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 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

Rqa/blመ/gልማg„·&~h&gvd
u~/ff7f„·&~h&gflb•˘

aሐ.201ም
q‚/qRU

W'dሚc/f'
3
 W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR†መመ†
q•“o(R'¶ል?¶ምbybል)
qhመffR:ለ˛/ላ.8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gflምሆeሀWgUለሙ†
qhRለሃRff( RR'dሚc/f'flW'dg%f/+'ሜ/7fu˘f,
flመ/gd»&·e¸2(%ምg%f/+'ሜ7f
q˘f„/15ሊg
qhS'=Sላ85ሞ8- y¶/W/W/ሕ/~/መf/gflqa/blvdሉ=?fመ/g
»•*ሎ2(˘~gy*blflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†
qhb8መu/˛W'uልb/ማ'†ም8 - yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&gy*bl
flq%'dሃሉR=vdልማgUለሙ†
qheሃ?˛WqW˛W—'—/8- yw(ሚ†~ልልflqa/bldሉ=?fመ/g»•*ሎ
2(˘~gy*blflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†
…/'q|ሉb8መ*&8- yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&g
flማህR%ምሆey*blbመ%ማ
qh%fe·ማም†,f8- yW'dሚc/f'flu~/ff7f„·&~h&gy*bl
flu~/ff7fሚc}7fUለሙ†
s/'ለ:Rላ·q»ማ+8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gy*blflመ/gመሃf‚/
qh·ሁeqለምaህb˛i8- yW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg
„·&~h&gflምሆeሀWgUለሙ†

ለመመ†⁄¸gq/bw†¶ˇ
flqa/bl vd ሉ=?f መ/g »•* *ሎ 2(˘~g vd flq%cም ~ልሎo flW'd T(
flu~/ff7fUለሙ†o(w(ሚ†:qማ%:¶/W/W/ሕvdg%·)

flመ˘መ†gም
aሐ.201ም
RW'dሚc/f'flqa/blመ/gልማg„·&~h&gvdflu~*ff7f„·&~h&g
R•%gWW'flb•˘a88

/ለ¡ህgም
·ህ መመ† flመ˘መ† gም ,ሆf flb•˘ ለUለqa/bl ·¥e flመ/g ልማg
bሃ=ሚo flሚ*ሃf flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg ለማ•˛ሉ vd መሠg
ለመሆል vf‚ሁም Rመ/g ልማg % ላ· b*ማ'b ለሚ˛j flመ/g Uለሙ†od
flመ/gልማgሠ%booሙ†»•*dመመ†ለመ/ሃg†˛ለላል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

መል~g
flUለqa/bl ·¥e መ/g ልማg q'0 q¶fd y'ል q'Wh q¶f ¶ ˛R† b'
flsgሚ'gvdy*blsgሚ†ሃ:ሜe†ላjf*Wሎo¶ማምgማ2•˛'
vf‚ሁም flqfl' fWg ለሉf flሚCCም ላ flqf” W'd ልማg q?ሆሏ a8
8 ·ህf ላማ ለማ-|g መf/g ለv†f„f• q'0/q'Wh q¶' Vb*W ለሙሉ ·ም
ለ¶•' መ/g flሚል T†f/ qf» flመ/g ሃ qማ%ሑ vf‚g ለማ/mል ል
flሆaflqሑ'dfl¸ም—£Wq/:ምላል8Rሀ8 ˛'¶flqa/blq'0/q'Whq¶'·¥e
flመ/g /g%f¨ መ ምfሑ መ*g sgሙ† 1 ሚሊf ሄ/' Rመ/g flማልማg
q?ም †ላg ,ሆf qማ|· flq'0/q'Wh q¶' መ/g ˛W ·¥e 0.3 ሄ/' Tሆf ¶ 30
ሚሊf flሚ¶'+ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o bሃ=ሚ ·ሆdሉ bWሎ
·˛መeል88 /ለሆaም flW'd ሚc/f' RRzሉ flUለqa/bl መ*g ·¥e q'0/q'Wh
q¶(oflመ/gልማg/g%g¨d2(%ሞofለማ/%ም⁄'⁄'መመ†od¶fXof
ለሁሉም fl'& %ሟሚ q|ላg ማ»/ -n ሚd vf„ለ Rመ˛fW flW'd ሚc/f'
flu~*ff7f q˛ልሎcf Rማሃdy' ላd q/bማማn flመ/g ልማg qልሎgf
ለማ•˛ሉyመ/gልማg*ላgልflefl„*ሉdg: - ሉdgd‚¢·f:fUed~ggል:
ሃ qሃ=:ም: flbለ† flb55ሉ መ/g q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎ¨of qሃ=:ም
ለbሃ=ሚህWb*WRማ/b?dRማላማ»;Wሎምbሃ=ሚለማ»ሀ˛%flሆa
flመ/g u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg qb˛UR' መመ† Rማ•˘g y*bl flሆa vf?/=.
Rማ»ላ··˛lል88

yላ· bመለybf *' flሆa flW'd ልማg '* ላd q/bማማn ለማ» flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fRdagqa/bldflመ/ *(' gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማCCምd
Rማ¶%˘g ሁለfbd flመ/g ሃ ልማgd q/b„¶' ለqa/bld *(' ሃ bሃ=ሚ
q'0/q'Whq¶(oflም~'dfl/ልሃd»•*q˛ልሎgRመ/ሃgflመ/g*Wልም'gd
ም'eማagfለማ-¶:flመ/gም'g˛R†g//'fለማመf:flb55ሉdq„‚*flመ/g
f~gሎ¨of qሃ=:ም bU% ለማ»: flመ/g Wg q?'Xgf ለማ-ለሉ:
qa/bld *(' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rማሃdy' :gd ~ህሎgf
Rማ„R' ም'ሉ bሞ~(of Rመ:መ' flማ/(g /% Rመ/%g bሃ=ሚofd q•'
q|ላgfR•%flሚ†*bUW'መመ††/%ል•ል88

fl¡ህ መመ† ⁄¸g fl)¶%ል: fl~ልል bCማgd flልማg q•(of b-g+d ?f¸g
flሃfl: aR'8 Rመሆbም R¡ህ q•ሆሚ ለb:መሄ flመ*g ልማg u~/ff7f መbR†
መመ†?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆj-nˇ„o/ሉRq‚+u~/ff7f/g%f¨መ*g
bU% Rማ» *ላgf መ*g †¶˛ ˛R† b' መ'ህf bygሎ flመ/g *Wሎof
ማምg: b(*/f መ*g †¶˛d qf” ልማgf Rማ•˛ሉ: yq|UT •' b/ማሚ
flሆb f~gሎ¨of Rመሃ:ም: fl.hofd ሆhof flልማg b-g+d bሃ=ሚag

W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
 W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Rማ•˛ሉ: ze ˛ሃም flመ/g qመ%g ”f Rመybል: ˛R† b' b-g+q

flu~/ff7f qልሎgf ማ•˛ሉ q/%ላ— a88 ለeማd :ልሆ( flu~/ff7f
q˛ለልሎg vf‚*' flሚ†*%ል˛f *' qም%o fl* u·ልd ሌሎo መ*e
ሃWhof(መ&g:ˇልRgdሃ)Rማ*U*Wምy*bl'W'Wd»•vf‚†¶'
* ˇሁሉfም
Uለ»'5q|ላgለማ-*Wv„ለሁ8

/(flea7uˇflW'du~/ff7f„·&~h&g„·&~b'
RW'dሚc/f'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

ም/•d
ለeማ flመ/g /ልሃdd ም~' /ልhof ለማ/%ም Wሔ% flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f መመ† ማ•˘g q/%ላ— a:: Rመሆbም flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od
q„‚/f~gሎ¨of:flWgq?'Xgfvdfl˛R†g/q˛ልሎg /' q*/'gf
ሆሉ
vd flf~gሎ¨ 7' ማልRmof ለማ55ል flመ/g u bሃ=ሚofd flመ/g
flu~/ff7f Uለሙ†of qልሎg ለመ/ሃg flሚ†/oል መመ† b•¸iል:: ·ህ
መመ† Rሁሉም flመ/g ?ho RW'd ሚc/f' flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/('†
„·&~h&gdflu~*ff7f„·&~h&gflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚofvdq/%ሚof
flመ/gልማgም'gdም'eማagfለማ-¶ላq˛ልሎg·*ሆልbWሎ·eመdል8
8WሃbR˛ሃq|UTRሕ⁄Wb-g+flሚ*dflሚb„¶flUለqa/bl·¥eflመ/g
bCማg flልማg ለg ¶|ማ flሚሆfRg d ;ል* o' R¶|ማ fl˛R† g//'
o',ሆfqf„f»—£ም~f†hk:ላልd·ምR:ላሉሊb˛Rflሚoሉdj8a˛' 8
f Rqf„f» flመመ†d flq*%' ˇ»ለho ም~f†g flu~/ff7f ?» qሎo
flመ/gf '* ለbCማ »˛g ·ም ለbyee· gR%o q%ሟሜም ማ¶ R
gzg /ላል*ሄ ·ም R~ልል መfeho R †ልሆa .~b' መ/† Vhof
flማ/b-*' /% /ላልb*% ለbሃ=ሚ flbሃ#መd yልማg q•(o •'ም †ለb:d˘
መሆbf b˛f⁄Rdል88 qUWag Uለ ?» Uለመመ%c ም~c†g '% W o(of:
ማህR%vds|UT†bvgo:fl˛R†g/o' /' vd⁄?blም'eማagfle;
መ˛ለሏoሆaRመ/gልማgeofላ·vf?(g,ሆb#·bል8va¡ህ 8 መመ†o
Rqa/blflመ/gልማgq*%(oqb˛UR'ላ·flb%flመ/ :; gልማgq*%(ofvd
flመ/g ልማgf Rbመለyb ¶'g ለሚy*c flመ/g bye· መd q:%Xof vd
flq%ም”ofRማ-flg-nሚd·g%jል88
fl¡ህ መመ† ⁄¸g f ሊሆf flmለ RW'd ሚc/f' qa/bl መ/g ልማg
ማ-('† „·&~h&g vd flu~*ff7f „·&~h&g vf‚ሁም ሌሎo Uለ»'5 q|ላg
y*bl q/bd »•* a88 ለ⁄¸cም መ Rመ/ሃgd Rf~c~ ሚf qUልag
b-g+ R)¶%ል W'd ሚc/f' flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/('† „·&~h&g:
flu~*ff7f„·&~h&gdR~ልልመfegT(oy*blUለሙ†ofl•?f¸g %
fመሆf/ለmለy*blም*•dላ:'Wv„ለሁ8
Rመሌ5ምለ¡ህመመ†⁄¸gfl(·df/df~c~»•q/* bላ¶ˇgfle'ላf»d
fl|d„ መf/eg flqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g »•* 2(˘~g Rqa/bl መ/g ልማg vd
Ru~*ff7f„·&~h&g/ምy*blም/•dላ:'Wv„ለሁ8

qhuሊ†/qልflqa/blመ/gልማgማ/('†„·&~b'
RW'dሚc/f'

W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE i
 W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

መ?»ም
·ህ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መbR† መመ† Rq' ም%+o :'Yል88
flመ˘መ†ም%*flመ/gልማgRsg††ለሁeeqሃ'Uለመልz:'Yል88
vf‚ሁምመ//ለ gu~/ff7fq*q/ሆሉ %ላ—ag:flመ/gflu~/ff7fመ'ሆofvd
q/%ላ—agfg'ˇምRg~~ል†/„ል88ሁለblም%*flመ/gf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ:
u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vd መሠe Uህ†g flሚ†መለ~g ,ሆf 0/bl ም%*
q-e' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልgd ” ምf vf¶ሚመ/ል flbaba a88 q%bl
ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bUXg ”of መምሉ: :gf flመ:መ'd
vdflq„‚/ለhongvf”gvf¶ሚመ˛W·˛ልል8qም/ 8 blም%flመ/
* g
*Wሎo fl˛R† ም'g/ሞ‚d/ v.g *f*ለg q:%W: fl˛R† »ሎof ለመ*ሃ' vd
flም'ho R/'g መ†⁄ fl˛R† b%ላ—agf vf”g vf¶ሚሌም' †-=ል88 ም%*
/»/g flመ/g ልማg /ልሃd „*- ሉdg /ልሃd ላ· †ለf flf¢V q*ሆሉd q*%'
ሂ¶gf flሚbagf ,ሆf R*Ubl ም%* flመ/g ልማg *%boo(IDAs) bU'd
ሚd vf‚ሁም Rም%* /ምfg flbCማg g//' fjagd gWW' ምf መመ/*ል
vf„ለRg ·˛ልሟል88 Rሃal ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl?» q˛˘g
ሂ¶ho flሚ†-· ,ሆf Rመሌ5ም Rq/l ም%* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
qb˛UR' fl~ggል:ም˛ማd መማማ': ም~f†e flu~/ff7f /ልሃd flመ/g b(*/
bሃ=ሚof b˛T flመማ' ” vf”g flመ*g u~*ff7f Uለሙ† ·ም {ል
vf¶ሚyebልd»•*vf¶ሚ†¶'መመ†·*ሆል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
ii መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

fl;ል*=ላhoመ*m
R¡ህሀ˛%flመ/gu~*ff7fመመ†dd;ል*=ላgg'ሜ;

መ/g ልማg ማለg R ⁄dW RሌለRg ?g ·ም ⁄dW Rማ·fWRg Xed ?g

†ለf flሃ qማ%ሑ; fl⁄dW: fl˛-ም»'d fly'*-ም»' ሃf bሃ?ሞ ለ*Wል:
ለvf/-g መg ልማg: ለሉም' ¶fd ሌሎo flW'd ልማhof ለማ|ሄ» Rv»˛ej
?gy⁄dWflማ†˛jgfdflሚ†/%ል•jfflሃመሃfRሙ·ም ሉ R¶•ለ*Wሉ'
·ም ለመg ሃ Rመ/ሃgd flሃ vሉgf Rመyላyል ም'gd ም'eማagf ለማ-¶
vdflሉ%g¶fለመሃR?flሚ†/oል*ሠ%7f~gሎ¨a8

መdመ*g ማለg:ሆ·ag†ለf~c|dq/b„¶%flመ/gbCማgfflመሠb-
ልማg: flመ/g ሃ q*U*W: flሃ /'ሑg: flሃ qሃ=:ምfd ~**ልf Rማመf
ምሆeሃWgq††⁄f(ˇልRgf:ሃf:sgሚfdq|UTf)መ'ህ†¶˛flመ/gbCማ
ለሉdflq*%'ሂ¶gማለga88

flመ/g ልማg {ል (IDA)8- ማለg flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† ,ሆf R*Wል ልማgd
Rvf/-g መg ልማg ላ· †b flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof Rማ-b*: flመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማሃdy'flWg : q?'XgfRማ-¶:flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0/
q'Whq¶'fjagfRማሃdy'ybCማgfl»•*q˛ልሎg•'Rማ/b-*'flመ/g
qe'fለeማለማ»ሁለfbdflሙ†»•*ማ»flሚoልdሙ††ለ/
ላg ለም-ሌ b(*/f መ*g †¶˛ Rመ/g ሙ† '* fl*ለሃa/o ·fም R—£†ag
R~ልdR:Rሌላ·bመ»X/Uflሚ*%/flምg*%Uለሙ†ማለga88

flUለ qa/bl q'0 q¶(o flመ/g ልማg 8- ማለg ·ህ =ል flb*ሃ g'ˇም Rልም
ሆa R•% Rማflም flሃ ማl ” Rq'0 q¶' ·ም Ry'ል q'Wh q¶' ማ-
ላ· flሚለማ flመ/g መ&g ማለg a88 ·ህ ማለg q'0 q¶' ·ም q'Wh q¶'
flሚሃ:ማjf ማflfም flመ/g bCማg yVb*W ¶ v/y q'0 q¶' /W/W
(ማህR*W)R•flሚ% ለማflqa/bl:መ|yለlvf‚ሁምy*blflመ/gbCም/·¥efl†
flመ/gልማgfflሚ†?*ማለga88

flመ/gማ-ze˛ሃምS»f8- ማለgRqf»flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(o
ማ-j ze ˛ሃም ሆg flqf» 2l:3l ·ም 4l ¶ flመ/g ሃ X·f R•%
flሚሃ:vd
ሙ W¢ejv/yqም/gflሚ¶'q'+ 0/q'Whq¶(o,ሆby/ሆj
qf•flva+S»fመa88

Rመ/g ልማg S»f8- ማለg R/ሄ v/y qም/g flመ/g ማ- ze ˛ሃም S»gof
†|bb,ሆfለመ/gሃqሃ=:ም:ለze˛ሃም*Wልqመ%gለWg : q?'Xg:
ለም'g W·g vd qሃ=ላ· Rመ/g ልማg Rzል ለሚ%ሃ o(o R•% flመ*gሄ
q?ሆሏRማ/:መሉvdRመ*egflሚf:-:/flልማgS»fa88

W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE iii
 W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

flqሕgb=ላgመ*m
ADPLAC8- flW'dልማgq•'q|ላgfjagqማ||f/ል
AIOMP8- flW'dWgvdflም'g˛R†g//'
ATA8- flW'dg%f/+'ሜ7fu˘f,
AWP8- መefl%?»
BoA8- W'dT(
BoWRD8- flሃሀWgልማgT(
CPA8- flህWg%ልማgu˘f,
CPP8- flህWg%ማ/('†ሂ¶g
DA8- flልማgሠ%bl
EABC8- flsgሙ†W'd/%o'3&2f
ESE8- flsgሙ†ም'ሉ'»'¸g
FAO8- flምWdv'5»'¸g
FFG8- flq'0q¶'ሉdgS»f
FINA8- flq'0q¶'መ*ላg„*-
FTC8- flq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlማyል
HHMI flVb*Wqa/blመ/g
ICT8- flመfjagf~gሎ¨
IDA8- flመ/gflልማgሠ%bl
IEP8- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g
IMC8- flመ/gq/b„¶'ሚf/R„/
ISC8- flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
IVR8- R·ab˛dnfl»ምምላ7
IWUA8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'
IWUG8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoS»f
JES8- flመ/~መ/g%»•*
KAP8- :g:ba-7ag:ልምም»
MI8- ሉ=?fመ/g
MoA W'dሚc/f'
NGO8- መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho
NRMP8- flb%ሉ(ሀWgq/b„¶'ሂ¶g
O&M8- qሠ%'dvdሉ˛d
PIDM8- q-e'flመ/gልማgq/b„¶'
PITD8- q-e'flመ/gflf~gሎ¨ልማg
PRA8- q-e'fl˛ሃ'„*-ሉdg
REFG8- flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0q¶'S»f
SMIS8- flqa/bldሉ=?fመ/g»•*ሎ2(˘~g
SMS8- flUለሙ†oS»f
SSI8- qa/blመ/g
TNA8- fl/ልሃd„*-ሉdg
WoADo8- „W'dልማg/Vg
WUINA8- flሃbሃ=ሚoመ„*-ሉdg
Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

ማሏ
ም/•d .. i
መ?»ም .. ii
fl;ል*=ላhoመ*m .. iii
flqሕgb=ላgመ*m . iv
ም%*-1flመ/gልማgRsg† . 1
1.መT† .. 1
1.2flsg†መ/gልማgu~/ff2fflaU%ሁeegfbd .. 2
1.3Rመ/gልማgu~/ff2f†ሉbሞ~(ovd~*bho .. 3
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉላ·†ሉ»ሎovdb„(ho .. 4
1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉ»ሎo . 4
1.42Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉb„(ho . 4
1.5ላማ .. 5
1.6flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመbR†መመ†ሉ?ም . 5
1.7flመ/gልማgu~/ff2fመbR†መመ†q/%ላ—ag .. 5
1.8flመመ†*f(Scope) . 6
1.9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflgR%መ'ሆo . 6
ም%*-2flመ/gf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ:u~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
vdመሠeUህ†g . 10
2.1flመ/gf~gሎ¨መሆ .. 10
2.1flb55ሉqa/blመ/gf~gሎ¨o . 10
2.1flqa/blመ/gf~gሎ¨o:g:qሃ=:ምdqሠ%' . 12
+h-38-Rv'f?d>/1„ል/flሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 4 1
+h-48-Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 14
+h-58-Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 4 1
+h-68-RUህላyˇ»»ማሏ” .. 14
2.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg . 14
2.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመሠeUህ†g . 15
2.31መ*eflሆbflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgUህ†g . 15
ም%*-3q-e'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልgd” . 24
3.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለመbR'q/%ላ—?»መሁeeo .. 25
3.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚofመለflg .. 26
3.q'0/q'Whq¶f;vf‚ሁምflልUለሀWcfማa--g .. 27
3.4˛R†b'b-g+qflq~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg .. 27
3.5*ላgfመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f” .. 27

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 W'dሚc/f'
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3.6flb*Uሃመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”fመሃ:ም .. 28
3.7?f¸eq*%'/gመ'•g . 28
3.71W'dም'ም' . 28
3.72Wgq?%To .. 28
3.7W»'*ሎbCማg .. 29
3.74መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho .. 29
3.8flመ/gሃfማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:*q:%W”fመሃ:ም .. 30
3.9fl'beምላ7*ሎag(Gender-Responsiveness) .. 30
3.10q-e'flመ/gf~gሎ¨ልማg(PITD) .. 31
3.1flመ/gbሃ=ሚofማ¶%˘g . 31
3.1flመ/gልማgS»fማ¶%˘g . 31
3.12v.gflሚሌምflመ/gልማg%oላ·ማ¶%˘g .. 34
3.1hofRS»fማ¶%˘g . 36
3.14ሆhofRS»fማ¶%˘g . 36
3.12flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR' . 37
3.12Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/S»f .. 38
3.12flመ/gልማgf/S»f/Wሎ~/መሚd . 38
3.1flu~/ff7fልማgS»f . 39
3.14flመ/gልማgለeማagላRycflማRem'gመ'•g .. 39
3.15flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(መ:መ'dማ/(g .. 40
3.16flመ/ልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:»•*vdም˛ማ'gfመ'•g .. 41
ም%*-4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”o . 45
4.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffjag::gvd
q„‚/ሀ-Xofflመምሉ” .. 45
4.1ላflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg” .. 46
4.12S»dflq~/ff7fflbUXg” . 47
4.13flመ/gልማgመ/~ˇWngማ|ሄ» . 58
4.1flመ/gልማgልም»ልሉማ» . 59
4.15flWሀfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg” .. 65
4.2b/ማሚ”ofለመምሉሃ=ሚሀ-Xo . 68
4.21flf¢V¶ .. 68
4.2fl*ላg¶ . 69
4.23flማመ¢f¶ .. 69
4.2flሙy%¶ . 69
4.25%ላ·flመል¶ . 69

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

4.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg . 70
4.flq‚/ሀ-Wdqሠ%'ng/%ሃ%/sgA7f/'g .. 72
4.1flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%'ሃ%/sgA7f/flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሚd . 73
4.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f:gq/b„¶'fማሃdy' . 75
4.3q-e'flq‚/ሀ-W/qሠ%'ልማg .. 78
ም%*-5flመ/g*Wሎofl˛R†ም'g/ሞ‚d/v.g*f*ለgq:%W . 83
5.1flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀW .. 84
5.2flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀWdˇ„o .. 84
5.3flv.g*f/ለgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7fq:%Wq?ሆሏo . 85
5.4Rመ/gልማgflv.g*f/ልgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7f . 87
5.41flv.g*f*ለggfbd . 87
5.42flv.g*f*ለggfbdq/%ላ—ag .. 87
5.43Rመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/q?'Xgv.g*f*ለggfbd . 8
5.4v.g*f*ለgfflbybለflመ/gልማg?» .. 90
5.4flsf•/gሂ¶g/Proccessing/ .. 92
5.46flመ/gም'g/'ሑgdW·g . 94
5.6flv.g*f*ለg/g%f¨Rመ/gልማg .. 95
5.61Rመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgfl»•*db-g,ag .. 96
5.62q˛ልሎgfማመmjg/ማ-ለሉ .. 9
5.7flfg%gW'dq/%ላ—ag . 10
5.71flfg%gW'd·aho .. 10
5.72flqg-('/q*%'gለመ'•g
ሊ¶flሚ˛U?»መ⁄¸g . 102
ም%*6.flመ/gልማg/ልሃd .. 108
6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdq/%ላ—ag .. 108
6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdW .. 19
6.12flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd-·~ል/¶g .. 10
6.13flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃdሂ¶g .. 10
6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg(TNA) .. 1
6.21flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgq/%ላ—ag .. 13
6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgqb˛UR' . 13
6.23fl*ላgመሃffመ„g(NeedLevel) .. 15
6.3fl*ላg„*-ሉdg¶o .. 16
¶28-ሃ=ሚd?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjffl/ልሃd'0ofመለflg . 16
6.4flq'0q¶(offl/ልሃd*ላgመለflg .. 17

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 W'dሚc/f'
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6.41fl/%gfbdማ|ሄ» .. 18
6.42fl~*bggfbdማ|ሄ» .. 128
6.5ለeማflu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg .. 13
6.51*ላgfመ„g .. 13
6.52fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflq:%W/”(NeedAssessmentApproaches) . . 132
6.53fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgf~c~ .. 132
6.54flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdof?¶ምbybልመለflg .. 132
ም%*-7flመ/gልማg*%boobU'dሚd .. 136
7.1flመ/gልማg*%boobU'duላ'ag .. 136
7.1መመ†⁄dfl/%qyUTfማ? .. 137
7.12flመ/gልማg*%boofl%መ'ሀW'·gd?' .. 137
7.2flመ/~ˇWnhod/W*Uofማ•¸g .. 138
7.21flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0q¶(oflVgለVgˇWng .. 139
7.2flመ/~:fማ|ሄ» . 139
7.23flልም»ልሉ/Rba-7agflS»fˇWngˇ¥ማ» .. 140
7.24R„flሚ¶'ሀflመ/g*%flgzgq?ሆሏd/ልሃd .. 140
7.25flመ/gu~*ff7fflgzgq?ሏaሉXoመሆdማW%† .. 14
7.3flመ/gbሃ=ሚoልሃdማ•˘g .. 142
7.4መመመ⁄˛Wdvdfl/ሉ3'gማ•˘g . 143
ም%*-8flbCማgg//'fjagdgWW' . 145
8.1flbCማg»•*dg//'ላማo .. 150
8.2flfjagqሠ%'” .. 15
8.21R~ልል¶ . 15
8.2R¥f¶ .. 153
8.23R㦠.. 154
8.3bU%flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/መ»~q=:' .. 15
8.4Rfl¶†ሉflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgfl%»'5 .. 157
8.41flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g) .. 157
8.42flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgvdW·g . 158
8.43flb%ሉ(ሀWgq††⁄fl%~*ል .. 159
8.4flመ/gህWg%ማህR%g .. 159
8.45flW'dም'ም'bCም/ማyላg . 160
8.46flq•'q|ላgሚd .. 160
ም%*-9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ሂ¶ho .. 162
9.1ለ?»መማ*U*W .. 16

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

9.2fl„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg .. 167
9.3fl„መ/gልማg%⁄'⁄'flq/b=:»? .. 167
9.5fl~ልልመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†(ISC) .. 168
9.6flbሃ=ለሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?…ofdR˘gfማ/b|yል . 168
9.7flq*ልሆooሙ†(f~c~)/ልሃdfማ|ሄ» .. 169
9.8„ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ|ሄ» . 169
9.flqb˛UR'/g%f¨vd~ggል .. 170
9.10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም .. 170
9.1መeflR˘gምg3'gማ•˘g .. 170
ም%*-10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:ም˛ማdመማማ' . 172
10.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልq/%ላ—ag . 172
10.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማq/%ላ—ag . 174
10.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማb„(ho . 175
10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለሉfመለ|g .. 176
10.4flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|po . 176
10.42flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማdqመላ|po .. 17
10.43flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g„*- .. 179
10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg/Outcome/„*- . 183
10.45flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማማ:*(?'/·g) .. 184
10.46flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማ(ImpactEvaluation) .. 185
10.47flu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማfማ|ሄ» . 18
10.5b/ማሚflም˛ማመ/%'gvdqመላ|pofመምሉ .. 190
10.6v†¶˛flመሆflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd(·„qመላ|poqመ%ሉ .. 19
10.7g~~ለlflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%~ggልdም˛ማqለ|~ .. 194
10.7b˛Tመምfሑመሆ .. 194
10.72መ*W-TfRሉf=>መምሉ:ማ*ልሃfvdመyebል . 194
10.73fl|·dሙdመሆ .. 195
10.74flq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)dሙdመሆ .. 195
10.75መfመbfbf .. 196
10.76qሃ¢gfbd .. 196
10.7˛ላሏgfbd .. 197
10.78flመ/gልማgu~ff7fflም˛ማለgqb˛UR' .. 197

fl⁄ል⁄'⁄' .. 198

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 W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

ሠfሃ‹
ሠfሃ‹-1 fl/ልሃd*ላgመሃfd¶ .. 198
ሠfሃ‹-2 flbሟላfl/ልሃdልfleሂ¶gመመ⁄˛T† .. 19
ሠfሃ‹-3 fld/qW·bU'gfbddሙdሠfሃ‹/? . 201
ሠfሃ‹-4 dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 203
ሠfሃ‹-5 dሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/ . 203
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 204
ሠfሃ‹-6 dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/ . 205
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 206
ሠfሃ‹-7 flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/? .. 208
ሠfሃ‹-8 fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ .. 214
ሠfሃ‹-9 fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄' .. 219
ሠfሃ‹-10 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ . 20
ሠfሃ‹-1 qሃ=ላ·መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq/b=:»¶o . 20
ሠfሃ‹-12 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል . 221
ሠ fሃ‹- 13 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ~ggልqመላ|po . 21
ሠfሃ‹-14 flመ/gu~*ff7fbgqመላ|po .. 2
ሠfሃ‹-15 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„*-ሉdgq%ም/ም˛ማ
ሂ¶gqመላ|po . 2
ሠfሃ‹-16 ?eflመ/gu~/fa7f~ggል? .. 2
ሠfሃ‹-17 flq%ሟሜምqመላ|podflማ•˛ሏ .. 23
ሠfሃ‹-18 Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%R3¶o .. 24
ለም˛ማflሚሃ?ሙflbለ†f~cod†o
ሠfሃ‹-19 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማ
f»*/‚¢·f¶o .. 25
flም/ል⁄'⁄'
ም/ል-1 flf¢V¶ማ-†m'g .. 68
ም/ል-2 flq‚/ሀ-W/sgA7f/flu~/ff7fq*%'(Swanson209) . 72
ም/ል-3 fl:gq/b„¶'ሂ¶g(Conget.al207) . 74
ም/ል-4 q-e'flሃ-Wልማgf»* .. 78
ም/ል-5 flv.g*f*ለgg//'ላመለሏ .. 87
ም/ል-6 flq'0/q'Whq¶(odfl|ም0co/flልUለሃWho/(W|o
fl˛R†g//' .. 104
ም/ል-7 flመ/gf/q•'q|ላgfjag .. 146
ም/ል-8 fl„*-ሉdg~ለ-:~ggልdም˛ማ . 172
ም/ል-9 flለgሠf*ለg . 189

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

+h
+h-1 flሃማyማmefy' . 12
+ 2
h- flመ&g/ሉefy' . 13
+ 3
h- Rv'f?d>/1„ል/flሚሠ%flሃመ-T† .. 14
+ 4
h- Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ% . 14
flሃመ-T† .. 14
+h-5 Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T†+h-68-RUህላ
yˇ»»ማሏ” . 14
+h-7 Rq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlbCም/ሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f%
መydf·˛Uል(¸ማ¥fማd„sላ-ˇ„ .. 20
+h-8 .gq'0q¶'fማyል†¶˛flመ/gqሃ=:ም(*ሜf7¥f
ምf'2f%„;-+hR…/'q|ሉb8መ) .. 23
+h-9 R¶SWW/W/ሕ/~/yfUeሃምU(¥f¶fX†„fl˛fU
flq/ማ/bCምመ/gf .
Rመሃ:ምvflለማflሚ˛nfl(qg~ልgልማgRy'ል .. 56

