(Reasi fort actually was constructed by Maharaja Rishi pal Rana – also
called as the founder of Reasi)

Gulab Singh had 3 sons –

1. Mian Udham Singh(Uttam Singh) (Udhampur – name is derived form his name(Land of Devika) )(died)
2. Mian Randhir Singh (Sohan Singh)(died)
3. Mian Ranbir Singh (Phena Singh )(only surviving son of Gulab Singh)
MAHARAJA RANBIR SINGH (1856 - 85) | 1857 – sepoy mutiny
• Completed the construction of the Raghunath Temple in 1857
• Scholar of Sanskrit and Persian Language
• Loved speaking Pashto Language
• Established Sanskrit Pathshalas in the complex of Raghunath Temple.
• Donated 1 lac rupee to set up Punjab University at Lahore
• Set up maktabs and Pathshalas in jammu and Srinagar.
• Improved collection of land revenue and fixed land revenue at the fixed amount.
• Reform in administration, three main department – Revenue , Civil, Military
• Judicial system was re-organized and Ranbir penal code was setup
• He followed the footsteps of Zan-ul-Abidin and Avanti Verman(Founder of Utpala Dynasty)
• Adalat – ul – Saddar(Chief court) was established in Jammu and Kashmir.
• 1877, Adalat – ul – Aliya (High Court) was established and powers were defined.
• Abolished expert duty on Shawls. Improved silk making.
• Telegraph and postal services were instituted.
• Princely states of Hunza and Nagar started paying tribute.
• RS Pura – first planned city of Jammu and Kashmir (Ranbir Singh Pura) (also called Nava
Shahar)(basmati is famous of this place).
Maharaja Pratap Singh (1885 - 1925) (son of maharaja Ranbir Singh)
▪ Abolished the Beggar
▪ Chitral was overtaken in 1891 (now in Pakistan)
▪ Sir Walter Lawrence started new land revenue settlement (1889 - 1895)
▪ Banihal cart road was started and got completed in 1915. It was Maharaja’s private road later
opened to public use in 1922.(under the engineer – Pandit Lakshman Joo Tickoo)
▪ Improvement was made in Jehlum Valley cart road.
▪ Telegram lines were extended and telephones connections were established.
▪ Tourism increased during his reign. (House boat construction was started)
▪ Name of first house boat of Kashmir – Kashmir Princes
▪ Hydroelectric project at Mohra was commissioned in 1905. It was the first state hydroelectric
project. (4 MW) (now its capacity is 9 MW) (Left bank of Jhelum under indus water treaty)
▪ Missions School was started by Rev Doxey, English education was introduced in government
schools and later on introduced in jammu Prince of Wales college.(now ghanta science
college)
▪ Maharani Mahilla College – now called as Women college Parade.
▪ Shri Pratap college in 1905 in Srinagar was established and construction of Shri Pratap Singh
museum in Srinagar in 1898.
▪ State established forest department in 1891 | became operational 1895 | forestry school was
developed in 1911 (in Bandipora)
▪ Vaccination on extensive scale was introduced in 1894
▪ Silk industry was set up in Srinagar in 1907
▪ Developed in the field of irrigation, longest and important being Ranbir canal In Jammu (1903 -
08)
▪ Sericulture – 1897 (rearing of silk worms and produce silk | they eat mulberry leaves)
▪ Silk industry was set up in Srinagar in 1907.
▪ Silk industry was set up in Jammu 1909 (won gold medal)
▪ Development in the field of irrigation, longest and important being Ranbir canal in Jammu (1903
– 08 )
▪ UJH canal started 1915, finished in 1923 ( now UJH dam is also being constructed)
Maharaja Hari Singh (1925 - 1947) (not the son of Pratap Singh )
Ranbir Singh sons
1. Pratap Singh (was son less)
2. Amar Singh (his son was Hari Singh)
3. Ram Singh

Data of Birth – 23rd Sept 1895 (imp) (news was to have a holiday on his birthday)
▪ Commander in chief of state force – 1915
• Senior member of then state council – 1922
• On occasion of Raj Tilak proclaimed Justice as his religion, announced establishment in 144
new schools [1926-27]
▪ Introduced rules under which children were to receive modern education – Jabri (forced)
Schools
▪ State subjects definition, 1927
▪ State subject definition, 1927
▪ 1934 – Praja Sabha – 1st legislature of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
▪ Agriculturalist relief regulation – 1926
▪ Land Alienation Regulation – 1933
▪ Kashmir Valley Panchayat Regulation – 1935
• Dhandevi Memorial fund
• Infant marriage regulation – 1928
14years Girls later 16 years
18 years – Boys later 21 years
• Widow Remarriage and property act of 1932
• Suppresses prostitution and women trafficking
• Rum Rasum – 1937,(pay price for the bride) (act 1939 it become a punishable offence)
• 1932 – All J&K Muslim conference formed| founder was – Chaudhary Gulam Abbas | its
first meeting done by Shek Muhammad Abdulla
• 1939 – National Conference (Shek Muhammad Abdulla came up this idea why to restrict –
All J&K Muslim conference up to Muslims, lets take it to higher level introducing Hindus +
Sikhs, ---- and name changed to National Conference)
• 1938 – Jammu and Kashmir Bank (first head office was at Srinagar)
26th October 1947 – Instrument of Accession
1961 – he died in Bombay (his son )