Polygraph

 It is the scientific method of detecting deception using polygraph

  the person who conducts polygraph examination is called polygraph examiner

Uses of Polygraph Examination

 It eliminates innocent suspects
  recognizes false complaints
 It determines veracity of information provided by informants
 provides new keys to investigation
  it narrows the focus of inquiry 
 Gathers additional information on suspects
  aids the speeds up of investigation
  obtain additional leads
  locate tools/fruits of the crime
  obtains valuable information from reluctant witnesses 

Entities that use Polygraph Examination

 Law enforcement agencies
 Legal Community
 Private Sector

Ancient Methods
 Red hot iron ordeal - Lazing hot iron to mouth, if the suspect is wounded it indicates
killed
 Ordeal of Red water - The accused will swallow small amount of rice after 12 hours
fasting, if he reacts emetic and ejects all rise his innocent.
 Boiling water ordeal - that accused shall take the stone from boiling water if he refused
he is guilty
 Ass tail ordeal - the accused shall be confined to a solitary room and observed
 Ordeal by Rice Chewing - it is a method in which a person will be ordered to eat sathee
(Rice), facing East he will spit the rice in a leaf. Signs of guild are presence of blood in
spit, he trembles or if there are sores in mouth’s corner.
 Ordeal by Combat - Competing party will fight and anyone who wins will be the
innocent
 Ordeal by heat and fire -  the accused she ordered to walk on red hot coal, if unharmed
he is innocent

Scientific Methods in Detecting Deception

Various Scientific Methods
 Hypnotism
 Word Association Test
 Truth Serum
 Narco Analysis/Narco Synthesis
 Intoxication
Other Lie Detection Technologies
 Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Eye Tracking
 Voice Stress Analysis
 Functional magnetic resonance imaging
History of Polygraphy
Development of Cardiosphygmograph
 Cesare Lombroso - he used hydrosphygmograph to detect deception
 Angelo Mosso - he developed sphygmomanometer to study fear as it influence heart
 Dr. William Marston - conducted test for detecting systolic deception and develop his
systolic blood pressure
 John Larson - he devised instrument that detects BP rate, pulse rate and respiration

Development of Galvanograph
 Sticker - he suggested the use of galvanograph to detect deception
 Verguth - the first one to use the term psycho-Galvanic skin reflex and believe that
sweating causes this electrical response

Development of Pneumograph
 Victorio Benussi - he noted the changes in breathing during deception and recorded
respiratory curves of pneumograph
 Harold Burtt - he determined that respiratory changes indicate deception

Development of Polygraph Component

 Leonard Keeler - he invented the modern polygraph and combine, cardiograph,
pneumograph, psycho-Galvano skin reflex and kymograph with recording device such
as bellows rolled chart papers and methods of questions

Lies - it is the utterance of false statement by a person due to certain causes

Types of Lie
1. Benign Lies - these are false statement intended to maintain harmony without malice in
the part of the person.
2. Black lie -the type of light that is mischievously performed usually to conceal a crime
3. Red lie - a lie used to alter by persons to discredit government

Forms of Lies
1. Direct Denial - person denies their act when questioned
2. Lie of Omission - persons will tell facts that are altered
3. Lie of Fabrication - lie common in interviews
4. Lie of Minimization - lie performed to downgrade the gravity of their offense
5. Lie of Exaggeration - persons fabricate stories that are just fiction and convince that
they exist.

Types of Liars
1. Panic licar - persons who lie to avoid consequences
2. Occupational liar (Professional liar) - persons who lie for profit
3. Tournament liar - a person who lies and excited by the challenge of being detected
4. Psychopathic liar - a person who has no remorse in committing lies
5. Pathological liar - a person who don't know the difference between right and wrong
6. Black liar - person who always pretends

Clues in Lying
1. Verbal Clues - peculiar means of deception while lying
2. Non Verbal Clues - peculiar means of deception that can be observe in body language
Verbal Clues
1. Methods of responding to questions
* Cautious response to questions
2. Length of time before giving response
*Liars took time to respond
3. Repetition of questions
4. Fragmented or incomplete sentences
5. Being overly polite
6. Swearing
7. Clarity of response
*Speak softly and broaden the answer
8. Use of words
9. Assertiveness
10. Inconsistencies
11. Slip of tongue
12. Tirades (natural leak caused by stress)
13. Pauses
14. Speed of speech

Non verbal clues

1. Emblems - deliberate expressions made by the body such as nodding and shrugging off
shoulder 
2. Manipulators - touching oneself is a sign of something like grooming hair, fidgeting etc
3. Breathing -  rapid deep breathing is indication of fear
4. Sweating -  excessive sweating mixed will pale face
5. Frequent swallowing - indication of dry throat
6. Facial muscles - muscles above the eyes are cues in deception
7. Eyes -  pupil dilation is a sign of emotional intensity
8. Facial expression

Behavioral Aspect of Polygraph Examination

The Autonomic Nervous System

 It is the system of nervous system that controls involuntary behavior including emotions.
It causes the organs of our body to react beyond our control.

