good morning friends in the previous lectures we have seen the moulding sand and its

ingredients we have learned that moulding sand contains the base sand and the second
ingredient is the a binder or it is also known as the clay the third ingredient is the additive
fourth grade ingredient is the moisture and yeah once we mix these ingredients and as we keep
pouring the molten metal as we keep reusing the sand what happens part of the clay becomes
dead dead clay because the pouring temperature is about to say ah seven hundred to say if it
is these are the aluminum alloys and it goes up to eighteen hundred degree centigrade if it is
the steel

now at such high temperature right the part of the clay near the mould cavity becomes dead
clay means it loses all its properties and it becomes the dead clay and as we keep reusing this
moulding sand the content of the dead clay increases not only that we must ah remember that
the moulding sand is subjected to most critical and tough situations what is the pouring
temperature the pouring temperature of the aluminum is between about to seven hundred and
fifty degrees to eight hundred degree centigrade what about steel the pouring temperature is
between seventeen hundred degrees to eighteen hundred degree centigrade at such high
temperatures the moulding sand may collapse or it may not offer us the required properties
thats why it is very important for a founder man to learn about the moulding sand properties in
this lecture we will be learning about the moulding sand properties
the properties of the moulding sand are one is the refractoriness second one permeability third
one cohesiveness fourth one adhesiveness fifth one flowability sixth one plasticity seventh one
green strength eight one dry strength ninth one hot strength tenth one hardness eleventh one
collapsibility twelfth one friability thirteenth one durability and finally the fourteenth one is the
compactability so these are the ah most what say required properties of an ideal moulding
sand
now let us learn about all these properties one by one first let us learn about the refractoriness
what is the refractoriness it is the ability of the moulding material to withstand the high
temperature of the liquid metal to be poured just now i have told you that the pouring
temperature is a very high temperature if it is aluminum the melting point of aluminum is six
hundred and sixty degrees centigrade and the pouring temperature will be between seven
hundred and fifty two eight hundred degree centigrade if it is steel the pouring temperature is
about seventeen hundred and fifty degree centigrade at such high temperature a molten metal
of such high pouring temperature when it is poured into the mould cavity what can happen it is
possible that the moulding sand may burn but a good moulding sand should withstand this
high temperature and it should not burn and it should not be damaged it should withstand this
high temperature till the entire solidification is over this property of the moulding sand is known
as the refractoriness what is its significance a moulding sand with poor refractoriness may burn
during the pouring and the casting surface may be damaged if the moulding sand doesnt
possess this ah refractoriness property what happens when we pour the molten metal at a high
temperature the part of the sand in the mould near the mould cavity surface will be burned and
it will be damaged
finally the surface of the casting will be damaged the degree of the refractoriness depends on
the quartz content that is the silicon dioxide shape and grain size of the particles the next
property is the permeability what is this permeability it is the ability of the moulding material to
allow hot gases to pass through it once we pour the molten metal remember that the moulding
sand contains the moisture once we pour the molten metal immediately the moisture comes in
contact with the molten metal and spontaneously it turns into vapor and this vapor has to
escape to the atmosphere through the mould how it can escape between the neighboring
grains there will be a small gap will be there clearance so it will be escaping through the
neighboring mall what say sand grains
so this is the permeability means it is the ability of the moulding material to (( )) the hot gases
to pass through that medium it is possible that some sands may not possess this good property
now what happens if the hot gases do not escape through the moulding medium to the
atmosphere they will be accommodated inside the moulding cavity ultimately the moulding
cavity will have the gas defects inside the what say surface are on the surface so we have to
ensure that the moulding sand kind possess this good property called the permeability right an
increase in the permeability usually indicates a more open structure in the rammed sand if the
rammed sand is a more open structure then naturally the permeability will be more it allows
more and more hot gases and steam because it is a not rammed what say tightly if the
permeability is too high then what will happen it will lead to penetration defects and rough
castings naturally even the permeability is too high means means what the what say sand
grains are not compacted very tightly they are loosely compacted means between the
neighboring sand grains there is large clearance is there and now the we pour the molten metal
and the molten metal its viscosity is very less because of its high temperature it can penetrate
anywhere and it penetrates into the clearance between the toes and grains neighboring sand
grains and it goes inside and inside and it causes a makes a fin this is the penetration defect