ል
/ል-1 q'0/q'Whq¶Rq|UT†jflb%ሃfflመ/gሃ
o'ለመ*eg,†; . 7
/ል-2 q'0/q'Whq¶fሙሉVb*WRመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
/ሉvf‚-b&vdvf‚†·ማ»b˛Ta; .. 8
/ል-3 flመ/gu~/ff7fUለሙ†ለq'0/q'Whq¶
RAf‚†%ምR:ላሉ,†/„ . 9
/ል-4 fl⁄dWሃfyሆ%ላ·flማ*U*W” . 12
/ል-5 R:ላልሎflb*%flሃWeመ/gqሃ=:ም” . 13
/ል-6 flመ/gqe'b(*0ofyq%'~ለgለመyላyል
flq%'dሃሉR=% .. 16
/ል-7 flመ/gልማgflሚydfUjማ-oflq%'~ልg
vf„%ሃ'Rb˛Tመf˛»flሃX· .. 17
/ል-8 .gq'0q¶(ofRመ/gልማg%/ሉማ-b*
ሌሎoq'0q¶(of†Reeል8 . 30
/ል-9 .gq'0q¶(ofRመ/gልማg%/ሉማ-b*
ugሚ†vdማህR%ሃ:ሜeqለ .. 4
/ል-10 flመ/gልማg%fRVbለVgˇWngRማ|ሄ»
q'0q¶fማReegvdማ-¶·mላል88 . 47
/ል-1 flመ/gልማgለhofR˛R†ማ/b-*'ለ>e
ልማgf†ለWeል88 . 86
/ል-12 Rመ/gልማg%flመ/~:fላ·q'0q¶(of
ማ-b*q'0q¶(of†Reeል8 .. 104

W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

ም%*-1flመ/gልማgRsg†
1.መT†

Rሀ˛%of flመ/g ልማg flምW /gdf ለማ•˛ሉ RW'd '* ለqም%o fl*
ሀ·ል fl/% »ል %ሉ( ˛Tf Rማ-¶ ˛» fl˘'U qሉfg ,ሆf v†¶˛ ለመሆ
flም'g ?a- /•g q/bማማn መ*gሄ ·*ሆል88 Rሀ˛c መ/g al '* flሆad
Rላag fl¸ም —£ flምW vህል ም'g ?» ·g f» f¢V flb*¶Rg ,ሆf
ለeማd ;ሉ' †ለRg flሃ ሀWg qሃ=:ምf vf †¶•ል88 Rqሁb —£ q‚+
q/b-*Wም Rሃ ሀWg ማe¸መfg ማ:* flመ/g ሃ q/b„¶' bU% vf‚ሆf
መሠg bሉሏል88 R¡ህም መ*g qf» q'0 q¶'/q'Wh q¶' T†f/ qf» flሃ
qማ%ሑ vf‚g e-T b¶'ል88 vf‚ሁም ለመ/g መ/(c Rbለ· flqa/bld
ሉ=?f መ/g fUeo RUለqa/bl ·¥e ¶ R*ሉag v†¶ˇd vflb55ሉ ,መሄ
;ል*flሆbWhoq?'XgR·RልሉምRመ/gu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgማለ/ሉ gም
RW»'d R˛R† »•*f Rማ|bg ·*dል88 Rbሌማም flf~gሎ¨ 0}¸ q?'Xg
yq% ·agd yሃ q?'Xg fl»'—g መ'ሀ W' •' flb˛dR ,ሆf ለqa/bl
q'0q¶(oflሚ*ሃbCማflሆafl˛R†»•*ለመ/g*Wልልማcመሌመ'-n
a88

flምW /gd o' Rsgሙ† Rb¶••ሚ vflby*b †ለ flW'd ም'g R⁄dW ላ·

flbመሠbRመሆba8ሌላ 8 o'flመ/gvdfl⁄dWW'dv'R'/ flሚ / ሆሙ
vdflሚሆመqልaRም8flሃ 8 vሉgUለRg—£vdXeመ/ሁሉ gyW'dመ/(g
•' qW( ሊg' flሚ†/oል ,ሆf RምW %/f flሚ†/oል: flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T
flሚ†-»: flሑ ምf¢&f flሚ†ለWgd flመ/g ልማg ልማg v.g *f*ለhof
RመbR'R'|efl%v»ልqማ%offlሚ†/˛na8'* ላ 8 flምW/gdf
ለማ•˛ሉ መ/g y*bl q/bw †ለ Rመሆb Rመ/g ልማg flምW /gdoff
flማ•˛ሉbU%ofqሃd~fመ:ሃል·g'Wdል88

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% R*ላg ላ· flbመሠb ,ሆf flሃ bሃ=ሚof

Rማ-b*: flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf Rማሃdy': flWg q?'Xgf Rማ-¶:
flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf U|bb መልz ybCማg fl»•* q˛ልሎg
†ለ•' ffjagRማ/b-flመ/
*' gqe'fለeማማ»†/%ል•ል8·ህም
8
flሚ†መላ~bq-e'Rሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”flUለqa/bl·¥e
q'q¶(0 ofRማ-መfflb5flW'
5ሉ df~gሎ¨ofb:WለR%ላ·vf‚†ሉ
ማ»a88

ለላflመ/gልማggR%flqa/blq'q¶(
0 ofq?ምለማ-¶vflb¶˛Uለሉg
/ሉ መf/g R† flልማg q˘f„ ላ ልማgf vf ለማ» flqa/bl መ/g
q?ም fUe /g%f¨ q•¸iል88 R/g%f¨ q?ሆሏ 2 ላ· Rb:መሃ መ*g
flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rማሃdy' መd flመ/g W'df ለመbR' Rv'5 ማ-
flመ/gሃvdfl*Wልማe¸መfgfማሃdy'vf¶ሆa†*:ምሆል8·ህም 8 Rማ-/ሉ

W'dሚc/f'
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 1
 W'dሚc/f'

flሚ¶˛f flሃ vd *Wል ማe¸መfg ልምም» Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe'

fUedሉ˛dላ·†ለfflq'0/q'Whq¶f:gd~ህሎgማ55ልf†|geል88

Rሌላ Rzል flሉ=?f መ/g ልማg /g%f¨ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flመ/g ልማg vም?
ሀWgd oሎe % ላ· Rማል Rሉ=?f መ/g ልማg ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆj ˇ„of
Rመ¶˛* flምW /gdf vf ለማ» RW'd ሚc/f' Rzል v.u.q R2018
b•¸iል88

flመ/g u~/ff2f q˛ልሎg መመ† ⁄¸g yመ/g Uለሙ†od yልማg ሆT†

ሠ%boo/ልሃddq?ምfUeflb†† •' ;ል*bU%gfመa5ሀ-Xoq?'Yል88

·ህ መመ† flb•˘ RWሔ% flW'd u~/ff7f /g%f¨ ላ· flb:መሄgf

ሃn flu~/ff7f qም…of መ*g q»' ,ሆf d ላማም flqa/bld ሉ=?f:
flማህR*W z&: flመ/g qe(o gR% ሀላ'ag †ለUj fl~ልል: fl¥f vd fl„
flመ/g Uለሙ†od flመ/g ልማg *%boo Rመ/g u~/ff7f qb˛UR' ላ· R
:gd ~ህሎg qnb Rመ/g ልማg /% ላ· flb*ማgf ህWb*W ~*ሎo
ማ/bማ':መምy'ማ*ልሃfdሙ†»•*መ/ሃgvf‚oሉa88

Rdag flu~/ff7f /g%f¨ flb•˘ ልማed q„‚/ ሀ-Xo: R¶fW Rሚ*%

(,/bማd~)vdbለሑag·ምq„—agUለflመ*gW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
qማ|nagflqa/blq'0d/q'Whq¶(oም~'d/ልሃd;vf‚ሁምሙ†»•v†˛j *
ም'gd ም'eማaejf Rማ-¶ ˛T†jf ሌም flb5ለ b( vf‚g ለማ/mል
a8

መመ† flመ/g u~/ff7ff መል~: b-g+q q:%W ”f vd flu~/ff7f

ሙc}7f ”of vf‚ሁም R·Rልሉ flመ/g ልማg *%boo flb55ሉ flመ/g
f~gሎ¨of ለq'0 q¶(o ለማ/bላለ* flሚg%jf ሚd Rq|bb መልz ል
q»'ል8vf¶¡ሁ
8 ምR„መ/gUለሙ†oRzልለq'q¶( 0 o/ልሃdvf¶ሚ*ሉd
fl~ggልbU%gfvf¶ሚ†ydbR*a•ላ·Rልb:ምላል88

Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg *%boo flb55ሉ flመ/g

f~gሎ¨of b-g+q flመ/g u~*ff7f q:%W ”of bሃ?መ ለeማ
Rሆaመልzflመ/gbሃ=ሚofRማ/b?R*a•ላ·flb:መሄgfflመ/gልማg
qb˛UR(o Rሚ˛U መ˛fW ·g'Ujል88 Rመ/~ Rሚ˛j bሞ~(od ልም…o
vf‚ሁምRመ/gW'dRሚ˛jq„‚/flም'ም'nhoqማ|nagመመ†R:ሆ·
?e~ለ-·¶Reል88

flsg†
1.2 መ/gልማgu~/ff2fflaU%ሁeegfbd

Rsg††ለRመ/gሊለማflሚoልመ&g/(gq?ም1.ሚሊfሄ/'vf¶ሆa
T˛መgም v/|ሁf Rbለ† ¶o flለማ flመ&g መሃf f y2 ሚሊflf ሄ/'
q·Rልሉም ·ሁf vf¨ Rመ/g flሚ2%a መ&g Rflመc †ለ »g y1,09-

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
2 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

1,50ሄ/' Rመg vf¶ሆa †ለ&g 12 መeg byee· flሆb መo †-†ል88 :

Rመ/g ልማg ላ· flም~' q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ ልማg *%boo W¢g |ሉg መ¶Rl
flልማg *%boo /ሉy 1% flማ·Rልሄ vf¶ሆa መo †-†ሉ8 Rq˛c qሁf
Rመልማg ላ· flሚ˛i flመ/g v'5 Rqa/bl q'0/q'Wh q¶' ¶ Rv†f„f„j
y 0.2 v/y 0.5 ሄ/' flሚ2*f a88 ·ህf RUህላም ሆa Rመd መል~ Rመልማg
ላ· flሚ˛if flመ/g v'5 R:Rሌ ¶ |ሉg flልማg ሠ%boo vd flመ/g ልማg
*%boo •' Rመሆf yሞላ ¶ል Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' vflbመ% ·˛lል8
8 ·ሁf vf¨ vflለማ flሚ˛if vd flለማf መ&g Rመd መል~ vd :ሆ·ag
Uለ መልz g~~ለl flመ/g መ&g ም⁄˛U qልb¶˛ም88 flመ/g ልማg vf?/=.f
Rdag vf„†» vf?(g flሆa ልማ„ flመ/g qመ%g ”f መybል: flመ/g
ልማg flሚ†˛ለሉ Who vሉg vd • መd': /f flb55ሉ ለመ/g flሚሆb
f~gሎ¨oመg'/f: Rመ/zfl*ለሃbUለሞ†ovdq'0/q'Whq¶fR?'Rg
flሚ• flመ/g ልማg *%boo መg' : R †ልሆa q?ም vd ~ህሎg R'& መg':
vd R †ልሆa flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*ሆሉ ” መg' '&f UለRg ·ም
yሚሃR:v»˛gReovf‚ሄ»q»'eል88

Rመሆbምflመ/gልማgv:gvd~ህሎgRሀ˛%ofለመbR'ማa#ሆafl#gf
fl* u·ል ልማg: flመ/g /'g f~gል¨ ·agd ¶: flመ/g መ*b ልማg:
flመ/gq¶˘g
/% vdg//'g:flመ/gም'ም'/'g:flመ/gመ-†o
Rሀ˛'ማምg
/ሉ o(ofመ*egvdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR'Rv¸ˇ
-n a9 va¡ህ bU%gf RR vd q/bማማn Rሆa መልz Rሀ˛%of ለመbR'
flሚ†/oልflመ/gልማgflgR%መመ†ማ•˘gb˛Ta9

1.3Rመ/gልማgu~/ff2f†ሉbሞ~(ovd~*bho
Rq˛c flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg fl*( qለመሆbd †ሉgም bሞ~(o
⁄dWfRመሃ:ምyሚ*Wሎo ለሙ vምW¢ምflbለflq·¶ለም8Rመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7f
q*ሆሉflb5ለq%ሟሜምflሚe·Ujለ˛R†?'Rg†ላj:flመf˛»o'flሌለUj
vd flf~gሎ¨ bሃ=ሚaej flb5ለ vd fl*( q|UTo ,ሆf Ra¡ህ q|UTo
yልማg *%bl vd Uለሙ† »•* ሑ ˛R† Rሚመ% መሠg flመ/g ልማc
vflbyda ·˛lል88 Rb*b flመd መ/g qe(o flb˛aSRg q|UT vf‚ሁም
flq'0q¶qhh'መ/gfመ*gU¶˛RgflUህላመ/gbሃ=ሚoq|UTRa
U·Uልምflሚ†Reeflመ/g/%vf?/=.·e†ል88

Rሌላb†ሉgምflልማgሠ%booRqW¢lflመ'vdflRል⁄dWfመ*g†¶˛
flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ vf¨ መ/gf መ*g †¶˛ »•* Rg~~ል ለq'0/
q'Whq¶vfl*q·¶ለ
ሄ ም8·ህም
8 ሊሆfflmለflመ˘መ†vdalflq¶˘g
o' ማለgም flመ/g ልማg Uለ/ልሆf flbCCመUj ~ልሎo v/y „ »/ Wm
flሚል? q¶˘g †ለd R„ ¶ flሚ˛j Uለሙ†o yሌሎo flW'd Uለሙo
R¶ም⁄flb5ለ~*††ላjRመሆbflልማg*%booq'0q¶fለመ¶˛*vf‚ሁም
„ ላ· flሚ˛j flW'd vd flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†o R?f¸g መ/%g ላ· ¶|ማ
q%ሟሜም vf‚†/መS q»'ል88 y¡ህ Rbሌማ R:Rሌ flሚ˛i ልማg ሠ%bl
______________
1 (MoA,2011)::
2 (Nata et al.,2008; Bekele et al., 2012)
:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 3
 W'dሚc/f'

flመ/g qማ%o UሉRg flq'0q¶' ማ*ልሃl bCማg vff q'0q¶f Rf¢V:

Rv:gd R~ህሎg ለመ¶˛* flba-7ag ማሆg: flWg q?'Xg o': fl~ggል
vd »•* q*ሆሉ vd y˛R† •' flማ/b-*' o' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f »˛c
vf‚*fq/˛»…eል88

1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉላ·†ሉ»ሎovd
b„(ho

Rsg† flሃ vd sa'¨ vd flW'd ሚ/' Uሄg 3'g Rመ/g ልማg %

ላ·†ሉማa#ovdልማcfለማ:ላሃ*†ሉ»ሎobW%'bል8Rመሆ 8 bምRqa/bl
መ/gልማgላ·†ሉb„(hovd»ሎovf¶ሚybለ:'Rል88

1.4Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉ»ሎo

Rsg††ለflመ/gልማgvf?/=.መf/gR.g.y†
. vd
3ሊ, /g%f¨
Rbሌማ flq'0/q'Wh q¶ q|UT† v:g: fl⁄dW ሃ q*U*W ”f መb;
vd ¸ም' flqa/bl መ/g qሃ=:ም ሁee መg: flመf/g 3ለd| -e vd
;'ሃnag መg: flል UለሀWgf flሚ†Ree vd flሚ•W⁄ /'g መ%ሃ: R
flሃqማ%qመl
ሑ: flqfl'fWgመg;Rfl*ˇልRgመg;vdqመlለመ/g
q˛ልሎg flሚሆf መ&g መg Rbለ· Rq˛c Rሚ˛j #ላማ q|UT flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fq*ሆሄfለeማ†¶'ˇeል88

1.42Rመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq*ሆሉ†ሉb„(ho

Rq˛%ofvflb¶˛†ለflqa/blመ/gልማgvf?/=.flf~c~ /ሉ vdfl:g
~*bg ሚ¢f fl¶( b„(g vf¶ሆa Rbለ† —£ Rb¶ˇ ሉdho ለማ? boሏል88
va¡ህምRመ/ 1). gሃማe¸መfgላ·†ለflf¢Vvሉgማለgም8ለ*Wሉ- flመ/g
ሃqሃ=:ም2(%ም:ሃfflመ#ሃWf~gሎ¨:ሃfflመለ|gf~gሎ¨:flመ/g
ሃ qe(o qሃ=:ምd vd ሉ˛d; 2) Rመ/g q(gሚ ላ· R flሆa flb55ለ:
flb/(d †¶˛ :g qለመg';3). Rመ/g 0ም3o:ሃWe መ/g: fl'ሑg መ/g:
fl˛ሜ-ም»'vdfl'ሃf * ለመ/gልማgማልላ·Rflሆaሙ†:gvdf~c|
~ህሎg qለመg'; 4). flqa/bl መ/g ልማg ማ/(g b(*/f/flq|T /(gf መ*g
yማ»·ል?qe'fመ*g†¶˛መሆb;flqa/ 5). blመ/gልማg/ሉ%
R መ*e መ qለመ†⁄ vd flመ ልሉ qለመg'; 6). ሉ%cfd ¶f
flሃR:qa/blመ/gልማgለመ/%gRሉdg:R‚¢·f:RfUevdR~ggልRflሆa
ልም» qለመg'; 7). R/% ላ· flሚ˛jg qa/bl መ/go ም'eማag ማa/; 8).
Rqa/blመ/g?»⁄¸g:fUedvdq††⁄vdqሃ=:ምgR%ላ·flህWb*S
b-g+ qa/bl መሆf; 9). bሃ=ሚ R መa5 ሀWg †ለማig;(ለመ*b ልማg
fUe: ለf~gሎ¨: ለWg መ“: vd RWho ላ· Rfl?c flሚሌምf •
ለመ~%ል) vd 10). ለሚመc *Wሎo :⁄=¢ መ•f: fl˛R† *f*ለg vd sf+'ሜ7f
vሉgመg'flመ-*ሉgdj88
______________
3 (MoA,2011)::
Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
4 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

1.5ላማ

·ህ flመbR† መመ†/ ላማ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf Rላag

ለማ-¶ bU% flሚሆb መል~hofd ም~(of Rመ/g ልማg ላ· ለb*ማ
Uለሙ†o vd bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/ሃg: q-e' Rሆa መልz Rመ/g
ሃflማልማgbሃ=ሚaejfy*Rማ»ም'eማaejfለማ-¶vdflbሃ:ሚ
ማህR*Sf˛Tvf‚ሌም'ለማ»vf‚„a88

1.6flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመbR†መመ†
ሉ ?ም

q-e'Rሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”flUለqa/bl·¥eq'0q¶(of
Rማ-መfR*ላgላ·flbመሠbላflመ/gልማggR%gfለማydf;flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚማህR%gfRማሃdy':flWgq?'XgfRማ-¶vdqሃ=:ምfለማ-¶:
flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf Rq|bb መልz ybCማg fl»•* q˛ልሎg
†ለ•' ffjagለማ/b-flመ/
*': gqe'fለeማRማ»flb5flW'
5ሉ d
f~gሎ¨of b:Wለ መd flመ/g W'df ለመbR'; flq|UT ሉR=f መ*g
†¶ fl*Wል ልማg q††⁄ Rማሃdy' vd R% ላ· vf‚†ሉ Rማ» ለ*“e:
ለsf•/g vd ለሑ ˛R† flሚሉ ም'hof ለማምg vf‚†/oል flሚ„ a88
Rመሆbምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሉ?ሙ8-

— flም'gv»˛gf·ሌም%ል;
— q|UTሉR=fመ*g†¶˛flመ/gqሃ=:ምማለgምW~ለgfvdflq%'
መ2'2f·:f-ል:
— flWgbሃ=ሚag?ልሉ*df:flሃ:flˇልRgvdሀWgqሃ=:ምf†-»•ል;
— Rመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚመሄ/•hofvdT⁄a/{-%f·:f-ል8
— b-g+qvdለ>eflመ/gልማgል•ሎgf†ለWeል88

1.7flመ/gልማgu~/ff2fመbR†መመ†q/%ላ—ag

·ህflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመbR†መመ†q˛ልሎcf~c|flሆbመል~hof/
v:hofለUለሙ†vdለq'0/q'Whq¶Rመ/ሃgR?»:RgR%vdR~ggል
Rማ-b*vf¶q˛'flሆሉ aq˛ልሎgለመ/ሃg,ሆfq*ሆሄfለ>eRሆaመልz
bሃ=ሚaejf Rማ-¶ †ለf flመ/g ሃ ሀWg RqUS Rመሃ:ም flq'0/q'Wh
q¶f qhh' ሁee vf‚55ል ለማ» e/X a88 Rመሆbም ·ህ flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f መbR† መመ† †|bb flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ˛e:መ'ሆod
f~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ;bCማ»•*:ማ/bUR'vdg//';flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
bUXg ”o; flመ/g ልማg *%boo ሚdd bU'; flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
bU%g ?»; flመ/g *Wሎo fl˛R† ም'g/ሞ‚d/ v.g *f*ለg q:%W;
flመ/g /ልሃd *ላg ልfled fl/ልሃd ?» ⁄¸g; vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 5
 W'dሚc/f'

fl~ggል:ም˛ማd(·„/Rbgfመ:መ'flሚሉgRdagflሚሃ:+dj88

flመbR† መመ† flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ˛e: b-g+q q:%W ”f

vdflu~/ff7fbUXg”ofvf‚ሁምR·Rልሉflመ/gልማg*%booflb55ሉ
flመ/g f~gሎ¨of ለq'0 q¶(o ለማ/bላለ* flሚg%jf ሚd Rq|bb መልz
ልq»'ል8Rመሆ8 bም·ህflመbR†መመ†flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምvdq/b„¶'
/'gf fl† a88 qሃ=:ሙfም ¶ bሃ=ሚ ለማ»/ R„ መ/g ልማg
Uለሙ†oRzልለq'q¶(
0 o/ልሃdvf¶ሚ*ሉdfl~ggልbU%gfvf¶ሚ†ydb
R*a•ላ·Rልb:ምላል88

1.8flመመ†*f(Scope)

·ህ flመbR† መመ† Rመ/g ልማg ላ· ለb*ማ q'0/q'Wh q¶': Uለሙ†

vd መf/e vd መf/e ላልሆb Uለ»'5 q|ላg ሁሉ q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሉ ,ሆf
R/ሄ flbሃ:+g ሙ† flሆb መመ†o flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf:
~ggልvdflም˛ማ”ofመ*g†¶ˇdj88

1.9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflgR%መ'ሆo

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መ*e W flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ማህR%d sgሚ†

v»˛gRላagማ•˛ሉ,ሆfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fRdagflሚybሉgf;ል*
ላማoለማ-|gfl%+flሆaመ'ሆoqሉg88yመ*eXo/ሉ8-

— q„‚/dflb55ሉflመ/gf~gሎ¨ofvf‚ሁምሃ=ሚvdbU%
መofማ¶%˘gvdማ*%ሌg
— flq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/gልማgv:g:~ህሎgdqመለ|ygለማ-¶
/ልሃdofመ/ሃg
— fl˛R†g//'fማመmj:flv.g*f*ለgfማ55ልdማሃdy'
— fl'b-e,flሆgvdflqመ•˛W/'gfRመ/g/%o/ሉማ|bg
— q|UT†q††⁄vdላagfማልRg
— bCማq¶˘hof:?f¸hofvdg//'fማልRg
— flልማgq•(of:fl*u·ልልማgvdለeማflሆaflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉfማሃdy'
— ሃf|%ለgfመ*g†¶˛~ggልd,ም˛ማ
— ም'flመ/
ሉ gልማgbሞ~(ofመ:መ'vdመ-gf ሉ* WqfXflሚ %*
a88flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመሠeመ'ሆoyW'du~/ff7f
•'flሚመ-*ል,ሆfRdagflሚybሉgመ'ሆoqሉg88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
6 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

b(
1. */fመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማg*ላgመለflgdfl*ላgመ'ሃW'ማ•˘g
/Principleofinterestandneed/ flመ/gልማg- u~/ff7fflq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/g
ልማg /% *ላg መለflgd flመ*g W'd *ላg መ'ሃ W' ማ•˘g ·g'Reል8
8 ·ህም b(*/f Rማልማgd ሃWgf Rመለflg flመ/g ሃ q?'Xgf yምfሑ:y⁄dW:
yy'*ም»'d˛ሜ-ም»'Rመለflgdflb(*/?»Rማሆgflሃ?'Xgq?ም:flመ/g
bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o W¢g:Rመ/g ሊለማ flሚoል flመ&g /(gd *Wል b
yምgRማ/ *ሉ ˛Ugb-g,flመ/gልማgdq/b„¶'መ'ህfflbybለ·*/% %ል8
8·ህምflሚ†/%ል˛flq'0/q'Whq¶'*ላhoyለ*W¶ለ*W,yመf¶'¶
መf¶': yመ/g Wሎ~ ¶ ሌላ Wሎ~ *gሀ flሃ ሀWg ~**ል qf‚g'd flሀWg
W~agfለማ/˛»a88

2. flመ/g ልማg /% Uህልd ልም» yqyUT ¶ q|UT ልaho vf„ሉg መ„g /

Principles of Cultural Difference/ flu~/ff7f % RUህላ
- vd ልማ„ „% ላ·
flbመ*b a88flመ/g ልማg Rሚ*%Rg qyUT flሚg q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flመ/g
fV ማ55ል flሚ˘ም vf¶ qyUT bሌUሑ ሁeg ¶ R¶ Wm a88
·ህም ማለg flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f *%bl/ Uለሙ† RqyUT flሚg q0/
qWh q¶(of flመ/g ልማg fV: :g: Uህል:flሚሃ:ሙRgf flመ/g ልማg
ማ-†j: flሚሃ:ሙgf Wg: ልም»d oሎe:o, vምaho, v.ho, b
መ˛fWflg'Reል88

b-
3. g+ag/Principleofparticipation/- b-g+flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd
መ'ሆ flf»/.g q0/qWh q¶(of flመ/g fV:v:g:~ህሎg vd qማለ||g
yመ/g qe'/flህWb*W flሀ z& dUe „*- ሉdg ˘ም( Rማ55ል fl%-jf
o'%-jRላagvf‚%c/vf‚:'&flሚ/oልq?ምመ*ሃ'a88

/ል- 18-q'0/q'Wh q¶ Rq|UT†j

flb%ሃfflመ/gሃo'ለመ*eg
†;,

·ህም flb•˘ መ*gሔ yመ/ሃg ·ል?

f»/.g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o fl%-jf
o' ለመ?* ሉg v‚†¶'ˇd
R%-j ላ· መbማመffd መማ'
vf‚mሉ†¶'•ል88

4. yሁeeo •' flመላመ» W=g /Principle of Adoptability/- flመ/g ልማg vf¶

q0/qWh q¶ fV:v:g:~ህሎg:qማለ||g:qb˛UR' b ¶ ·ም qf•
flሀ S»f yሌላl flሃ S»f ·ለ††ል88 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ሁeeoም
vf¶¡ሁ yXe Xe ·ለ††ሉ8 /ለ¡ህ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መ'ሃW'ም ·ህff
ልag/bለሑfgRመ„gflሚሊለሉ oልRመሆbvf¶q/%ላ—ac/Rሚ†/%ልRg
—£ flbለ† ሁeeof ለማመmjg q/%ላ— ለሊof ማ»d flመላመ» W=g
†/%ል•ል88

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 7
 W'dሚc/f'

flሙ5. ሉ-Vb*Wq:%W”Principle
/ ofwholefamily/- flመ/gልማgflˇልRgd
*'
fl|/eልq?ምflሚሃ·?yመሆ /% bምRbሌማ-·f-v:gd~ህሎg·%ል•ል8
Rመሆ
8 bምflq'0/q'Whq¶fVb* ሙሉ WRመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ-b*
flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flˇልRg/|/eል
~*gg ለመሙላg /ለሚ†⁄ flመ/g
*%boo/Uለሙ†o·ህffRመ˛fW
Rqሃ=ላ· flVb*W flq:%W ”/
qሠ%' መሃ:ም ·g'Ujል88 R¡ህ
መ'ህ መ*gም flbለfl vd flb:d˘
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W
ለVb*S qUላg Rሙሉ vf‚*ሉ
·¶•ል88

/ል- 28-q'0/q'Wh q¶f ሙሉ

Vb*W Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
/ሉ vf‚-b& vd vf‚†·
ማ»b˛Ta;

6. flgWW' መ'ህ /Principle of co-operation/- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flbለ†

bCማ q¶˘hof:?f¸hof vd g//'f RማልRg flመ/g ልማg Rgd fl˛R†
q|ላgf yመ/g ሀ bሃ=ሚ S»go •' flማ:d˘g /% መ/% ·g'Reል88 ·ህም
q„‚/dflb5flመ/5ሉ gf~gሎ¨ofመofለማ¶%˘gvdለማ*%ሌg:fl˛R†
g//'f ለማመmj: flv.g *f*ለgf ለማ55ልd ማሃdy': fl'b-e: flሆg
vd flqመ•˛W /'gf ለማ|bg: q|UT† q††⁄ vd ላagf ለማልRg: ሃf|%d
ለgfመ*g†¶˛~ggልdም˛ማላማ»dም'ሉflመ/gR'dbሞ~(of
ለመ:መ'·„ል8

flv'
7. |eመ'ህPrinciple
/ ofsatisfaction/- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflመሌ5W
flመ/g ም'gd ምeማagf Rማ-¶ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ማህR%d sgሚ o'
RላagRመ*egflሃ˛'fv»˛gማ(ሃf,ሆfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflማ/bማ'/
ማ*ልሃf ሉg flመሌ5 ለg Rመ/g W'd Rሂ¶g ለሚe o(o መ*gሄ
Rመ*ሃ'flq'0/q'Whq¶fo'R%+vf‚%edq‚/oሎe·ምሌሎoflUህ
ለሊofvf‚%ሉ'Rማ/m/ልa88

flbለ
8. †flማ/bማ†”oqሃ=:ምመ'ህ/Theprincipleoftheuseofvariety
of teaching methods/·ህ- flሚ†መለ~b qf» flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7 ˇ„·
flሚ:'WRg/ሚbላለ*Rg መf˛» q0/qWh q¶ R*ሉag flˇ„f fV: v:g:
~ህሎg:qማለ||gdqb˛URfRመ„gdRማ„R'¶bU'vf‚:·'ለማ/mልa8
/ለ¡ህም
8 ለbለ†ˇ„o·ምለqf»q·agˇ„·flq'0/q'Whq¶faU%ሁee
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Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
8 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

/ል- 38-flመ/g u~/ff7f

Uለሙ† ለq'0/q'Wh q¶
RAf‚†%ምR:ላሉ,†/„

9. gf
ለ መ*g †¶˛ fl~ggልd ም˛ማ መ'ህ/ Principle of Monitoring
and Evaluation/ R-·f-- ” Rመe˛⁄ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f †መሆf
flqመለ|yg:fl~ህሎg:flqb˛UR'd flUህ ለሉ †ለማCሉ መyebልd መ˛ም˛ም
†/%ል•ል8·ህም
8 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f%dflለሁeef
ሉ Rማለf-eof
ማ»vf¶ሚ/%ል†/˛a⁄Uል88

flመ/
10. gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'fመ*gማ»(IrrigationWaterUseAssociation/
IWUA/)8- flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም bU% flሚ¶˛ qW¢lf —£ RS»f Rመሆbd
ለ¡ህምyfUe˘ም(v/yRflመcflሚ¶ˇሉ˛dovdvf~W|VoRbሃ=ሚ
ማህR*Wa8flመ/
8 gbሃ=ሚማህR*Wለሚሃ:ምRgሃRflመcfl˛ልሎg~*†
መ%ሜም vf„ለRg Rመመ† flb¶˛% a88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg flሚydfUj
ማ-o flze ˛ሃም ም'g ለማምg:ማ-of ለመfyUyW:flመ/g qe(o ,Rላ3
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yq?ም Rላ· flሆb o(o Ty*c ለሚመለyb q|ል ለማ?W bሃ=ሚ ማህR*W
መ¶%˘g †/%ል•ል88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*ሆሉ መ*g ማ»
flሚ˛Udv/|ሁfምflb5ለgለv†/መ˛Rflሚ˛iRመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gf
መ*gRማ»/ለሆaflu~/ff7fq*ሆሄምv¡ህላ·bfb'0መሆf·˛Uል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 9
 W'dሚc/f'

