BIRSA

AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY
TOPIC - VOLUME TABLE OF TEAK
SUBMITTED TO – Dr. A. K. Chakraborty Sir
Course name – Forest Mensuration
Course Code – SA 2105
SUBMITTED BY- PRASHANT RAJ
ROLL NO. – FO011960
SEM- 3rd [BATCH 2019-2020]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of

gratitude to our “Forest Mensuration “ course
instructor “Dr. A. K. Chakraborty Sir ” , who gave
us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
assignment on the TOPIC :- “ VOLUME TABLE OF
TEAK ” which also helped us in doing a lot of
research and we came to know about so many
things . we are really thankful to you ma’am.
Secondly, we will also like to thank
our parents and friends who have helped us a lot
in finalizing this assignment to present form
within limited time frame .
THANK YOU SIR
PRASHANT RAJ
FO011960
INTRODUCTION
Teak (Tectona grandis), the paragon of timbers, is finding immense use
and its demand is ever increasing. The utilization percent of a teak tree
has increased substantially and even its small wood, which was
considered as useless, has now been finding increasing demand in the
markets. Therefore, assessment of estimates of the quantity of timber
available from a teak tree in any of the specified girth-height class, within
permissible reliance limits, is the paramount need in an efficient,
systematic and scientific management of the forest. Wide variations in
the estimated quantity of timber for standing crop and the actual quantity
produced after felling in the coupes, is a common experience. This
variation contributes to one of the major causes for significant gaps
between the estimated price and the final bid offered in auctions.
To prepare the local volume tables for different site
qualities, the local volume equations based upon only one parameter,
i.e. girth at breast height (GBH), have been taken into consideration.
These volume tables based on one independent variable i.e. dbh or
gbh , are derived from the measurements of trees growing in a restricted
geographical area or locality, or more or less uniform crop. These are,
therefore, applicable to such restricted range of locality or geographical
areas, only where the assumption that the trees of the same diameter
will have almost the same height, holds good.

VOLUME TABLE
For management purposes, the user is often concerned with determining
the volume of a large number of trees of distinct dimensions. To do this
requires volume tables. Volume tables are based on diameter and/or
height and/or tree form. They are often derived via volume equations
that are statistically sound and based of regression analysis. A volume
table of a particular species is defined as a table showing the average
volume of trees, logs or sawntimber for one or more given characteristics
such as DBH alone or DBH and height or DBH, height and form or taper.
The main objective of volume tables is to facilitate estimating the
average volume of standing trees for which the diameter and height are
known. The volume is based on the actual volume measurements of
some 40 to 50 felled or standing trees of all diameter classes. It is based
on the assumption that individuals of the same species, with the same
DBH, or DBH and height have, on average, the same volume (given
identical growing conditions). Thus, volume tables can be classified into
three categories according to the number of independent variables (one
to three) i.e. DBH, height and/or taper

METHODOLOGY
The different steps for calculating girth class-wise volume table for
various divisions are being described as under.