so if the permeability is too high means the structure is more open means it will lead to the
penetration defects not only that what happens to the mould cavity surface because we have a
not rammed it properly tightly it is loosely ram the mould what say cavity surface will have a
roughs structure rough what say ah texture because of that even the casting will develop a
rough surface thats why the permeability should not be too high next one ah yes a decrease in
permeability now let us see what happens if the permeability is too low indicates tighter packing
of sand naturally when we packed the sand very tightly what happens the clearance between
the neighboring sand grains will be very minimum in such a case the hot gases may not be able
to pass through the neighboring grains in such a case there is a decrease in the permeability
so what if the permeability is too low it could lead to blowholes and pin hole defect yes the
steam cannot escape through the what say sand medium to the atmosphere the hot gases
cannot escape to the atmosphere through the sand medium finally they will be accommodated
inside the mould cavity and finally on the casting surface there will be blow holes large large
what say air bubbles will be there or pinholes will be there small small ah what say a sized what
say holes will be there on the casting surface so that is what can happen if the permeability is
too low
so one has to maintain the permeability such that it is moderate neither it should be two high nor
it should be too low these are the factors influencing permeability one is the grain shape next
one grain fineness number gfn next one grain distribution next one moisture content next one
active clay and finally the additives now let us see how these factors influence the permeability
let us see the grain shape first of all ah you must remember that the sand grains are broadly
they can be classified into three types one is the round grains second one angular grains third
one sub angular grains here you can see these are the sand grains these are the round grains
and here you can see these are the angular grains and these are the sub angular grains
in the case of the round grains we get lower permeability whereas with the angular grains we
get the higher permeability whereas with the sub angular grains an intermediate permeability
and strength we get now let us see this graph influence of the grain shape on the permeability
now this is the this curve indicates the round sand grains whereas this curve indicates the
angular sand grains now this x axis indicates the moisture content and the y axis indicates the
permeability now let us consider the round grains as we increase the moisture its generally
yesterday we have seen that the moisture content varies from two percent to five percent yes
where it starts from two percent as we keep increasing which up to three percent it is increasing
but once it is three percent as we keep increasing the moisture content permeability is coming
down means the permeability will be maximum at about three percent of the moisture
similarly let us consider this one angular grains right the moisture content starts from the two
percent when it is about two point five the permeability is maximum once the moisture content
is more than two point five percent the permeability is slowly coming down so this is the what
say influence of the grain shape on the permeability so if from this graph we can know that
angular grains offer the ah higher permeability next one ah let us say the grain fineness
number grain fineness number indicates the finer grains right right so means if the grain
fineness number is high it means the sand grains are finer grains if the grain fineness number
is low means the sand grains are larger grain its are coarser grains such grains these fine
grains decrease the permeability but improve the surface finish naturally when there are fine
grains right so what say hot gases ah cannot escape very easily but surface finish will be very
good
lower grain fineness number indicates coarser grains such grains increase permeability yes
because their coarser there is more clearance between the neighboring sand grains so more
gases will be escaping through the medium but it reduces the surface finish what happens to
the surface finish yes because these are the larger grains they create a rough surface or rough
texture near the mould cavity accordingly even the casting will have a rough surface
now let us see this graph influence of grain fineness number on the permeability now you can
see this side is the coarser grains and this side is the finer grains right so as say the ah size of
the ah what say sands are becoming finer and finer what is happening the permeability is
coming down so this craft tells that the finer sand grains offer lower permeability whereas the
courser sand grains offer higher permeability
next one let us see the were under this factor influencing the permeability grain distribution
what is this grain distribution in a what say sand there will be different sizes of the sand grains
will be there right maybe larger sand grains will be there medium sand grains will be there
smaller sand grains will be there and very fine sand grains will be there now in the first case
you can see ah the distribution is only what say once what says size is there sand grains of
nearer size improve the permeability you here you can see only similar sizes are present in this
ah what say sand
let us come to the second case second in the second case two types of sizes are there you
can see ah these these are the bigger grains and in between the clearance there are small