Causes of Behavior according Behaviorist Approach

1. Stimuli - The fact or thing that causes response
2. Response - the behavior we perform in reaction to an event (stimuli)

Function of Limbic System

1. Pituitary Gland - (master gland of the endocrine system)
2. Amygdala - (influences anger and aggression)
3. Corpus Callosum - (relays information between the two cerebral hemispheres)
4. Cerebral Cortex - (controls thinking and sensing functions, voluntary movement)
5. Septum - (influences anger and fear)
6. Hippocampus - (influences learning and memory)
7. Thalamus - (relays sensory information to cerebral cortex)
 8. Hypothalamus - (regulations temperature, eating, sleeping and endocrine system)
9. Midbrain - (reticular activating system carries messages about sleep and arousal)
10. Pons - (relay information between cerebral cortex and cerebellum)
11. Cerebellum - (coordinates fine muscle movement, balance)
12. Medulla - (regulations heartbeat, breathing)
13. Spinal Cord - (relays nerve impulses between brain and body, controls simple reflexes)

Process of Psycho-Physiological Reaction

1. Sensing Stimuli
(Questions)
2. Mental Process
(Actuation of ANS and State of Emotion) (Mental Process and Emotion (Fear))
3. Response
(Involuntary reaction of body)
(Verbal Response)
(Change in blood pressure)
(Rapid breathing)
(Skin reflexes)
(Body responses)

Polygraph Machine Process

1. Body Reaction
2. Detection of Machine
3. Recording of Chart Tracing

Polygraph Machine
 It is a device used to measure simultaneous physiological response and it is used to
detect lies by a competent examiner.

Major Parts of Polygraph Machine

1. Cardiosphygmograph - It is used to measure heartbeat/ pulse rate
2. Pneumograph - it is used to measure breathing rate
3. Galvanograph - it is used to measure electro-dermal responses
4. Kymograph - it is a part of machine that rolls the chart paper for recording

Parts of Cardiosphygmograph
1. BP cuff -It is wrap at subject upper arm to detect pulse rate/ heartbeat
2. Pump bulb - a device used to inflate the BP cuff
3. Sphygmomanometer -a dial type indicator that indicates the systole and diastole of a
subject
4.  Vent - a part of machine that allows air to move through the recording unit
5. Resonance control - a part of machine that regulates the air flow towards the recording
unit
6. Recording unit including 5 inches pen -these are moving part with pen that moves the
pen; the pen allows ink to move through the needle towards the chart paper

Parts of Galvanograph
1. Finger electrode assembly -It is composed of electrodes attached to fingers and wires
connected to machine.
 2. Amplifier unit-  it is the part of machine that increases electricity from subject’s skin
3. Galvanometer - a clock like device that indicates electro-dermal reading
4. Recording unit with 7 inches pen - part of machine that moves the pen that where the
tracing at paper chart 

Parts of Kymograph
1. Motor -The part of machine that pull the chart paper during recording
2. Switch - it is used to turn on/ off the motor during examination

Other Parts
1. Ink well -A small drum like container wherein shall be stored before the examination
2. Writing table - a metallic flat device where nibs of pens are rested, it serves as table for
recording
3. Chart paper - a graphed paper where tracings shall be recorded
4. Paper cutter - metal placed at the age of machine where chart paper will be cut off
5. AC Power Cord - it is a cord with plug that shall be attached to power source in order to
operate the machine.

The polygraph instrument has undergone a dramatic change in the last

decade. For many years, polygraphs were those instruments that you see in
the movies with little needles scribbling lines on a single strip of scrolling
paper. These are called analog polygraphs.

Deceptive behavior is supposed to trigger certain physiological changes that

can be detected by a polygraph and a trained examiner, who is sometimes
called a forensic psychophysiologist (FP).