Source of data
The data of Teak species for different divisions for different site qualities
were provided by the concerned divisions. The analysis for volume
calculations of timber and fuel content for sound, half sound and
unsound trees was carried out on the available data.
Regression equations used:
a) For estimation of timber content
The following types of regression equations were tried to obtain
timber content in sound, half sound and unsound trees. These are
local volume equations (Volume equation for forest of India, Nepal
and Bhutan. Forest Survey of India, 1996) with only one independent
variable, i.e. girth at breast height (GBH).
(i) V = a + bG2 (ii) V = a + bG + cG2
(iii) V = a + bG + cG2 + dG3 (iv) V = a + b√G + cG
(v) √V = a + bG (vi) √V = a + bG + c√G
(vii) LogeV= a + bLogeG
Where
V = Under bark volume (cmt) of timber
G = Over-bark girth of standing tree at breast height (cm)
And a, b, c and d are statistical constants.
The best-fit regression equation was used to estimate the volume
b) For estimation of fuel content
The following curve estimation models were tried for estimation of fuel
content in sound, half sound and unsound trees on the basis of the
curve estimation models given in SPSS software.
 (i) F = a + bG (Linear) (ii) F = a + bLog e G (Logarithmic)
2
(iii) F = a + b/G (Inverse) (iv) F = a + bG + cG (Quadratic)
2
(v) F = a + bG + cG + dG (Cubic) (vi) F = EXP (a + b/G) (S-
curve) (vii) F = EXP (a + bG) (Growth)
Where F = Fuel content (cmt)
G = Over-bark girth of standing tree at breast height (cm). And a, b,
c and d are statistical constants. The best-fit regression equation was
used to estimate the fuel content.
It may be noted that the error is likely to increase if these mean values
are used instead of the exact girths of the trees. The total volume for a
coupe will be correctly calculated only when all the girths are uniformly
distributed over the whole girth-class, otherwise with skewed distribution
of girths of individual trees in a girth-class, we are likely to underestimate
or overestimate the volume.
Volume equations
The development of a volume table requires volume equations for the
species in question. There are three types of volume equations based on
the number of variables and objectives. Each type is formulated by
means of regression analysis:
i. Local volume equation: Local volume equations are applicable
for a small forest or land area and are based on only one variable,
i.e. DBH.
The basic assumption is that trees of a given species, at a given
location, with the same DBH, will have the same height and form. This
assumption is only valid as long as site conditions are homogenous.
ii. Regional volume equation: This type of equation is normally
based on two variables (e.g. DBH and height) and covers a larger
geographical area. Regional volume equations are standard
volume equations with limited application. Care needs to be taken
that the trees measured, for the formulation of this equation, are
truly representative of the variation encountered in the region.
iii. General or standard volume equation: This is an even broader
equation and covers the full distribution of the species. It is
normally based on two variables such as DBH and height.
A local volume equation can be easily prepared from a standard or
regional volume equation by analysing the DBH/height relationship of the
species for the given location.
Preparation of volume tables
There are two methods available to generate volume tables namely, the
destructive and the non-destructive method.
Destructive method
In this method, 40-50 individuals of a particular species, representing all
diameter classes of interest are selected randomly and felled. Each tree
is cut into appropriate lengths of logs, generally between 2-3 m. The
volume of each log is calculated individually, using suitable formulae,
generally Huber’s formula for parabolides, cylindrical, conical or
Newton’s formula for neiloidic form. The volume of each individual log is
added to obtain the total volume of the tree.
Non-destructive method
This is similar to the destructive method but the trees are not felled.
Diameters are measured at different heights by climbing the trees. Tree
height is estimated with the help of e.g. an altimeter, a clinometer, a
cruiser stick or a relaskop. The volume is then calculated using the same
formulae as above. Volume tables can be prepared for particular
species, on the basis of these calculations.
Data collection for preparation of volume tables
The trees to be measured are selected randomly. The DBH is measured
twice to the nearest millimeter, perpendicular to each other, over bark.
Both the height and the diameter are recorded in a table. After the
measurements have been taken, the trees are felled. The first log is
marked at 2.74 m (with the DBH in the centre) and the DBH taken as the
girth. The rest of the bole is divided into sections of 3 m length and mid
girth of each section is recorded at the middle of the log. The last section
is allowed to vary between 2 to 4 meters. The lowest diameter limit fixed
for the measurement is generally 5 cm. Similar measurements are
carried out for all the branches.
Volume computation
The volume of individual logs is calculated using Huber’s formula, which
considers the cross sectional areas of the log at mid-point as a circle.
Multiplied with the length of the log it provides the volume.
V = sm x l
V = volume (m3)
sm = the sectional area at the middle (m2)
l = the length of the log or height of the log (m)
Earlier methods of developing volume tables involved large-scale data
collection for different diameter and height classes. However, the
present trend is to use multiple regression methods in which basal area,
girth or DBH along with height or a form factor is taken into
consideration. Although these methods have certain inherent limitations,
they provide a high degree of correlation and statistically acceptable
relationships. General volume equations
General volume equations (GVEs), i.e. regression functions in volume,
diameter and height are selected for each species. The GVEs are
obtained from randomly selected tree data by applying multiple
regression methods. The following regression equations are generally
used:
V = a + bD2H
V = a + bD + cD2H
V = a + bD2 + c(D2H) 2
V = a + bD + cD2H + d(D2H) 2
V = a + bD + cH + dD2H
V = a + bD + cD2+ dD2H
loge V = a + b loge D + c loge H
V/D2H = a + bD2H
V/D2H = a + bD2H + c/D2H
Where,   V = volume under bark (m3)
  D = diameter at breast height (1.37 m) over bark (m)
    (Unless otherwise specified)
  H = height of tree (m)
    a is the intercept and b, c & d are regression coefficients
The best fit regression equation is used to estimate the volume of trees.
Results and discussion
1. To estimate timber volume of sound, half sound and unsound trees, it
was observed that most of the site qualities follow the same local volume
equation V = a + bG2 where V is the Under-bark volume (cmt) of timber,
G = Over-bark girth of standing trees at breast height (cm) and a and b
are constants. Therefore, only equation V = a +bG2 was tried to estimate
timber volume with the least possible error. While comparing the volume
versus girth curves for various site qualities it was found, in some cases
that lower site quality shows higher volume content than higher site
quality for the same girth. This does not reflect the natural trend of
volume variation with site-quality. This type of unnatural behaviour may
be due to many reasons such as human error in the assessment of tree
condition, mistakes in volume calculation, mixing data of full-sized trees
and pollards and erroneous assessment of site –quality. During
estimation of timber volume for sound timber, the efforts were made to
minimize the error in total estimated volume. However, there still remains
some error that has already been described in division wise report. The
possible reasons for this difference are listed as below:
i. The data, from statistical analysis point of view, for many girth classes
are insufficient to establish significant correlation between volume and
girth for that particular girth class
ii. The observed volume content in the field shows significant variations
for the same girth and the same site quality of a tree. These variations
may occur due to human errors, e.g. measurement error, writing error
and volume estimating error etc. in the field.
iii. In some cases, it was also observed that the trees of higher girth
show lesser timber volume content as compared to the timber volume of
trees of lower girth within the same site quality, which may be possible
due to faulty classification of the condition of the tree. In nature,
sometimes it is observed that the hollowness starts to develop within the
tree, as it grows older. If there is hollowness within the trunk of the tree
but it appears sound from outside, then its status is liable to wrong
classification.
iv. The actual volume of a tree depends upon the girth, height and the
tapering of the tree. But in the present case, the volume estimation is
based only upon a single parameter, i.e. girth. (THANK YOU)