ም%*-2flመ/gf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ:u~/ff7f
q˛ልሎgvdመሠeUህ†g

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q*%' ” flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ማህR'd qa/bl

flመ/gbሃ=ሚqU%/vማ%;vf‚ሁምflመ/ *(' gv'5odq'0/q'Whq¶(o
flb5flመ/ 5ሉ gመofRመሃ:ም:flመ/gf~gሎ¨ofdq*%(ofRመለማመ»
bU'ላ·Rማልም'gdም'eማaejfvf‚†-»ˇመ¶˛*flሚ†/oልለeማ
flሆaq*·ም %' ”a8·ህffም
8 RdagRላagሊ†*bUWdሊመflሚoሉg
flመ/g Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo dj88 ·ህም ማለg flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
q:%W”RdagRq„‚/flመ/gf~gሎ¨o:Rመ/gልማgUለሞ†odልማg
*%bo :gd W=g ላ· ·*dል ማለg a88 ሌሎo Rመ/g /% ላ· ;ል* ሚd
flሚg%jq|ላgdሂ¶hoምለም-ሌflመ/gUለሞ†odflልማg*%boo:flqa/bld
*(' ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0 q¶(o; flbለ† flb55ሉ flመ/g 0}“o: flመ/g *'h
ማ-†o: /ልሃdd»•+o: ም'ም': flWg: fl˛R†: flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨
ሜ|d·£7fd flመ/g ልማg »•* *ሎ bCማg q˛ልሎg fjag/ ;'nhod
flመ-*ሉgdj88

2.1flመ/gf~gሎ¨መሆ

flመ/g f~gሎ¨ መሆ flq'0/q'Wh q¶f aU% ሁeeo vd q|UTf †˛dR

ሊሆf·˛Uል88Rመሆbምflb*bflመ/gf~gሎ¨·ahoRሚመሄRg—£flq'0/
q'Whq¶fflመbR'q?ምdሉf|&U˛dRመልzሆgሁለfbdflq††⁄dflሉ˛d
መ/%'hof ማሟላg ·g'Reል88 ·ህf vf Rማ» ˛» »%ho yመ%ሃ%j
R'g :»ሞ q'0/q'Wh q¶(kf :'X ማማy' b˛T a88 flf~gሎ¨ ም'ሏ ለq'0/
q'Whq¶(ovdq|UTfRማ·„መልzb/ማሚvf‚ሆfflሚybሉgfመ/%'ho
ምg/ሉ†/˛Uመሆf·g'Reል88

? flq'0/q'Whq¶fflመ/gf~gሎ¨መ“(·df/q?ም†˛dRመሆbf:
? q'0/q'Whq¶†ሆfflsf=/gመfgሑflመ/gf~gሎ¨
ሊመል/ለgflሚoልመሆbf:
? q'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†ለማRgRማ-መg:
? q'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†ለማjfl*Wል·ahoመለflej:
? f~gሎ¨flሚ%ለ˛f†ህልfl*u·ል/ˇልRgq?ምመg:
? flሉ˛dq˛ልሎgdመለሏ=oመ˛ig:
? flf~gሎ¨kላag/ለ¸ም—£flሚ†˛ለልመሆf:
? f~gሎ¨%ላ·RሚልRg?g†ለqyUT†dማህR%˛e:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
10 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

2.1flb55ሉqa/blመ/gf~gሎ¨o

Uለ&g ሉg መeg R'|e ሃ=ሚ flሆb q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎ¨ nho/%ሃ%o

ልWb ¶ ˛R† :'Rል88 va¡ህም q»|ሚ †ልሆb :ላልd qa/bl flሃ መ
Xo/cXo/መ/መ(o: Rሞb' 0ም2 flሚ* flሃ መ-T†o: flመ/g መ&g
መ¶ል¶† ማ7go: fl'ሑg መ/g vd flሃWe መ/g Rመd መ#ሆሃ† መ-†o
flሚመf~gሎ¨odj8flሃ 8 vሉgUለUjም†¶ˇሀ˛(oሉ?ምላ·vflሉ
†ሉg flሉ=?f መ/g f~gሎ¨o ሃf RRለሃ ለeማ flሚ†¶'ˇ flf~gሎ¨
q·ahoR'|edj88Rሀ˛%ofለqa/bld*('መ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(o
b/ማሚdflb55ሉflqa/blመ/gf~gሎ¨oflሚybሉgdj88

? flሃWe:flYfYማ*%ሏ,/bም-(ለ˛-ም»'dy'*-ም»'መ/g):
? fl1„ል/g»ል/(2d2'vdflሞb'0ም2-(ሃyመ&g/ሉ
ለማሆg):
? ⁄?bl•†ላjfl2ላ/d~flሃefy(o-(R⁄dW?gሃ
ለማ*U*W):
? Rመg†Vgq|UTሃማyማmo-(fl⁄dWሃለማ*U*W):
? Uል‚dR'ሚልflመ-*ሉ;-0o:
? X(X(ofRመ˛¶WSSD(SoilstoragedumconstructedonGully)
? flሃvሉgfflሚCCሙdq|UTf%ሉaflሚላመ•flb„:ሉ(of /
flb55ሉ⁄'†of/መሃ:ምdflbመሆሃaማ„R†:
? e·»˘'Rማ-/ሉRመ/%g
? flb%%vdWeላ·መ/gልማgf~gሎ¨
? dWል(Tubwell)
? Rሃ·u·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T†(SolarPump)
? flሃመሄ#'#(f:fl'ሑgdfl'gcXfመሃ:ም:
? Rv¸flሚa:a?ሃመ-T†:
? flb:d˘flgbU·dR7efመyላyል:
? Uህላvdመdflf⁄ሃለ(
? ምfሑRማልRgvdaU'ምfሑሃለ(
? flሃXofy/'˛gRመyላyል(Lined)Rማ»ሃfRqUSRመሃ:ም
flሚለማመ&gRማ/(g
? flVb*Wz&vdflህWb*Wz&Rመ˛fUgfl⁄dWሃfማ*U*W;Family
( &
communitypond)

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 11
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2.1flqa/blመ/gf~gሎ¨o:g:qሃ=:ምd
qሠ%'

flሆ†ሃማ*U*W”8- RW¢gflbለመ¶dሉ?ምላ·flሚል,ሆffl⁄dWሃ
ማ*U*T†b(/g* ·agdd~*ሎoqሉg8va+8 ምqf¶l~*ል·ም
q|ል ሆ† ,ሆf vf¶ b(*/ Xe ሆg flሚ†˛ለል flሃ መ cX /f„/
q2f„ vd flሃ ማሃ%:ሚ† efy' dj88 ሌሎoም ¶ ማሃ%:ሚ† efy
flሚ˛S flqY%d *'/%7 መሃff ለመ:a/ flሚ†˛ለሉ መ#ሆሃ† ·ም flሃ
መል:†/መ:ልR5vd / ማ~*ሎo·g%f„ ሉ8 ·ምq2f„alflሃ
ማ*U*T†d ማ/bላለ'† ~*ል ,ሆf fl⁄dW ሃf yሆ% ላ· b:Wሎ ¶ efy
flሚ†/bላል* መ/መ' a88 ·ህም :ላል ~W¶g †ለ: ሃ flማ†*'d ለማ††⁄
flbመja88

flመ˛ሆሃሚ†of መሃf
Rመ:a/ flሃ /'˛g
vf„·g' ለማ» ¸ምd
:ሉ †ለ ;- / †/%ል•ል88
ለም-ሌ8-ለq2f„ flሚ†˛ለሉ
;-0o :'yሀ:fl»•*
vfሌg:/?, ·ም ላ/d~
vd flማ·⁄ Wg dj88
ለ¡ህምfl⁄dWሃለማ*U*W
flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ*ልሃl
ማyላg flሆ† ?' qመl
a88

/ል- 48-fl⁄dW ሃf yሆ† ላ·

flማ*U*W”

flሃ ማyማm ?' ·aho8-

yሆ† ላ· flb*U*R fl⁄dW ሃ
qf»ምRy'*ም»'/ሉqሊ†ም
R˛ሜም»'ላ··ሃ%:ማል8va¡ህ 8
ማሃ%:ሚ†o flሚ˛aSg ybለ†
;0o ማለgም yWg: yvfሌg:
y2ላ/d~:yWሎ}g:y»f•·vd
y/ሚfh: b yመ-*ሉg a8
8 fl˛ ም»' ሃ ማሃ%:ሚ†f
Rሚመለyg flVg ሆ% flሃ
ማ*U*T† ” vf¶ሆa flሚe?
+h-18-flሃማyማmefy'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
12 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

,ሆf Rdag yመ&g y* Wሎ flሚ:መሉ a88 fl¡ህ fl˛ ም»' ማሃ%:ሚ† efy'
al ሉ?ም ሃf yefy RYfY qማ|nag ¶ ሌላ Xe ለመ*» a88·ሁf vf¨
yመ&gReoyሆaማሃ%:ሚ†efy'•',aሟሜ'•»a88

flመ&g /ሉ efy'8- ም»' ሃ

efy' •' ,a' • ⁄? †ለ
vdgf7XeRመ†⁄ሃR0ም2
vf‚ሆ ·¶•ል88 efy/cX
~W?'†ለa88

ለfUe /%ም :ላል ;-/ /

ማf†ል/ flሚR= ,ሆf
fl»„fምሉf|&·ሌም'ለeል8
8 Rመሆbf Rgag ም~f†g
flሚU~af ሃ Rመ#ሆሃ'd R
ሃ ለማyማjg ለeማ a88
ለ¡ህም flሚbaf ሃ ለመyላyል
ሆ†Rq|UTRሚ˛j;-0o/
+h-28-flመ&g/ሉefy' ማf†ሎo/ ·2%dል88 flሃ
ማyማmˇ»•flሃመT†:ማyማmXe:ማ**5vdflሆ%7(f·gል8

flሃWe መ/g8- flሃWe መ/g ” ሃf Rማሃሆg ˛» 90% flሆa W=g †ለd

yሁሉምflb5ለ”a88·ህ”መ/መ'ለመ'•g:‚¢·fለማሆgvdyy*bl
v'ሉRgb†·¥•' ለሚy*gR7eመ:a/:ላል”a8·ህ8 ”RVb*W¶Rል
ማ-ላ·Rbdሃልለማልማgflሚ„a8Rመሆ 8 bfምለምWagflሚqg~ልhof:
ሉ
fl*%*& ¢+ofd ሌሎo *Wሎof Rq'0 q¶ ማ- ላ· ማልማg flሚoል ,ሆf ~*g
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• †ምሆaሉ˛dሎ
⁄?bla8Rbሌማም 8 Rflglምb%%ማq|UTvdflሃvሉgUለUjXeo
ሃ=ሚa88

w/ል-58-R:ላል ሎ flb*% flሃWe

መ/gqሃ=:ም”

flሃWe መ/g ” RVb*W ¶

flሚሃ?ም yመሆb •' b†·¥
‚¢·b flRለሃ ም~f†e flሆad
f~gሎ¨ ለVb*W ማ- ሃ=ሚ
,ሆfRሆምለeማምሆgb˛niል8
8 ⁄'⁄' qሃ=:ሙf yሉ=?f መ/g
f~gሎ¨j ማbል ላ· መ„g
·mላል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 13
 W'dሚc/f'

ሃ flማሆg ”8- ሃ ybyማjRg Xe ለማሆg Rሆም q/%ላ— yሆb flሃ

መ-T† ማ7go መ|yል qf•d al flv¸ 0ም2 ·ም 1„ል 0ም2 a88 Ra(/d
Rሐ·u·ልflሚflሃ
* መ-T†ofመሃ:ምለq|UTb/ማሚdbgfflማ·%ሉ
qማ%ሑ f~gሎ¨o dj88 RW †ላ¶ˇ ሀ˛(o ˛ሃ%ማ q|UTo ˛መ» RUል‚
q/ሃ
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Rመሃ:ምR/Rgu·ል”ሃfማሆg·mላል88

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+h-58-Rሞb'ሀ·ልflሚሠ%flሃመ-T† +h-68-RUህላyˇ»»ማሏ”

2.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq|ል,ሆfRdagqa/bld
*(' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf RማCCምd Rማ¶%˘g ሁለfbd flመ/g ሃ
ልማgd q/b„¶' ለqa/bld *(' ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flም~':fl/ልሃd
fl»•q˛ልሎg
* ·*ሆል8flመ/
8 g*Wልም'gdም'eማagfRb5መልz ለ ለመ%ም
vf‚mል flb55ሉ flመ/g f~gሎ¨of bU% ለማ» qa/bld *(' flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f መ::gd ~ህሎg ማig vf‚oሉ bሃ=ሚofd q•'
q|ላgfR•%†/bUW%ል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
14 መbR†መመ†
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መE5†መመ†

2.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመሠeUህ†g

Rመ/g W'd u~/ff7f U¶ˇ Rbለ·ም Rመ/g q/b„¶' ለeማ Rሆbd ለመ/g
bሃ=ሚ ማህR*Xo bሌUሑ ሉ?ምd flbለ† ልም…o U˛j ሌሎo q˛(o flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f /g ል ˛eo qሉg88 va¡ህም 0}¸: ?»: vd g~~ለlag
(Precision),ሆbva¡ህfምq:d¸hRመbR'flመ/gf~gሎ¨ofላ· % ለማል
boሏል8flb5 8 flመ/
5ለ g0}¸,Uልflመ/gWhofማሟላg,ሆfR/flWg
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b¶%7agdR?cflማig:flመ/gሃb¶%7ag/Rflመ/gሃለqa/bld*('
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማ»/: b/ማሚd flb55ሉ fl*Wል/flqg~ልg ' ማ?W:
ሚ¢d flማ„R† qሃ=:ምd bመሆሆn fl*Wል ሉR= vf‚g' ማ»: ለመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚod ለመ/g u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o *ላgf መሠg †¶˛ /ልሃd መg'
flሚሉdj88

?» ,Uል flመ/g bሃ=ሚof R?»d -e q*ሆሉ ሂ¶g ላ· Rq-b' መልz

flመ/g *Wል ?gf መሠg q»' ⁄'⁄' flመ/g bU%gf መለflgd vd flመ/g
vም? ሀWgf ሉ?ም ላ· ለማልd ለማልRg fl~ggል 'g መ'•g a88 ·ህም
Rመ/gqe'¶flመ/gልማgልማg?»⁄¸gማለga88

Rመሌ5 g~~ለlag ,Uል flመ/g bU%gfd 0}“of vf ለማ» flb55ሉ

flመ/gq*%(ofdf~gሎ¨offlu~/ff7fq:%W”ofbሃ?ሞRg~~ለl
Xe: ?g: መሃfd q·ag % ላ· ማል ማለg a88 ·ህም ሊ•˛ሉ flሚoለ
RመbR†flu~*ff7fመመ†a88

2.31መ*eflሆbflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
Uህ†g

flሃ መ˛l q|ላgf መfyUyW8- fl⁄dW ሃ al flመ/g ሃ ማl ምfሑ a8

8 fl⁄dWf/fl'* ሃ yb(*/ Xeo Rማ*U*Wd Rሃ ማሃ%:ሚ†o Rማyማjg
·ም መ&g /ሉ Rማ/ flbyማjf ሃ yመ&g /ሉ R:ላሉ Rማሆg
qg~ልhof: *%&ofd flምW *Wሎof R( /RVg †/ ለማልማg ·mላል88
¶ለልfdqላ/%ላ—'*fRመyላyልflb(*+fflማ/q?ምመሌመ'flምfofflሃ
ማ*ለ?q?ምyማልRcምRላ·flመ/gqe(oR¶ለልvf„·ˇ/vf„·%Rማ¶ '+
ላflሆaflመ/gልማgልማgvf‚g'†/oላል8Rdag 8 va¡ህfbU%gለማ/%ም
flመ/gልማgUለሞ†odflመ/gልማg*%boo·ህffflማ/bማ':flም~'q˛ልሎg
flመ/ሃgdflመ¶˛*ሚdqላj88

flመ/gqe'መ•Tb(ማልማg:
*/ መሃR?dማ/bUR'8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/
ማህR*Sf Rማa--gd Rማ¶%˘g flመ/g qe' b(*0of flማልማgd flመሃR?
vf?/=. dd q/%ላ— flመ/g ልማg /% ,ሆf flq%'d ሃ ሉR= f~c|ል ሙ†
»•* Rመ/ሃg flመ/g »Xof y¶ለልd y'* ለመyላyል †¢ል88 R¶f ልማgd
vf~W|V bU%gም Rzል ማህR*Sf Rማ*ልሃfd flb55ሉ fl¢* ooof Rመgyል
flመ/g qe' qyUTf RመሃR? Rመ/g qe(o q|UT b(*+ Rb5ለ ሁee ሃ

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 15
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·¥ vf‚·#· ·„ል88·ህffም bU' fl:Rሌ q/b„¶':flመ/g ልማg *%bl:fl„

መ/g Uለሙ†d ሌሎoም q•' q|ላg flማ/bUR'd RqyUT yሚ˛j on ሆT†o
•'ማ/b-*'†/%ል•ል88

/ል-68- flመ/g qe'

b(*0of yq%' ~ለg
ለመyላyል flq%'d ሃ
ሉR=%

*gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgf ማ•˛ሉ8- flመ/g ልማg *%bood fl„ መ/g

Uለሙ†o ለqa/bld *(' flመ/g bሃ=ሚ q'0 q¶(o Ra*/y* flመ/g መ&g
vf‚˛j †¶'•ሉ; *gሀ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg vf‚g' †¶'•ሉ; ም~': /ልሃdd
»•·** ·ህም
ሆሉ8 ሊሆfflሚoለyመ/gሃማህR%gdflማህR*Wz&uላ'o
•' Rመሆf flመ/g ሃ q?ምd ~ምogf መ*g †¶˛ flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg ?»
q•¸hq˛ልሎhofRመ/ሃga88v?•ምfl.gq'0q¶(ofdq?መ¶|ማq'0
q¶(ofaU%ሁeeyምgflሚ*ሉ /˛UdRመ/gሃ*eb¶%7agላ·bg
flማ†/ygልመሆf·g'Reል88

flመ/g ሃ መ-T†d ማ*%ሏ v=o ሉ˛d q˛ልሎhof ማ•˛ሉ8- R¡ህ bU'

ላ· flመ/g ልማg ልማg Uለሞ†od flልማg ሠ%boo ለqa/bld *(' flመ/g
bሃ=ሚo flመ/g v=of/ማ7gofd ሌሎo መሃ:ሚ†of ማለgም vf¶ g»ል
vd ሞb' 0ም2: ሃWe: flYfY መ/መ(o: fl2ላ/d~ ሃ ማሃ%:ሚ†ofd
R'ሚሎof: .b g~~ለl flመ/g ሃ /'ሑg q˛ልሎg vf‚*ሄ መyebልf:
,Rላ3ም ?e ሉ˛d vf‚†˛j ማ»'d ማ*bUR' q/%ላ— a88·ህም flመ/g ሃ
vሉg yመሃf Rላ· flሆa flመ/g ሃ ¶ ማ- ˛Wh R*Wል ላ· ˇ„g vf„†/ygልd
Rመ/gሃvሉgም~c†gሑgvf„·%ሃ'·„ል88

flq%' ~ለgf መ:a/ flሚoል flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም መbR'8- flመ/g መ&g /ሉ

yመ&c q:ማመሉ vd yሃ qሃ=:ም flba- flመ/g መ&c Rq%' ~ለg vf‚„ vd
yq˛ልሎgሊሆfሑ ·oላል8Rመሆ 8 bምb„(gagUላjflመ/gመ&gላ·b˛T
flq%~ለ' gማ˛”ofRመሃ:ምvf‚ሁምRq%ላ·q¶•ሊ†¶'flሚ/ oልflሃ
qሃ=:ም vf„·g' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† ም~' †/%ል•ል; b˛ል•ም
ህWb*WመbUR'·˛Uል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
16 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

/ል-78-flመ/gልማgflሚydfUjማ-oflq%'~ልgvf„%ሃ'Rb˛Tመf˛»flሃX·

Rመ/g መ&ho ላ· yመሃf Rላ· flመ/g ሃ vf‚bl qለማ»8- flመ/g ሃ b˛i

bWሎ Rbለ· ¶ሞ ምfም flb„(gag መሃf RሌለUj q|UTo vd q% Uህ
ሃf ¶eo flማ/ q?ም Rሌላj q|UT Rማሉለ?ለ? vd yመሃf Rላ· flመ/g
ሃfRማ-መሃ:
/ሉ ምሃvf‚bl·ምvf‚ሆf†¶'•ል:vf‚ሁም
Rማ- ላ· flR:ሉ *Wሎo ላ· flbለ† R7eo vf‚%ሃ መa5 ·ሆdል88 /ለሆaም
bሃ=ሚ ህWb*W flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† Rሚ*ሃ flመ/g ሃ
qሃ=:ምመመ†db%-መ/gሃflሚ˛»Rgflbለ†ማ/˛/%oRመ˛fUg
qላ/%ላ— ሃ ማ/˛» vf‚ሁም yመሃf Rላ· ሃ ማ- /ሉ vf„·bl ሉf=>
ማ»·˛Uል88

flሌማq|UTflመ/gqሃ=:ምfመ*f8- Rሀ˛%of:¶ም,ልRb¶ˇሉdhoy11
ሚሊflf ሄ/' Rላ· ሌማ q%' vf¶ሆa ·˛መeል88 Rሌማag flbሃ= መ/g መ&g
flሚሊ/( oለflሌማfሉa˛'fል?vdb˛T†ልሆaflመ/gሃqሃ=:ም,g'
a88 ·ህም ሊሆf flሚoለ y˛-ም»' Reo †ለf ሌማ q%' (saline sedment)
RመRሉRሉሌf¶ላ·ld*WሎoሊR?ሉRgflሚoል~*ልላ·Rማምሆg;flመ/g
ሃR%ሌማ + ሆgq'0/q'Whq¶Rማ-ላ·,ሃ:ምRg;·ምyመሃfRላ·
vdyUለሙ†ም~'fl}ሚ ሑ |ልማ„R†Wm(flb%ማ„R†ሉ( Uለመሃ:ም)Rq%'
|ለ/ሉ flq%}ሚ' |ላ·gRመሃ»
•' flሚy*gflbbyለf/flb%f*Wል
vf„·R?ል ሊ†¶' /ለሚoል flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም RUለሙ† vd Rመ/g u~/ff7f
Uለሙ†oም~'qሃ=:ሙfመ*f·g'Reል88

Rb%ሉ( z& vd ሀ·#o flሚ˛if flመ/g ሃ RqUS መሃ:ም 8- vf¶ሚe:

Rq˛%of flሚ˛jg flb%ሉ( z&o vd ሀ·#o /f dj88 va¡ህ flሃ q|ላg
¶ሞRq|UTflሚ˛ifW¢ህህ·gflሚሃW;vdflq|UTfb%ሉ(q:ማህR%
vd sgሚ† ሁee flሚሃW; dj88 ለም-ሌ8- Rም//ሐ'… ¥f flላf… vd flሐ(ማ†
ሃ·#o Rvf¶¡ህ q·ag qሃ=:ም ሁee qሁf Rሚ˛jRg ¶% ·˛lሉ; Rመሆbም
ya¡ህ flሃ q|ላg †ለqUW flመ/g ሃf መሃ:ም ሃ ሊ†ል? vd Rq|U
flሚ˛if W⁄ሃ- ህ·g: flb%ሉ(: flህWb*Sf ማህR% vd qgሚ† ሁee

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 17
 W'dሚc/f'

ሊ†¢U /ለሚoል ለመ/g q˛ልሎg ya¡ህ flሃ q|ላg መሃ:ም flሚmለ Rb(*+
¶ va¡ህ flሃ q|ላg yሚ˛U ሃ መሃf Reo መሆf /ለሚ˛U flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†ለመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚሃ:ሙgfflሃ0ም3ovd
;ሉ' መሃf
መ*f·˛Uል88

b-g, vd *ላg b' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7ff ማ-¶;-flመ/g ልማg %

flˇልRg :flሀWg vd fl—£f መ/gfg flሚሃ·? a88 flመ/g ሃfም ·ሁf
flሚሃ:ሙRgf flመ/g መ&g Rላag ለመሃR?d ለመሃ:ም flሃf fl**g q?ም
vdflመ/gመ&cfሊ•flሚoሉሁeeofbሃ=ሚህWb*Wvdflመ/gልማg
%fyሚ†/bUWመf/eሆaመf/e†ልሆbq|ላgR?f¸g•' Rመ/%g
*ላgfመ*g†¶flህWb*Sb-g+qf‚g'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†
መ/%g·˛Uል88

Reol vd Rላ·l b(*/ flሃ bሃ=ሚo *gሃ qሃ=:ምf ማልRg; -

Rb%flሚሉ( flf⁄
%/ vdflምfሑሃRb(†*+ ለW¢-ህ·gy*blq˛ልሎg
vf¶ሚ*ሉ ·e=ል88 a˛' f * ለመ/g q˛ልሎg ,Uል flሚ%*f f⁄ ·ም
ምfሑ ሙሉ Rሙሉ መሃ:ም Reol b(*/ flሚ˛j W¢ህ-ህ·g ላ· bg
/ለሚgvf‚ሁምyህWb*Sሑg•' /ለሚoል
ሊ%ሉ' flሚ˛¶Rfሃመሃf
flመ/gልማgflu~/ff7fUለሙ†Rሚ*ሃም~'መሆf·˛Uል88

flመ/g ሃ X· „gd v»-g ማ»8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo flመ/g Xof

Rbለ·ም Rflማ-j q?%T† †ሉgf 3l ¶ Xo (tertiary canals) Rማ„gd
መለ/blv»-gvf‚|ሄ»ላjRማ»†ለምfምመfሃUሃWq/bማማnflሃ*g
vf‚g'ማ»qለUj88

flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR' vf‚CCም መ¶˛*/ Irrigation Water Use Association/

8- ለ/}eማflመ/gqe'fUeለeማRሆaመልzflሚመ%dflሚ†/b„»
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'yሃbሃ=ሚoRመbUR' •' vf‚CCምማ»
q/%ላ—a8/ለሆaም
8 ‚ሞ~%,†d*gሃሂ¶gfbygሎflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo
ማህR'ለማCCምdልማcfለማ-flመ/
ለሉ gልማgUለሙ†odflልማg*%boo;ል*
bU'መሆf·g'Reል88

flመ/g ሃd መ&gf መ*g †¶˛ f/ S»f ማCCም8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo

f/S»fvf‚መሠgመ¶ˇfl%+fR•/% v†ሃd
% flS»bqUላgflሚሃR?Ujf
q/bwvf‚†R~c†Reeል8Rbሌማም 8 ሁሉምflሃbሃ=ሚqUላg†ላjf
q?ም qሟሃ flመ/g ልማg ላማf ለማ-|gd o(of R•% ለመ?*: vf‚ሁም
R%jለeማvf‚ሆbf/S»bˇልRg·ሆdjል8Rሌላ 8 Rzልለgbለg
-n Rሆb flመ/g ልማgd ሌሎo ˇ„o † flf/ S»b qUላg qW( Rመ/%g:
Rv?„j ላ· b†·h ~ለ- Rማ»; q„‚/d flb55ሉ f~gሎ¨o % ላ·
መልjfማ•˛ሉdRማ-˛»ለሉ flመ/gልማgf/S»gov¸q/%ላ—dj88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
18 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምም~f†gflሚa+ሑhofvdqለመUUhofመ*eg8- Rመ/g
ሃqሃ=:ም†Rሚ%ሃqለመUUhoflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gለo(mj
መ*gሄ ·*ሄ f» ሊRec ·˛Uል88 R¡ህም መ*g fl:Rሌ q/b„¶' Rመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚoማህR'vdf/S»fመoRመሆ •' fflመ/gUለሙ†odflልማg
*%boo Rሃ bሃ=ሚo መ|yል Rመ/g ሃ /'ሑg ም~f†g flሚ%ሃf
qለመUUgለመ„igˇልህሚd·ሏeሉ8

flመ/g Wg8- flመ/g ልማg Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo yመ/g f/ S»f

vd yqa/bld *(' መ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ መo •' Rመሆf flመ/g Wg *ላg
መ*ሃ' ·g'Ujል88 Rbሌማም flመ/g ልማg *%boo flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gf yWg q?%To •' Rማ˛dig ም'ሉ ': ማ„R†: flbU·d R7e
መyላy†መ»ሀcho:flመ/gልማgመ˛ል˛†መ-†ofv¸Rv¸‹·ምRW»'
መልzvf‚†˛j†መmmሉ8

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofy˛R†qማ%oማ/•' b-*'8- flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f

dላማflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofyf»d˛R†qማ%oRማ/ •' b-fl˛R†
*'
*ላgf መሠg q»'˛ ˛R† b' flሆb *Wሎof vf‚†መ'c ማ»d መ¶˛*
a88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg Uለሞ†od flመ/g ልማg *%boo ሚd :ሆ·ag
|ለfl˛R†መ2Xe:
ሏ yሁለ˛Wሕ/ማህR%g:R„¶|ሉማህR%gማ/('†
u˘f,d ሌሎo fl˛R† qማ%o •' g//' vf‚g' ማ˛⁄ vd g~~ለl fl˛R† መ
q*U/Xለbሃ=ሚoR?cRማ-?ም'ejfRb5vf‚2 • ለ ማ»ሄ a8

Rመ/g u~/ff7f % ላ· ሙሉ —£f ማ-ለ*d q/%ላ— bU%gf ማ††⁄8- flመ/g

ልማg y⁄dW b' W'd ልማg flሚለ·Rg d ሃU· qf• byee· flሆa flመ/g
ሃ qሃ=:ም: flbU· ~ggል: fl˛R† መ ማ*U*Wd መbfbf; vf‚ሁም flም'g
·agfdW¢gfflመ*f»•Rg~~ል* ለሃbሃ=ሚovf‚¶'መ// %gማ/%ለˇ
a8Rሌላ
8 Rzልflመ/gUለሙ†ofdflልማg*%boofRe:¶dRbሃdflu~/ff7f
” q„‚/d flb55ሉ flመ/g f~gሎ¨of flማ/b?d flማላመ» /%f; vf‚ሁም
yሃbሃ=ሚo•'fl•%መbማመfላ·መ»/f·ሃ·=ል88

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofR?»dR-e*ሎagሂ¶gላ·b-e'ማ»8- flመ/g
ሃ *ላg: q?'Xgd /'ሑg; vf¶¡ሁም flማ*%ሎ†d flማሃ%:ሚ† ·aho:
Rqa/bld *(' መ/g bሃ=ሚo: R.gd f» q'0/q'Wh q¶(o vf¶ qyUT
ሁee Rላማd Rም'g ?» ·ለ††ል88 flሃWe መ/g: flምfሑ ማልRg: fl1„ል
0ም2: flv¸ 0ም2: flqa/bl ሞb' 0ም2; flማህR*W z& b… flመ-*ሉg
Rb˛T መf˛» ሉ?ም ላ· vf‚ሉ R*ላg ልfle; ?»d -e q*ሆሉ ሂ¶g ላ·
flሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0 q¶(of b-e' ማ» q/%ላ— a88 R¡ህም መ*g qa/bl/
flመ/
*(' gbሃ=ሚofb-e'Rማ»Rሃbሃ=ሚof»flUለVgag/ሜg
vf‚%ሃ'd vf‚ለWg Rማ» flመ/g qe(o ላ>e q˛ልሎg vd ሉ?ም
vf‚g%j·„ል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 19
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flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨o *'h ማ-†of ማ|ሄ»8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