Respiratory rate - Two pneumographs, rubber tubes filled with air, are
placed around the test subject's chest and abdomen. When the chest or
abdominal muscles expand, the air inside the tubes is displaced. In an analog
polygraph, the displaced air acts on a bellows, an accordion-like device that
contracts when the tubes expand. This bellows is attached to a mechanical
arm, which is connected to an ink-filled pen that makes marks on the scrolling
paper when the subject takes a breath. A digital polygraph also uses the
pneumographs, but employs transducers to convert the energy of the
displaced air into electronic signals.

Blood pressure/heart rate - A blood-pressure cuff is placed around the

subject's upper arm. Tubing runs from the cuff to the polygraph. As blood
pumps through the arm it makes sound; the changes in pressure caused by
the sound displace the air in the tubes, which are connected to a bellows,
which moves the pen. Again, in digital polygraphs, these signals are
converted into electrical signals by transducers.
Galvanic skin resistance (GSR) - This is also called electro-dermal activity, and is
basically a measure of the sweat on your fingertips. The finger tips are one of the most
porous areas on the body and so are a good place to look for sweat. The idea is that we
sweat more when we are placed under stress. Fingerplates, called galvanometers,
are attached to two of the subject's fingers. These plates measure the skin's ability to
conduct electricity. When the skin is hydrated (as with sweat), it conducts electricity
much more easily than when it is dry.

Polygraph Examiners
There are only two people in the room during a polygraph exam -- the person

conducting the exam and the subject being tested. Today, some polygraph examiners

prefer to be called forensic psychophysiologists (FPs). Because polygraph

examiners are alone in the room with a test subject, his or her behavior greatly

influences the results of the exam.

Factors Affecting the Polygraph Test

Factors Contributing to the Polygraph Examination’s Success

- Factors concerning examination room

- Factors affecting the polygraph machine

- Factors affecting examiner

- Factors affecting the subject

Examination Room

- Must be spacious for 2 persons with polygraph desk, subject’s chair and examiner’s

stool
- Must be adequately ventilated and illuminated

- Must have no ornaments or pictures and other distractions

- Must be free from outside noise and must be 90% soundproofed

- Must have a one way mirror. Video tape and tape amplifier

The Polygraph Machine

1. It must be tested

2. It must be in latest version

3. Must be regularly and properly maintained

4. Must be properly set and used

5. Must be in running condition

Polygraph Examiner

1. He/she must possess technical competency

2. He/she must have credibility

3. Preparations must be made in examination

Factors Affecting as to the Subject

1. Must have at least 5 hours sleep before the test.

2. Must not suffer from permanent/temporary disease.

3. Must not take drugs, alcohol or cigarettes (for about 2 hours prior to the test)

4. Must be free from physical/psychological trauma.

5. Must not be interrogated for prolong hours

6. Must not be highly emotional or nervous

7. Must not be hungry or overfed

8. Must refrain from sexual indulgence/activities

9. Must not be pregnant or in menstrual days for female.

General rules in a formation of test question

 Question must be simple and direct

 Question must be short as possible
 All questions must be answered by yes or no
 Question must not be in the form of accusation
 It must be clear and in a language used by the subject
 It must not contain legal terminology
 All questions must refer to one offense only

Type of question
Relevant questions - these are questions intended to resolve specific subject matter; it is
directed to the case where the subject is involved

Irrelevant questions - questions that are not relevant to the case

Control questions - questions intended to generate response in an innocent subject and

provide basis for subjects perceptual set.

Type of relevant questions

Strong relevant - it is used to elicit emotional response in a guilty person

Weak relevant- questions involving partial involvement of subject

Evidence connecting question- question involving the relationship of subject to some

evidence

Knowledge question- question that is meant to ascertain the subject knowledge of the offense

Sacrifice question- it is intended to arouse excitement and supplements the evidence

connection and knowledge question

Control questions- questions intended to generate response in innocent subjects and provide
bases in subjects perceptual set
Symptomatic questions- intended to identify and assess the occurrence of outside issues that
may restrain subjects responses to relevant questions.

Sky (suspect, know, you) questions - this are three groups of questions intended to verify
previous charts and detect indirect participation or guilty knowledge

Types of control questions

Primary control questions - it concerns on the actions performed by subject 3 to 5 years prior
to the crime

Secondary control questions - it is precise question of another unlawful inquiry

Types of test
General question test - it is composed of relevant and irrelevant questions in order to compare
responses in both type of questions; it is answerable by yes or no

Card or number test - tests being performed by instructing the subject to choose a numbered
card; during questioning the examiner show each card and ask whether such card is the one
that he choose

Spot responder test - this test contains questions previously asked in general questions test
but they arranged to detect spot response

Mixed question test - it is the arrangement of general question and guilt complex test; its
purpose is to arouse the subject that the previous questions yielded information to his guilt

Silent answer test - test that is answerable by sub vocalization.

