Microprocessor Interfacing 3/8/2019

Dr. Majid Naeem

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Bit Manipulation Bit Manipulation
• Shift Left (<<)
– 1 << 2 = 0000 0001 << 2 = 0000 0100 = 4 • AND (&) Both Bits are SAME
– 8 << 5 = 0000 1000 << 5 = 0000 0000 i = 15 & 170; 0000 1111
1010 1010
• Shift Right (>>) --------------------
– 4 >> 2 = 0000 0100 >> 2 = 0000 0001 = 1
0000 1010 = 10
– 8 >> 4 = 0000 1000 >> 4 = 0000 0000
• OR (|) Any Bit is ONE
In C i = 15 | 170; 0000 1111
i = 1; 1010 1010
i = i << 2; --------------------
i = i >> 2;
1010 1111 = 175
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Bit Manipulation Masking

• XOR (^) Both Bits are Different • To Find the Status / Value of a Bit in a Register
i = 15 ^ 170; 0000 1111 • A Mask is a Binary Number that contain 1s in
1010 1010 the bit position
--------------------
1010 0101 = 165
• (1 << 5) | (1 << 3) | (1 << 2)
• NOT (~) ZERO is ONE
i = ~ 0000 1111 // i become 1111 0000

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• Set Bit
– PORTB |= (1 << 2)
• Clear Bit
Masking

N
M – PORTB &= ~(1 << 2)
• Flip Bit
– PORTB ^= (1 << 2)
• Read Bit
– PORTB & (1 << 2)

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Data Direction Register (DDRx) DDR and PORT registers may be both written to, and read.
used to set a specific port pin to either output (1) or input (0), and PIN registers correspond to the state of inputs and may only be read.

PORTD maps to Arduino digital pins 0 to 7

DDRD - The Port D Data Direction Register - read/write
PORTD - The Port D Data Register - read/write
PIND - The Port D Input Pins Register - read only

Data Register (PORTx) PORTB maps to Arduino digital pins 8 to 13 The two high bits (6 & 7) map to
used to write output data to the port, the crystal pins and are not usable
DDRB - The Port B Data Direction Register - read/write
PORTB - The Port B Data Register - read/write
PINB - The Port B Input Pins Register - read only

PORTC maps to Arduino analog pins 0 to 5. Pins 6 & 7 are only accessible on
Input Pin Address (PINx) the Arduino Mini
used to read input data from the port. DDRC - The Port C Data Direction Register - read/write
PORTC - The Port C Data Register - read/write
PINC - The Port C Input Pins Register - read only

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Sinking Output

Sinking and Sourcing On The Same Output

Sourcing Output

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Pull-up Resistor

N {
// this code sets PB5 to an input with a pull-up enable

void setup()

DDRB &= ~(1 << DDB5); // Clear the PB5 pin. PB5 is now an input

PORTB |= (1 << PORTB5); // turn On the Pull-up

M }
// PB5 is now an input with pull-up enabled

Way To Hook Up A Switch With a Pull-up Activated

void loop()
{
if( (PINB & (1 << PINB5)) == 0) // we are using pull-up. 1 = switch off
{
// do something when PD5 is on
}
}

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Register Summary

DDRD |= (1 << DDD0); // sets bit DDD0 to 1 within register DDRD

// PD0 is now an output WOOT !!!

PORTD |= (1 << PORTD0); // turn on PD0

// PD0 is now an output and is sourcing VCC

PORTD &= ~(1 << PORTD0); // turn off PD0

// PDO is still an output and is now sinking 0V

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AVR memory layout
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