ለeማ flሚሆa q'0 q¶f Rማ-b*: q|UT† ሁeeof Rማ˛dWd flመ/g
Who b¶%7ag መሠg q»' b/ማሚ f~gሎ¨of Rሠ'h ማ-†o ¶
flማ/b?d flማላመ» % ,b˛R' a88 Rመሆbም flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bood
flመ/g Uለሙ†o R*'h ማ-†o ላ· flbለ† flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ”of
Rመሃ:ምvdflq'0q¶'Rል:fRማ|ሄ»flb55ሉflመ/gf~gሎ¨ofማልRg
·ሃR?Ujል8ለ¡ህም 8 flመ/gUለሙ†odflልማg*%booflq'0/q'Whq¶'flመ/~
Rል:fyማ•˘ejR'gምR-nfl*Wልv»˛g¶odRሌሎobU%g?g
ሌሎoqa/blflመ/~:fማ•˘gd;ል*bU%gfማ-flgdማ/bማ'·g'Ujል8
8 ለም-ሌ R/ልሃd „*- ሉdg ?g q'0 q¶ Uመላyej flመ/g መ&g ⁄¸g:
flX·ሃ•flመ/
: gon⁄¸g:flመ/gሃማሃሏ”o:መ/g*Wልመሆ'
f~c~;flመ/gማ¶R†qሃ=:ም:flመ/g*Wልq*U*Wd»ህም'gq††⁄:b
ሊሆf·oላል88

+h-78-Rq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlbCም/ሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f%መydf·˛Uል
(¸ማ¥fማd„sላ-ˇ„flq/ማ/bCም)

flመ/g qe(of o' መለflg8- yመ/g ልማg *%boo d d ሚdo መ|yል

flመ/g qe' b-g, fUe: ~ggል: ሉ˛dd flሃ qሃ=:ምd flመ/g bCም
q/b„¶'d q††⁄ •' flb†† ;ል* o(of መለflg a88 Rbሌማም flልማg
*%boo Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ S»go ¶ ለሚy*c o(o fl•% f¢V Rመ*ሃ'
ለo(kመ*gሄvf‚*ሄማ»·g'Ujል;ሆgምfyq'0q¶(oq?ምRላ·
yሆbj(kfyመ*gሄሀ-S•'ለሚመለybflRላ·q|ልvf‚:'W†¶'•ሉ8

መ¶Rlflመ/gqe(oˇWng8- flመ¶Rlflመ/gqe(oˇWngq„‚/flf~gሎ¨
መofለሃbሃ=ሚoflሚ„+Rg:flq'0/q'Whq¶(oo'ምሆbflq|UT
bሞ~(/ልም»/ ለu~/ff7fd ለም'ም' .~b(o flሚ:'SRg flሁለg7 flu~/ff7f
bUXgqሠ”%' a8Rመሆ
8 bምflመ/gልማg*%boog'flመ/gqe(of
መWig·g'Ujል88

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መል~g ማ/bላለ'† ”8- flመ/g ልማg *%boo flሃ
bሃ=ሚoRሚ%ልˇgdRሚሃWCjb˛Td?eRሆbflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
20 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

'0o ላ· መ¶Rl vd b/ማሚ flሆa /ልሃd መሠሃg qለUj88 flሃ bሃ=ሚo

f~gሎ¨fb:Wሎ%ላ·ለማል:ለሃbሃ=ሚoflf~c~»•*ለማ»vd
Rመ/g bሞ~(o መ55ሎof †ለማCሉ ለመyebል flu~/ff7f መል~ho ሃ=ሚ
dj8flመ/
8 gልማg*%booRflሁለg-ምfcለሃbሃ=ሚoflbመሄd?e
flሆb flመ/g ልማg ልማg መል~hof b¶%7 ለማ»' vf¶ 3/b': &»:
fሌ?‹f:b..flመ-*ሉgfflu~/ff7fማ/bለ'†”oመሃ:ምqለUj88

flም'ም'-u~/ff7f-q'0 q¶' fjagf ማ/:ሃል8- flም'ም' bCማg yu~/ff7f

Uለሞ†od q'0 q¶(o •' Rመሆf flመ/g ልማg ልማg o(of Rመለflg ሉdg
ማ|ሄ„j ለ/}eማ flf~gሎ¨ ልማg Rሆም -n a88 R¡ህም መ*g flb55ሉ
flመ/g q*%(ofd b/ማሚ f~gሎ¨of % ላ· ለማል q-e' f~gሎ¨ ልማg
q:%W/ Participatory Technology Development/ ”f bሃ?ሞ Rq'0 q¶' ማ-
ላ··ምRq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyል¶R•%*'hማ-†ofdflሙy%
ሆT†of bU% ·¶•ል88 /ለሆaም flመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶ f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ
% ላ· ለማል vf‚oል flq'0 q¶' - ም'ም' - u~/ff7f fjagf ማ/:ሃል
†/%ል•ል88

Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ /ሉ flመ/g ልማg *%boo flሃ

bሃ=ሚ S»gof flሚRjRg መ¶Rl Cሚ 2(%ም መg' q/%ላ— ,ሆf flመ/g
q'0/q'Wh q¶ም flሚRnRgf —£ ማ?d flሚ¶ለgf fl»•* ·ag መለ
·ሃR?Reል8Rv†f„f•
8 ˇWng?gምflመ/gልማg*%booflሃbሃ=ሚf/
S»f b|of RflWሎ|j ማngd ማa•˛' ·g'Ujል88 Rbሌማም flልማg
*%booሌሎofq'0q¶(ofለማigሉgማ»·˛Ujል88

flልማg*%booRbmለመሃfR'|eflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofለማigflሚ†/oሉ
flu~/ff7f ”ofd q:%Xjf Rመሃ:ም ?ed b˛T »•+of ማ»
·g'Ujል8ለ¡ህም
8 flq'0/q'Whq¶'vdflመ/gሃf/S»fb|ofRማig
:¶ም Wሎ ማማy'd flbመmj :ሃ( ማ/†⁄ ሃ=ሚ a88 /ለሆaም flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fመል|ምለg/መ=dg/RdagRሚybሉgˇ„o·*dል88

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'/flማህR*Wz&bሃ=ሚb|·/ሚfq'0/
q'Whq¶(oRb˛Tመf˛»መምሉ:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'b|ofምሆaሌሎoflሃ
bሃ=ሚoR?cdRመ¶Rl*gመWig:
? yq'0/q'Whq¶(o*ላg•'flbሆሆሙ-nመል~hofመለflgd
Rb|oqማ|nag¶ሌሎoq'0q¶(ovf‚*%ልማ»:
? flu~/ff7fመል~hofb:Wሎ%ላ·ለማልRሚ†•ሉሙo(oላ·
Wመል/መ/ሃg:
? መ/ለ gልማgbood
%* መ/ለ gf~c7†goRሚ˛Uflb¶%˘fl/
ሀ' ልሃd
2(%ምvf‚g'ማ»:
? መ/ለ gልማgbood
%* q'q'/0 Whq¶(oRመ/gሃbሃ=ሚfo
ሚ

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 21
 W'dሚc/f'

dbU'ላ·»•*መ/ሃg:
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'-+ oRመ/gu~/ff7fbU%g?eagdg~~ለnagላ·fl?'W
~ggልማ»:
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f~c|ልRሆbˇ„oላ·ም~ሀ-Wvf‚†:'Sማመmjg:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
22 መbR†መመ†
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• .g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o yf…o ·ል? yመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ ሂ¶g
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Uለማiejflba-Rመ/gልማgb-e'dRላagflsgሚbሃ=ሚመሆfqልmሉም88Rbሌማም
Rልማ„d RUህላ ^ላ :' q/b-*Xo ም~f†g flf…o vd .ho q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flv'/ Rv'/
vd yመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl •' †ላj fjaho *fag UለRg q|UT qል+ qል+ flመ/g u~/ff7f
q˛ልሎg,:'WRbለ·.hoq'0/q'Whq¶(of†ላ-b%d†ላመyለRመሆbb˛Tfflመ/gልማg
v:g:~ህሎgvdgምህ'e/ልሃdof-†˛j·:%ሉ8
• flሚ:'Wላjflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgfl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(of*ላg:o'vd
—£f†ላማyለRመሆbR:g/ለማ†˛jRመ/gልማg˛».gq'0/q'Whq¶(oRW=g,-b&
q·/bሉም 8 /ለሆaም :ሆ·ag †ለf flመ/g ልማg ለማ/መ⁄˛W fl.g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o b-g+d
bሃ=ሚag ሊ•˛ሉ /ለሚ˛U flመ/g u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od መ/g ልማg ሠ%boo gzg ሊ*ሄg
·˛Uል88
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q*ሂ¶g
ሆሉ fl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(of
fl/% —£f †ላ˛dRd ምk q˛ልሎg
flሚ†jRgf —£ ምg /ሉ †ላ/˛U
Rመሆb.gq'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/g
ˇ„o ላ· -e *ሎ vd bሃ=ሚ
q†¶'•jም88 Rbሌማም flሚbላለ&
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መል~ho
fl.hof flbለfl fl/% ሏd uላ'agd
flሚ˛ሉማjf b„(ho yምg
/ሉRማ/˛Ug˛»†a*a88
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ምf'2f%„;-+hR…/'q|ሉb8መ)

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• ho
. q'q'/0 Whq¶(oflመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨odflb5q*ሉ5 o (% መሄ, ምaሆ b˛R
,
flva'+f*ላg†ላማyለvd†ላ-b%RመሆbRqሃ=:ምvdRqb˛UR'ላ·y*blo'
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bg/ለሚ%ሉ'ላ·flሚሉflመ/gf~gሎ¨oR⁄?bl¶vdRqa/blሁee
vf‚ሃ:ሙ†¶'•jል88
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ማ-†odflf~gሎ¨ም'ም'ሙy%oRRሁee.gq'0/q'Whq¶(ofb-g+
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b¶%7agvf‚†•ሉማ/mል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 23
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ም%*-3q-e'flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f/ልgd”
Rdag Ru~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ /ሉ †ለff /f ሀWg: flመ%ሜም vd
flማ/%ሜም q?ም Rb˛T መf˛» bሃ?መf flሚ%ለ˛f ሁለfbd flሀ˛' »˛gd
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ለማ»y¡ህReoflሚybሉgfq:%Wdqb˛UR'q?ሆሏoመybል†/%ል•ል88

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bgvf‚ሆ
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yሚoሉyUለ»'5q|ላg•'g//'vf‚%ሃ'ማ»a88

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vf‚ሁም Rመ˛ም˛ም qሠ%'f yማልRg qል+ flመ/g ማህR%gd flሃ bሃ=ሚ
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ላ·መ¶˛*yሚoሉq•'q|ላg•'g//'Rመ*ሃ'˛»መማማ'fy*flሚ†¶'
a88

q-e'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”Rdagq'0/q'Whq¶Rመ/gW'd
ˇ„·ላ·flUለVgag/ሜgvf‚†„W'd·ሄfbሚdvf‚ሏgማ-flgdማ˛⁄a8
ሌሎo
8 q|ላgq•‹/»•*ሎመሆdjfማ-?dማ*˛fWምfl¡ሁq:%W”
q|ልa88Rመሌ5ምflማህR*Sfflf¢V;qመለ|ygd~ህሎgq?ምy*Rማ»
flሃ bሃ=ሚofd fl%-jf flመ/g qe'/flማህR*W z& R%-j q?ም
vf‚መg†/oላjል8%/f8 መmልdR%መbማመf / †„W%ል8Rbሌማም
8 q-e'
flሆa flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” flu~/ff7f Uለሞ†od flመ/g ልማg
*%boofሚdyqማ|ag¶qመmoagvf‚:fl'†¶'•ል8Rሂ8 ¶gም¶መ?%
ለሉdሎመ•%g†መ%ል88

*ላgf መሠg Rማ»' ·ም vf¶ q/%ላ—ac flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃdd

flም~'q˛ልሎgfለመ/ሃgflመ/gሃማe¸መfgq˛ልሎgfb-g,flu~/ff7f
q:%W”fTሃ:ምለeማ·ሆdል8flመ/ 8 gልማg?»gR%fRb†ለg—£d
ሀWg ለመbR' flሚybሉgf መ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ”o % ላ·
ማልq/%ላ—a88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
24 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

3.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለመbR'q/%ላ—?»መ
ሁeeo

ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo (SSI, HHMI & Community water pond) ም~' vd »•*
ለመ/ሃgflመ/
,%ለ gUለሙ†o;flልማg*%boo·ምሌሎoˇ„flሚመለyej
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†oflሚybሉgf?»መሁeeofማ?·g'Ujል
8

flመ/g ሃ መ˛lf ማ? (irrigation water source)8- ·ህ ?¶መሁee ምf q·ag

flu~/ff7f gምህ'hof መ/ሃg vf¶ሚ†/%ልd ለማf vf¶ሚ*ሉ †መላ~eል88
·ህffምመ*gRማ»flመ/gሃqሃ=:ም·agf:flመ/gሃ*ላgf:flሃ
~ምogf:bምgRማ/ /ሉ ˛Ugg~~ለlfl*Wልqመ%g”fbygሎflመ/g
qe'f?»dflRgq?'Xgfለመ*fdለማ•˘g·„ል88

flq|UTf/a-ም„'ማ?8- flq|UT/aምህ„'/fልRq|UTሚ˛ifflq%q·agd
'
f~/j': flb„(gag መሃf: yUህ' ሃለል Rላ· †ለ y*e: flfl' fWg(flሙ:g
ሁee:መefl⁄dW(መሃf:?gvd/'ሑg)Rq|UT : flሚR?ሉhovdfl•'
q%hofdqhh'ሁeeማ?q/%ላ—a8·ህ8 q*”%' flልማg*%boodflመ/g
Uለሙ†o Rመ/g flሚለማf ማ-d flq%' q·ag ማ?: flመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ምf:
flመ/g ሃ ማሃሏ b%f: flማሃሏ *g '⁄መgf: flq% ሃ flመ2yም oሎef:
b Rማ?d Rማ*bማ' *gሀ flመ/g ሃ ~**ል vf‚g' yማ¶' Rbሌማ
b%ሉ(qflሆba˛(ofR:gላ·flbመ*bflመ*gሄq?ሆለመሃ#ም: ሏ v'ም
ለመ*»vdflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚህWb*W?»መ⁄¸gRማ»vf‚oልd
flሚለሙfl*Wልahofለመለ·g†/jላjል88

flመ/g bሃ=ሚ ማህR*Sf ማ?8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ† flሚ˛di

flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR*W •' Rመሆb flማህR*Sf Uህላ: sgሚ† vd
e| qhh' ሁeeof Rb˛T ሁee ማ? †/%ል˛ል88 ·ህም ሁee flመ/g
u~/ff7f Uለሙ† ህWb*Sf flf¢V ማ/ሌRሏ vd gምህ'g Rሚ*ሉRg ?g
ለq|UT vf„ flሆb a˛(of Rመ:ላ:ል flመ/g u~/ff7f /' fle:& q'0/q'Wh
q¶(ofyማ¶d˛'vf‚#ሃWvdRህWb*Sf»b:U·agvf„†ሆ·„ል88

? qሑag†ላjff~gሎ¨ofb/ማሚagማ?8
? flመ/g*Wሎofflሃ*ላgማ?:
? b/ማሚflሆaflመ/gሃqሃሆሉ”fመምሉ:
? flመ/gሃማሃሏ%=fመbR':
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofማማy'dላማመ*gRማ»flqሁfd
fl¶'gflሃbሃ=ሚof*ላgfማ'|g:
? R:ሉeምሆaRbflv†f„f•fflሃbሃ=ሚf/S»fb|o
ማ/መሉ:

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 25


? ለመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgማ/(gbU'ልም»†ላjflመ/g
bሃ=ሚofመምሉ:
? Rመ/gˇ„oላ·ሉል?ሉdgማ|ሄ»dq/%ላ—ም~ሀ-Xofማ?W;
vf‚ሁምq„‚/f~gሎ¨ofRማ%ላለflb5ለfRመምሉflማላመ»/%
ለመ/%g*'hማ-†ማ|ሄ¶:
? yም'ም'bCማg•'መ˛digdRሃbሃ=ሚo*ላgላ·ሉdho
vf‚|ሄ•ማ»:
? fl%/fflልflመ*gሄሀ-W-†fU';q/%ላ—R%ሁ+of:flም~'
q˛ልሎhof:ም~ሀ-Xofdመofለሃbሃ=ሚoማ?W:
? /fflሆbሀWhofለመ#ሃW,UልRሉf=>flbመሄdd?»ሚ†
Rb*ሆjXoላ·gzgመ/ሃg:
? flq|UTbgfለመ:a/Rሃqሃ=:ምdq/b„¶'ላ·qማ%ሑመf˛…of
መ%ለ:
? Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoመ|yል*gሀflሃ~**ልvf‚g'flሚ†/oል
መ'ህfbygሎflሃqሃ=:ም?»ማ•˘g:
? Rfl¶†ለflመ/g'gRሃ;ሃUመ'ህvf‚መ%ማ»:
? RbU'flb¶˛%f~gሎ¨fRሠ'hማ-†?»መ-ማ/b?
? q|UTb'ም~ሃ*Wfመ/ሃg

3.2flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚof
መለflg

RW'dላ·
% flb*ማ%ማflምሕWb*WflW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎgbሃ=ሚ
·ሆdል8y¡ህ
8 qf'flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሄfRማሃdy'Rመ/g
ልማg/%ላ·flb*ማ%q'0/q'Whq¶'ሙ†»•*vf‚†˛n:flb55ሉflመ/g
q*%(od f~gሎ¨o bሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆf ለማ» fl⁄dW bሃ=ሚ yሆbg q'0/
q'Whq¶(oመ|yልbለ·hመe?qለRg88R¡ህምመ*gyህReoflbg
flህWb*W~*ሎo:S»godማህR%gflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbሃ=ሚo·ሆdሉ8

? q'0/q'Whq¶(o:
? .ho:
? ሆho:
? ሞ”ልq'0/q'Wh/q'Whq¶(ovd
? RW'dመ/~flb*ማflልUለሀWho:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%g:
? .gRሚሌምfl/15ላ·£7f/%oflb¶%–S»go·ሆdሉ8

26
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

3.q'0/q'Whq¶f;vf‚ሁምflልUለሀWcf
ማa--g

q'0/q'Wh q¶ vd flል UለሀWc R:ሆ· /ለሚ†ydbg bU%g: ሊሃ:ሟj

/ለሚ˛Sflb5q*5ሉ %(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨oq?'Xgdqሃ=:ምRf¢Vqnb
ለ/% vf‚a-+; Rbሌማም Rq|UT †ሉgf flW'd q*%'d qመ%g o(o
ለ·b Rማ? q/%ላ— flመ*gሄ v'ምof መ*» vf‚oሉ fl?/:- %of
መ/%gb:„ሚbU'a8/ለሆaም
8 flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoflbለ†flb5flመ/
5ሉ g
q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎ¨of bሃ?መ R?c ማydf flሚ˛Ujf flመ/g
ልማg bU%g Rማydf ም'gd ም'eማaejf q-»˛ ˛T†jf Rመሌመ'
flb5ለb(መg'vf‚oሉለማ»flማa--g%oR?»ሚ†·*%ሉ8

3.4˛R†b'b-g+qflq~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
q'0/q'Whq¶; vf‚ሁም flል UለሀWc ˛R† b' q*%'f bygሎ flbሃdy
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgdfl˛R†መRማigflb5flመ/ 5ሉ gq*%(ofdf~gሎ¨of
bሃ?መም'gdም'eማaejfRማ-¶flሀ˛'*“ef /ሉ ማሟላg:ለ(W|d
sf•/g flሚ†/%ልˇ ሉ& =of; vf‚ሁም ለሑ ምf¢& ng q/%ላ— flሆb
ም'hof .g Rመሌመ' ˛R† ላ· Rማ?W ˛T†jf ሌም flb5ለ b( መg'
vf‚oሉ b-g+q flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg -n a88 Rbሌማም Rfl¶ Uሉ
v.g*f*ለhoላ·fl/%v»ል%ሃ(fl£of/%qሉago'ለመ?*†ለ(·„
flሚd?q·¶ለም8Rመሆ8 bም·ህfflq~/ff7fq:%Wdqb˛UR'”bygሎflመ/g
ልማgማ|ሄ»ሃ:ሜey*bla8y¡ህ 8 qf'flመ/gልማcfለeማለማ»
y¡ህ Reo flbመለycgf bU%g ማydf †/%ል•ል88 RqW¢lk flመ/g ልማg
ም'eማag v.g *f*ለho ላ· ?»ሚ† gzg flb*ሃ መሆf /ላለRg flW'd
ም'eማagv.g*f*ለgR¨w%'-b'fl˛R†v»ልመ*ሃ†/g%f¨†q:%Wf
vd R'|e ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆjf bU%g ለመbR' flሚ†/oሉ መ»~f Rመ*ሃ'
˛R† b' flu~/bf7f q*%' ”f መybል a88 ለም-ሌ;- flሙ⁄ መf¶': flማf
መf¶' vd flመ-*ሉgf q¶˘g Rመybል yWg q?'Xg: yመመማ† ሁee:
yf~c~ »•* yማ» q†: y˛R† •' ለማ/b-*'d ለማ/b? ምk ሁeef
flመ*ሃ' ” a88 ·ህም q'0/q'Wh q¶ fl˛R† *ላgfd fl˛R† መf መ*g
†¶˛ ˛R† b' ም'gf ማምg መmል: ማለg a88 flመ/g ልማg Uልሞ†od
flልማg*%booR¡ህ˛»fl˛R†*ላgfRማ•˛ሉ;fl˛R†መfRማ?W;ሉ%g
†ለdRም'gvf‚g'Rማ»;¸ምላdo'm(˛‹ofRማ/b-b *': »•*
ማ»·g'Ujል88

3.5*ላgfመ*g†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”

·ህ flመ/g u~*ff7f ” ·ም q*%' flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T Rመሌመ' ላ

መb„¶† vf‚g ·„ል88 flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ/g ልማg ልማg *ላg
ልfle „*- ሉdg: b-b+q fl˛ሃ' „/- ሉdg (PRA) ; flልማg *%bl flሎ /%
መመ⁄˛T† ማ/e5 (DA extension diaries) b flመ/g u~*ff7f ” ·ም
q*%'fለማydfflምfሃ:ምUjf~codj88

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 27
 W'dሚc/f'

3.6flb*Uሃመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”fመሃ:ም

flመ/g ልማg ልማg Uለሙ†jd flመ/g ልማg *%boo Rመ/g bሃ=ሚo

flb•˘f ?» ለማ/bR'd flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd q„‚/ f~gሎ¨of
ለማ/b? flbለ†/ flb*Uሃ flu~/ff7f ”of መሃ:ም ·g'Ujል88 ·ህም
,Uል flbdሉል;flS»f; flል flu~/ff7 bUXhofd b-g+ f~gሎ¨ flማላመ»
·ምሌሎoflመ/gu~*ff7f”ofv†%·ም %; Rqf»ላ·vf¶q/%ላ—ac
·ምvf¶ላማመሃ:ምማለga88

3.7?f¸eq*%'/gመ'•g

R:ሉeም ·ሁf Rb መf˛» ለW'd ልማg % bU%ag q•' yሆb

መf/edመf/e|ልሆflልማg»'¸hob: •' d¸hመ/%gflላ:ሉ?ምqለ8
/ለሆaምRfl¶y)¶%ልv/y„»/ybCCሙgflልማgq|ላgqማ|o•'
†ለfflfjag—£qሃd~(Rማ/:ሃልሊ†መሄ ለሉ Rሚoሉˇ„oላ·b†·h
/ምምagላ·Rb¶+-eovdመUUhoመ*gbሃ†agUለመf˛»flመ/g
ልማg/%ofbU%ማ»·ሃR=ል8R¡ህም 8 መ*gRW'dልማgdRም'ም'
% ላ· b*ማ'b flሚf:-:+ q|ላg ማለgም flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨ q?%T
»'¸g:RW'dflb*ማUለሀWho:flW»'dflም'gማ:aUR†bCማg;vf‚ሁም
RW·g bU' ላ· flb*ማ »'¸ho: flህWg /% cflgo: q'0/q'Wh q¶(o:
b… b:d¸b vf‚f:-:+ Rማ» flመ/g ልማg %of Rመ¶˛* ማ(ሃf
b˛Ta88y¡ህqf'flW'dልማgq|ላgfjagም~'Vg/|f/ል/'flሚ˛j
U»'5q|ላgbU'duላ'agvf¶ሚybለ:'Yል88

3.71W'dም'ም'

flq'0/q'Whq¶fflf~ሎ¨*ላgማ'|gflሚmለflW'dም'ም'yu~/ff7fd
q'0/q'Whq¶ሉW? •' g/,g/' a8R¡ህም
8 መ*gም'ምyሁለcq|ላg
flሚ
•' gffjagRማሃdy'Rq'q¶' 0 v¸˛Wbሉ?ምላ·flሉgfflመ/g
f~gሎ¨ovfl%b2ˇ»ለejfRማ/b|yልRb5f~gሎ¨o 5ሉ flመb|guላ'ag
·gል88 Rመሆbም flq'0/q'Wh q¶(of flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd flf~gሎ¨
qሃ=:ም~*bhofመ*gRማ»flም'g»˛gflሚ†መሄf~gሎ¨ofyሑም
ሆayሀ˛'Rማ%
/ሉ ላለdRማመfሌgማ/b?dማላመ»·g'Ujል8Rbሌማ 8
Rሚ†:'Yj q„‚/ f~gሎ¨o ላ· bU' b' /ልሃd Rመ/ሃg flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fUለሙ†ofq?ምማልRg·ሃR?Ujል88

3.72Wgq?%To

flW'df ም'gd ም'eማag ለማ-¶ Rሚ¶˛ ሉg /ሉ q/%ላ— flሆb

f~gሎ¨ofRማ?WRzልflW'dWgq?%T»'¸hoሚdjRሆምy*bl
a88 Rመሆbም q'0/q'Whq¶ flሚሃ·=j ⁄'⁄' flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨o
R?cለሚመለybflWgq?%T»'¸gR·agdRመሃfbለ·by:SR^ላ

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
28 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

Uሉgq¶˘hoRzልR?cvf‚:'S·¶•ል88R¡ህምመ*g8-

? flመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'flሚ%ል•jfflመ/gልማgf~ሎ¨o
*ላgR?gለ·hማ?:
? ⁄'⁄'flf~gሎ¨*ላhobለ·bye;R^ላR?cለሚመለyb
flWgq?%T»'¸gR·agdRመሃbfq¶%¸hማ?'W:
? flbሃfl;gflመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨oUሉgq¶'˘hoRzልR?cለq'0/
q'Whq¶vf‚:'Sማ»:
? y%ሚflመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨o|ሉR?cለሚመለybq|ልR?c
R·agdRW¢gማ-?:

3.7W»'*ሎbCማg

flW'df ም'gd ም'eማag ለማ-¶ flሚ†/%ልˇ Whof ለማ?W መለ f·

v¸ Rሆም q/%ላ— a88 ·ሁf vf¨ flም'g ማ-¶—† f~gሎ¨of v¸ Rv¸ ˛⁄h
ለመሃ:ም q?ም Rሚ†f/Rg ?g flW»' q˛ልሎg ማig -n a88 Rመሆbም
qf» q'0/q'Whq¶' flሚ%ል˛f flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨ ˛⁄h ለመሃ:ም q?ም
Rሚ†f* ?g ለW»' q˛ልሎg *ሎ bCማg ሉ†>f Rማ?W W»' ማig
·oላል8y¡ህ 8 qf'flW»'*ሎbCማgለq'0/q'Whq¶flሚ†¶'ˇg»•y** bl
a88

/ለ¡ህ flመ/g W'df ም'g ለማ-¶: W~agf ለመ:a/d ሉ%gf ለመሃR? q/%ላ—
flሆb f~gሎ¨of ለq'0/q'Whq¶ RW»' vf‚:'Sለg ሁeeo ሊመmkለg
·˛Uል88

3.74መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho

Rfl¶ ለW'd ም'gd ም'eማag »˛g R:ሉeም ·ሁf Rb መf˛»

q/bw|ላjመf/e|ልሆb»'¸h•'b:d¸hመ/%gWሉ?ምqለ8
Rመሆbምመf/e†ልሆb»¸hoflመ/gልማgfለመ¶˛*dflም'gW~agfdሉ%g
መ¶ልf ለመ:a/ flf~gሎ¨ ም'ም' %ofd q?'Xhof; vf‚ሁም RUለሙ†o
q?ምfUeልሃdoላ·flሚ†¶'ˇgfl˛fWdfl;-;/»•*y*bla88

flሃ bሃ=ሚof ል ል flመማ' *ላho ለማ»/ q/bUU ሚfof Rbለ†

¶o|ሉbCማg;fl»•*dq˛ልሎg*ሎodq•q|ላg ' ማ/•' b-q/*' %ላ—
a8ለ¡ህም
8 Rሀ˛'q:R~ልል:
*: R¥f:R„vdR:Rሌ¶Rb»†ለflመ/g
ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† ሚf qማ|nag flሚ:d flሚመ% መሆf qለRg8
8 ·ህም Rሁሉም ¶o flመ/g q˛ልሎgf ለeማ Rሆa መልz ለማ:d˘g -n
ሚd ·ሏeል88 መ'ሃ W flb(*/: flመ/g qe' flላ·l ~*ል (headwork):
flመ/g ሃ /'ሑgd ~**ል /'g:Rqe flሚለማ መ&g:flq|UT aU% ሁee
·ምማለgምflላldfleolb(bሃ=ሚ */ of*ላgdflሃbሃ=ሚሁeef
yq/bማማnflqf”flqfl'ffWgልማg•'መ/b-*'f†ሃ=ልላል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 29
 W'dሚc/f'

3.8flመ/gሃfማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:*q: %W
”fመሃ:ም

R:Rሌ·ምR„flሚ/ሉ ˛jflመ/gማflምመ˛lq|ሎofdqe(oRW=g
ለማ55ል:ም'eማagfvdflሃbሃ=ሚof˛Tለማ-¶flb:d˘dflመ/gq|ልf
·ምqe'fማyል†¶˛ሁሉfq:flu~/* ff7fq:%W”መbR'Rqሑ'
—£/ሉለeማ†¶'•ል88

3.9fl'beምላ7*ሎag (Gender-Responsiveness)

.hq'0/q'Whq¶'flመ/gbሃ=ሚoRሁሉምflመ/gbU%gላ·Rማ-b*vd
yመ/g ልማg Rሚ˛i ˛T bሃ=ሚ መሆdjfd Rbለ†fl ¶ Rሃ ሚf /ሉ
fl-e*ሎag»'vf‚g%
5 jማ»q/%ላ—a8q/8 %ላ—ሆg,˛nምል»•*
Rማ» *gሃ 'b e /ለመg Rመ/g u~/ff7f gzg flሚ*ሃ ;ል*
bU' a88 flመ/g ልማg *%bojd መ/g Uለሞ†o .ho Rመ/g W'd /ሉ
Rሁሉም flqመ%g ¶o ላ· Rf=g vf‚-b&; flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም~'d
ልሃd vf‚†˛j;flW»'; flመ/g Whofd f~gሎ¨ q˛ልሎhof vf‚ሃ:ሙ
ሉgማ»·ሃR?Ujል88

/ል- 8- .g q'0q¶(of
Rመ/g ልማg % /ሉ
ማ-b* ሌሎo q'0q¶(of
†Reeል8

Rመ/g /% /ሉ ለ.g q'0/

q'Wh q¶(o gzg ማ¶
†/%ለ˛Rg ም~f†g *gሀ flሆa % v»ል ለመ*ሃ'd RVb*W /ሉም flbመሆሃa
/'b ምW vf‚g' *ለሚ†/oል ሑም' a88 flመ/g f~gሎ¨ qመ%ሉd *'h
ማ-†oም,Ru~/ff7f/ልሃdoflq|ል /ሉ ˇ„boofvdሌሎofl.hof*ላg
መ*gq#%nh††መሆfqለUj88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
30 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

3.10q-e'flመ/gf~gሎ¨ልማg(ParticipatoryIrrigate
TechnologyDev't)(PITD)

yq|UT•'b/ማሚflሆbf~gሎ¨oለማሆgdለመ%b2flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚofdሌሎoq'0q¶(oRq-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማgላ·ማ|bgRላ
flf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ምd/'ሑgላ·qfebgqለ8/ለ¡ህyም'ም'd
u~/ff7fUለሞ†o•'Rመሆffl%-jf:gvdbU%ልም„jf
RማR'ygflq-e'f~gሎ¨ልማcfሂ¶gመም%g·g'Ujል88flq-e'f~gሎ¨
ልማgላማoም8-