Supplementary tests
Yes test - test that is being administered if distortion arises in general question test; subject is
instructed to answer yes to all question.

Guilt complex test- it is composed of fabricated events and only one of those is real

Peak of tension test- the test that inquires specific facts that has bearing to the case and
answerable by either yes only or no only.

Initial preparation

Objectives of polygraph examination

 Determine if the subject is telling the truth
  Acquire additional investigative leads
 Locate fruits or tools of the crime or missing wanted person
 Identify other persons involved
 Gain valuable information from unwilling

Limitations of the polygraph examination

 It is an invaluable aid but not a substitute for investigation
 Polygraph machine is not a lie detector but a diagnostic instrument
 It does not determine facts but it records responses of the subject
 It is accurate as the examiner is competent
 Test should not be given unless enough facts are gathered for the examiner to prepare
suitable questions
 Test should be done with consent of the subject
 No indication will be given to a person or written in any report due to one's refusal to take
the test
 Test should not be administered until accusations have been explained to the subject
 No attempt to use polar graph for mental or physical evaluation of a person
 Examination should not be administered to an unfit person

Preliminary preparation
   Polygraph examiner must prepare some arrangements before the day of examination. He
must be acquainted with the case prior to the date, you must differ from the following:
 Meet the investigator acquire information
 Diagnose the subject whether such is qualified for examination

Initial interview with investigator

      The examiner must meet the investigator in order to become familiarize with the test. He
must be have the following: 
 Facts of the case
 Weapon used or amount of the property stolen
 Peculiar aspects of offense or obscene acts
 Connection between witness, victim and suspect
 Laboratory result
 Facts known only by victims, witness, suspects and investigator
 BI of the subjects

Pre-test interview
Activities during pre test
 Appraisal of the subject of his constitutional rights
 Observation of the subject
 Clinical observation of subject
 Establishing rapport
 Ensure the suitability of environment for that test
 Obtaining consent from subject
 Taking the subjects personal data
 Informing the subject of his involvement to the case

Rights of the subject

  To be examined by a qualified examiner
 To be determined if fit for examination
 To be informed of reason for lie detector test
 To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does
 To give consent to lie detector test
 Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning 
 Not to be exposed to oral criticism
 Not to be exposed to physical or psychological or mental abuse
 To refused to submit to the lie detector test

Conduct of Polygraph examination test

Activities
 Placing device to subject
 Questioning while the machine is operating
 Releasing of the result

Procedure in attachment of sensors

 Instruct the subject to sit in photograph chair
 Attach the rubber bellows to upper and lower chest
 Attach the bp at left upper arm
 Wrap the cuff in feet, inflate and cuff using the rubber bulb
 Pressure for male easy 60 psi and 40 psi for female
 Attach the electrodes at index and ring finger

Examination Proper
 Turn on the machine and make adjustments on pen centering and resonance (for analog
only)
 Mark the start of the test
 Uniform the subject that you will start the questioning
 Ask the prepared question (mark I I at the start and end of question)
 Write the response after he answered
 Wait for 5 seconds before asking subsequent question
 Repeat until it's finish

Chart Markings 
 x/60/1.5A - first marking in the chart
 X - start of the test
 A/M - automatic or manual galvano amplifier
 + = Yes
 (-)= no
 M - movement
 T - subject talked
 TI - talking instruction
 C - coughing
 N - noise
 S - sigh
  L - laughs
 Y - yawn
 B - burps/belches
 A - downward adjustment of Galvano pen
 V - upward adjustment of Galvano pen
 PJ - paper jammed
 CT - clearing throat
 SN - sniff
 SZ - sneeze
 BI - breathing instruction
 DB - deep breathing
 IS - ink stop
 MI - movement instruction
 OS - outside stimulus
 M ---M - prolong movement
 Xx/60/1.5A marking after test
 XX - end of test

Detaching the Sensors

 After turning off the machine detach the sensors one by one 
 Detach first the electrodes
 Afterwards detach the bp cuff
 Lastly the touch the rubber belows

Post Test interview

If the examiner established confession or admission he will perform the following activities:
 Inform that can't be cleared from his chart
 Convinced that the responses are made by his body and not off mechanical
manipulation of the machine
 Use persuasiveness to obtain confession
 Elicit facts to obtain admission or confession
 If confession is evident, listen to some lead to other physical evidence
 Never make promise
 Inform the investigator of any result of examination
 Release if innocence is establised

