Name – Prajwal Ghale

Roll on – NP000477
Section – B

Question no.1-
Layer 7 - Application
To further our bean dip analogy, the Application Layer is the one at the top--it’s what most users see. In
the OSI model, this is the layer that is the “closest to the end user”. It receives information directly from
users and displays incoming data it to the user. Oddly enough, applications themselves do not reside at the
application layer. Instead the layer facilitates communication through lower layers in order to establish
connections with applications at the other end. Web browsers (Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.)
TelNet, and FTP, are examples of communications that rely on Layer 7.

Layer 6 - Presentation
The Presentation Layer represents the area that is independent of data representation at the application
layer. In general, it represents the preparation or translation of application format to network format, or
from network formatting to application format. In other words, the layer “presents” data for the
application or the network. A good example of this is encryption and decryption of data for secure
transmission - this happens at Layer 6.

Layer 5-session
When two devices, computers or servers need to “speak” with one another, a session needs to be created,
and this is done at the Session Layer. Functions at this layer involve setup, coordination (how long should
a system wait for a response, for example) and termination between the applications at each end of the
session.

Layer 4 – Transport
The Transport Layer deals with the coordination of the data transfer between end systems and hosts. How
much data to send, at what rate, where it goes, etc. The best known example of the Transport Layer is the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is built on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), commonly
known as TCP/IP. TCP and UDP port numbers work at Layer 4, while IP addresses work at Layer 3, the
Network Layer.

Layer 3 - Network
Here at the Network Layer is where you’ll find most of the router functionality that most networking
professionals care about and love. In its most basic sense, this layer is responsible for packet forwarding,
including routing through different routers. You might know that your Boston computer wants to connect
to a server in California, but there are millions of different paths to take. Routers at this layer help do this
efficiently.

Layer 2 – Data Link

The Data Link Layer provides node-to-node data transfer (between two directly connected nodes), and
also handles error correction from the physical layer. Two sublayers exist here as well - the Media Access
Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. In the networking world, most switches
operate at Layer 2. But it's not th at simple. Some switches also operate at Layer 3 in order to support
virtual LANs that may span more than one switch subnet, which requires routing capabilities.

Layer 1 - Physical
At the bottom of our OSI bean dip we have the Physical Layer, which represents the electrical and
physical representation of the system. This can include everything from the cable type, radio frequency
link (as in an 802.11 wireless systems), as well as the layout of pins, voltages and other physical
requirements. When a networking problem occurs, many networking pros go right to the physical layer to
check that all of the cables are properly connected and that the power plug hasn’t been pulled from the
router, switch or computer, for example.

Question no.2-
Here is the common network device list:

 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Bridge
 Gateway
 Modem
 Repeater
 Access Point

Hub
Hubs connect multiple computer networking devices together. A hub also acts as a repeater in that it
amplifies signals that deteriorate after traveling long distances over connecting cables. A hub is the
simplest in the family of network connecting devices because it connects LAN components with identical
protocols.

Switch
Switches generally have a more intelligent role than hubs. A switch is a multiport device that improves
network efficiency. The switch maintains limited routing information about nodes in the internal network,
and it allows connections to systems like hubs or routers. Strands of LANs are usually connected using
switches. Generally, switches can read the hardware addresses of incoming packets to transmit them to
the appropriate destination.

Router
Routers help transmit packets to their destinations by charting a path through the sea of interconnected
networking devices using different network topologies. Routers are intelligent devices, and they store
information about the networks they’re connected to. Most routers can be configured to operate as packet-
filtering firewalls and use access control lists (ACLs). Routers, in conjunction with a channel service
unit/data service unit (CSU/DSU), are also used to translate from LAN framing to WAN framing. This is
needed because LANs and WANs use different network protocols. Such routers are known as border
routers. They serve as the outside connection of a LAN to a WAN, and they operate at the border of your
network.

Bridge
Bridges are used to connect two or more hosts or network segments together. The basic role of bridges in
network architecture is storing and forwarding frames between the different segments that the bridge
connects. They use hardware Media Access Control (MAC) addresses for transferring frames. By looking
at the MAC address of the devices connected to each segment, bridges can forward the data or block it
from crossing. Bridges can also be used to connect two physical LANs into a larger logical LAN.

Gateway
Gateways normally work at the Transport and Session layers of the OSI model. At the Transport layer
and above, there are numerous protocols and standards from different vendors; gateways are used to deal
with them. Gateways provide translation between networking technologies such as Open System
Interconnection (OSI) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Because of this,
gateways connect two or more autonomous networks, each with its own routing algorithms, protocols,
topology, domain name service, and network administration procedures and policies.

Modem
Modems (modulators-demodulators) are used to transmit digital signals over analog telephone lines.
Thus, digital signals are converted by the modem into analog signals of different frequencies and
transmitted to a modem at the receiving location. The receiving modem performs the reverse
transformation and provides a digital output to a device connected to a modem, usually a computer. The
digital data is usually transferred to or from the modem over a serial line through an industry standard
interface, RS-232. Many telephone companies offer DSL services, and many cable operators use
modems as end terminals for identification and recognition of home and personal users. Modems work on
both the Physical and Data Link layers.

Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signal it receives. You can think of repeater as a
device which receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power so that the signal can
cover longer distances, more than 100 meters for standard LAN cables. Repeaters work on the Physical
layer.

Access Point
While an access point (AP) can technically involve either a wired or wireless connection, it commonly
means a wireless device. An AP works at the second OSI layer, the Data Link layer, and it can operate
either as a bridge connecting a standard wired network to wireless devices or as a router passing data
transmissions from one access point to another.

Question no.3-
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the address system of the Internet and has the core function of
delivering packets of information from a source device to a target device. IP is the primary way in which
network connections are made, and it establishes the basis of the Internet. IP does not handle packet
ordering or error checking. Such functionality requires another protocol, typically TCP.
The TCP/IP relationship is similar to sending someone a message written on a puzzle through the mail.
The message is written down and the puzzle is broken into pieces. Each piece then can travel through a
different postal route, some of which take longer than others. When the puzzle pieces arrive after
traversing their different paths, the pieces may be out of order. The Internet Protocol makes sure the
pieces arrive at their destination address. The TCP protocol can be thought of as the puzzle assembler on
the other side who puts the pieces together in the right order, asks for missing pieces to be resent, and lets
the sender know the puzzle has been received. TCP maintains the connection with the sender from before
the first puzzle piece is sent to after the final piece is sent.
IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that each unit of data is individually addressed and routed
from the source device to the target device, and the target does not send an acknowledgement back to the
source. That’s where protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) come in. TCP is used in
conjunction with IP in order to maintain a connection between the sender and the target and to ensure
packet order.