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofflf~gሎ¨ሀ-Xoመ%b7:
? yመ/gሃማe¸መfg•'Rb††Rq|UTbሌUሑሁeeለeማ
flሆaf~gሎ¨fማ*ለ?:
? Rመ/gላ·
%/ ም~W-ሀ Rb*ሃUjf~gሎ¨oflRለሃeማ
ለ bሆሊ
RሚoሉRgqUWflማ55†ሙy%ማ|ሄ»:
? Rመ/gqe(oሙy%v†|ሄ•†ሉflመ*gሃbሃ=ሚofl%-jf
o'መ*egflሚoሉRgfq?ምማልRg88

3.1flመ/gbሃ=ሚofማ¶%˘g

:ልሆ(d ላag †ለ flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg ለመ/g bሃ=ሚo ለመ/ሃg †መo

f»q'0/q'Whq¶fRልማgS»f:RማህR%gdRf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ም†flም'g
v.g Rሚሌም /%o ላ· Rማ¶%˘g b˛T flሆa flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vf‚†˛j
·¶•ል88 R¡ህም መ*g q'0/q'Wh q¶f; vf‚ሁም ሆcfd .hof RS»fd
RማህR%gRማ¶%˘gflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃgR'|eሃ:ሜeo
qሉg88ሉ?ሞkምflሚybሉgdj88

? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcfRqሑ'—£/ሉለR'|eመ/g
bሃ=ሚVb*WvdflህWb*W~*ሎoለማ„/ምkሁeef·%ሉ%ል:
? q'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/gልማg%oy?»⁄¸gv/y~ggልvd
ም˛ማ»/Uለሂ¶g/ሉRመ-b*q?ማj·ለWeል:
? v'/Rv'/ለመማማ'dም'ሉbሞ~(ofለማ/(gምkሁeef·%ሉ%ል:
? Rbdሃልመ*»flማ·oሉgff~gሎ¨o/flW'dም'gv.gflሚሌም:
fl»ህም'gf~gሎ¨..b/R•%Rመ*»ለመሃ:ም†መmል:
? R•%flሚ*flመ/gልማg%ofለማydf·„ል::

3.1flመ/gልማgS»fማ¶%˘g

flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሄfለbሃ:ሚoምkdb¶%ለማ»
7 q'0/q'Whq¶f
flze˛ሃምv'S»f 5 ·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚoq¶˘gdRልማgS»f
ማ¶%˘g ሃ:ሜe flላ a88 Rመሆbም Rqመ|n y20-3 ·ም y15-20 flሚ¶'+
q'0/q'Whq¶(o (qU%ofd vማ%of U:% መልz) R*ልgd R%=¶nag

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 31
 W'dሚc/f'

Rልማg S»f ·¶%ሉ8 q¶˘cም flመg† q|UT ?'Rgf/flማ- »fR'f መ*g

†¶˛ ·ሆdል88 flልማg S»b R5 ሞ”ል q'0/q'Whq¶(o /R/%j A ¶ †˛j/
flሚመ% ,ሆf v†f„f• flልማg S»f R/ v/y 5 f/ flልማg S»go /flze
˛ሃምv'S»f 5 ·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚo·geል8va¡ህ 8 flf/ልማg
S»fflze˛ሃምv'5S»f·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚofl%-jመo
·g%jል88

ሀ.flልማgS»fመoqመ%ሉ

? RW'djd
%/ f~gሎ¨qሃ=:ማjfU'¶ም
: flሆbvd}¸
0 ሉሙ
Rመሃ:ምለgflR;:
? Rመል|ም/aምU%jRህWb*Sf»fle;:
? †˛jgf:gd~ህሎgለሌሎoq'0/q'Whq¶(oለማ/bላለ*%=¶l
flሆb:
? qUላg†ሉUjfo(oq*U/Rለመ/gልማgሠ%blRማ?W
መ*gሄማ%ላለflሚoሉ:
? T†f/Rሜሐ'agflሚመሃ*ማfRWdመሟ*flሚoልTሆfሉa:
? q„‚/q*%(ofdf~gሎ¨ofለመ:Rል%ሆfflሆb:
? ሃ-Ujfflመለvdflሌሎofሃ-Wflመ:Rልoሎe†ላj:
? ህWb*SfR*gሃagለማ˛ል˛ል=ልflሚ˛S;
? Rመ/gqeላ·ሊ¶'/flሚoለfo(o:»ሞRመ„gbሃ=ሚf
ማህR*WRማ/bUR'vdyሌሎoyሚመለyejf•'RመሆfR?f¸g
መ*egflሚoል;
flS»fመoflqUላgf*ላgvdb-g+vf„·˛»Sሉf=>flbሞላRg
~ggልማ»qለUj8q/8 ላ—
% gሆ ˛nም
, flልማgS»fqUላcመkf
Rሌላvf‚bzflማ»መWgqላj88

ለ.flልማgS»fመobU'duላ'ag

? qRላgf†-b%vdflq|UTfflመ/gልማgq?ም†˛dRflልማgS»f
?»vdflመ'ሃ˛W'/fl/%—£/*ሌ„Rመ/gልማg*%booRመe˛⁄
†•ሉ:bU%vf‚ሆf~ggልvd»•*†¶'•ሉ8
? Rሚ*ሆj»•*መ*gflT⁄a/2ላf†•ሉ;ሌሎoq'0q¶(o
vf‚†•–·¶(ሉ:
? Rመ/gልማg*%booqማ|·agflሚ:'Sfl»ህም'gf~gሎ¨q††⁄d
qሃ=:ምመል~hofለqUላgማ»/:ማ†flgvdyqUላgflሚa+
ˇ„ofለልማgሆT†*%boo†:'Uሉ:
? /ለqUላhmjdq|UT†jመሠeመofRመ*W*W·ሃ:ማሉ:
? flqUላcfflመ/gልማgvf?/=.3'gለመ/gልማgሠ%boo†¶'-ሉ:
? Rመ'ሃW//%*ሌ„/መ*gyመ/gልማgሠ%bl•'qሃ=ላ·

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
32 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

Rመ/gልማgbU%gq%ምላ·ም˛ማRማ|ሄ»fl:ሆ·bU%gf
q?ሆሏv†/:መሄ·b˛W%ሉ:
? *ላejfvdfl~ህሎg~*bejfመ*gU¶˛መልzq'0/
q'Whq¶(ovf‚*ለሉbflማa--gvdflማReeg/%·*%ሉ:
? flS»bqUላgRመ/gf~gሎ¨ማ/(g/%ላ·Rf¢Vg)jም'ሉ
flመ/gልማgbሞ~(offlማ/(g%vf‚*˛¢†¶'•ሉ:
? flልማgS»fqUላgRመ/gልማg/%ላ·R/(gvf‚-b&yሞ”ልq'0
q¶(o•'flv'/Rv'/flልም»ልሉvf‚†¶'ˇ†¶'•ሉ:
? yqUላgመ|yልRbለ†flመ/gልማgም'bሞ~(ሉ o
% ላ·መ-ለ b*
*ላg†ላjfመምሉdለመ/gልማgሠ%blማ»/:
? Rመ/gqeላ·ሊ¶'/flሚoለfo(o:»ሞRመ„gbሃ=ሚf
ማህR*WRማ/bUR'vdyሌሎoyሚመለyejf•'RመሆfR?f¸g
መ*egflሚoል;

fl*W-TbU'

? flልማgS»bf/W*U·መ%ል:
? flልማgS»bf~ሎ/W*Uoላ··-b(ል:
? flልማgS»fqመ%(obU%jfRqUSመሆejf·yebላል:
? flልማgS»bffl?»q%ሟሜም3'gለመ/gልማg*%bl·ል|ል:

flሐ'bU'

? dq/bUURማ·g'Rg*gb~hflማ/bUR'%f·ሠ%ል88
? Rመ/gልማg*%booqማ|·agflሚመሄመል~hofለqUላcRfUW
†*ማል88
? yልማgS»bflb*R*SመofRሁ*q•¸h†/:ምሆል:,%ለም
ለbሃ=ሚ·*ሆል88

ሐ.flልማgS»fqUላgbU'vduላ'ag

? flS»bqUላgRሌሎovdRq|UT†jbሞ~ለeማflሆbም'ሉ
flመ/gልማgbሞ~(ofvf¶*ላejR%-jማ-/Vgq|UT
መbR';ለሌሎoqUላgማ-?vdflልም»ልሉማ»:
? fl˛vdfly'*ም»'ሃfvf¶qf»flማ·eለ*Wgመሃ:ም:
? Rbdሃልመሃ:ምflማ·oሏjfflመ/gልማgb~gሎ¨oR•%መሃ:ም:
? R•%flሚሠflመ/gልማg%ofR•%ማydf:
? Cሚ2(%ምRማሆgfl%q%ማjfR•%መ˛ም˛ም:
? መe?„jfRልvdR•%Rማ•˘g;vf¶q/%ላ—acምRመyለ/
Rg~~ለlfl—£*ሌ„መbR':

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 33


? R•%flbላለ%-ef:flS»bfመመofd¶fWማ~R':
? RS»f*W-Tflሚ*ሆjfbU%gመ%ም:
? Rመ/gልማgሠ%bl·ምRS»fመflሚሃfl;መofመ/ሃg:

መ.flze˛ሃምv'5S»f·ምRማ-flመ/gX·bሃ=ሚoS»fመbU'
vduላ'ag

RልማgS»fመacflሚ†yddjfbU%gሌም(R/flሚ˛jgqም/gq'0/
q'Whq¶(o†ydhjfም'ሉflመ/gልማg%ofRማ/(gflq'q†agሚd
·ሏeል88 Rማ- X· 4l ·ም 3l ·ም 2l ¶ ' flሚሃ:ሙ q'0q¶(of
Rze˛ሃምመ&ejመ*g·መ%ል:†/bUW%ልo(oyby*co(of·%eል8
8 ለም-ሌ8- RVb/W ·ም Rል*W ¶ ሚለሙ qa/bl flመ/g ልማg /%of
†yddል:flqምdሜ-q'ም'ሑgf†yadል:flon⁄'ም' : g/W*U.b
flመ/gልማggU%gfለማydf†˛ለላል88

3.12v.gflሚሌምflመ/gልማg%oላ·
ማ¶%˘g

yW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ q?ሆሏo qf• q|UTf መ*g Rማ»

Rbመሄflመ/g*Wሎoላ·fl/15ላ·£7fመ/% %gflሚ%ልˇq'0/q'Whq¶(of
RS»fq¶%¸hRም'gv.gመሌመ'bU'ላ·vf‚*ማማ»,ሆfRላj
መ¢gflማ·oላjfWhoRS»fb¶%¸bማigvf‚oሉq/%ላ—flሙ†
˛¢ ·¶ላjል88 y¡ህ qf' q'0/q'Whq¶ RS»f b¶%¸h flb55ሉ flመ/g
q*%(odf~gሎ¨obሃ=ሚvf‚ሆfለማ»y¡ህReoflbgfflu~/ff7f
qb˛UR(oመybል†/%ል•ል88

? %=¶lflሆbq'0/q'Whq¶(o:fl˛ሃ'ሆhovd.hov.gRሚሌም
fl/15ላ·£7f /%o (ለም-ሌ8- Rም'g ማ#†: ማ-jf ze ˛ሃም
Rማ»Rም'ሉ'W£g/%:Rg%f/3'g:Ru0ም2ሉ˛d:
R»ህም'gf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ም†:Rq(2(*,f/%o:RUልgd
/%o:b)ላ·vf‚*ማRማa--gbመ--·*ላg†ላjf*o
R*ላejመ*gRS»fdRማህR%gRማ¶%˘gfl/%»ልvf‚%ሉ
ማ/mል:

? Rb*ማRgfl/%መ/~ላ·fl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? flመ/gWgq?'XgfdflW»'q˛ልሎgfማመmjgdflf~c~»•*
መ/ሃg:
? vf¶q/%ላ—acfl/%Xeማመmjg:

RS»fb¶%¸bfl»ህም'gq††⁄u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgሊ*ሉUjRሚoሉ
fl»ህም'gf~gሎ¨o/ሉ8-

34
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ሀ.መ†o

ለ.መ%ል%†o

q(2(*,f·ምv.gRመሌመ'ሊ*yሚoሉflም'g·aho/ሉ8-

ሀ.fl·gመሑመ†o:
ለ.fldማdም»ልህ/%:.b

flUልgd/%o8

ሀ.flም/'~~ማ•˘g:
ለ.R'R&ማ•˘gdማ2:
ሐ.Sላማ•˘gvdማ2:
መ.#ሎ:.b

Rqሃ=ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq|ሄ•fbU%ለማ»flሚybሉg
bU%g መydf qለUj88 flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄ fl:Rሌ
flልማg Uለሙ†o R:Rሌ†j /ሉ v.g flመሌመ' /% ሊ*Ujd flb5ለ ˛R†
ሊ†/˛jflሚoሉflም'g·ahofflመለflg/%·*%ሉ:

? Rq|UTq'0/q'Whq¶Rbdሃልሊ†˛ljflማ·oሉf¶ሞ
q?%TT˛nR{%·ሊሃ:ሙUjflሚoሉgff~gሎ¨ofመለflg:

? yላ·Rb%;ሉ'1vd2Rbሃ:+gfl/%'+oሊ*ማflሚoሉ
flህWb*W~*ሎo/q'0/q'Whq¶(o:.ho:ሆho:መ&g
qልUo/መለflg

? flbለgfbሃ=ሚo¶¡ህvf‚*
%/ ማመ:ማ†flg
:/ vdf%/
vf‚˘ምማማy':

? %=¶lflሆbgfflህWb*W~*ሎoለ·hRS»fማ¶%˘g/
qW¢lkflህWb*W~*ሎof~gሎ¨ofRል·
q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgሊyW» /ለሚoልa/:

? ለb¶%–flS»fqUላgfl/%መ/zfለ·hfl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? flS»bqUላgለመ/gልማgflሚልWqgdW»'ሊ†˛jflሚoሉRgf
ሁeeoማመmjg:
? flS»fqUላcfRT⁄a/2ላfq*%'ላ·ማ*ልሃfvdqሑacf
vf‚†ምbRgማ»:
? RS»f¶%, –ልሃdd
/ flም~'q˛ልሎgማig
ለ vf„†/j'flqf»S»f

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 35
 W'dሚc/f'

qUላgW¢gy20U·Rልሉሉa:
? ለS»bqUላgRሙሉfl~ህሎg/ልሃdመ/ሃg:
? RS»fflb¶%–gqUላgfl%-jfflመb„¶†¶fWvf‚†ሄማ»:
? v.gRመሌመ'/%ለሚ*ማምሆaqf»ff~gሎ¨Rማy%flgለሚ*ማ
S»gofl˛R†መflሚ†˛jRgfመf˛»ማመmjg:
? flሚ¶%–gS»goRሂ¶g¶ሕ•ማህR'መ2•˛'vf‚oሉመ¶˛*8

3.1hofRS»fማ¶%˘g

.hoRመ/gW'dላ·
% ˇልህq/bwTg%jም:¶ም,ልRaRgflu~/ff7f
/'hoRመ/gልማgላ· /% -·-b&dRUህላbg:Rf¢VvdRመvሉg;
vf‚ሁም RVg /ሉ % ሏd ም~f†g b˛Tf q˛ልሎg -†˛j #·bል88
Rመሆbም·ህff~*bgለመሙላg.hoRመ/gልማgላ·/% flሚ†R~cgfy*bl
q/bw ምg /ሉ Rማ/˛Ug flመ/g ልማg bሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆb *ላg †ላjf
.hoRS»fq¶%¸hq/%ላ—flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg(gምህ'gdም~')
Rመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ*ሆj·˛Uል88

R¡ህምመ*g8-

? ለ˛ሃ'.hofl˛Tማ/˛lRሚሆbflመ/gልማg%oላ·bመ--·
*ላg†ላjf.hoRS»fRማ¶%gflመ/gልማgbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆb
ማ»:
? vማ%oም'flመ/
ሉ gልማgq*ofd
(% bሞ~(ofbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆb
ማ»:
? fl˛ሃ'.hof¨d^ላ:'yሆb/%obላ:መdflመ/g
f~gሎ¨ofbሃ=ሚaሆ flW'dfም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶flb5 ለ
˛T%ሉflb5ለb(vf‚gማ»:
? .hoˇልRejfd:ejfq/bUWfl•%o(mjfR•%
መ*egvf‚oሉ»•*ማ»:
? fl˛ሃ'.hofመdflመ/gf~gሎ¨obሃ=ሚሆaflW'df
ም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶Rሀ˛'sgሚ»˛gላ·flRzላjfq/bw
vf‚†¶'ˇማ/mል:

3.14ሆhofRS»fማ¶%˘g

fl˛ሃ' ሆho flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg bሃ=ሚ Rመሆf Rbለ† fl˛T
ማ/˛l%oላ·b-e'vf‚ሆbሁeeoሊመmoላj·˛Uል8R¡ህም 8 መ*g
ሆc RS»f b¶%¸h flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd f~gሎ¨of b# bሃ=ሚ
Rመሆfflመ/gልማg/%of*'hflW'dfም'gdም'eማagRማ-¶bሃ=ሚ
መሆf·g'Reል8y¡ህ
8 qf'ለሚybሉgbU%ggzg*ሉhመf:·˛Uል8
-:/ 8

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
36 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? fl ˛ ሃ ' ሆ h o f * ላ g መ ሠ g R ማ » ሆ c R S » f b ¶ % ¸ h
flሚ-b*Rgffl˛Tማ/˛lflመ/gልማgqማ%ofRመለflgልሃdd
flW»'q˛ልሎgflሚ†˛jRgfሁeeoማመmjg:

? ሆho /ለሚgRg q|UT fl•% f¢V g)j Rመ/g ልማg bU%g

ላ·vf‚-b&ማ»:

? ሆho :ejf: oሎejfd ˇልRejf Rማ/bUR' Rመ/g

ልማg/%ላ·መ*ማ%gvf‚oሉ†ሉgfo(oR•%ለ·bመ*gሄ
መ/ሃgvf‚oሉflb-g+q?ማjfማሃdy':

? ሆhoRS»fb¶%¸bR%-j*ላgdb-g+መ*gflbለ†
fl˛T ማ/˛l flመ/g ልማg 2(˘~hof q•¸b bU% vf‚†¶'ˇ
˛¢ማ»:ለም-ሌ8flም'
- gW~agRሚ:f+dሉ%gRሚሃW;2(˘~g
/%o:Rም'gላ·v.gመሌመ'dfl˛R†g//' %ሉ(
:ejf:oሎejfdˇልRejfRመሃ:ምflመ/gልማcf/%
ለeማvf‚ሆfማ»:

? eeሆhofl*)jfም'ሉflመ/gልማg/%ofሌሎoሆho
vf‚Rjdflልም»ልሉRማ»flf~gሎ¨vf‚|ሄ
7' »ማ˛⁄:

? ሆhoRመ/gልማg†q/%ላ—flu~/ff7fdflመq˛ልሎg
vf‚†˛jማ»flሚሉgdj88

3.12flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'

·ህ ማህR' RUለqa/bl ·¥e flq'0d q'Wh q¶(o መ/g ልማg ላ· vd qa/bld

ሉ=?fflማህR*Wz&fR•Rሚ% ሃ:flመ/
ሙ gሃbሃ=ሚo*ላgflሚመ*g
ህ•bCምa8q˛ልሎcም
8 Rመ/gqe(o*gሀ/ሉ flሃ~**ልvf‚g';
b(ልማg;
*/ flመ/gሃመ/መ'ሉ˛d;flመ/gqe(ofለማ*b„¶'dለመf|UyW
a88 ማህR flbለ† bU%gf flሚ*bUW ሚfo †ሉg ,ሆf ለqUላg q„‚/
flመ/g f~gሎ¨of;flRg *ላhofd ለeማ flሆa ማe¸መfg vf‚**f
Rማ» q*b qለ8 flመ/g ልማg *%booም Rሁሉም flመ/g ልማg ሉho
ማለgም Rq-e' ?» ⁄¸g: R/ልሃd: R~ggል: Rb55ሉ flመ/g gR%o:
R˛R†/W·g g//': Rሃ qሃ=:ም ላ· flሚ%ሃ qለመUUhof Rመ*eg ˛»
yመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gflሃR: •' fjagvf‚g%j†/%ል•ል8flqa/ 8 bl
መ/gqe'dflማህR*Wz&vf¶ማ-/(gRWWሎo·y(%ላል8qሁ8 fUለ
aU% ሁee flqa/bl መ/g qe'/ flማህR*W z& Rqማ|· y 5-7 flማ- Wሎ~
~*ሎo †ሉg ,ሆf Rbለ†fl ¶ flbለ†fl /% ~**ል †ላj y7-9 q/%ሟሚ ሚf
qUላgምflgeል88flሃbሃ=ሚoምq/%ሟሚflሚfqUላgf·መ'ሆሉ8flመ/g
ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' q/%ሟሚ f qUላg yv†f„f• flማ- Wሎ~ ~*ል /f/
S»f·~ላሉ8

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 37
 W'dሚc/f'

3.12Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof/S»f

Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo f/ S»f Rqማ|n y15-20 flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ qUላgf

··¢ል88 ·ህም flመ/g Uለሞ†od flልማg *%boo flf/ S»bf qUላg Rze
˛ሃም qመ%g ” Rማ¶%˘g; R flመ/g ሃ ¶ ማ- መ»/ qለመ¶'+f;
flby*bo'dflሚ/%ል˛f»•flሚ*; መcም'hofdመ|yለldመ•Tሃመሄ
መ/መ(of„gdሉ˛dvf‚#ሆሃdvf‚¶&·„ል8R¡ህ 8 flመ/g”q˛ልሎho
Rdag *ላgf መሠg ማ» ·g'Reል88 Rbሌማም flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo
f/S»fflሚybሉguላ'ahoqሉRg8-

? Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofl*ላg„*-ሉdgd~ggልyመ/gልማg
*%boo•'መbUR':
? yS»fመodflመ/gልማg*%boo•'Rመሆfflq-e'መ/g?»
ማ•˘g:
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'flf/S»f/flWሎ~/መ/g?»vf‚yለ/
R?cመ/%gdመ/ሃg
? flWgመሃ:ምdq„‚/flv'5f~gሎ¨o*ላgfመ*ሃ':
? ለመ/gሙy%odሠ'hማ-†ob/ማሚማ-መምሉ:
? yመ/gልማg*%booRሚ*ሉም~'መሠgflb55ሉflመ/g
f~gሎ¨ofለመሃ:ምለሃbሃ=ሚof¢Vመ*ሃ':
? RWg‹flf/S»bfqUላgማa--gvdflመ/gሃqለመUUg
o(ofለማ=ለልflመ/gWሎ~S»fመofማ˛⁄:
? Rb(*/ልማgdሉR=:flሃሀWgfRማ„/vdRሚ*ሄ/ልሃdoላ·
መ-b*

3.12flመ/gልማgf/S»f/Wሎ~/መሚd
? Rf/S»b/Sሎ~flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo/ሉdRሌሎof/S»go
መ|yልለdማfjagvf‚%ሃ'q/bማR'yg:
? yመ/gልማg*%boo•'fjagመ*ሃ'Rመ/gbU%gv»˛g/ለሉ
ላ·መvf‚g%jማ»:
? Rመ/gልማgflም'gv»˛gለማ/መ⁄˛Wለeማflመ/gሃማe¸መfg
መ/%f·oልf»flv†f„f•fflሃbሃ=ሚba-7agvdሚdRመ„g
qመ%'መ/ሃg:
? Rqa/blመ/gqe'/flማህR*Wz&?»መሠgflb55ሉ
f~gሎ¨ofvd*'hማ-†ofRመሃ:ምflb55ሉflመ/gqሠ%(of
ለመbR'qመ%'መ/ሃg
? RS»goመ|yልo'ሃ'
%, Rbለ·RሃqለመUUgfመ:ለ ልR/flመag
ሚdfመ*»
? RWg:Rf~gሎ¨:RW»'b¶%7ag:vdR˛R†ˇ„oላ·flS»f
qUላgfማመmjg/ማ•˘g:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
38 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? Ru~/ff7fvf?/=.:Rመ/~ˇWngdR··g?gyመ/gልማg
*%boo•'መbUR':

3.1flu~/ff7fልማgS»f

·ህflልማgS»ffl~ልልflመ/gdfl⁄dWb'W'du~/ff7ffለማ:»:ለማ:d˘gd
ለማ/bR' flሚ†˛ለል al flመf/g bCም a88 vf¶ ~ልላ flu~/ff7f
/g%f¨መ¶Rlfl:Rሌልማgሠ%booRሁለgመሠeˇ„oሀላ'agqለUj8
8 vanህም S»gof RማCCም ለሁሉም q'0 q¶(o RW¢g R⁄dW ?g Rሚ|ሄ¶
W'd ልማg Rመ¶Rl flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg መ/ሃg vd Rq'0 q¶' ማ*ልሃl
ማyላgflbመሄq'q¶(
0 ofማ*ልሃfa8ሆgም 8 fRመ/g?gR•flሚ
% *
/%ovf¶flመ/gdflመ'W'dfl••' ?»
% ለማሆg:b(ልማg:
*/ መf˛»
ልማgdሌሎo/%oላ·bUW(db:d¸hለመ/%gflሚ†/oል/'ga88

flልማgS»f/g%f¨fRሚመለygvf¶fl~ልሎkaU%ሁeeRሁሉም:Rሌoq'0
q¶(oRS»fflb¶%–,ሆfyflሚ 30-4 ሆbqU%oflqf»S»fqUላgdj8
8 flq'0 q¶(o flልማg S»f ለመመ/gም flመg† መf¶' ?'Rg al መ/%'g
a8vf¶
8 W'dሚc/f'መመ†flልማgS»bሀላ'agvdሚdምR:Rሌfl¶:f
flW'd/fl˛ሃ' ልማg ?» bU% ማ»; Rq'0 q¶' S»go መ|yል flመd
flልም»ልሉvf‚|ሄ»ማ»;RማህR*W¶bU% ለሚ* gማለgምflq%'d
ሃv:U:fl˛ሃ'መf˛»fUeo:fl¶fbyላ.b.%oላ·q'0/q'Whq¶f
ማa=a?;flqUላcfflWgvdW»'*ላgመለflgdማ/bUR'y:; Rሌq/b„¶•'
RመሆfRq/b„¶%ˇ„o†ሉo(ofመ*egb·˛jReል88

flምW/gdfለማ•˛ሉd˛R†b'flመ/g*WሎofለማምgflልማgS»b-n
ሚd †ለ ,ሆf fl„d flመ/g ልማg *%booም flb55ሉ flመ/g f~gሎ¨of
ለማ/b?vanህfS»goመሃ:ም·oላሉflልማg 8 S»fq¶˘gምRbU',e·
ለመ/g /% o' flሌለ መሆb e·iል88 ለም-ሌ flze ˛ሃም v'5f ለመbR'
Rሆምሉflu~/ff7f”a88

3.14flመ/gልማgለeማagላRycflማRem
'gመ'•g

Rfl¶ flሚ˛j flመ/g ልማg %ሟሚ q|ላg flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሄf

ለeማ ለማ» Rመ/g ልማg *%boo vd RUለሙ†o f» fl/% ba-7agd
fl»»' መf%/ Rመ*ሃ' fl% ?ልሉ*d vf‚መሆ ማ» ·ሃR?Ujል88 ·ህም
ሊሆf flሚoለ ለeማ /% fl*% flሚReeRgd †ል*% ¶ሞ መf%- ?dg
q»(Rgflሚለ/% a--Rgdflb5ለgflሚ†/መWRg/'ga8,• R¡ህም
8
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b˛Tffl˛fWvdflማf†ል:flም/~':g:fl¶»˛g:flgምህ'g»ልvd
flXe⁄'.bማRem/'gRመ'•gflላ:ለgለሚ†/መSማRem

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 39
 W'dሚc/f'

ሊg'·˛Uል8·ህም 8 መሆfflሚ˛Uflመbflመ/g?g—£qል#ለcRመ/~vd
Rb˛iም'g•'Rማ˛dW?ልሉ*df/Effecincy/ ማለgምy—£•'flb*ማ%
q'0/q'Whq¶'flb-'agመሃfRe:flሃqሃ=:ም:flመ/gWgqሃ=:ም:
Rመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም † flሚa+ ሑhof yመ*eg: q|UTf RመሃR?: ˛R†
g//'(2ሊማምg)vdለ>eacfyምg/ሉRማ/˛Ugመሆf·g'Reል88

3.15flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(መ:መ'dማ/(g

flመ/g ልማg ም'ሉ bሞ~( ማለg Rq'0/q'Whq¶' ¶ bbW ybለመ¶

ም'eማagflb5ለg†/˛jf~gሎ¨o·ምq*%(odj88ም'ሉbሞ~(
መ:መ'ማለg¶ሞyላ·flb˛ለምgbሞ~(ovdለeማq*%(o†ለ&Rgfሂ¶g
ለማ/(g ሃ=ሚ Rሆa መልz ማ•˘g ማለg a88 R¡ህም መ*g q'0/q'Whq¶f
yb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od f~gሎ¨o •' Rማ/b?d Rማላመ»; vf¶ሁም
fla¡ህ q*%(od f~gሎ¨o bሃ=ሚ ሆg ም'gd ም'eማacf Rማ-¶d ˛Tf
Rመሌመ' b(f ማ55ል vf‚oል Rማ*ልሃl ማyላgd Rq'0/q'Whq¶ ማ- ላ·
ሠ'hማ-†ofRማ|ሄ»¶ሌሎjq'0/q'Whq¶(odq|UToflf~gሎ¨ማ/(g
%ofመ/%g·ሃR=ል88

/ለ¡ህ ም'ሉ bሞ~(of Rማ*U*W vd Rመ:መ' bመ--· /a-ምህ„' Uላj

q|UTovf‚*&ማ»dflW'du~/ff7fq:%Wa88

ለeማf~gሎ¨qመ%ሉ8-
? Rq|UTybለመ¶ሎም'eማ:flb5ለdqሑመሆb:
? Rq|UTሕWb*Wb:U·ag†˛iመሆb:
? f~gሎ¨:ሆ·ag†ለመሆb:
? yq|UTሉR=qf'b:U·ag†ለመሆb:b….
flመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(?መ%q*%'/ልg8-
? Rመ/gልማg/ሉም'ሉbሞ~(kfRመ:መ'ሂ¶gሊ-b&flሚoሉ
Uለሙ†ofybለ†~*ሎo:i(˘~hod.~b(oRመለflgሉማ»:
? ybለgflS»fqUላg•'R•%RመሆfR~ልሎob˛nhyሚመለyej
fl%~*ሎodUለሙ†o•'Rመa•˛'R~ልሎkflሚ˛jgfለeማ
flሆbflመ/gልማgbU%gfbመ--·¶ሆbq|UToለማ2•˛'
ልም…ofማ*U*W:
? Rfl¶Rb*U*Sgflመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(oላ·S»b··g
Rማ»*a»ሊ•¸ላjflሚoለf/%oመለflg:
? flbለgfflመ/gልማgም'ሉbሞ~(ofለመ:መ'flሚ†/oልn~ሊ/g
R•%ማ•˘g:
? flb•˘fn~ሊ/gለRላ·uላ'oRማ?Wflb*ሄq/b†flhofRማ|bg
ማ„R':
? ¶~ልሎo:¥go:„od:RሌoRመ»ልም…kfለመ: መ'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
40 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

flሚ†/oልi(3¢ልq•¸h¶bለgq|UToመf:-:/
? ybለgq|UToflሚመለyejflመ/gUለሙ†oS»bfvf‚:ላ:ሉ
Rመሃfl?Rም'ሉbሞ~(?መ%gR%ላ·fl•%f¢VRመ*ሃ'¶
%መUg:
? R~ggልd»•*?gልም»†ላjfq'0/q'Whq¶(oRማa•˛'ሉ
ለg†˛jRgf⁄''ሂ¶gመRማ*U*Wflb˛jለhofRq|ል
b˛nhመመልyg:
? flb*R*SgfመoRflvለcRማ¶%˘gflሎq|ሄ…ofመ˛ም˛ምd ሆ:ለ
:f%RWgagመሃ:ም:
? Rbለgም'ሉflመ/gልማgbሞ~(oላ·flb*S*Sመof
RbመለybRfl¶yሚመለyejflመ/gUሙ†oduላ'o•'
··gRማ»መkffl•%ማ»:
? flም'ሉbሞ~(?መ%%fመ/~ላ·Rመ˘መ'flማሃ=ለልdflv'ማg
%ofRT(¶ማydf88
ለም'ሉbሞ~(ማ/(gflምfybላjq?ሆሏo8-
? Rq'0/q'Whq¶'¶bሞ~ለeማflሆbflb55ሉflመ/gልማg
q*%(odf~gሎ¨oመofRbሟላሁee·*R*Uሉ:·:መ%ሉ:/
?መ%,•¸:¶ም,ልfl¶ሉgfመoRማሟላgvdbሞ~(¶
ሌሎoq|UToflሚ ሊሟሉ,*%ሑ ˛Yjfa˛(ovf‚ሟላRማ»a/:
? Rb:መም'flመ/
ሉ gልማgbሞ~(oላ·flf¢Vማ/ሌRሏመ»of
ማመmjg/ማ•˘g:
? ም'ሉbሞ~(fbU%flሚ†¶'ˇq'0/q'Whq¶(ovdb/ማሚ
q|UTo·ለ†ሉ:
? flbለq'0/q'Whq¶(oT⁄a/2ላf†•ሉ:
? Rb:መም'ሉflመ/gልማgbሞ~(oላ·Rfl¶RbU'flb¶˛&
/ልሃdo·*ሆሉ:flልም»ልሉ·¶•ል:
? ለb:መም'ሉbሞ~(oq/%ላ—Wg·:'Uል:
? flb:መም'ሉbሞ~(ofbU%ማ»:
? q/%ላ—f~ggልvd»•*Rማ»ለgማW=g:
? ለሚ†መ'cgflመ/gም'gfl˛R†g//'መ*ሃ':
? R:ሉeflመ/gf~gሎ¨ofመ¢gለማ·oሉq'0/q'Whq¶(oflW»'
q˛ልሎg·መmmል:

3.16flመ/ልማgu~/ff7ffl~ggል:»•*vdም˛ማ
'gfመ'•g

flu~/ff7f bU%gf ለማሃdy' yሚ†/%ልˇ flq*%' ”o መ|yል qf•d d

fl~ggል: »•*d ም˛ማ 'g 'h ሙ† »•* ማ» a88 q*%fም

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 41
 W'dሚc/f'

ለeማለማ»fl~ggል:»•*dም˛ማ'cb-g+qሆgRq%ሟሜምሂ¶cም
ላ· flbለ† bd· q|ላgf †|bb መሆf qለRg88 flu~/ff7f ~ggል:»•*d
ም˛ማ'cRfl—£v†¶˛flሚመሆfqሃ=ላ·flbሃ=ሚo*ላgdbለሑ
ሁeeo~ggልRማ»መ55ልflሚ˛U,ሆfRሚ¶˛ም˛ማለgመ*gም
መለሉ†ለRgሁee|ለ·ለሆል88

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flሚ¶ ,ሆf ሁለbl መf˛» ¶ሞ Rqሃ=ላ· 'c flሚ˛መ˛ምRg a88
~ggልd»•ማለ* gRመ/gu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ላ· ሆሉ †ሉgfሃf|%d¶|ማ
go: ~*bhod o(o Rመለflg መ*gሄ ለመ/ሃg flሚ†/oል byee· flመ
q*U*Wሂ¶g,ሆfq/%ላ—acምRbመሄ/fflለhodq%ምqመል|po†
gምህ'e ም~'d ልሃd: flሠ'h ማ-†: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ/~ Rላg :f:
flልም»ልሉRማ- : ላ·flሚ|ሄ»flሙ†»•vd
* RሌሎoምbU%gላ·flመሄgf
fl:g: fl~ህሎgd flqመለ|yg ለሊo; vf‚ሁም Rb%ሃ flf~gሎ¨ *ላhod
qሃ=:ም ላ· ልe Rሆa ” መof Rማ*U*W ለመማማ†ag ለማል: flRላ·
qመ%d d d Uለ»'5 q|ላg fl¶+Rgf flq%ም ¶ vd flb˛j ለhof
q/መል~hflbሟላመRb˛T—£dXevf‚¶'/†¶'•ል88

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~ggልd»•*ማ|ሄ»y¡ህReoflbgfbU%gለማydfq/%ላ—
a88
? ለመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ?»⁄¸gflሚ•dd
መofለማ?W:
? R?•መሠgflመ/gልማg/%ovflbb˛Rመሆbfvdqለመሆbf
ለመyebል:
? ?»fለመyለ/dR»•ሜለማ:»:
? Rfl¶yሚ˛jመል|ምflመ/gልማgbሞ~(od~*bhoላ·gምህ'g
ለማig;vf‚ሁምRb˛jለhoምላ·flልም»ልሉለማ»:
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg~ggልdሙ†»•*byee·ag
†ለbU'Rመሆb-·#%ሉRሚመለyejq|ላgqማ|nagR?»d
R˘g:RUለሙ†dRbለ†;-0oe¥vf‚|ሄ»ማ»:
? Rመ/gu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg»'—gመ'ሃW'ላ·Rb:መሃ
መ*gRመ/gልማg/%o†RWgq?'Xgdqሃ=:ም:
RgR%dRW/}ho(outputs)ላ·Rመ/gUለሙ†odሌሎo
Uለ»'5q|ላgb-g+fl~ggልd»•*/%ለማ|ሄ»:
? R)¶%ል¶RflWመc:R~ልል¶Rflሁለg:R¥f¶R'
qf»—£:R„¶R'gለሁ —£dR:Rሌ¶gለ Rለgflሚ¶˛f
~ggልd»•*byegሎለማ?:
? Rfl¶ለሚ˛j%ሟሚq|ላgሁለfbdq?ምflሚ˛aUfl/%ላ·/ልሃd
ለመ/ሃg:
? ልdflb¶%˘n~ሊ*gRማ•˘gbyee·flሆa~ggልdሙ†»•*
Rማ»:ሆ·bልofለማ/:መሉa88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
42 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

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fl/'qbeˇ„o
.g8- q'0q¶(o RW'd % /ሉ b-e' Tሆbም Rመ/g W'd ም'gd
ም'eማag ላ· †ላj qfe q/bw Rˇልህ qለመe;d gzg †ልb*ሃ
ˇ„·a8.ho
8 Rq-e'መ/gu~/ff7f?»q/b=:»†ላj
/ሉ ሚd.hof
†ማyለ?»Rማ•˘g/ሉb-e'vf¶ማ·¶ˇflሚ†-R'|eመoqሉ8

? R'|eflመ/gW'dልማg?…oq˛˘gRb*afl.gq'0q¶(o
b-e'agflሚe:»dqf„f»—£ም†ለ.gq'0/q'Rhq¶(obe'ag
መሆb(.gq'0q¶(of†ላb%/†ላማyለ?»q˛˘g)

? .gq'0q¶(oRq„‚/flመ/gW'df~gሎ¨o/R%-jflሚመሉfd
ሊb˛Wgflሚoሉgff~gሎ¨flመምሉd-eflመ/ሃgq?ም⁄?bl
መሆf·ምሙሉRሙሉqለመg'RqW¢lflሚ†:'Sgሀ-Xob:U·ag
†ሆሉ

? g. q'q¶(
0 oRqa/blመ/gqe(odማህR*Wz&flqb˛UR'd˛d
ሉ
fl?»q•˘g;Rb¶%–flሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gq/b„¶'/ሉRˇልህ
qለመg'va¡ህfl/'be~*bho

? .hoRማdjምflመ/gW'd/ሉRሚ¶ˇ/RሚydbbU%g/ሉ
Rማb*flሚg%jfqfeq/bwማልRgdbሃ=ሚaejf
ማ•˛ሉRˇልህqለመeflg

? fl:Rሌflመ/gልማgUለሙ†RW'dልማg?»⁄¸g:flf~gሎ¨
ም'ሏdW·g/'gሂ¶g/ሉfl.hob|ofማ|bg:

? ሁሉም.hodf…o*gሃflመ/gሃqሃ=:ም»ል»ልRሚ|ሄ»Rg
ሂ¶g/ሉbe'መሆfqለUj:ማማy'dልሊሆfላj·˛Uል88
·ህምለ.gvማ%oRም7gflሃqሃ=:ም»ል»ል/ሉyመUg
†»djል88

? Rf~gሎ¨መሆd/'g/ሉfl.hofdflf…ofR-eመ/ሃgሂ¶g
/ሉ

flሚg%jfሚdvzልagማ•˛ሉ

? .gdf»q'0/qWhq¶(oRqa/blflመ/gqe'qሃ=:ምf
Rb¶%–gfl.hoflሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g/ሉflሚg%jf
flq/b„¶'ሚdRuላ'agመም%ejfማ•˛ሉ

fl/'beˇ„ovf”gb¶%7·ሆdሉ;

? flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgvማ%ofምሆaRqU%/ሉ†ሉ.hof
b¶%7agማ•˛ሉqለRg88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 43


? qመlXevd—£Rማመmjg.gq'0q¶(ofማReeg:.ho
v'/R'/b˛dnbልም»ልሉvf‚†¶'ˇማ»:Rሉf»ላ·
flbመ*bflu~/ff7f/ልgማ-¶:/'beሞ”ልVb*Wvf¶.g
ማህR'ለ.hoflbdሃል/ልሃdoማ•˘g

? —£dˇልRg#ሆTflሆb/'beb'f~gሎ¨ofማ„R':

? fl.hofምሆaflf…ofq˛'R:ልv:hoላ·flሚ†bzም'ም(o
ማ|ሄ»vd.hofRW'dም'ም(ovdnho/ሉb-e'ማ»88

fl/'beb¶%7agሉ?ሞo
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ሃ:ሜe·gል88

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ማህR%ሃ:ሜeqለ

44
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ም%*-4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”o
4.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffjag::gvd
q„‚/ሀ-Xofflመምሉ”

flu~/ff7f bUXg ”o ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ /ለb55ሉ q*%(od q„‚/

f~gሎ¨o ምfagd qሃ=:ም gምህ'g: flም~'d /ልሃd q˛ልሎg
flምf*ሉRg መ-† ,ሆf Rdag ለbሃ=ሚ ህWb*W flሚbላለ%f
መል~gflq|UTbሌUሑሁeedflbሃ=ሚህWb*Wflመ:URልoሎe
·*dል88 y¡ህ qf' flu~/ff7f bUXg ”o /g dj88 va+ም
ላ:S»ddflWሀfመ˛dl”odj88

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fl:gd~ህሎg¶;vf‚ሁምለfjagRሚg%jflb¶%7agqማ%ሑ
መf˛…o ላ· a88 Rbሌማም flq:%Wd flማ/bማ' ”; vf‚ሁም
flfjagሂ¶gqመሠ%cለሚbላለflመ
% ·agd/W/Wagም~f†g/
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8 ”oflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofሀ-WRመ-Wd
*ላejf Rመ:/: q„‚/ :gd ~ህሎgf qnb Rq„‚/ q*%(o
ላ·/}eማflሆaልም»vf‚g%jለማ»flሚ•dj88

flu~/ff7f መል~hof ለማ/bላለ* flu~/ff7f fjag ”o R/g

·y%ላሉ8 va'+ም8- ላ: flS»f vd flWሀf bUXg ”o dj88
Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o ላ· /cም መሠe ”o Rbdሃል
·ም RS»f ·ም ሁሉfም Rማ:d˘g flRለሃ b/ማሚ dj88 Rመሆbም
flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ†od flመ/g ልማg /%boo /cf flu~/ff7f
bUXg”oመ*gRማ»flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcfለመ/gbሃ=ሚo
y¡ህ Reo flbመለycgf 0/g flመል~g ማ/bላለ'† መf˛…o bሃ?መ
vf¶qyUTbሌUሑሁeed*ላgb¶%7†¶'•ሉ8

? ሁ*-·ህ”fl˛ለ˛?''WU·gምvf¶¶W„V:3'g:•£ሆ:
R%መህ*:*ሁ g:መሄho:b…flመ-gf
ሉ* መል~gማ/bላለ†'
”o†ሃ=ልላል88
? f'-·ህ”R/ል~:R/W*U:R2ላ⁄ማ:R&‚:RfሌR?‹f:b…
Rመ-*ሉgflመል~gማ/bላለ'†”oqማ|nagfl˛ለ˛fjag
ለመሃ:ምflሚ†/oል”a88
? ማ-flg-·ህ”R*'hማ-†:Ru⁄T7f:b…ላ·flb55ሉflመ/g
ልማgq*ofd(% flf~gሎ¨qሃ=:ሞof;vf‚ሁምhmjf ለ ማ-ለ flg
flሚ†/oል”a88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 45
 W'dሚc/f'

4.1ላflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”

·ህ flመ*g u~/ff7f bUXg ” /individual Irrigation Extension

Communication method/ yu~/ff7f bUXg ”o /ሉ qf• ,ሆf
fl:Rሌ flልማg Uለሙ† Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ ማ-d Vg q|UT Rመ˛ig flማ-d
flVgለVgˇWngflሚ†|ሂ•Rg:fl/ል~fjag:flሑ*fjag:b..
flመ-*ሉgf”obሃ?ሞ/ለb5q*5ሉ %(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨oምfagd
qሃ=:ም Rል ¶ 'g ለ'g ለu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg bሃ:ሚo R
:gd~ህሎgለማ/ሌRሉgምህ'hof:ም~(ofdሙ†»•flሚ * *ሉRg
flu~/ff7f”a8·ሁ8 fvf¨R¡ህመመ†ላ·flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'f
ለማ/flb:መሃላflu~/ff7fbUXg”flማ-dflVgለVgˇWng
”a88

·ህflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”fl:Rሌመ/gልማgUለሙ†yq'0/
q'Whq¶fl˛- •' ለ˛·ምflማ-dflVgለVgfjag:fl/ል~fjag:
b.flሚ . †¶'Rg”a88·ህflu~/ff7ffjag”ለeማflሆbd
q„‚/ :gd ~ህሎhof ለማ/bማ'd Rq'0/q'Wh q¶d Rመ/g ልማg
ሠ%blመ|yልመል|ምflሆafjagRመ*ሃ'˛»Rሆምለeማa88
ሀ˛%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/g%f¨Rdaggzgflሚ*ሃyS»go
•' qW( መ/%gf a88 ·ሁfd Rq/bl vd ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o qf»
q'0/q'Whq¶'f·ምqU%f/vማ%fለመWigq/%ላ—RሚሆfRg—£
flb*bqመl—£†hoRመለflgflbdሉልfjagማ|ሄ»·mላል88

flማ-d flVg ለVg ˇWng8- flማ-d flVg ለVg ˇWng ማለg fl:Rሌ flልማg
ሠ%bood flu~/ff7f Uለሙ†o Rq'0/q'Wh/y'ል q'Wh q¶ ማ-d
መf¶'bf:
/ሉ -?*flማ-dflVgለVgˇWngማ|ሄ»q'0/q'Wh/y'ል
q'Wh q¶ flሚ†|ሄ„jf flልማg bU%g Rመyebል flሚ˛j ሃf|%d
¶|ማ gof: Rq*%' ላ· flሚe ~*bhofd o(of Rመለflg q/%ላ—f
gምህ'gd ም~': vf‚ሁም flሙ† »•* Rል ¶ 'g ለ'g flu~/ff7f
q˛ልሎg flሚ*ሄRg ” a88 Rመሆbም fl:Rሌ flልማg *%boo q'0/
q'Wh/y'ል q'Wh q¶f: ሆhofd .hof RማህR'd RS»f flመ/g ማ-
ze ˛ሃም S»f q¶˘g vd Rልማg S»f) b¶%˘b gምህ'gd ም~'
flሚ†˛jRg”a8y¡ህ 8 qf'Rመ/gልማgላ· % b*ማ'bflሚ˛j
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ flህWb*W ~*ሎo (q'0/q'Wh/y'ል q'Wh q¶(o:
ሆhod .ho) /ለb55ሉ flመ/g ልማg q*%(od q„‚/ f~gሎ¨o
qሃ=:ምgምህ'gdም~'vf‚ሁ ; ምሙ†»•vf‚†˛j
* Rማ»Rq*%'
ላ·flb%ሃgf*ላhobU'ላ·ለማል†/oላል88R¡ህምመ*g8-

? Rመ/gማ-ze˛ሃምS»fvdRመ/gልማgS»fq¶˘g:R~ላ/b'd
RማህR%g¶b¶%˘bለሚ˛jq'0/q'Whq¶(o˛R†መ'Rሆb
flመ/g*Wሎoqመ%gላ·gምህ'gdም~':vf‚ሁምሙ†»•*
flሚ*ሃRg,ሆfRመ/gልማgq*%'dqb˛UR':vf‚ሁምRመ/g

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
46 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

f~gሎ¨q?'Xgdqሃ=:ምላ·flb%ሃgf*ላhobU'ላ·ለማልd
Rq*%'ላ·†•ሃሙማa#ofለመ?*†/oላል88

/ል- 108- flመ/g ልማg %f

RVb ለVg ˇWng Rማ|ሄ» q'0
q¶f ማReeg vd ማ-¶
·mላል88

RˇWnho?g˛R†b'Rሆb*Wሎoላ·Rሚb˛Rgff7flመ/g/%od
f~gሎ¨o(R»2/Rመ/gሃWe;R(uf¶
2 Rሂ2'; 0ም2
2 Rg»ል
;
0ም2; R⁄dW; Rምfሑ vd Rˇ»» ሃ) qሃ=:ምd q*%' ላ· ሙ†/
f~c|ል˛¢ለማ»†/oላል88

ለ*Wq'0/q'Whq¶'fመሠg†¶˛ም~'8-flም~'q˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ
መሠeመ'ሆo8-

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚfWmRመመለygflv'+f/flv'1fo'%+/1
ሊ†?/ልe?/·oላል/goላለo8
? R%/መbማመff†•ሆል(ለም-ሌ8-R··g?gምfም·ag
ማ/e5መ†⁄q†/%ልም)
? =ልfl˛SgfመሃR?/bU%ማ»
? Wyመd˛'·ል?መሃfl?

Rqa/blመ/gqe':Rሉ=?fመ/gflሃqማ%ovdRማህR*Wz&
flሚለማ flለ*W q'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ-f Rbdሃል/Rል መWig d ላማ
flሚeddo(ofለመለflgdለbለgo(og~~ለlgfbdRመ/ሃg
ለeማ flu~/ff7f ም~' q˛ልሎg vd g~~ለl flሆa መ*gሄ ለመ/ሃg
·„ል8RqW¢l8 Rbdሃል/ለ*Wq'0/q'Whq¶'flማig”ላማo8-

Rመ/gqe':Rሉ=?fመ/gflሃqማ%ovdRማህR*W
?
z&flሚ†ለሙflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚobሌUሑ/g~~ለdflሆa
flም~'q˛ልሎgvf‚ሃ·;;
flመ/gUለሙ†vdflመ/gልማgሠ%blRdagRመ/gqe:
?
Rሉ=?fመ/gflሃqማ%ovdRማህR*Wz&flማምg
ሂ¶hofRመለflgv:ejfq-»˛flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 47
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Rdagfl•%flሆbo(ofvf‚ለ·/vf»gለ·:
flመ/gልማgbl/
? %ሠ RRpjflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoመ|yል
f¢V%ሉ(/Rመ/gu~/ff7fbU%gላ·vf‚|bcለማa--g:
flመ/gልማgሠ%bl/yW'dሑRሆbbU%gምሑም'
?
Rb*bማ-odVb*Xof»v?d%ሉ(/Rመb„¶†j
ላ·q/bwvf‚†R~g/vf»eR~g
flመ/gልማgሠ%bl/q„‚/flመ/gልማgbU%hovd
?
flb25ሉq*%(o%ላ·Rሉflመ/gሀ-XodgR%o·ም
Rb*bflሃbሃ=ሚoflb|ሄ•Rqa/b*lመ/gqe(o:
Rሉ=?fመ/gvdRማህR/Wz&qሃ=:ምdq††⁄†
q„‚/q*%(ofvf‚ማ'/vf»gማ'
flመ/gUለሙ†vdflመ/gልማgሠ%blyመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo
?
•'R•%Rሁለfbdflመ/g?»dማe¸መfgላ·
መ†flgvf‚oሉa88
ምfም vff flUለ qa/bl ·¥e q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/g flሚለማ ማ- ላ·
flሚ¶ ˇWng Ru~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ vምagd R%/ መbማመff
Rማ„R' ˛» flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ለመ¶˛* flሚመሠg ሃ=ሚ መf˛»
Tሆfም W ;ሉ' †ላj flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ለeማ Rሆa ”
ለማ/bማ'R?»dqb˛UR'ላ·—£flሚ/»dሎ#ሆT†ልሆaflu~/ff7f
”,ሆfRሉf=>ሊe*WRgdሊe:»flሚ˛Ua88

Rመ/~ˇWng?gflመ/gUለሙ†odflመ/gልማgሠ%booሁል—£q'0/
q'Wh q¶(o R:ላሉ flሚ‰jfd flለመ‰jf =ላho/CfCo መሃ:ም
qለUj88

R¡ህ ˛» flመ/g Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo ሉ q»ማሑ

vf‚ሁም ሉ መል~g q/bላላ' vf‚ሆb ·%ለ•ል88 q'0/q'Wh q¶(oም
R%-j Xe vd R%-j flqa•˛' ·V vf‚˛ልምd Rመ/g ልማg ˇ„o
ላ·Rልvf‚†·Reeሉflመ/ 8 gልማgUለሙ†/vdflመ/gልማg
ሠ%bl/ b˛T flሆb ሉ†>of Rማf-g flq'0/q'Wh q¶f qyUU
gzg vd *ላg ለ·h/e vf‚†:/vf»e: ·„ል88 Uሃ=ላ·
flbdሃል/flለ*W q'0/q'Wh q¶' flu~/ff7f fjag ” ለeማ flሆa
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg ለመ/ሃg vd flUለ qa/bl ·¥e flመ/g
q'0/q'Wh q¶' q„‚/ መ/g ልማg q*%(ofd f~gሎ¨of RመbR'd
Rማለመ» flv†f„f•f q'0/q'Wh q¶' o(of Rመለflg ለeማ flሆa
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለመ/ሃg·„ል88·ህffምbU'ለeማለማ»
bለ† flማ- ˇWnhof: fl/ል~ q˛ልሎg: flVg ለVg ˇWng vd ˛-ለ˛
fjagRማ»ለeማflሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
·mላል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
48 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

?R/ል~flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg8- U¶ˇሀ˛%gflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg
q*ሆሄfb¶%7ag%ሆfd:ልሆyሚ( †¶'ˇgflመል~gማ/bላለ'†”o
/ሉ qf• fl/ል~ q˛ልሎg ,ሆf Rሀ˛%ofም flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg
q*ሆሄf ለማ-ለሉ fl»ም መል~gd qሏሑ' +of ለማ/bላለ* ሃ=ሚ
a8Rመሆ
8 bምqf»flመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'/ለሚ%ል•jflb55ሉ
flመ/gq*%(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨oምfagdqb˛UR'ሉ†>መሃfl?,%ል
flሚመለybf Uለሙ†/q|ል R/ል~ መሃfl? ·oላል88 flbሃfl:ም Uለሙ†/
q|ል ‚†b R/ል~ b˛Tf መል/ ሊ*ሉ ·oላል88 y¡ህ qf' flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎoq*ሆሄfRማሃdy'flመ/gልማcfለbሃ=ሚo
b¶%7 ለማ» fl/ል~ q˛ልሎcf vf¶ qf» %ሆfd :ልሆ% flመል~g
ማ/bላለ'†”መሃ:ም·˛Uል8Rbሌማም 8 flማህR%ሚ‚†ofvf¶)/
S~; dW gb' flመ-*ሉgf %ሆfd :ልሆ( flመልv~g መላ{†d መ:R†
”of Rመሃ:ም q'0/q'Wh q¶ /ለ b55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od q„‚/
f~gሎ¨oflም~'dflW-መል/q˛ልሎg;vf‚ሁምflbለ†?efl˛R†
መof:flqfl'ሁeeof/ለልል'7nbUoመy*g:flመ-*ሉf
?eመoRa¡ህ%ሆfflመል~gማ/bላለ'†”oማ»/·mላል88

?RT(¶flW'du~/ff7fq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg8- ·ህflu~/ff7fመል~g
ማ/bላለ'† ” RqW¢l flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg Rመf/g -·ሆf Rል
Rሚ*ሉRg ሁee R·Rልሉ ·b˛R%ል88 Rlም q˛' R/(g U·ሆfም vflbb˛R
a88qf„f»q'0/q'Whq¶(oR˛R†:f¶˛R†,መሄ·ምለሆaˇ„·
¶ ybማ ,መሄ ¶ W'd T( % Rማለg /ለb55ሉ q*%(od q„‚/
f~gሎ¨o qሃ=:ም: Rq*%' ላ· /ላ•ሃሟj o(o መ ·ሃ·=ሉ8
8 Wf —£ /ለ ማ„R†; /ለም'ሉ '; /ለbU· o'd መyላy† ”d
/ለመ»ሃcg qሃ=:ም Uለሙ† Rመሃfl? b˛Tf መል/ qnb ·መለ-ሉ 8
8Rመሆbምflመ/gልማcfለeማለማ»·ህfq*%'·ምflመል~g
ማ/bላለ'† ” መሃ:ም b˛T a88 /ለ¡ህ ·ህ flfjag ” q'0/q'Wh
q¶' ¶ T( RሚመሆRg ?g yR'|e Uለሙ†o •' flመ˛dig v»ል
*ለሚ%ሉ'g y†f„f• Uለሙ† flሚ%ል˛f ሉ†> ሃ·# b˛Tf መል/
qnhflመመለ/v»ል·%ሉ'ለeል88

4.12S»dflq~/ff7fflbUXg”

S»dflመ*gu~/ff7fbUXg”/GroupIrrigationExtensionMethod/
yu~/ff7f bUXg ”o qf• ,ሆf y15 v*y 20 flሚ¶'+ q'0/q'Wh
q¶(ofRS»fdRማህR'Rማ¶%˘g/ለb5q*5ሉ %(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨o
ምfagdሃ:ሜe:q/%ላ—agd⁄'⁄'qb˛UR'flf»%ሀ-WvdbU'b'
gምህ'g:ም~'d/ልሃdflሚ*ሉRg”a8·ሁ8 fvf¨flb-e'o;ሉ'
vf¶ gምህc ላማd q/%ላ—ag: flb-e'o :gd ~ህሎg: vf‚ሁም
flgምህ'g መ' መ-†o q?'Xg ሊሌም' ·ም ሊ†f/ ·oላል88 R¡ህም
መ*g Rመ/g ልማg % ላ· b*ማ'b flሚ˛j q'0/q'Wh q¶(of
Rማ¶%˘g/ለb5flመ/
5ሉ gq*%(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨oምfagdሃ:ሜe:

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 49
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q/%ላ—agd ⁄'⁄' qb˛UR' flf»% ሀ-W vd bU' b' gምህ'g: ም~'d

/ልሃdመ/ሃg·mላል8S»gk 8 Wf—£Rመ/gሃq/b„¶'vdRመ/g
Wሎ~ Uላj :Ve vf‚ሁም fl•% Rሆa *ላg ላ· bመ/'b ·¶%ሉ8
·ህ ” vf¶¡ሁ yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo •' ˛-ለ˛ fjagf flሚ†|gg
,ሆf Rbለ† q„‚/ vd flb25ሉ flመ/g ልማg q*%(o † ሀ-Xof
v'/ Rv'/ vf‚ለሄ: Ro(od Rሚ*ሄ ሙ†/f~c| ም~ ሀ-W ላ·
vf‚† vf‚ሁም ¶'g ሊ*• /ለሚ˛Uj v'ምo ·/dሉ8 S»b
Rመ/gልማgሠ%boodRመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoመ|yልለeማfjag
vf‚%ሃ' Rማ» መ ለመለሉd flb25ሉ flመ/g ልማg q*%(of/
f~gሎ¨ ለማ/bላለ* ም~f†g flሆb o(of ለመለflgd q„‚/ ሀ-Xofd
nhofለማ/b?ምgል?ሚdqላj8·ሁ8 fvf¨q/j•flሚሆa/f
Rሆa Uለሙ†d ሀWg flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flም~' q˛ልሎg ለv†f„f•
q'0/q'Wh q¶' Rbdሃል ለመ/ሃg ·yW„ል88 bለም‰/ልማ„ flu~/ff7f
q:%W”Wf—£yላ·¶eovdለeማ†ልሆaa88yመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚoqW( •' መ/%gflመ/gልማgሠ%booRbመ--·*gR/f
ሀWgለeማRሆaመልzW¢g|ላjflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoq'0/q'Wh
q¶(o •' መ˛digf ·%?„ል88 Rbሌማም yለ*Xo ·ል? S»go RRለሃ
WbU%gf†yddሉ8flS»fqUላgˇልRejfdሀWejf†:dሉ:
fU':¶ም·ምመq'0/q'Whq¶(ofRመ*ሃ'%of·y(%ላሉ:
qf•yሌላ·ማ%ል:R•%ም·/dሉflS»f 8 መ/gልማgu~/ff7f”
ሉ?ሞo8-

? fl•% Rሆb ˇ„o ላ· Rመ:d˘gd flbለ† ሀ-Xof Rማሆg flS»f

qUላg Rbdሃል መ%ም/መ*eg †ልmሏjf ˇ„o R•% Rመ†flg
o(mjf ·%eሉ8 Wf —£ :ሆ·ag †ለ flመ/g ሙ† %o
W ˇልRg flሚ%ልˇ Rመሆdj flqa/bl መ/g qe'f: flሉ=?f
መ/g flሃ qማ%o vd flማህR*W z& Rመሃ:ም flbለ† flመ/g
ልማg%ofለማ55ልq'0/q'Whq¶(kRˇልRgvf‚b•˛S»b
·%?„ል88

? Rለ*Wq'0/q'Whq¶'¶Rbdሃልሊ%eflማ·oለf·ምሏd
flሆaRgfWflመ/gልማg%ofRመy(%ልqUላg†=ልሉለeል88

? q'0/q'Wh q¶(k flመ/g ልማg gR%f: qa/bl flv'5 ማ7aof:

flመ⁄†መ-†ofdሌሎoflv'መ-5 †ofለመሃ:ምfl•†¶'% •ሉ/
·/ማማሉ:

? v†f„f•flS»fqUልbሌUሑሉ?ምf†˛lል(flሃማሃ%:ሚ†efy':
fl}ሚ|ል መ'ሏ መ-†of: flም'g ማ*U*T መ-†of vd flም'g
ማyማmf~gሎ¨ofvdbq˛ልሎhof†˛lሉ)

? flS»f qUላg flbለ† ሀ-Xof: q'# q/b·agf: ልም»fd Rመ/g

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
50 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ልማg flሚe o(of ሃ-W vf‚ለሄ Rማ»: S»b qW(agfd

RህWgመ%gfRማሃdy'˛»:መል|ምq•ሆሚf·%ሉ%ል:

? flመ/g Uለሙ†od flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof

o(ofd *ላhof R•% Rመለflg qUWag †ለf ም~-ሀ-Xod
~ህሎhof vf‚†/b; RS»b Rzል flS»f qUላg ··g/flም~~'
መ»~†|ሄ„ሉ:

? S»b W —£ Rመ/g flሚለሙ *Wሎof Rማምg vf¶ ም'g 7†ሑ

†ሉfl˛fWማlbU%gላ·W%of†ydb·ሆdል88R¡ህም
bU%gለqUላgምሆaለS»b˛T†/˛lል88·ሁfdS»bR:ሉe˛fW
flማ†/˛j f ሃ=ሚ flሆb ሌሎo bU%gf ለም-ሌ yሁለ˛W ህ/%
ማህR%gflመ/gWho‹:W/U7ማ„R†(ም3/g)⁄¸g:flመ/g
ም'gW·g:vdሌሎoyመ/g•'b††‹%of†yddል88