Analysis and Interpretation

 Manual examination
 Computerized Examination (Large LCD Test Results Review)

Deception signs in pneumograph

 Change in rhythm or regularity
 Change in amplitude or volume
 Change in breeding ratio
 Notched or serrated inhalation or exhalation strokes
 Change of baseline
 Loss of baseline
 Hyperventilation
  Suppression
 Respiratory block

Deception signs in galvanograph

 Vertical rise at point of deception
 Double saddle response
 Long duration or degree of response after point of deception
 Plunging tracing

Deception signs in Cardiograph

 Increase in bp
 Increase or decrease in pulse rate
 Increase or decrease in amplitude
 Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch
 Extrasystole

General rules in chart interpretation

 There must be a specific response
 To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm of the subject
 It must appear in at least two or more test chart
 The best indication of deception is the simultaneous response of three components such
as pneumograph, cardiograph and galvanograph

Quantitative Analysis of Polygraph Result

( Zone Comparison)

Response to relevant question dominates the control question

-3, -2, -1 

Response to control question dominates the relevant

1, 2, 3

Qualitative Interpretation
Rating.                      Indicator
+3,/-3.                       Dramatic difference
+2/-2.                        Definite Difference
+1/-1.                        Subtle Difference
0.                               No Difference

Results
 Deception indicated (DI)
 No deception indicated (NDI)
 Inconclusive (INC)
Factors Affecting Validity of Polygraph Examination
 Examiners training
 Examiners experience
 Subjects physical condition
 Subjects psychological condition
 Settings
 Countermeasures of the examinee

Several Countermeasures of the examinee

 Physical state
 Drugs
 Mental state
 Control of thoughts
 Knowledge of result
 Belief in machine
 Movement during test

Errors in Polygraph Examination

 False positive it is a result in which an innocent subject is found to be deceptive
 False negative it is a result in which a true perpetrator subject is found not to be
deceptive

Protective Procedure by the Examiner

 Proper assessment of the subjects emotional state
 Procurement of subjects medical information and physical condition
 Specialized tests for overly responsive or to calm nervous subject
 Control question to evaluate examinees response capability
 Factual analysis of the case information
 Quality control reviews

Remedies of Examinees in case of Error

 Request a second examination
 Retain an independent examiner for second opinion
Polygraphy is the scientific method of detecting deception using polygraph.  The
person who conducts polygraph examination is called polygraph examiner

Uses of Polygraphy

 It eliminates innocent suspects

  Recognizes false complaints
  It determines veracity of information provided by informants
  Provides new keys to investigation
  It narrows the focus of inquiry
  Gathers additional information on suspects
  Aids the speeds up of investigation
   Obtain additional leads
   Locate tools/fruits of the crime
   Obtains valuable information from reluctant witnesses

Certain Ancient Methods of Detecting Deception

1.  Red hot iron ordeal- lacing hot iron to mouth, if the suspect is wounded it
indicates guilt
2. Ordeal of Red water- the accused will swallow a small amount of rice after 12
hours fasting, if he acts emetic and ejects all rice he is innocent.
3.  Boiling water ordeal- the accused shall take the stone from boiling water if he
refused he is guilty
4. Ass tail ordeal- the accused shall be confined to a solitary room and observed
History of Polygraphy

Development of Cardiosphygmograph 

Cesare Lombroso- he used hydrosphygmograph to detect deception 

Angelo Mosso-he developed sphygmomanometer to study fear as it influences heart

Dr. William Marston - conducted test for detecting systolic deception and develop his
systolic blood pressure 

John Larson- he devised instrument that detects BP rate, pulse rate and respiration

Development of Galvanograph 

Sticker- he suggested the use of galvanograph to detect deception 

Verguth- the first one to use the term psycho-Galvanic skin reflex and believe that
sweating causes this electrical response

 
Development of Pneumograph

Vittorio Benussi- he noted the changes in breathing during deception and recorded
respiratory curves of pneumograph 

Harold Burtt- he determined that respiratory changes indicate deception

Development of Polygraph Component 

Leonard Keeler- he invented the modern polygraph and combine, cardiograph,

pneumograph, psycho-Galvano skin reflex and kymograph with recording device such
as bellows rolled chart papers and methods of questions 

Behavioral Aspect of Polygraph

 The Autonomic Nervous System 

It is the system of nervous system that controls involuntary behavior including
emotions.  It causes the organs of our body to react beyond our control.
Causes of Behavior according Behaviorist Approach