grains now what is happening if that be the case means here the sand distribution is little wild
now what is happening previously there is more clearance here so the hot gases can easily
escape but in those clearances now the smaller grains are occupying now what happens these
blow these small grains block the passes of the hot gases that is how the permeability comes
down
now let us see the third case here you can see ah three types of the what say sand sizes one is
the bigger size and this is the medium size and this is very fine says at least in the second
case literally clearance is there through that clearance hot gases were passing now even in this
little clearance these second what say very fine sand grains are occupying then what happens
the clearance will be minimum and the ability of the hot gases to pass through these sand
grains will be extremely minimum means in the third case the sand distribution is very larger
very sand large grains are there medium sand grains are there very fine grains are there
means distribution is very wider distribution
so sand grains of variable sizes reduce the permeability next one what about the moisture
content influence of the moisture on the permeability so here we can see in this graph this is
the moisture content and this is the permeability right so this these numbers indicate the grain
fineness number remember if the grain fineness number is very high that indicates the there
are very fine sand grains are there on the other hand if the grain fineness number is very low it
indicates that the sand grains are very larger or very coarser
now we can see this is the grain fineness number hundred and eight means this is a fine sand
so the permeability is very low and again it varies with the moisture content when the moisture
content is one percent it is like this but as we keep increasing at about two point five percent it
reaches the maximum permeability and slowly it again it comes down and as we the what say a
grain fineness number is decreasing the permeability is increasing in each case the here the
per what say grain fineness number is seventy eight even in this seventy eight is a you can see
the moisture content is one percent and it slowly it is increasing but once it reaches about two
point five percent and again it is decreasing and same is the case with the other grain fineness
numbers also
so from this graph we can know that as we increase the moisture content from the minimum
amount the permeability will be increasing to certain level once it crosses above to two percent
or two and half percent again as we keep increasing the moisture addition the permeability will
be coming down now let us see the influence of the clay on the ah permeability here we are
telling means because we are ah ignoring the dead clay so we are talking about the active clay
right
so among the in the previous lectures we have seen that among the clays right so bentonite is
the most popular clay so here so here we can see this x axis indicates the bentonite percent
and the y axis indicates the permeability now we can see this is the two percent moisture and
say when the moisture content is two percent the permeability is this much at about hundred
and fifteen like that but as we increase the bentonite content what is happening to the
permeability it is gradually decreasing means what we can conclude with the what say increase
in the bentonite or with increase in the clay content permeability gradually comes down
because this bentonite what say is a fine particles so they occupy between the clearance of
the sand grains that is how they block the hot gases or the ah what say steam
next one same is the case with the this is the for what say four percent moisture we can see
here here also with the increase in the bentonite or the clay content the permeability is coming
down next one let us see the influence of additives on the permeability right so here this is the
moisture content and this is the permeability right of course this is the bentonite and this is the
the fire clay which is a an additive and so what is its influence on the permeability when the
moisture content is two percent right so the permeability is this much as we what say increase
the moisture content and right with the per what say ah the permeability is coming down so this
is the effect of the additives on the permeability
next one let us see the cohesiveness what is this cohesiveness it is the ability of the sand
particles to stick to each other right here even if it is what say held like this so once we press it
it should take the same shape after we press it should not go back to its original shape that is
the cohesiveness the ability of the sand particles to stick to each other what is its significance a
sand with good cohesiveness doesnt break after the moulding and during pouring that is the
significance of the cohesiveness
next one let us see the adhesiveness it is the ability of the moulding sand to stick with the inner
walls of the moulding box that is the adhesiveness means cohesiveness means it is what say
binding between the what say sand particles whereas ah adhesiveness means binding
between these sand particles and the walls of the mould box and what is its significance if the
adhesiveness of the sand is good the sand doesnt drop down from the moulding boxes during
the mould handling yes if there is no adhesiveness right what happens we compact the sand in
the moulding sand and yes we hold the moulding box with the handles as we are carrying
suddenly the mould may drop down because there is no binding between the moulding sand