? flUለ qa/bl ·¥e q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/g ልማg flሚ¶%¸ S»f

flመ/gልማg%ofለመ¶˛*መf/e|ልሆb·ምy»•*ሎ
»'¸hoR˘gሊ†%ላለ·oላል8·ህ 8 ·ac»•Wf
* —£Rለ*Xo
¶q·˛nም88·ህR¡ህvf„ለR¡ህbUXg”flbለ
/ሉ †ማ/%ሜሚ†
”o/f~co·g%ሉ8va+ምy¡ህReoflሚybሉgdj88

qa/bl·¥e†ላjfflመ/gልማgS»gofመም%g

y¡ህ Reo flbg qW¢l bU%g flማ·Cሄd Rbመ--· *g

flሚ%ሜሙ dj88 flመ/g Uለሙod flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo q'0/q'Wh
q¶f yማ/˛¶»d /g yማ-? ·ል? q-e' Rሆa q|ሄ» flS»f qUላgf
ማ˛⁄dመም%gqለUj8/ለ¡ህ 8 flመ/gUለሙ†odflመ/gልማgሠ%boo
ማydf†ለUjˇ„o8-

? flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ba-7agd ?»ሚ† flሚ*ሆjf ˇ„o ለመለflg

vd flመ/g ሃ q/b„¶'d q|UTf ለመ„g መa5 „*- ሉdg ማ|ሄ»
†/%ል•ል88

? R:Rሌ flሚ˛n flመ/g ሃ qማ%o: Rመ/g flሚለማ መ&g: flq%'

·agd fl:Rሌ /aምህ„' vd flqfl' ሁee: Rመ/g flሚለሙ *Wሎo
·ag: ማህR%d sgሚ† ሁeeof Rbመለyb መ መ*W*W
·g'Reል88 ·ህ ሉdg flq-e' fl˛ሃ' ሉdg/መe (PRA) f~c~f:
መሃ·#ofvdqሁffl:Rሌq/b„¶dR;ል*መ*ሎoflb*R*Sgf
መo ˛ም˛ሞ Rማ|bg መሃ:ም ·mላል88 „*- ሉdc R„ flመ/g
Uለሙ†ovfle˛Rመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ|ሄ»·oላል88

?q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rመ/g ልማg flሚe o(mjf vf‚ለd R?¶ም

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 51
 W'dሚc/f'

bybልvf‚†/:ምሄለo( : kመ*gሄ†ሏjfdመል|ምq•ሆሚof
vf‚ለflመ/gUለሙ†dflመ/gልማgሠ%blfማ˛⁄·ሃR?Ujል

? /ለS»f flመ*g u~/ff7f q:%W ” yq'0/q'Wh q¶(o •'

Rመ†flg flS»f መ*g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ”f ሃ:ሜef
R··gvf‚•g/vf‚†;gማ»88

? Rመ/g qe(o: Rሉ=?f መ/g ሃ qማ%o vd RማህR*W z&

q'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoS»fvf‚C;ሙማ˛⁄

? ¶ መ/g ልማg S»b ለመ:ላ:ል *ላg †ላjf q'0/q'Wh q¶(o

መለflg88 flሚCCሙ flS»f qUላho fl•% መለ† U· ሊg%j ·˛Uል8-
bመ--· መ&g flሚ†'+: Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o bመ--·
*Wሎof flሚ†ለሙ ·ም bመ--· መ/g ;-0of flሚሃ:ሙ: flS»f
/W*Uo ላ· መ-b* flሚoሉ: Rሚ:'S '0o ላ· *ላg †ላj:
ለመማ'ም ሆa flva'+f :g ለሌላ ለማ/bላለ* *ላg ሊg%j
·˛Uል88 b/ማሚ flS»f qUላg መሃf Rላማd Rሚg gzg
·*dል88 ·ሁfd y15-20 flq'0/q'Wh q¶' qUላg †ሉg S»f flb5ለ
vf¶ሚሆf ·e*Uል88 RS»b fl.ho b-g+ መg' Rመ/g ልማg ˛»
.hobም:gvd~ህሎgvf‚g%j:˛T†jfvf‚†-»ˇ:
RማህR*Sf»flሀላ'agdflqመ%'»'5jfvf‚/•†¶'•ል88

? flb¶%˘ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo S»f ምf ለመ%g vf¶ሚ%ል:

ላማfd bU%gf: ?•fd uላ'acf %+ vf‚/f ማ˛⁄88 ·ህ
†ልbCሃሂ¶gመሆfqለRg8-ሁeeoRb:†fl—£መ¶RlRሆaመልz
S»b?•fመ˛ም˛ም·g'Reል88

? Rbለሑ ሁeeod R?¶ም bybል Rሚ* »'—ho S»b †ለf

oሎe vf‚†? ማ˛⁄8-/W*Uo vf”g vf¶ሚ|ሄ•?: flመ/g bU'
%ovf”gvf¶ሚ¶%–?:bU%gvf”gvf¶ሚ˛መ˛ሙ?vdvf¶
q/%ላ—ac RS»f qመ%': Rq/b„¶': RS»f vf?/=. vd Rመ⁄˛W
q††⁄'0oላ·/ልሃdመ/ሃg:

? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o S»f vf”g vf¶ሚመ%

መ*f vf‚oል ማ˛⁄ vf‚ሁም S»b fl/ሉ »fXofd ህof vf”g
ማ•˘g vf¶ሚoሉ Rመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo qማ|nag »˛* ማig
·g'Ujል88 vanህ ህod R?¶ም bybል flሚ* »'—ho †ልbCሄ
ሂ¶hoመሆdjfflS»bqUላgመ*fvf‚oሉማ˛⁄8S»b 8 ሁሉfም
ˇ„o Rqf” vf‚b˛R' ማ*W flለRgም; ሁeeo Rb:†fl —£
-eofvf¶˛dመ˛ም˛ምqለRg88

? q-e'vdልRሆaሂ¶gefመሠg†¶˛flS»bመvf‚መሉ

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
52 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ማ˛⁄88 flS»b መ vf¶ q˛dn q'0/q'Wh q¶' ሆg ·*%ል88 flS»b

መ d ሚd8- flመ/g ልማg %o Re:¶ መሠg flS»b qUላg
vf‚b˛Wg ማመmjg: o(of መ*eg: f?d> መ*ሃ': qመ%'
መ/ሃgdማa--g:yalq•'q|ላg•'g//'fማ-¶a88

? S»b fl˛fW መ flሚg%j yሆa R˛fW q††⁄d Rb:ማሑ ˛fW

q/b„¶'ላ·vf‚/bflመ/gUለሙ†dflመ/gልማgሠ%booማ˛⁄
·g'Ujል88

? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ለeማd b/( *ሎ flሆb

flመ/gf~gሎ¨ofvf‚ሞ~dvf‚ላመ•Rማ»ሃ=ሚflሆbflመ/g
f~gሎ¨of vf‚ለ flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo መ¶˛* ·g'Ujል88
flbመሄ flመ/g f~gሎ¨of ለeማag ለማ•˛ሉ Rመ/~ ·ም
Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ ማ- ላ·: Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ ማ*ልሃl ማyላg vd
RW'd f~c~d ሙ† ማ*ልሃl:flም'ም' bCማg:y*bl flgምህ'g
bCማgdሌሎoRሉflሚ/ሉ '* |ሄ•*'hማ-†/%ovf‚%b3
flመbR† f»*/‚¢·f Rማ•˘g % ላ· vf‚†ሉg fl:Rሌ flመ/g
ልማg ሠ%boo flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(of ማ˛⁄
·ሃR?Ujል(b-g,f~gሎ¨ልማgflq:%W”~*ልf·መልyc)8

? Rመ˘መ† ¶:መለ/bld y*bl g/Vho flb55ሉ መ/g ልማg

q*%(ofdf~gሎ¨ofለማላማ»:ለማ/b?vdbU'b'*'h
ማ-†of ለመbR' fl:Rሌ መ/g ልማg *%bl *'h ማ-†of
Rማ•˘gbU%ማ»·ሃR?Reል88

? flመ/gUለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/
q'Wh q¶(o q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎ¨of ለማ/b? ለS»f qUላg
/ልሃdd flመ/~ ˇWnhof ማ•˘g ·g'Ujል88 Rbለ·ም Rም'ም'
ሆT†o vf‚ሁም Rqa/bl: Rሉ=?f/RVb*W vd RማህR'*W z&
flመ/gqe(oለ*'hማ-†agq„‚/f~gሎ¨ovdo(ovf”g
vf¶ሚ%cflሚ†-flልም»ልሉˇWngማ|ሄ»ሃ=ሚa88

? flመ/g bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o †:•g ?» Rg~~ል /ለመe:•

ማሆ%gvdRqUSvf‚b˛WgS»bfማ˛⁄;

? S»b q˛ልሎg vd ሀWgf ማለgም ': ማ„R†: W»': flመ/g v'5

መ-†od flW·g ማ-ለሏof ማig ·oሉ f» y„ /Vho:
yም'ም': yህ/% ማህR%g: yWg q?%To: yW»' {ሎo:
yq/መሎa•”o:˛R†vdመf/e|ልሆb»'¸hoማ/•' b-*';

? yS»b qUላg •' Rመሆf flUለqa/bl ·¥e q'0/q'Wh q¶' መ/g

ልማg ለgf መ˛ም˛ም88 yሁሉም qUላg •' flም˛ማ መ»of

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 53
 W'dሚc/f'

ማ•˘gvdመfR*ለማ*' %ሌgyሌሎoS»goqUላgfመ•R⁄88
vanህ/W*Uo/መ»ofl//ሜgf:
ሉ *ላgfvdflሃbሃ=ሚo
?»ሚ†flሚ*ላjfለመ„gመል|ምq•ሆሚodj88

flሚybሉgflS»fu~/ff7fመል~gማ/bላለ'†”odj8-

? ሠ'h ማ-† (flqሠ%' ” vd flለg ማ-† ሠ'h ማ-†o/flf~gሎ¨

ማ*b†*'hማ-†):

? flመ/~Rል:f(flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(oflመ/~Rሎo):

? flመ/~Rል:fማ|ሄ»:

? flመ/~ˇWngማ|ሄ»:

? flልም»ልሉማ»:

? gምህ'eflˇ¥ˇWng/flመ/~ˇ¥ˇWng/ba-7agfflሚ%ሉˇ¥o:

? /ልሃdመ/ሃg:

? flS»f ··g//W*U flመ-*ሉg flu~/ff7f መል~g ማ/bላለ'†

መf˛…oRu~/ff7fbUXg”/ሉflሚ˛jdj88

ሠ'h ማ-†8- ሠ'h ማ-† ማለg flb55ሉ q*%(ofd qመ%g ”o

vf‚ሁም flq„‚/ f~gሎ¨o qሃ=:ሞo ¶ R¶ bU' b'
gምህ'ho: ም~(od ልሃdo yሚ*ሉUj flu~/ff7f መል~g
ማ/bላለ'†o /ሉ qf•d al ,ሆf R/ም ሁለg ·ag ሠ'h
ማ-†o ·˛lሉ8 va+ም flq*%' ” (Method Demonstration) vd
flለg(ResultDemonstration)*'hማ-†odj88

flመ/g ልማg qሠ%' *h ማ-† ”o:- flመ/g ልማg qሠ%' ሠh

ማ-†o/irrigationmethoddemonstration/q„‚/~ህሎhofdbሞ~(of
ለማ/bማ'qf„f»bU%gRምf·agR”vf¶mሉሊ%ሙ ለማ-flg
flሚ|ሄ• dj88 flqb˛UR' ?» ?»ም bybል vf¶ሚybለ R⁄'⁄'
:'Yል8-

? flሠ'hማ-†fላማvdq/%ላ—acfመ*f

? ¶R¶flqሠ%'?¶ምbybልfማ•˘g:

? ;ል*aሉXofመለflg:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
54 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? q/%ላ—;-0o/ማf†ሎof/መለflgdመ¢g:

? ¶•'flሆbም/ሎof/+h%+o/?‚ofማ•˘g:

? ለሙy%flሚሆb;-0ofማ•˘g:

? ሠ'hማ-†f¶•ሞመd˛'/መለ:

? b*W-T/f/q»ማሑfለማigማ/b?;

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 55
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 57


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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 59
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Rfl¶ flሚ˛j flመ/g Uለሙ†of :gd ~ህሎgf Rመ%b2 /ለb55ሉ
flመ/g q*%(od q„‚/ f~gሎ¨o f¢V ሌWሃ q?ም %ሉ ሉ
ለg ማምሆg vf‚oሉ flUለሙ†o ልሃd Rሆም q/%ላ— a88 Rሌላ
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መ*g q»' %k yመyddj y)¶%ል v/y fl„ »/ ለሚ˛j
flመ/gUለሙ†oልሃdo·*ሆሉ8

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ለማ»flልማgሠ%boo?eልሃdofማig·gUjል88

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Rሌላ Rzል Rbመ¶SRg :Rሌ ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ ሁለ˛W flሆa flሙ† »•*

ማ»vf‚oሉybመ¶SRgሙ†Rሚሑ bU%
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R„Uለሙ†oሊ*ሆj·˛Uል88

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ልማg ሠ%boo qማ|nag ማig ·g'Ujል88 Rሁሉም ¶ ልሃdof
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b' ልሃdo ·*ሆሉ8 ·ህffም መ*g Rማ» R†f„f• q'0/q'Wh
q¶' ማ*ልሃl ማyል q'0/q'Wh q¶f yb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(od q„‚/
f~gሎ¨oRማ/•' b?dRማላመ»bሃ=ሚለማ»R~*ልvd /ሉ
Rሠ'hማ-†ላ·flf»%ሃ-WdbU'b'ልሃdo·*ሆሉ8

ddflq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላgbU%g8-

? ለ/ልሃdRሚ†መoመልzለbለ†flመ/gልማg%oሠ'hማ-†of
ማ¶%˘g:

? flq'0/q'Wh q¶f :gd ~ህሎg ለማ„R' flሚ†/o flሞ•ላ' vd

flqሏሑ'—£ልሃdofመ/ሃg:

? q'0/q'Wh q¶; vf‚ሁም Rመ/g W'd /% ላ· ለb*ማ UለሀWho

?eመbሃ=ሚvf‚ሆbለማ»flqfl'ሁee˛UdgfR†መ:
fl˛R†dመ*eመof:b…Rማ*U*WdRማ¶%˘gማ?W:

? ም'ሉflመ/gልማg f~gሎ¨ogምህ'g*ሑRሆaqUWb*U/R
RCሚagflሚeRgu¡T7fማyልማ¶%˘g:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
62 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

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ሆho:.hodUለሀWhofl:Rሌfflመ/gልማgqማ%oRመለflgd
flqሑag/ሌgRመ/%gflም~'q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg:

fl/ልሃd*ላgfd·agfለመለflgfl„*ሉdg
- ማ|ሄ»(TNA)8- ·ህflሉdg
” /ልሃd yመ*ሃc R'g flሚ*ሃ ልሃd Rምf ላ· ማb' vf„ለRg
ለማ?·„ል88R¡ህምመ*g8-

? Rመ/gልማgላ·/% b*ማ'bflሚ˛jflህWb*W~*ሎofRማ†flg
Rq|UTለመ/gልማgምkq•ሆሚofመለflg:

? Rq|UT flሚ˛j d d flመ/g ልማg /% ማa#of መለflgd vf¶

~W¶ejR?¶ምbybልማ/:መሉ:vd

? Rq|UT ለሚ˛j o(o ·ም ማa#o flመ*gሄ ሀ-Xof ማ/:መሉ

†/%ል•ል88

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8 መ*gflሚybሉgf
bU%gማሟላg·g'Reል88

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5ሉ gq*%(odq„‚/f~gሎ¨of
ማመላyg:

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ለሚ*ሄ ሀ-Wd
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? ምkdማyላfl/ልሃdXeማ•˘g:

? /ልሃd yመn v/y መn vf¶ሚ*ሉ q/:»ሞ ⁄¸g Rማ» ሉ

ማ/bላለ*:

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qሃ=:ም: †ለ *f*ለg ሃW#: b..) †: Rመ-*ሉg ላ· ?cf

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 63
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ሃW#Rbyee·መ/ሃg†/%ል•ል88

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መydfflሚ˛Uj⁄'⁄'bU%gvf¶ሚybለ:'Rል88

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R~*bgለሚgo(oሙ†»•*/W-መል/መ/ሃg:

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bሃ?መfl?»⁄¸gvf‚†¶'ˇማ»:

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መydf·g'Ujል88

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Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
64 መbR†መመ†
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መE5†መመ†

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flb*b-eofለb-e'oልማ¶'dማ¶?:

? fl:ሆ···hof·ም/W*Uofq?ሏq/:ምሊመለ†flg:

4.15flWሀfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbUXg”

·ህ flbUXg ” Rመ/g ማ- ze ˛ሃም S»f: Rመ/g ልማg S»f:

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vd uሌ~g(c~/ መ˛d˛l ”o /ሉ flu*uም &» ሆT†: •£ሆo:
መሄho: fሌ?‹f: …~መfb 'ልሞo: flሞU·ል qሏሑ' መል~hod
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8 vduሌ~g(c~/ማ/gማ†”of
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flf~gሎ¨ qሃ=:ም ”o RbU' flb%b3d flb•˛ሄ መሆf
·gUjል:

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መ?W·g'Ujል:

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?gflbybለመሆf·g'Ujል:

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bመ%ሑa:

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y*bla8flመ˛l
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flመ/gq*%(ofdf~gሎ¨ofvf‚˛aSvdWhovfl:SላjqUW
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flbመለycgሉ?ሞo·geል88

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? Rq„‚/vdflb5flመ/
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&‚g'ˇም†ለሚd·ሏeል88

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;ሉ' ላላj flሃ bሃ=ሚod ለሌሎo q'0/q'Wh q¶(oም መል~g
R:ላሉ·bላለ*Ujል8መሎf 8 flu~/ff7fሁeeለማ/b?·ም:ላል
f~gሎ¨ofdመofለማ/bላለሊ•* ·oላሉbሌማ 8 መመሃfl?
-†/%ል *ላgf flማa--g q?ም qላj88 flሚለሃ& ማ/e†o R:ለም
flbSd-T,ሆbሁሉምሊ††jRሚoልUjXeoለም-ሌ8-R˛R†Xe
·ምህWb*SRሚ*R*WUj:Rq'0/q'Whq¶'ማሠልሃlማyላg·ም
RT(oላ··ለሃ(ሉ8

R% ሁ+o/flመል~g ሉ'?ም ማህ¶(o egመ flሚሄ ˛o ,ሆb

Rgምህ'g˛ለflgምህ'
ሟ/ g·ag·ምRሠ'hማ-†:·ምRbለflq/j·
ˇ„·ላ·ልagfflሚ†ላW+dj8q/8 %ላ—ˇ„ofለማ/:ሃልflመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚof ሌም( ለህ⁄S ሃ=ሚ ማሆ:5 ማf†ሎo dj88 Ru~/ff7f
ሂ¶g va¡ህf Rመሃ:ም b-e'o ማ/e5 መሟ* q†/%ል•jም88 R%

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
66 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ሁ+o Rbለ· ሃ=ሚ flሚሆbg b-e'o flbለ መof ማለgም

flb55ሉ fl*Wል ⁄'†of /ም: flW'd Who flሚ˛jRg Xe: flመ/g
v'5 መ†of: flW'd }ሚ|ሎof: ˛R†f b-- vf‚e+ Rማ»
ሉል? flu~/ff7f መል~hof ·ም bg flሚ†-» ˇ„of ለማ/bላለ*
·ሃ?ማሉ8

vf¶ ሀ˛'ም flመ/g f~gሎ¨f Rማ*%ሌg ˛» %ሆfd :ልሆ( ?e

መof ለማ/bላለ* al ;ል* flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /g%f¨
flWሀfመ˛dl”vf¶ሆaa88

Rመ/g u~/ff7f flsf+'ሜ7f ሚc}7f f~gሎ¨8- RWሔ% W'd

u~/ff7f /g%f¨ qማ|nag qfwg flb*ሃ R‚¨eል vd flsf+'ሜ7f
ሚc}7f f~gሎ¨ ላ· flbመሠb flu~/ff7f ሚc}7f /'g a88
ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ መ ለማ»/ ·ም ለማ/bማ' Rdag :ሉbl Uልሆa
(R&‚d fሌ?‹f) R:ሉe Rምልye መማ'f bygሎ R=ል f' fjag
,ሆf·ህም/ልሃdf:/W*Uf:f%f/fvdማህR%መ*U*Wf†|geል8
8 fl¡ህ መ/መ'/መf˛» ለeማac y* ሊል flሚoለ q'0/q'Wh q¶
sf+'ሜ7f ሙc}7f f~gሎ¨ b¶%7ag ,g a88 flsf+'ሜ7f
ሚc}7ff~gሎ¨ለeማdb¶%Rሆ7 avdRሚማ'~መልzq'0/q'Wh
q¶መfflሚ†˛nRgመf˛»a8ለም- 8 ሌ8“‚¨eል
- f?‚fመሠg
†¶˛ flq:%W/ማ/bማ† ” “flf~gሎ¨ መ»~ ,ሆf q'0/q'Wh q¶(o
%-j flb5ሉ flW'd bሞ~(of Rሠ'h ማ-† ለbyemj R?‚
qማ|nag†/bላል(ሉ:yv†f„f„jflሚa+ሉ†>ofም·መል-ሉ8

ላ flqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g qe(o ላ· gzg Rማ» flመ/g ልማg

u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo ለeማ Rሆa መልz
Rbለ† ማህR% ~*ሎo ('b e: ሀWg:v»ሜ b--):a-ምህ„(o
ላ· Rbለ† flu~/ff7f fjag መf˛…o ¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶(k ለመ»/
ሉg†¶'flሚ•ሉ8 ybሉgflsf+'ሜ7fሚc}7ff~gሎ¨bU%g%
ላ·vf‚ሉሀ-W:'Yል8-

? flsf+'ሜ7fሚc}7ff~gሎ¨ለq'0/q'Whq¶qልሎgflሚ*ሄ
gff7+#ofመመ/g

? ሉ&መvdflq%ሟሜምማe¸መfg,/bምመመ/g

? ሞU·ል /ል~f: R·ab˛dn fl»ም ምላ7 (IVR)-802: ?‚f መሠg

†¶˛ flq:%W ”: flW'd &‚: fሌ?‹f b--flsf+'ሜ7f
ሚc}7ff~gሎ¨fመሠg†¶˛f~gሎ¨fማ/b?:

? fl:gሀWgማ|ላg:

? ማህR%flመ˛dl”ofመሃ:ም:

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 67
 W'dሚc/f'

4.2b/ማሚ”ofለመምሉሃ=ሚሀ-Xo

flu~/ff7fሚc}7f”oflሚUሉgመ†odf~co,ሆbR¡ህም
Rq'0/q'Wh q¶(od Rመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo መ|yል fjag ·g' f»
ሁeeof·%va¡ህf ሉ%8 ”oRሚ˛Uመ„gdለbለflመ/g»•+o
መምሉ q/%ላ— a88 flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo Rመ/g qe(k bሌUሑ
ሁee¶q'0/q'Whq¶(ovf”gመ»/vf¶ሚmልdflglflu~/ff7f
ሚc}7f ” b/ማሚ vf¶ሆa ·˛መማሉ8 flgl ” RRለሃ b/ማሚ
vf¶ሆa flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo vf”g ·/dሉ? qf¶l ;ል* መf˛»
flu~/ff7f”ofb:Wሎላ· % flማሉ¶dሂ¶ga8flu~/
8 ff7f
”ofb:Wሎላ· % ማል¶o
5 qሉg8va'
8 +ም8fV:
- *ላg:
ማመ¢f: ሙy% vd flu~/ff7f ”of b:Wሎ % ላ· ማል dj88
Rመ/g u~/ff7f ሊb˛R flሚoሉ b/ማሚ/b˛T flሆbgf ”o ለመምሉ
·ህሃ=ሚመመ†fflሚ*ሉa88

4.21flf¢V¶

R¡ህ ¶ flq„‚/ ngd %ሃ% :g ለ*W q'0/q'Wh q¶' flሃ

bሃ=ሚ -n a88 Wሀf መ˛dld beg flbመሄ ”o dj88
ም~f†cም Rbመ--· *g W flሃ bሃ=ሚof ማig ·mላል88 Wሀf
መ˛dlf ለመሃ:ም flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo vd flመ/g Uለሙ†o gzg
ሊ*ሄgflሚ˛Ujˇ„·ለሚ†:'Sg·gflb*W-Tf·ablU·ማለgም
flq||TCfC:UህልvdማህR%ልማ»ሃf?#ማ;ላ·a88

4.2fl*ላg¶

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
68 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

·ህ¶qfwgflሚ*ሃq‚/ሀ-Wfdqሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ·flማል
ሂ¶gf: :g †ለማCሉ ሃ=ሚ vf‚ሆf ,ሆf a˛' f ለq„‚/ ሀ-Xod
qሠ%(o qfe ba-7agf መ˛fUg -n vflሆa flመሆ ˇ„· a88 R¡ህ
ም~f†g flሚ%ለˇ ”o vf¶ W መf ማሃdy'd ba-7agf መ˛fUgf
ማ|bg qለUj88 vanህ ”o flመ/ማgfd flማflgf /ሜg Rbdሃልም ሆa
R/W/U መሃ:ም †ለUj88 flS»f /W*U: flS»f ··g: fl%‚ +ም
:gf ለማሃdy' ሀ-W fl:RUj dj88 ·ሁfd flመ/~ :f vd flማ-
ˇWngለ*Xo,*ሙgflaRfvf‚†·%?„ል:R¡ህምለq„‚/ሀ-Xod
qሠ%(ofle*Rfba-7agለመ˛fUgመል|ምq•ሆሚa88

4.23flማመ¢f¶

·ህ q‚/ ሀ-Wfd qሠ%'f b:Wሎ % ላ· ለማል flRለሃ -n ¶ a88

ም~f†cምለcflለ*Wvdfl•flመ/ % gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'¶
ሙy%dq‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎላ· % ማል¶መ2•˛'f·/dል8R¡ህ 8
¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o v:ejf yqae •' ማመ¢f ·%ል•ሉ8
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚofl*ሙgfd†gfRv'ሉምbU%ሊሆf/ለመmሉ
ማ•˛ሉ ·%ል•ሉ8 flም'g ለg ሠ'h ማ-† flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flልም»
ልሉ: flመ/~ :f bU% vf‚¶ˇ flሚመy'Rg ም~f†g q'0/q'Wh
q¶(o Ug bሌUሑ ማ/ *ላejf vf‚†ለWc ·%?„ሉ8 Rvanህ
flS»f ”o /ሉ flq'0/q'Wh q¶' flq‚/ q*%(o ልም» ልሉ
ሃ=ሚ”a88

4.2flሙy%¶

flሃbሃ=ሚflf~c~dflማe¸መfg~ህሎgalላማመሆf·g'Reል8
8R¡ህ¶flbdሉልq'0/q'Whq¶'ˇWngR·Rልሉvflbመሃflመሆvd
q'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ *ላg ሊe*WRg fl» ·ላል88 ·ህ
ማለg flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl ለ*Wም ሆa ለS»f flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo
Rbመ--· ሁeeo v?„jf ማ•˘g qለUj88 flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo
ማ/e/flሚ˛Ujምfምvfbመ--·flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚobመ--·
f~cof % ላ· v†ሉ መሆbf: ልም» flb*¶Uj o(o ሁል—£
bመ--·vf„ልሆba88R¡ህ¶Rq'0/q'Whq¶'/flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚ/
ልም»ልሉvdR~ህሎg/ልሃdflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof*ላgflማˇላg
” q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q„‚/ qሠ%'f b:Wለ % ላ· ለማል ሊ†⁄
·oላል88

4.25%ላ·flመል¶

R¡ህ ¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q‚/ ሀ-Wfd qሠ%'f b:Wሎ % ላ·

ማል ·˘ም%ሉ: flመ/g u~/ff7bም Uለሙ† vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl
ሉejf†ለማCሉመ¶˛*qለRg8v?d 8 flመ/ሃg2(%ምflመ/gሃ

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 69
 W'dሚc/f'

bሃ=ሚofRማReegflሃbሃ=ሚoq„‚/ሀ-Wfdqሠ%'fb:Wሎ
%ላ·ማልfvf‚:ሉRg†Reeል88flvanህ”oWvdመ/%'g
R¶|ማ?»dq%ሟሜምም~f†gqሉeflሆaˇ„gvf„·g'Rሉf=>ማ•˘g
a88

Rbለ† ¶o ybመሄ ”o y*blf ለg ለማ-|g flመ/g ልማg

u~/ff7fUለሙ†dflመ/gልማgሠ%booflb•gfflመማ'ሂ¶gfl»
% ላ· ማል qለUj88 ለም-ሌ8- RS»f /W*U flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo
R?‚ Rመe˛⁄ vd flS»f ··gf bygሎ flgምህ'g ˛ለሟ q:%Wf
መሃ:ም ·oላሉ8 Rሌላ Rzል Rመ/g u~/ff7f yላ· flbሃ:+ b/ማሚ
”of Rመምሉ ˛» flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo flሚybሉgf መ/%'ho
ማ˛dWqለUj8-

? ሎ- flሚመሄflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f”oሎ#ሆTdRqa/bl
R˘gflሚb˛W'መሆfqለRg:

? 7(f- flሚመሄ flS»f u~/ff7f ”o R'|e flሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/

q'Whq¶(of:vማ%dqU%f†-b%vdሆhof†-b%dሁሉfም
flህWb*W~*ልመ»/flሚoልመሆfqለRg

? /W/Wag /~W¶g - flሚመሄ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ”o :ላል

vd Rqa/bl ;-/ ሊ%ሙ flሚoሉ: W —£ flማ·/• vd R:ላሉ
ሊb˛WflሚoሉመሆfqለUj:

? ~ህሎg - flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ማ/bማ† ”f /fመ'ሉ flመ/g

ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†d flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl መ%ም ·ም
መbR'flሚoለdbሌማ/ልሃdflማ·ሃ·?መሆfqለRg

? sላማ flሚ- መሄflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fማ/bማ†”oለv†f„f•

flሃ qe(o q·ag vd ለሁሉም flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh
q¶(o†ማyለለሆho
: qdለ.hob/ማሚflሚሆfvf‚ሁምfl.hofd
flሆhofbሃ=ሚagvdb-g+fማ•˛ሉflሚoልመሆfqለRg88

4.3flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg

? f¢Vመ*ሃ' flመ/
- gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(ovf‚ሁም.gd
ሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶(o %-jf flመለሉ ¶ ላ· ለመ»/ flUህ
ለሉ yማiej R'g b˛T vd bመሆሆn flሆa መ R*c ማig
·%ል•ሉ8 ለbሃ=ሚo q/%ላ— መ ለመ/ሃg f¢V %ሃ% መ•˘g
qለRg88/ለሆaምRመ|yላjflUህvdflba-7agለሉ·መሆል88

? :gfማ55ል flu~/
- ff7fመል~g/W/WRሆa—£v'+fለመ„g

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
70 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

:ላል ላ·ሆf ·oላል88 R¡ህ ሁee bሃ=ሚo Rመል~c /ለb|bc

flb*bbሞ~(oሉgመሠeመመ†ofvf‚ማ·%ለ•ል88

? ~ህሎgf ማ55ል - bሃ=ሚo /ለ qf» a˛' R f¢V g)j a˛'

fRR~ህሎgvሉgም~f†gq/%ላ—fbU'Uል%—£ ሙ R*'h
ማ-†:Rማ-ለማ-ˇWng:·ምRሞ–ላ'/ልሃdq/%ላ—flሆa~ህሎg
ማ/eሃ?†/%ል•ል