 Stimuli- the fact or thing that causes response

Response- the behavior we perform in reaction to an event (stimuli)

 

Process of Reaction

When a person senses stimuli it causes him to process information to his brain.  His
brain shall trigger a communication to all organs through nerves. These organs shall
involuntarily actuate that forms physiological responses.  The sympathetic nervous
system excites the body in responding to a threat that causes fear.  The
parasympathetic normalizes the body reaction

Lies

             Lie is the utterance of false statement by a person due to certain causes

 
Types of Lie
1. Benign Lies- these are false statement intended to maintain harmony without
malice in the part of the r person
2. Black lie- the type of lie that is mischievously performed usually to conceal a
crime
3. Red lie- a lie used to utter by persons to discredit government

Forms of Lies

1. Direct Denial- person denies their act when questioned

2. Lie of omission- persons will tell facts that are altered
3. Lie of fabrication- lie common in interviews 
4. Lie of minimization- lie performed to downgrade the gravity of their offense 
5. Lie of exaggeration- persons fabricate stories that are just fiction and convince
that they exist

Types of Liars

1. Panic liar- persons who lie to avoid consequences

2. Occupational liar (Professional liar)- persons who lie for profit 
3. Tournament liar- a person who lies and excited by the challenge of being
detected. 
4. Ethnological liar- a person loved to be interrogated but never squeals his peers 
5. Psychopathic liar- a person who has no remorse in committing lies 
6. Pathological liar- a person who don’t know the difference between right and
wrong 
7. Black liar- person who always pretends  

 
Clues in Lying
 1. Verbal Clues- peculiar means of deception while lying
2. Non verbal clues- peculiar means of deception that can be observe in body
language

Verbal Clues in Lying

1. Methods of responding to questions 

2. Cautious response to questions 
3. Length of time before giving response
4. Liars took time to respond
5. Repetition of questions
6. Fragmented or incomplete sentences
7. Being overly polite ü Swearing
8. Clarity of response
9. Speak softly and broaden the answer
10. Use of words
11. Assertiveness
12. Inconsistencies
13. Slip of tongue
14. Tirades (natural leak caused by stress)
15. Pauses
16. Speed of speech

Non verbal clues

 
1.       Emblems- deliberate expressions made by the body such as nodding and
shrugging of shoulder
2.       Manipulators- touching oneself is a sign of something like grooming hair,
fidgeting etc.
3.       Breathing- rapid deep breathing is indication of fear
4.       Sweating- excessive sweating mixed with pale face
5.       Frequent Swallowing- indication of dry throat
6.       Facial Muscles- muscles above the eyes are cues in deception
7.       Eyes- pupil dilation is a sign of emotional intensity 8. Facial expression

 
The Polygraph Machine

It is the machine used to detect physiological response during polygraph examination by

a competent examiner.

 
Major Parts
 1. Cardiosphygmograph
2.  Pneumograph
3.  Galvano skin reflex
4.  Kymograph

 
Cardiosphygmograph

  The part of machine that measures systolic blood pressure and pulse rate.

Subparts

1. BP cuff
2. Pump bulb
3. Sphygmomanometer
4.  Vent
5.  Resonance control
6.  Centering control
7.  Recording unit including 5 inches pen

Pneumograph

             The part of polygraph machine that measures breathing rate.

Parts
1. Rubber convoluted bellows
2. Recording unit

Galvanograph

 The part that detects and records skin resistance.

Sub parts
1. Finger electrode assembly
2.  Amplifier unit
3.  Galvanometer recording unit

 
Kymograph

             The motor that pulls and drives the chart paper while recording

 
Polygraph Examination
Preliminary Preparation
 

             Polygraph Examiner must prepare some arrangements before the day of
examination. He must be acquainted with the case prior to the date; he must perform
the following;

a. Meet the investigator to acquire information

b.  Diagnose the subject whether such is  qualified for examination  

 
Requirements for  Polygraph Examination’s Success

 
1.  Requirements concerning examination room
2.  Requirements for the polygraph machine  
3.  Requirements for the examiner
4.  Requirements for the subject

 
Requirements for the Examination Room
1. Must be spacious for 2 persons with polygraph desk, subject’s chair and
examiner’s stool
2.  Must be adequately ventilated and illuminated
3.  Must have no ornaments or pictures and other distraction
4.  Must be free from outside noise and must be 90% soundproofed
5.   Must have a one way mirror. Video tape and tape amplifier
Requirements as to the Machine
1.  It must be tested
2.  It must be in latest version
3.  Must be regularly and properly maintained
4.  Must be properly set and used
5.  Must be in running condition 
6. Requirements for the examiner
7. Technical competency
8. Credibility
9.  Preparations made in examination
 