and the walls of the moulding box means there is no adhesiveness
so a good moulding sand should possess this important property good property that is known as
the adhesiveness next one let us see the flowability it is the ability of the moulding sand to flow
and get compacted all around the pattern and take up the required shape sometimes the
pattern may have a what say a very fine features and it may have a very complex features if it
is not a good moulding sand it just what say takes a rough what say compaction around the
pattern what about the fine details it may not to occupy strictly around the fine details there
may be complex details maybe there just it occupies around the complex details but it may not
strictly occupy around the complex details then what will happens with such a pair what say
moulding sand we with draw the pattern and we pour the molten metal we finally in the casting
we cant see the required features but a good moulding sand should possess this property the
flowability means where as we keep ramming the what say sand it should strictly occupy
around the fine details around the complex details and it should reproduce the what say
patterns details on the casting that is known as the flowability
now what are the factors influencing the flowability round grains increase the flowability
excessive binder are the clay decreases the flowability excessive additive like cereal reduces
the flowability next one let us see the plasticity what is plasticity it is the ability of the moulding
sand to retain the shape given to it after the process of compaction around the pattern yes we
take a pattern and around that pattern we what say place the moulding sand and we compact
it and we compact tightly then we withdraw the pattern now if it is not a good moulding sand oft
we withdraw the pattern the shape may change that be the case we may not get the required
geometry for the casting but a good moulding sand should strictly retain the shape given to it
and the shape should not alter after the pattern is withdrawn the shape should not alter during
pouring the shape should not alter during solidification that ability that property is known as the
plasticity right so this is the significance when the moulding sand has good plasticity the shape
of the cavity doesnt change after the compaction not only after the compaction during pouring it
should not change during solidification it should not change
next one let us see the green strength first of all ah in the previous class we have seen that
green sand what is the meaning the green sand green sand means the moulding sand in which
the moisture is present right the moulding sand that contains moisture is termed as the green
sand right now what is this green strength green strength is the ability of the moulding sand to
retain the shape of the constructed mould in its green state means when the moisture is present
it should what say retain the shape given to it next one the green strength of fine sand is higher
than the course sand and if we use two as what say two sands one is the fine sand and the
other one is the course sand naturally the core find sand will have a better green strength for
the same ingredients added to them so this is the influence of what say green shape on the
green strength
here we can see this is the moisture x axis and the y axis shows the green strength right so for
the round grains as the moisture is increasing right you see it is gradually decreasing with the
increasing the moisture and this line indicates the angular grains for the angular grains also
with increase in the moisture the green strength is gradually decreasing but when we see these
two graphs what we can conclude the round grains offer better green strength compared to the
angular grains now this is the influence of grain size on the ah green strength previously we
have seen the influence of the grain shape now this the grain size
now you can see here this side the left side indicates the coarser grains the right side indicates
the fine grains now of course ah yes we are starting the here what is happening from the
coarse grains as the sand becomes finer and finer what is happening the green strength is
gradually increasing so what does this graph tell us as the what say sand becomes finer and
finer or as we use finer and finer sand the green sand will become more and more that is the
information we can obtain from this graph
next one influence of grain size on the green strength now yeah in this graph we can see what
say the green strength of different sands of different what say grain fineness now you you can
see here four graphs are there this graphs grain fineness number is fifty three this for this graph
for this sand the grain fineness number is sixty three for this sand the grain fineness number in
about seventy eight seventy eight and this is hundred and eight what is this grain fineness
number i have already told grain fineness number if then that number is high it indicates a finer
sand
now you can see here this is the sand whose grain fineness number is fifty three means this is
the coarser sand this is sixty three somewhat what say finer sand and here we can see the
grain fineness number is seventy eight this is still finer and hundred eight and it is more finer
but of course we as the moisture content is increasing at once stairs the permeability green
strength will be maximum and it is gradually coming down but when we look at these four
graphs what we can understand a sand of higher grain fineness number offers better or higher
green strength or a sand of what say very fine sand a finer sand offers a better or a green
