Acknowledgement

Throughout this course work, I have gained a wealth of valuable experience and
these experiences will be a guide to other course work.

First of all, I would like to thank Dr Koay Chen Yong, the lecturer for subject Pre
Calculus (MTE 1064). She has spent a lot of time teaching me and guiding me to do this
course work. The knowledge she provided was very useful and important for me to complete
this course work.

In addition, many thanks go to my beloved parents, Mr. Lim Kean Teng and Mrs.
Ong Cheng Sim for giving me so much support and encouragement all the time. They really
give me a lot of motivation while doing this course work.

Besides, I also would like to thank my friends for helping me and giving me advice.
I am very grateful to them for being able to spend their precious time talking together to
complete the task. Also, thank you to all the respondents for taking the time to answer my
questions.

Last but not least, thanks to everyone who has helped me directly and indirectly in
completing this course work. With the cooperation and effort provided, so that the tasks can
be completed perfectly and on time.

1
1.0 Introduction of Calculus

Calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", is

the mathematical study of continuous change. It has two major branches which are
differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus concerns instantaneous
rates of change, and the slopes of curves, while integral calculus is about the
accumulation of quantities, and areas under or between curves. These two branches
are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Gottfried Leibniz
and Isaac Newton, 17th-century mathematicians, both invented calculus independently.
Newton invented it first, but Leibniz created the notations that mathematicians use
today. Before calculus was invented, all math was static. It could only help calculate
objects that were perfectly still. But the universe is constantly moving and changing.
Indeed, just about everything in the universe is constantly moving, calculus helped to
determine how particles, stars, and matter actually move and change in real time.
In mathematics education, calculus denotes courses of elementary mathematical
analysis, which are mainly devoted to the study of functions and limits. The
word calculus is a Latin word, meaning originally "small pebble". Because such pebbles
were used for calculation, the meaning of the word has evolved and today usually
means a method of computation.

2.0 Introduction of Differentiation

In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus which is the study of rates

of quantities change. The primary object of study in differential calculus is
the derivative of a function, The derivative of a function at a chosen input value
describes the rate of change of the function near that input value. The process of finding
a derivative is called differentiation. Geometrically, the derivative at a point is
the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function.

2.1 Application of Differentiation

Differentiation has applications to nearly all quantitative disciplines. For example,

in physics, the derivative of the displacement of a moving body with respect to time is
the velocity and the derivative of velocity with respect to time is acceleration. The
derivative of the momentum of a body with respect to time equals the force applied to
the body; The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative. In operations
research, derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport materials and
design factories. We frequently use the derivative to determine the maximum and
minimum values of particular functions such as cost, strength, amount of material used
in a building, profit and so on. Derivatives are met in many engineering and science

2
 problems, especially when modeling the behavior of moving objects. Biologists use
differential calculus to determine the exact rate of growth in a bacterial culture
temperature and food source are changed.

2.2 Application of Differentiation in Problem Solving in Real Life Situation

(i) The radius of water surface, r

By using Pythagoras’ theorem,
r2 = (10)2 – (10 – h)2
= 100 – (100 – 20h – h2)
= 20h – h2

The surface area, L

A = π r2
L = π (20 h−h2)
= 20 πh−π h2
(ii) dr
=0.2 cm s−1
dt

L ¿ 20 πh−π h2

dL
=20 π −2 πh
dr
dL dL dr
= ×
When h = 4cm, dt dr dt

dL ¿ 12 π ×0.2 cm s−1
=20 π −2 π ( 4 )
dr
¿ 2.4 πcm s−1
¿ 12 π

3
 Explanation

Before finding the area of the water surface, we have to calculate the radius of water
surface. Given that the radius of bowl is 10 cm, and the height of the bowl is actually
equal to the radius of the bowl, so the height that the water did not fill up is (10 – h) cm.
Then, a triangle is form and use the formula of Pythagoras’ theorem, a 2+b 2=c 2, and we
get r2 = = 20h – h2. After finding the r2, we can show the area, L, by using the formula of
area of circle which is A=π r 2 . By substituting r2 and simplify the equation, we can show

that the surface area of water surface is, L = π (20 h−h2) . Next, from the information

dr
given, the rate of change of water poured is 0.2 cms-1, so =0.2 cm s−1 and we need
dt
to calculate the rate of change in the surface area of water surface when the height

dL
reached 4 cm. Then, by differentiating the L = π (20 h−h2) , we get =20 π −2 πh , and
dr

dL
substitute h = 4, the =12 π . To calculate the rate of change of surface area of water
dr

dL dL dr
surface, we need to use chain rule which is = × . Lastly, we substitute the
dt dr dt

dL
∧dr
dr , which is 12 π and 0.2 cms-1 respectively, we get the rate of change is
dt
2.4 πcm s−1.