Requirements for the Subject
1. Must have at least 5 hours sleep before the test
2.  Must not suffer from permanent/temporary disease
3.  Must not take drugs, alcohol or cigarettes (for about 2 hours prior to the test)
4.  Must be free from physical/psychological trauma
5.   Must not be interrogated for prolong hours
6.   Must not be highly emotional or nervous
7.   Must not be hungry or overfed
8.   Must refrain from sexual indulgence/activities
9. Must not be pregnant or in menstrual days for female  
  
Phases of Examination
I        Initial Test
II      Pre Test
III     Conduct of Initial Test 
IV.    Post Test Interview

 
Initial Interview with Investigator

             The examiner must meet the investigator in order to become familiarized
with the test.  He must have the following:

1. Facts of the case

2.  Weapon used/amount of property stolen
3.   Peculiar aspects of offense/obscene acts
4.   Connections between witness, victim and suspects
5.   Laboratory result
6.   Facts known only by victims. Witness, suspects and investigator

 
Diagnose the Subject

 The examiner must diagnose subject to assess its suitability for examination; subject
may undergo to the following tests;
1. Neuro-examination test
2. Physical test
3. Pregnancy test
4. Interview and orientation

 
Pre Test Interview
1.   Activities during Pretest
2.  Appraisal of subject of his constitutional rights
3.  Observation of subject
4.   Establishing rapport
5.   Ensure the suitability of environment for the test
6.   Obtaining consent from subject
7.   Taking the subject’s personal data
8.   Informing the subject of his involvement to the case
 
Conduct of Instrumental Test Activities
a.  Placing device to subject
b.   Questioning while the machine is operating
 
Post Test Interview
             If the examiner established confession/admission he will perform the
following activities

1. Inform that he can’t be cleared from his chart

2.  Convince that the responses are made by his body and not of mechanical
manipulation of the machine
3. Use persuasiveness to obtain confession
4.   Elicit facts to obtain admission/confession
5.   If confession is evident, listen to some lead to other physical evidence
6.   Never make promise
7.   Inform the investigator of any result of examination
8.   Release if innocence is established 

Polygraph Test Question Technique

General Rules in Formation of Test Question

1. Question must be simple and direct ü Question must be short as possible  
2. All questions must be answerable by yes or no
3.  Question must not be in the form of accusation 
4.  It must be clear and in a language used by the subject
5.  It must not contain legal terminology
6.  All questions must refer to one offense only
 
Type of Question
1. Relevant Questions- these are questions intended to resolve specific subject
matter; it is directed to the case where the subject is involved
2.  Irrelevant Questions- questions that are not relevant to the case
3.  Control Questions- questions intended to generate response in an innocent
subject and provide basis for the subject's perceptual set.

Type of Relevant Questions

1. Strong Relevant- it is used to elicit emotional response in a guilty person
2.  Weak relevant- questions involving partial involvement of subject  
3. Evidence Connecting Question - question involving the relationship of subject
to some evidence
4. Knowledge Question- question that is meant to ascertain the subject’s
knowledge of the offense
5.  Sacrifice Question- it is intended to arouse excitement and supplements the
evidence connection and knowledge question
 

Types of Control Questions

1. Primary control questions- it concerns on the actions performed by subject 3 to
5 years prior to the crime
2.  Secondary Control questions- it is precise question of another unlawful inquiry
 
Types of Test
 1. General Question Test- It is composed of relevant and irrelevant questions in
order to compare responses in both type of questions; it is answerable by yes/no
2. Peak of Tension Test- the test that inquires specific facts that has bearing to the
case and answerable by either yes only or no only
3. Guilt Complex Test- it is composed of fabricated events and only one of those is
real
4.  Mixed Question Test- it is the arrangement of General question and guilt
complex test; its purpose is to arouse the subject that the previous questions
yielded information to his guilt
5. Silent Answer Test- test that is answerable by sub vocalization.