higher green strength
next one influence of the mulling time on the green strength what is this mulling mulling means
we there will be a sand muller will be there right so we place the all the ingredients the base
sand the what say clay are the binder the additives the moisture all directly in the required
proportion we put them inside the what say muller and we rotate it the muller has two blades
and two rollers as the rollers are rotating as the blades are sweeping the sand they are no what
say ah well nourished all these ingredients this is known as the mulling so this mulling has an
effect on the green strength
let us see this x axis indicates the mulling time the y axis indicates the green strength as the
what say mulling time is increasing right so this is the time in minutes it starts say about say of
minute say when it reaches about two minutes we get the maximum green strength beyond two
minutes even if we further mullet there may not be considerable hike in the green strength there
are what we can learn from this graph and again the green strength there are what say we can
measure it in two ways one is the green compression strength and the second one is the green
shear strength
now you we can see here this is a graph right the influence of the southern bentonite on the
green compression strength in the previous class we have seen that bentonite is the most
popular clay or it is the most popular binder again this bentonite is divided in is two types right
ah among the two types one is the ah southern bentonite and the other one is the western
bentonite right so influence of the southern bentonite on the green compression strength and
here we can see the x axis is the tempering water and the y axis is the green compression
strength
now what is happening is so as we increase the what say a moisture content gradually it is
increasing and it is coming down right so that is say the all these all indicate the clay percentage
is here they have added two percent clay here this is a four percent clay five percent clay and
twelve percent clay fifteen percent clay and so on in each case what is happening is the
moisture with increasing the moisture content the green compression strength is increasing and
then it is coming down but when we consider all these curves what we can learn what we can
learn right so a what say a higher bentonite content use the higher green compression strength
that is what we can learn from this graph
now this is the influence of the western bentonite on the green compression strength and here
we can see the x axis is the ah what say tempering water and the y axis is the green
compression strength and here we can see ah what say different two graphs representing
different clay additions clay here the clay is the western bentonite and the same thing is
happening here as we keep increasing the moisture content it raises and it comes down it rises
and it comes down that way when we consider all these what say curves together what we can
know with increase in the western bentonite the green compression strength increases that is
the what say inference from this graph
next one influence of kaolinite on the green compression strength so right so this is another
binder now let us see ah yes this is the x axis is the tempering water and y axis is the green
compression strength and we can see different curves are there and each curve represents the
a particular clay content now as we increase the what say moisture content it is the it is
increasing and it is coming down it is increasing and it is coming down but when we compare
when we consider all these graphs together what we can know with increase in the addition of
the kaolinite the green compression strength will be increasing
next one influence of green shape on green compression strength now here we can see these
are the ah what say this curve indicates the angular grains this curve indicates the rounded
grains and this is the x axis is the tempering water and y axis is the green compression strength
now as we increase the water water content for the angular grains the green compression
strength is gradually coming down and same thing is happening with the rounded grains also as
we increase the water content the green compression strength is gradually coming down but
when we ah consider both these graphs what we can know the rounded grains offer higher
green compression strength right so this is the influence of the grain shape on the green
compression strength
so so for we have learned ah say ah all these properties we have seen among the properties of
the moulding sands next one let us see the dry strength what is the dry strength just now we
have seen that green sand means the moulding sand in which the moisturize present and into
that mould we pour the molten metal and within few minutes the moisture will be evaporated the
mould becomes dry maybe in the presence of the moisture the moulding sand may possess the
strength which we call it as the green strength but in the absence of the moisture the sand may
not possess the required strength to hold the molten metal are to hold the shape of the cavity
but a good moulding sand should possess the strength even in the absence of the moisture this
is known as the dry strength
so it is the ability of the moulding sand or the moulding material to retain the exact shape of the
mould cavity in the dry condition when the molten metal is poured into the mould and to
withstand the withstand the metallostatic pressure of the liquid metal not only that it in the
absence of the moisture it should contain it should what say ah what say it should contain the