3.0 Introduction of Integration

Integration is one of the two main operations of calculus, with its inverse operation,
differentiation. There are two types of integration: definite integration and indefinite
integration. Integrating a function can give the area between the graph of that function
and the x-axis. This type of integration is called definite integration. Integration can be
thought as the inverse of differentiation. In the same way that subtraction can be thought
as undoing addition, then integration undoes differentiation. This type of integration is
called indefinite integration.

3.1 Application of Integration

An Architect Engineer uses integration in determining the amount of the necessary

materials to construct curved shape constructions such as the dome over a sports arena
and also to measure the weight of that structure. In Electrical Engineering, integration is

4
 used to determine the exact length of power cable needed to connect two substations,
which are miles away from each other. In Physics, integration is needed to calculate the
centre of mass, centre of gravity and mass moment of inertia of a sports utility vehicle.
Besides, integration also used to predict the position of planets, and understand
electromagnetism.

3.2 Application of Integration in Problem Solving in Real Life Situation

x2
(i) y=4−
4
when y = 3,
x2
3=4−
4
x2
=1
4
x 2=4
x=ñ 4
x=± 2
b
The width of BC = 2 – (-2)
(ii) A=∫ y dx
a
(iii) consider AB and DC increases 1 unit, the
whole graph will move up 1 unit.
2 2
x
¿ ∫ 4−
−2
( 4
dx) Therefore, y=5−
x2
4
,

b
5 A=∫ y dx
a

2
x2
¿ ∫ 5−( 4
dx)
 2
x3
[
¿ 4 x−
12 ]
−2

8 8
(
¿ 8−
12)(
− −8+
12 )
1 1
¿ 7 +7
3 3

2
¿ 14 m 2
3

Explanation

x2
Firstly, we need to sketch the graph, y=4− to solve the following problems. After
4

x2
sketching, we can see the shape of the door is actually a part of the graph y=4− ,
4
which is the shaded region. So, to find the width of BC, we need to calculate the x
values when y = 3, it is because the height of AB and DC are 3 m. After substituting y=3,
we know that the x values are 2 and -2, and the total distance between 2 and -2 is 4
units. Considering 1 unit is equal to 1 m, so the width of BC is 4 m. For part (ii), we need
to use the concept of integration to find the area of the door’s surface. Refer to the

x2
graph, the door’s surface is actually the area under the graph y=4− from x = -2 to
4

b
x=2. So, by using the formula of area under a curve, A=∫ y dx to find the area of the
a

door’s surface. Therefore, the area of door’s surface which the renovation worker

2 2
needed to paint is 14 m . And the last part, the height of AB and DC increased to 4m,
3

x2
which increases 1 unit. So, we assume that the graph of y=4− will move up one unit
4

x2
also and the equation will become y=5− . This is based on the concept of translation
4
of graph. Similarly, since the width of BC remain unchanged, we use the formula of area

b
2 2
under the curve, A=∫ y dx and we get the final answer which is 18 m.
a
3

6
4.0 Conclusion

Nowadays, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering, and economics.

Moreover, calculus is also used in history, for predicting the life of a stone. We are
actually surrounded by various applications of calculus on our daily life but honestly, we
are not aware of this fact. It will be impossible to construct building without the
knowledge of calculus. Therefore, calculus is one of the important topic in subject
mathematics and everyone should master it.

Bibliography

Chong, P.C (2015). Analysis Additional Mathematics SPM. Selangor: Penerbitan Pelangi
Sdn. Bhd.

Lee, B.H, Lee, K.Y, Rohana Ismail, Lim, M & Affaf Mohamad (2015). Q&A for Matriculation
Mathematics. Selangor: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.

Wong, P.W, Lye, M.S (2019). Mathematics (T) Calculus. Selangor: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.

Russell, D (2020). What is Calculus? Definition and Practical Applications. Retrieved

February 20, 2020 from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-calculus-2311607

Kartik Singh, Akshat Sharma, Govind Rajput and Devesh Kasturia (2014). Application of
Derivatives in Real Life. Retrieved February 20, 2020 from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e999/0a5681743a48a434fa274911d4f5a54e1baa.pdf

M. Bourne (2017). Applications of Differentiation. Retrieved February 20, 2020 from

https://www.intmath.com/applications-differentiation/applications-of-differentiation-
intro.php

Dawkins, P (2018). Applications of Integration. Retrieved February 20, 2020 from

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/IntAppsIntro.aspx

7
Rahul Munet (2016). How is Calculus Used in Everyday Life? Retrieved February 20, 2020
from https://www.toppr.com/bytes/calculus-in-everyday-life/

Robert, C (2015). What is Calculus? Retrieved February 20, 2020 from

https://www.livescience.com/50777-calculus.html

Appendices

Book

Internet

8
9