Chart Marking and Interpretation 

x/60/1.5A- first marking in the chart

X-start of the test

A/M- automatic or manual galvano amplifier

+- yes

(-)- no

M- movement

T- subject talked

TI- talking instruction

C- coughing

N-noise

S-sigh

L-laughs

Y –yawn

B- burps/belches

A- downward adjustment of Galvo pen

V- upward adjustment of galvo pen

PJ- paper jammed

CT- clearing throat

SN-sniff

SZ- sneeze

BI-breathing instruction

DB-deep breathing

IS- ink stop

MI- movement instruction

OS-outside stimulus

M---M – prolong movement

Xx/60/1.5A marking after test

XX- end of test

 
Chart Interpretation
Deception signs in Pneumograph
ü  Change in rhythm/ regularity
ü  Change in amplitude/ volume
ü  Change in breathing ratio
ü  Notched/ serrated inhalation/exhalation strokes
ü  Change of baseline
ü  Loss of baseline
ü  Hyperventilation
ü  Suppression
ü  Respiratory block
ü  Signs of deception
ü  Sign of Deception (sigh)
ü  Respiratory Block

ü  Sign of Breathing Tension(Gradual

Increase)

 
Deception signs in Galvanograph 
ü  Vertical rise at point of deception
ü  Double saddle response
ü  Long duration/ degree of response after point of deception
ü  Plunging tracing
 
Deception signs in Cardiograph
ü  Increase in BP
ü  Increase/ decrease in pulse rate
ü  Increase/decrease in amplitude
ü  Change in position/ disappearance of dicrotic notch
ü  extrasystole

General Rules in Chart Interpretation

ü  There must be a specific response

ü  To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm of the subject
ü  It must appear in at least two or more test chart
The best indication of deception is the simultaneous response of 3 components
(pneumograph, cardiograph and galvanograph)

ü  QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLYGRAPH RESULT

7 Position Scale Test Data Analysis

Response to Response to
  Relevant   Control  
Question dominates the Relevant
Question dominates
the Control
Question
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

 
—  Analyze the response between respective pairings of control question and
relevant question
—  Determine the differences of response between control and question on each
chart tracing
—  Place score at score sheet
—  Add all scores in pneumograph, cardio graph and galvanograph and write the
total below
—  Calculate sub total per table
—  Calculate grand total from all sub total of each table and determine
interpretation

 
Types of Results  
 —  Deception Indicated (DI)
—  No Deception Indicated (NDI)
—  Inconclusive (INC)
 
Types of Test
—  DODPI- the test is used for military personnel primarily; the critical value for
DI is -6 and below, -5 to 5 for inconclusive and 6 and above for NDI
—  IZCT- the test is commonly used for all; the critical value is -7 and below for
for DI, -6 to 6 is inconclusive and 7 and above is  NDI

 
Factors Affecting Validity of Polygraph Examination
—  Examiner’s experience
—  Examiner’s Training
—  Subject’s physical condition
—  Subject’s psychological condition — Settings
Several Countermeasures of the examinee
—  Physical state
—  Drugs
—  Mental state
—  Control of thoughts
—  Knowledge of result
—  Belief in machine
Errors in Polygraph Examination
—  False Positive- it is a result in which an innocent subject is found to be
deceptive

—  False Negative- it is a result in which a true perpetrator subject is found not

to be deceptive
Protective Procedure by the Examiner
—  Proper assessment of subject’s emotional state
—  Procurement of subject’s medical information and physical condition
—  Specialized tests for overly responsive or to calm nervous subject
—  Control question to evaluate examinee’s response capability
—  Factual analysis of the case information
—  Quality control reviews
—  Remedies of Examinees in case of Error
—  Request a second examination
—  Retain an independent examiner for second opinion

 
Remedies of Examinees in case of Error
—  Request a second examination
—  Retain an independent examiner for second opinion
 
Admissibility of Polygraph to the Court
—  It is admissible if allowed by the judge subject to existing rules of court. —
Conditions for Admissibility of
Polygraph and Expert’s Testimony
—  It is subject to the discretion of the judge
—  Counsel of both parties and the subject shall sign a written condition
providing for his admission to the examination
—  If the examiner’s opinion is offered as evidence the opposing party shall have
the right to cross examine the polygraph examiner  
—  Obtaining Confession
Confession- an expressed acknowledgement of guilt by the accused in a criminal
case.
Types of Confession
—  Extra Judicial Confession- confession made beyond judicial proceeding
—  Voluntary- confession made with free will
—  Involuntary- confession made beyond free will and obtained by coercion,
intimidation and trickery
—  Judicial Confession- confession made during judicial proceeding
 
Requisites of admissibility of confession
1. It must be voluntary made or executed
2. It must be made with the assistance of a chosen counsel
3.  It must be voluntarily written in sworn statement
4.  It must not be made due to threat, intimidation, force, coercion or force
5.  It must be made after the appraisal of subject’s rights