same shape and also it should withstand the metallostatic pressure of the liquid metal now dry
strength is increasing increased by the mixing of additive like dextrin and the previous class we
have seen that we mix the additives along with the clay why these additives offer us the some
special properties and the minimize the defects
so when we add the dextrin the dry strength will be increasing again this dry strength can be
measured in two ways one is the dry shear strength and the other one is the dry compression
strength so far ah we have seen up to dry strength next one let us see the hot strength what is
the hot strength we have seen the green strength green strength means strength of the mould in
the presence of the moisture are the ability of the mould to what say retain the shape in the
presence of the moisture next do that we have seen dry strength what is that ability of the
mound to retain the shape and to accommodate the who ah what say molten metal in the
absence of the moisture immediately after pouring of the molten metal within a few minutes the
moisture will be dried out but this molten metal will be in the cavity for about one hour for about
say at least about twenty minutes to half an hour it will be in the liquid state
now not only that definitely there is no moisture there is there is what say ah we cant say it is
the green strength not only it is dry it becomes very hot the temperature of the mould becomes
very high in such a state maybe just immediately after pouring in the absence of the moisture it
may have the ability to hold the shape and to accommodate the molten metal and to with stand
the a what say ah this pressure from the molten metal but when the temperature raises up it
may not have the strength but your good moulding sand should possess the strength even
when its temperature is very high that is known as the hot strength it is the ability of the
moulding material to retain the exact shape of the moulding cavity at an elevated temperature
hot strength is increased by mixing of additives like pitch and pitch is one of the additive so
when we mix the pitch along with the what say moulding sand ingredients so this hot strength
will be increasing next one let us see this hardness it is the ability of the moulding sand to resist
any inadvertent and unwanted deformations after the process of compaction around the pattern
yes we what say put the pattern inside the moulding box and we place the moulding sand and
we compact it and we ram it and after that we take the or we with draw the pattern from the
mould
now the mould should have the ability to resist any unwanted deformations maybe ah
unwantedly so someone may try to what say push it or what say hit it in such a case if these
are the ah what say ah what say these are done at a moderate pressure the mould what say
shape should not change right so this not be any deformation to the shape of the mould cavity
this property is known as the hardness hardness depends upon the degree of ramming clay
content and moisture next one let us see the collapsibility what is this collapsibility it is the
ability of the moulding sand to get collapsed after the casting solidifies now what we do during
after this solidification is over we make the mould then we pore the molten metal into the mould
after sometime the molten metal solidifies and after solidification what we do we bake the sand
to take the casting outside
sometimes the casting what say ah the moulding sand will be so hard that we have to put extra
or extreme labor to what say break the mould and to take the casting outside in such a case the
moulding sand has pour collapsibility whereas a good moulding sand should have a good
collapsibility means it should be easily breakable after the casting has solidified now this is very
important the moulding sand should possess the green strength it should possess the dry
strength it should possess the hot strength at the same time it should possess the collapsibility
otherwise ah what say breaking the mould or this is known as the shakeout it is also known as
knock out this process becomes extremely tough now we a good moulding sand should
possess good collapsibility means it should be easily breakable
presence of additives like wood flour will improve the collapsibility of a moulding sand in the
previous lecture we have seen the above about the wood flour what is this wood flour this is
the pulverized wood its a wood powder and what about its shape it shape will be a fine powder
and sometimes it ah sometimes and few particles will be as big as a rice grain now these what
say a particles of the wood floor will be occupying between the neighboring sand grains and
because of the presence of the wood flour the collapsibility will be improved we can easily break
the moulding sand after the solidification of the casting
next property is the friability what is this friability it is the ability of the moulding sand to crumble
after solidification of the casting is over what is this just now we have seen the collapsibility yeah
the collapsibility is looking similar to the friability collapsibility generally it refers to the mould if
we are able to break the mould into two pieces then it has the would collapsibility once ah we
make it into two pieces or two or three pieces yes we can take the casting outside various
friability is different friability means generally it refers to the course suppose we place a core
inside the moulding sand these course are kept to get the hollow cavity since yard the casting
these course are also made up of some special course sand this course sand we will be
studying in the next lectures
now unless it is not enough for us to break the ah what say course into two pieces if we we can
make the course sand into two pieces it is not enough we should be in a position to make it into
small small pieces then only the entire core will come out that is the friability right so that is the
ability of the moulding sand to crumble after the solidification of the casting is over now how to
improve this property excessive of use use of additives like dextrin could reduce the friability we
have seen dextrin is one of the important additives of the sand ingredients right moulding sand
ingredients so one should not use excessive dextrin if once this dextrin is what say excessively
used the property of the friability will come down
next one the durability what is this durability it is the ability of the moulding sand to withstand
repeated cycles of heating and cooling during the casting operations now what we are doing in
the metal casting we mix the ingredients of the moulding sand we make the mould we pour the
molten metal the molten metal solidifies after solidification is over we break that sand the sand
is totally dry in such a state now we take the casting outside we clean the casting the right then
what we do again this sand will be reused it will be mixed with the water a little more what say
clay or the binder will be added again it with the hole all this what say sand will be ah what say
placed inside the sand muller and it will be temper again a mould will be created again we pour
the molten metal and after solidification we break it and we take the sand again again we
temperate and this process keeps on going on and it goes on like this but if the sand doesnt
have a good durability property what happens maybe after we use it for two after two or three
times the sand may not offer the required properties
but a good moulding sand should possess this durability property means even when we are
using it repeatedly using it means what what is happening we are moulding it then it is
subjected to high temperature then it cools down then we break it again it will be we mix the
water means it is subjected to cooler ah conditions we temperate and this cycle goes on with all
this what say complicated cycle the sand should not lose its properties this is known as the
durability it is the ability of the moulding stands sand to withstand the repeated cycles of heating
and cooling during the casting operations
finally let us learn about the compactability what is this compactability compactability indicates
the water tempering degree of the green sand moulding right compactability is the percentage
decrease in height of a loose mass of sand under the influence of a controlled compaction
maybe we take the loose sand and put it in side a what say ah container and try to what say
give somewhat say jerks to what extent it will be compacting that is the compactability so high
compactability could result in improved dimensions right a better casting finish and less mould
penetration so these are the benefits i can say if the moulding sand has got the higher
compactability
now these are the drawbacks of gas or blow or the pinhole defects may arise or brittle mould
surface may be there or expansion problems will be there and finally difficult shakeout or the
knockout problem will be there if they sand possess the high compatibility low compactability
could result in friable edges next one crushes or the inclusions next one mechanical penetration
cuts and washes cope drops oversize castings and rough castings factors affecting the
compactability water content the second factor is the mixing time or the mulling time the third
factor is the active clay and the loi levels means loss on ignition
next one the quality of bentonite right next one the type of additives like see coal starch and the
cereals so these factors influence the compactability and here we can see ah we can better
understand this compactability right so the dry sand is ah what say place inside a container and
loosely inside like this so this is a what say specimen specimen tube now say it is given some
kind of what say ah jerks or the what say it is a ram right so the sanding is compacted up to this
level and with further ramming right it it has come to this level
now we can say in the second case the compactibility is what say average in this what say right
in this case the what say compactibility is average and in this case the compactibility is very
high means it is able to get compacted very high thats why the third case the compactibility is
very high and here we can see yes this is the compactibility this y axis and this x axis indicates
the water content and these three curves indicate the different clay additions
now what is happening is now as why as we increase these what say clay content right so even
this compactibility will be increasing friends ah in this class or in this lecture we have seen that
the a good moulding sand should possess certain important properties and we have seen that
so these properties are refractoriness permeability cohesiveness adhesiveness flowability
plasticity green strength dry strength hot strength hardness collapsibility friability durability and
compactability and we have learnt what these properties are and what happens if the moulding
sand doesnt possess these good properties and we have seen what are the factors influencing
these probe what say properties and how to improve them and in the next lecture let us see how
to measure these properties so our next lecture will be what say moulding sand testing
thank you