? flUህለሉ -gzgflb*ሆjˇ„ofለመ„gdRva'+ም/ምምag
ላ· ለመ»/ yb%ለ˛ flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof ማ-መf †/%ል•ል88
Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ መ|yል ሃf|% flመ ልሉ vf‚g' Rመ*:»
qማ%ልflu~/ff7f”yS»f”vdyሠ'hማ-†flb††
•' dj8
8 ልም…o vf¶ሚ†-g ለbሃ=ሚo /ለ q‚/ ሀ-W/f~c~ sgሚ†
qሑagማW%%gdሠ'hማ-†ማ|ሄ»R:ላሉ†-ምdjል88

flመ/gም'gdም'eማagfለመሌመ'መ˘መ†Rq'0/q'Whq¶vdR.g
vd Rሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶' flsf+'ሜ7f /W*Uo ላ· qሁf Uሉ flመb
b/ማሚ qመ%g ”o ላ· f¢V መ%ሃ' ·g'Reል88 o(o Rመ/g
ልማgሠ%booRzልbለ·bv†ለa˛'fq'0/q'Whq¶vd.gvd
ሆg q'0/q'Wh q¶ Uል˛U —£ ·ህ qሠ%' q/%ላ— a88 flመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚoq/%ላ—ff¢VyሌRሄd*ላg|-¶R^ላምdልUg/ልሃd
q¶
,*ሉ: ሉdgምሊ|ሄ»·oላል8flሚ 8 ¶:ሉለ y¶fRoo··g
•'
yb|ሄ¶ R^ላ ሠ'h ማ-† % /ሉ vf‚˛S ማ» a88 R··g —£ም
Rሠ'h ማ-†o ·ም RሚRj flb55ሉ f~gሎ¨od ም'ሉ bሞ~(o
ላ· flbሃ=ሚof b-g+ ለማልRg flሉdg S»b መa--g qለRg88 q„‚/
bሞ~(ofdሀ-Xof/qሠ%(of/b:Wሎ%ላ·ለማልflba--flሉdg
S»b qUላg RS»b /ሉ Rq„‚/ ሀ-Xo *'h ማ-† bU%g ላ· መ-b*
·g'Reል88R¡ህምflሚybሉg¶ofመሃ:ም·mላል8-

? RqሁfUለaU%ሁeeላ·f¢Vመ*ሃ':

? R/ልሃddሠ'hማ-†%ላ·vf‚-b&መ•R⁄:

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:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 75


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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 77
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:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 79
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— f…ovd.hoRመ/gW'dላ·ማ-b*ymልfVb*WfRሉ?ልf»vd.g
R•% ለማig ሁለcም R•% /ልሃdofd *'h ማ-†of Rማ|ሄ» Rqb˛UR'
ላ· qf» q·ag f¢V vf‚g%j †¶'•ል88 flf» vd fl.ho ለflWm S»f
መ*ሃ' flf…o flRላ·ag ለማ/:gd .ho Raag vd R%/ ለመbU' ምk
ሁee ·%ሉ%ል88 flu~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g flልማg *%boo .g q/
q¶(o vf‚-b& Rማ*W ማR'eg Rvማ% Vb*W /ሉ uላ'agf ሊ2yሙ
flሚoሉሆhoላ·መ/%gqለRg88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 81


— flልማg *%boo/ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vf”g ለ.ho b/ማሚ

flሆa/ልሃdq:vd
% ”ለb5fl.
ለ hoflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*Rሆሆሉ ም
b/ማሚvdምk”qመ%ሉላ·fl*ለሃaመሆfqለRg88
— flልማg *%bl flVb*W uላ'agf Rመy(%ል fl.hof fl% ሏd ለመ:a/
-eRመ/ሃgdRVb*W†ላj
/ሉ flመ*fq?ምመሌመ'flሚ†/oልvd
flሚ†RecflgR%”ofማ%ላለqለRg8·ህም
8 ለ.hoRመ/gልማgW'
vdflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgb-g+:ሉblflሆa(·„qለ8
— flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg Rሚ*ሉRg —£ ማf ማ:» vf„ለRg: ማf q˛ልሎcf
vd መf መ:Rል vf„ለRg q˛ልሎcf ማf መ/ሃg vf„ለRg ማ? Rሆም
q/%ላ— a88 flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† .g y.g q/q¶(o •' ለመ˛dig flUህል
bg |ለ ·ም .g q/q¶(o yf» flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† ለመ†flg ምk
|ልሆb flu~/ff7f flq˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ ለqWag †ህል Uልflf :»ሞ Rማig
/ለ ˇWnc qላማ Rማ-? Vb*Sf መWig qል†ም yUልfl •' R•% ሚ/cf
ማig:.hofRS»fማigመf/e»'¸hofv˛¢Rመሃfl?·ምR.ho
ላ·flሚbCማg
* Rመሃfl?R.hoflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚagf/ሚfማa•˛'
vdyሌሉምRqyUT|ሉRመሃ:ምv˛¢Rማ»a88
ሃ:ሜe
— hod
. f…oflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgማigመmልላRሆaመልzb(qj
·ለሆል88
— f~gሎ¨oRva'+q·fR:ላሉማflgdማላመ»·mላል88
— ho. q?ማj·ለWeል:flVb*WRምWvdRb-ምWማ•˛ሉ·mላል8
8

82
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ም%*-5flመ/g*Wሎofl˛R†ም'g/ሞ‚d/
v.g*f*ለgq:%W
ሀ˛%flW'du~/ff7f/g%f¨q'0/q'Whq¶y^ላqመ%
:' gbላ#
¶ ˛R† b' qመ%g ለማ2•˛' vd flW'd ም'gf ለማ-¶d flqa/bl
q'0/q'Wh q¶(of b( ለማ55ል ˛R† መ' flW'd ልማg /g%f¨ ላ·
gzg†¶˛a88

Rqሁb —£ qም%po: መf/g: ም'ም' vd flu~/ff7f bCማg Rdag

†bgflb5f~gሎoofd
5ሉ መል|ምbሞ~(ofማመfሌgdማ/b?
ላ··ሁfvf¨v.gRሚሌምvdRW·g/'gላ·flb*ሃgzgqd-
a8Rሌላ
8 Rzልq'0/q'Whq¶(kለVb*Uj:ለW†ህልRማምgv†|ሄ•
†ሉgyv¸¶q*flሆaqመ%g”fl¶'gv-Vም'gመሌመ'ላ·
†b a88 ለ¡ህ ም~f†c q'0/q'Wh q¶(k *ላg Rv†f„f• flqመ%g
”q.gRሚሌምRbለ·ምy*bl˛TRሚ†/˛jgsgሚ†flመ/g*Wል
fl˛R† ም'ho/ሞ‚d/ ላ· R'gh yመ/%g መe flVb*W *“efd ˛fW
ለሚ†/%ል•j q/˛„¸ ˇ„of vf¶ W'd qልU-g flመ-*ሉ ሎof
ማሟላgላ·flbመሆba88

Rመ/gflማምg*ላgv†¶˛flመሆflb%ሉ(q¶•fdvflሌመflመሆf
Rb%ሉ( %bdo flbሞላ †ልbለመ¶ flqfl' fWg መ¢Ugf መCCም
flሚ†/oልW'dfለማ/%fRመf/gምሆaRq'0/q'Whq¶f»gzg
Rማica88

y?'W—£‚ህflመ/gም'gv†¶˛flመሆf†ህልflv.g*f*ለcRb˛T
ሁee†ልbb˛RvdqW¢lq'0/q'Whq¶'ምሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
Uለሙ†o Rv†f„f• flqመ%g bU' ላ· †ላj q?ም /f a88
Rbሌማም y*bl sgሚ† ሃ:ሜe †ላj flመ/g *Wሎo ም'g R⁄dW
yሚለማ*WልRRለሃR˛R†ላ·ለVb*Sy*blg'flሚ * †/˛nyመሆb•'
b†·¥flv.g*f*ለgfለeማagfምflሚ†ለWg,ሆfbdoም·Rልሉ
g'(ማሆaም'ejfvf‚†-»ˇv†¶˛a8Rመሆ 8 bምል:bሌUሑ
ለሉ flሚ†መሆ vd bU% ሊሆf flሚoል y*bl • †ላj vd R˛R†
b%ላ—flሆbRመ/gflሚለሙ*Wሎofvf¶ሚybለማ•˘g·mላል8-

? Rመ/gu~/ff7fflq:%W”y*blላላj
• flመ/g*Wልም'ho/
ሞ‚do/ /}eማ flq:%W ”od »•+of Rማ/(g flመ/g
q~*ff7f Uለሙo vd fl:Rሌ መ/g ልማg ሠ%boo Rመ/g ልማg
Rሚለሙ*Wሎo†R:gvf‚g%jflq?ምfUe%of
ማሃdy';

? Rመ/gRሚ/Wሎo
ለሙ ሃf|%flሆafl˛R†g/vf‚g%
/' jbyee·
vd ሃf|% fl˛R† ማ/b? %of Rመ/%g y˛R† bf†go •'

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 83
 W'dሚc/f'

g//'vf‚%ሃ'ማ»;

? flbመሄ መ ማ/bላለ'† f~gሎ¨of Rመሃ:ም q'0/q'Wh q¶:

fl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%blvdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†R
fl˛R†መvf‚g%mማ/mል;

? RW'd f~c~ ማ*ልሃl ማyላg ሠልሉa flሚሄ Uለሙ†od

fl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%booRመ/gRሚለሙ*Wሎoqመ%g:Rv.g
መሌመ' vd R˛R† v.g *f*ለg R v:g ሌWሃ vf‚ሄ
ማ»/%ል•ል88

  5.1flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀW

flv.g *f*ለg ,Uል ም'gf yመa5 Wg q?'Xg ¶ ˘ም( flbለ†

flማምg ¶of Rማለ* ˛R†f መ„5 ለማ» yWg q:%T v/y
bሃ=ሚ »/ flሚ¶'+ bU%g R:ላሉ ሊ˛ለም flሚoሉRg f* ሀ-W a8
8 flም'g ¶ flq|ላ ለሉ vd flbለ† qም%pod q˛ልሎho b-g+f
flሚ%ል,ሆf*f*ለcyም'gflሚ˛•gfም†|geል88Rም'gላ·yUህላ
flልgzgRb=%cf*ሀ-SflሚመaሌRv†f„f•¶v.gመሌመ'
ላ·,ሆfR¡ህምም'gfመfyUyWfl*f*ለcqf•q|ልa88

5.2flv.g*f*ለgf*-ሀWdˇ„o

ሀ˛% ማ~(sgሚ: 3ሊ,o: ህo: መb„¶† ¶fXo: /a-'ho

vd bCማ መሠe a˛(o ማለgም ም'ም': q„‚/ qሠ%'d q/b-*W:
fl* ሀWg ልማg vd ሌሎo fl»•* q˛ልሎho q|UTf flሚ%ሉ ,ሆf
R/ሄሁሉምbU%g·yddሉ8

flv.g *f*ለg R'|e R/ሄ flb-* bU%gfd sf•/gof yW

·ag flf» »'¸ho vf¶ ሀ˛' flbለ† ~ልሎof ·ም Rለም q:* ¶
flbለ† q˛(of Rማ|bg flRለሃ /W/W flመሆf q⁄ማሚ† qለ8 ለqWag
Rመ/gW'da~flምWv.g*f*ለgflሚ†ሃ=ልለRማ-ላ·ምሆaR˛ሃ'
መf¶(o vd Rybማ q|UT flሚydb bU%gf a88 qa'+ም Wg
q?%of (': ማ„R†: }ሚ|ሎo:flሃ ማሏ f~gሎ¨o: flመ/g
v'5 መ-†o .b.): flv'5 ማ7aof: vd ሌሎo v.g ለመሌመ'
flሚ†˛ለሉ f~gሎ¸of flሚ%ልˇ ,ሆf Rq††⁄: R~ምog: Rማምg
ሂ¶g; Rማ2 vd Rማy(%ል bU%g ·:ሉላል88 ሌሎo መሠe a˛(o
ማለgምflሀ·ልq?'Xg:መf˛»:q/%ላ—q?'Xho.b.fl*f*ለgq|UTf
flሚ%ሉ,ሆfflv.g*f*ለgq%ሟሜምላ·Rbg·%ሉ%8

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
84 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

5 g*f/ለgvdfl˛R†መ'flu~/ff7fq:%W
.3flv.
q?ሆሏo

qሁf†ለfflqመ%g/'gy^ላ:'qመ%g”¶˛R†መ'መd
W'dም'gqመ%gሂ¶gለማ2•˛'Rመ/gልማgflሚ*Wሎof
ለሙ v.g
*f*ለg መbR'd fl˛R† መ' u~/ff7f q*%(ofd q?ሆሏof bygሎ
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†ofd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boof q?ም
Rማ-¶q'0/q'Whq¶R˛R†b%ላ—dy*bl†ላjf • flመ/g*Wሎof
qም'h ም'gd ም'eማac q» ˛T vf‚ሌም' Rማ» :ሆ·ag †ለf
fl˛R† መ' መ/g ልማg መ*ሃ' ·mላል88 /ለሆaም Rfl¶ flሚ˛j flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booflሚybሉgffl˛R†
መ'መ/gu~/ff7fq:%W/q?ሆሏofመybል·g'Ujል8-

? Rfl¶flሚ˛jflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†oR˛R†መ'flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fvdRመ/g*Wሎov.g*f*ለg†Rflሆaf¢V
ሌWሃ q?ማjf vf‚†ለWc fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg Rማ»
Rbመሄy*blUለ• jflመ/g*Wሎov.g*f*ለgvdfl˛R†መ
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:ለVb*W/ሉ=?fመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/
q'Wh q¶(o vd ለማህR*W z& bሃ=ሚo vf”g b¶%7 ማ»
vf¶ሚoሉ/ልሃdመ/ሃg;

? flqyUT /15ላ£7ff vd „·=',}7ff መሠg †¶˛ y*bl •

†ላjfd R˛R† b%ላ— flሆb flመ/g *Wሎof Rሉ%gd RW¢g Rማምg
ለሎvdለሀ˛'/ሉ˛R†vf‚:'Sማ»;

? Rመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg flሚ˛j fl˛R† bf†god flUለ»'5 q|ላg

gWW'd g//' vf‚ሃdy' byee·ag †ለ fl˛R† ማ/b? vd
q?ማjf flማሃdy' /%o መ/%g vd Rመ/g v.g *f*ለg /ሉ
flሚ˛j q|ላg g//%jf ለማሃdy' flመ/g ልማg መለ*bl መ»of
Rመመ/gማሃdy'†/%ል•ል;

? flsf+'ሜ7f ሙc}7f f~gሎ¨of Rመሃ:ም q'0/q'Wh q¶:

fl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%blvdflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†R
fl˛R†መvf‚g%mማ/mል;

? RW'df~c~ማ*ልሃlማyላgሠልሉaflሚሄUለሙ†odfl:Rሌ
መ/gልማgሠ%booRመ/gRሚ*Wሎo
ለሙ qመ%g:Rv.gመሌመ'
vdR˛R†v.g*f*ለg†Rv:gሌWሃvf‚ሄማ»;

? ygdf7flመf¶'˛R†o˘ም(v/ygላል?˛R†o†ሉgflመ/gv.g
*f*ለg fl˛R† bf†gof Rመለflg ?cd ˛R† flሚ%ል˛f flመ/g
*WሎoምhofRሉ%gdRW¢gqም'hለማ?Wq:ሁሉ ?»
* ማ:»;

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 85


? yq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ-˘ም(v/y2ማkህWb*W»/fl˛R†ማyላgf
Rመ*ሃ'flመ/g*Wልም'hoffl˛R†g//'መ*ሃ';

/ል-18-flመ/gልማgለhofR˛R†ማ/b-*'ለ>eልማgf†ለWeል8

? flሆhodfl.hofb-g+dbሃ=ሚagfለማ•˛ሉRመ/g*Wሎov.g
*f*ለgq*%'ላ·fl/%v»ልRመ*ሃ'˛T†jfvf‚†-»ˇማ»;

? Rመ/g*Wሎoም'gላ·v.gRመሌ'ለqa/blvdለy*blq(2(*,
sf„/goሉv=ofለማ?Wvdfl˛R†*Wሎofም'gf˛R†ላ·
Rማሆgflሎምf¢ngfማ-¶;

? ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o: ለመ/g Wgd f~gሎ¨

q?%T flል »¸ho vd ማህR%g flW»' q˛ልሎg vf‚†˛j flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†yW»'bCማg•'ማ/b-*'qለRg;

? flfg%g v'5 q˛ልሎg Rመ*ሃ' flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh

q¶' 7ሊ ¶ ማምg flq*%' ሂ¶g vf‚˛U flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
Uለሙ†vdfl:Rሌመ/gልማgሠ%blq'0/q'Rhq¶fመ¶˛*vd
ማW=g;

? ˛R†f መሠg †¶˛ flመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg መል|ም bሞ~(of

Rመለflgvf‚*(ማ»:

? q'0/q'Wh q¶ R:ላሉ ሊሃ:ምUj flሚoሉ flሜ|d·£7f ማ7aod

ሌሎo yሜ|d·£7f bU%g•' b††‹ bU%bf flማ/b?d
flማ/(g/%መ/%g:

86
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

5 gልማgflv.g*f/ልgvdfl˛R†መ'
.4Rመ/
flu~/ff7f

5.41flv.g*f*ለggfbd

flv.g *f*ለg gfbd Rqመ%g ላ· ybለመ¶ †a* qb†· Rb5ለ Rመ⁄

Rbf†fመ|yል†ለffjagdgWW'vf‚ሁምflf»%fd3ሊ,f
qሉW#·መም%ል8R¡ህም 8 v†¶˛flመሆfg/flማ·:
/' RሉUህላfl.~b'
„*-ሉdhovdመ¶Rl†ልሆbqሠ%(oላ·†ሉ/fahof·:'(ል88

flv.g *f*ለg gfbd Rbለ† መ/† Vho vd q•' q|ላg †ሉ bf†ff

Rማ|bgbለሑdv†¶˛flመሆfflsgሚ»': ¸edq/˛„¸bU%gf
ል†¶'•ል8መ*8 d~ሎovf”gvf¶ሚ%ሃdo(ovf”gvf¶ሚ*%ል
ለመ„g flሃR: fjag q/%ላ— a88 Rለም q:* v·e b„„agf
†˛d⁄Uል88 flv.g *f*ለg gfbd ሉf|&fd »~መgf Rማ-flg fl•% v·ef
vf‚†-»ˇd*f*ለcvf”gb%ሊሆfሟሚ vf¶ሚ˛Uvf‚ሁም†ለfRgWW'
ላ· flbመሠb fjag Rመለflg ˛» bdo vf‚-b& †¢ል88 ·ህም
Rሚybለ/ላመልሏbመል~iል88

ም/ል-58-flv.g*f*ለgg//'ላመለሏ

5.42flv.g*f*ለggfbdq/%ላ—ag

flv.g *f*ለg gfbd ሃ=ሚ flምd መ-† ,ሆf ሁሉ q:* sf•/g

vf¶˛d flመ¶%˘gf q⁄ማሚ† ለመ„gd flለሉ {ሎofd ለ3ሊ, flf~c~
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flv'„eለ•8odflልማgq•‹»'¸ho»•flv.
* g*f*ለggfbdfመሠg
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~**ልd Rv.g *f*ለg b-e'o መ|yል Uለ *gሀag ላ· y—£ ¶ —£
vflሌመመሉiል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 87
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5.43Rመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/q?'Xgv.g*f*ለg
gfbd

ለመ/g *Wሎo v.g *f*ለg ምk ሁeeo:- Rሃ˛%of †ለf R flሆa

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% ላ· Rማል flW'df ምሆe ሀWg/sgሚ/ ለማ-¶ qመo flሆa
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b˛Wiል88 flsgሚ 3ሊ,d /g%f¨ ላማ aሟ flsgሚ 'gf vf
ማ»: R¡ህም Rም'g 'c /ሉ flW·g *f*ለg bf†f Rማምg
% q*% flማምg: ሀWejf flማf:-:/d flማ/bላለ*: ም'ejf
R%ለˇg • vd Rflglም Xe flመ2ሉ: መWejf Rማ/yR' y*bl
˛T flሚ†˛jgf ሉg vf ማ» a88 Rsgሚ ልማc flመf/g ሆል=
˛Wag¶Rመ/gflW'dsgሚላ·ምdልUgሊg'flሚoለfflWgd
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%oላ·መf/gመለf··መ»Uልvf‚ሁም/g%f¨†flWg
q?'Xg ማለgም ማ„R†d flም'ም' q˛ልሎg ላ· ·¶(ል88 Rqሃ=ላ·
ለ⁄?booምሆaflW'dም'gf¶ላ{o ሑ flሚ†መmofl˛fW3ሊ,
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Rማ» ˛» R~ልሎo flW'd መለ f· *g ላ· ?»ሚ† ·*ሆል88
;ሉ'f Rሚመለyg flW'd ሚc/f': flሉ%gd ¶o Uለ/ልሆf RbCም
¶ bC;መ flመ/g ም'g Rb˛T vf‚መg Rማ» ለመ/g fl˛R†
ም'g/ሞ‚d/flመvለf·*gvdflWg;ሉ'f†|ሂ„ሉfl¶o8
;ሉ' q˛ልሎg vd flvg ለd ~ሊco flfህd ;ሉ' (·h -ce)
q˛ልሎg vf‚*ሄ flbCCሙ bCማg ,ሆb ለeማd W=g †ለ flv.g
*f*ለgvf‚**fflሚ†/oሉdj88

bCማgfማመmjg8- R~ልልመf/egflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgf
ለመ/ሃg: ለመ/g መሠb ልማg vd flbCሟg q/b„¶' flመ/g ሂ¶g/
„·&~h&g/qC;መል8Rመ/ 8 g*Wልም'gሂ¶gላ·~ልሎkR?»:RWg
*ላg መ q*U*W: Rq?'Xgd Rማy(%ል ˛» flመ/g ልማgf v†-ለሄ
·˛lሉfl~ልል
8 ማህR%gማ/('†u˘f,bCማq¶˘gy~ልልv/y„
flb•,ሆfflማ/bUR'Rcflgod
: flማy(%ልq˛ልሎgRሚማህR%
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fl~ልል W'd T(o v/yeo R:Rሌ ¶ flb•• flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg

vf‚**fdflWgq?'Xgd/'ሑgለማ/bUR'q/m·ሁeeofflሚ%ሉ'
bCም a88 flvg ~ሊc~ vd bለ† flW'd ላX%h ማyላg vf¶ bCም
flbCCሙ ,ሆf Rመ/g *Wል ም'g ለeማd :ልሆ( %of flመ%ም
gል?ሚdqላj88

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88 መbR†መመ†
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ም'g f» ላ· bf†f Raሟ vf‚˛Sd vf‚ሄ flሚ†/oል bCም a88 ·ህ
aሟd :ልሆ( flሆa flqመ%g ” y*bl ም'g Rማ/˛ig flመ/g *Wል fl˛R†
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flመ/gልማgfv†Reea88

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q¶' qሠ%' oሎef †ለWeል; flv.g *f*ለgf RRለሃ :ልሆ( Rማ»
Rማምg ሂ¶g ሞ”ል q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ለሌሎo q'0 q¶(o bሞ~)jf
vf‚†/bላል&†¶'•ል88

flመ/g *Wል ም'g flv.g *f*ለg ልማg8- flመ˘መ† flመ/g *Wሎo

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R¡ህ
8 ¶q'0/q'Whq¶(o†ላjfሀWgRመ/gልማgላ·vf”g%
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ማigRሚ†/oላjfl*Wልqመ%gላ·†?„ሉRbሌማም 8 flመ/g*Wል
ለማምg flሚ†/%ልˇ Who Rv†f„f• ¶ R?»ሚ† flሚe:• ,ሆf
va'+ም8-

Wg q?'Xgd /'ሑg8- Rq'0/q'Wh q¶ *ላgd flመ&g /(g ላ·

bመ/'hflWg*ላgመb*W/X·ሃ=ለልdRመ/gልማgላ·ለb*ማ
q'0/q'Whq¶(oR⁄¸gም%*vf‚•–·:'Wላjል88

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„*ሉdg
- ላ·Rመመ/gyማምgR'g·ምy⁄¸gም%R'* gRማ-
ላ·vdRq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላg/ልሃd·*ሆል8R¡ህ
8 ¶q'0/
q'Wh q¶(o flሚ*ለሉbg Rሚybሉg ?¶ም bybሎo መሠg flማልማg
ማa#/o(ofለመ?*a88

— ለeማ vd :ልሆ( flv.g *f*ለg qሠ%'f flሚ†¶d?&: flመ/g

ልማgfq%ምf⁄?flሚ†¶'ˇ·ምመሠeማa#flሆbo(of
q'0/q'Whq¶(o·ለ†ሉ;

— flመ/g ልማg qሠ%(of flሚ†¶d?& flመሠe ማa#o ም~f†g

q'0/q'Whq¶(o·ለ†ሉ;

— R/ልሃd ?g Rsgሚ: ማህR%: vd Rq/b„¶' flሚfU?:

Rv.g *f*ለg መሠe ማa# flሆaf bg q'0/q'Wh q¶(k
†/-ሉ/·መም%ሉ;

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 89


— Rመሌ5ም Rq'0/q'Wh q¶(o bU% vd ለeማ ሊ†¶

flሚoልb˛Tመ*gሄላ·ሀ-Wvf‚†:'Sሊ¶·˛Uል88

yላ· flbለ o(o ላ· Rመመ/g Rqመ%g ” ላ· flv.g *f*ለc

ለeማd:ልሆ(·ሆff»ለሁሉምማa#oq'0/q'Whq¶(oመ*gሄ
vf‚†/:ምሄ·%ለ•ል88

5.4v.g*f*ለgfflbybለflመ/gልማg?»

flመ/g ልማg ?» q'0/q'Wh q¶(o y*ለሃb vd ለመ/g ልማg *ላg

yb%ሃ R^ላ bU% ·¶•ል88 Rv†f„f• q'0/q'Wh q¶' R*ላg ላ·
flbመሠb vd ˛R†f መሠg †¶˛ flመ/g ?» b•¸h q-e' vf‚ሆfd
Rq%ሟሜም ?g R:ላሉ ለመyebልd ለመ˛ም˛ም ለqf» ለqም/g vd ለልማg
S»f·:'Uል88

flመ/g v.g *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjahod R:ሆ· መ*%g †ለUj bU%g8

- ·ህ *f*ለg ለሌሎo flመ/g *Wል ም'ho : flv.g *f*ለg ለeማd
:ልሆ( qሠ%' መሠg a88 vf¶ሚe: Rv†f„f• ¶ flሚ%ሃf
v.g flሚ/a flመ/g ም'g ሉ%gd መሃf vf‚ሁም flˇልRgd ሌሎo
ሀWhof ማf:-:/ flማምg ማa#of መ?* flሚ†/oል q?ም flሚ%ሉ'
flq'0/q'Whq¶(ofl/ልሃdq*¶:ሆሉ ለeማflሆaflWgq?'Xgd
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8 Rሌላ v.g Rሚሌም' *f*ለg ላ· qሉe bg flሚ†-»' fl¡ህ *f*ለg
¶|ማfjagvf¶ሚybለbለ·iል8-

? Rመ/gልማgflq'0/q'Whq¶fb-g+v/yመሌ5ለማ-¶ሀWgf
Rማf:-:/˛»Rq/b„¶Rzልflሚ*ሃgzgqd-መሆf;

? ለeማ q?'Xgd /'ሑg flመ/g Wg *ላg ሉ& መ yለ*W

q'0/q'Whq¶'*ላgfl%ለ:qለመሆf;

? flWgq?'Xgq*ለq'%' 0/q'Whq¶y*bl*ላgR—£:RXevd
R• qg•T ምላ7 flሚ*ሉ qለመሆf88 ·ህም q'0/q'Wh q¶ ህ•ac
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y¶Reo¶ሆavd¶ማ·%Wg ለ ማም%gfማ/ybሉR¡ህም
¶|ማflv.g*f*ለgም'gqሠ%'መ/%f;

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መ?*flሚ†/oልflq'0/q'Whq¶(o/ልሃdለeማUለመሆbflv.g
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? Rqሃ=ላ·fl?»q|ልflሆaflለ*Wq'0/q'Whq¶'flመ/gልማg?»

90
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~*ሉf ¶|ማ ማ»ˇ vd Rም'g *f*ለg flb%ሃf v.g ⁄? q»'
መeflc:

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,ሆf R¡ህ ላ· *Wሉ yb*R*R R^ላ *f*ለg ·˘ም%ል88 fl*Wል ም'g
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8 flማ*U*W ” R-nag *Wሉ yለማ R^ላ flመ/g ም'g W~ag ላ·
-nag qለ8 R*f*ለc y*Wሉ yለማ R^ላ †ሉ qሠ%(o flሚybሉg
dj88

? fl*Wልም'hofflማ*U*T†—£መ*f;

? b˛Tfflመ*W*T†”vdflመ*W*T†መ†ofመ*;

? Rb%ለ˛መ/%'gመሠgflም'g¶ማሆg;

? R¶flbለflfRመል~Rመልz¶ሚ:መሉRgXeማ⁄;

? ለም'c¶ማሆg;

? ም'cfመለ|g/መመf/;

? Rb˛TXeላ·ማyማng;

? ለf»Rሚ%ለ˛መሃfማ7:ማ⁄vd¶bሃ=ሚማ»/dj

fl»ህ-ም'g q††⁄ v.g *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjaho8- ·ህ flv.g *f/ለg

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መ/ሃg †/%ል•ል88 Rq•' q|ላg f» gzg flሚ3 ¶|ማ fjaho
flሚybሉgdj88

? Rb5ለ ሉ%g ለማምg flም'g ማ*U*T† ” vd —£ Rመ'ሀ W'/

R?»/vflbመ%qለሆf;

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†ለመሆdj;

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 91


? Rመ/g ም'g ማ*U*T† መyላg:R—£† ም'g ማyማm መ˛⁄go vd

Rq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ- q|UT ም'c flሚ*R*WRg Xe flfህd ˇ»ለg
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flም~'q˛ልሎgሊ*ሃqለመ/ሃg;

? Rማ- ላ· /ምምag Rb¶*Rg flሉ%g ¶ መሠg • ለመ¶ል¶ል

ም'gf R·ag ለመለflgd ¶ ለማሆg flሉ%g ¶ መመl/መለ{†/
qለመg';

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? ማ- ላ· Rም'g ሉ%g ¶ qም%kf Rb5ለ ለማReeg flሚ†/oል

flbለመ¶qሠ%'qለመ•g;

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? ማ- ላ· flም'g 7†ሑ Rሉ%g ¶ መሠg RqUS †ለመe˛⁄ vd

flም'g~ምog,g'˛‹fWmRሚሃ?ምqUWRምgመ˛¢c;

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ማሆgdም'gfRv†·acመመ¶WRqም%kRzልqለመለመ•;

? R˛ሃ q|UT flbለ† ማ-ለሏ ምk ሁeeo Uለመg%j Rም'g ላ·

v.g ለመሌመ' RbCምም ሆa Rል .~b flማ2 vd y'ል flም'g
ሂ¶g/2(*,f/q˛ልሎhoqለመg%j88

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flመ/g*Wልም'gv.gflመሌመ'ሂ¶gRdagflሚydaR¡ህ*f*ለg
,ሆf qW¢l v.g flመሌመ' qሠ%' flሚ%መ R¡ህ ሂ¶g ·yddል88
Rsf•/gሂ¶gflሚydb%oflb*bgflሚybሉgdj8-

? y˘ምላ5oምሆayj'moሉ&v=RW¢gመ¢g;

? sf•/g¶ሚ˛nRgXeም'gማ⁄;

? R'gfl˛Uf:»ሞ/R?¶ምbybልRማ/ሆg”መሠgq»'ም'gf
ማyማng;

92
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? sf•/g Rq/:መሃ flሉ%g ¶ መሠg ለም'c vf¶˛d ¶

ማሆg;

? ም'cRsf•/gሂ¶gvf‚†ል*ማ»;

? flsf•/gለcf¶ማሆgdRfl·aejመy(%ል;

? flም'gለcfማ2:ማy(%ልvdማ/b?88

Rsf•/g2(*,fv.g*f*ለg¶|ማfjaho8- Rሀ˛%offlW'dም'g
ማ:aUR†sf•/gሂ¶g˛dR¸ም'¶ላ·a8flW' 8 dsf•/gሂ¶g
Rመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/ሞ‚d/ላ·v.gለመሌመ'†ለq?ም/fa
ለ¡ህ ም~f†c flsgሙ† W'd ˛d yv¸ ¶ q* flሆa ¶ ላ· መሆf vd
ለ:ሆ· ሂ¶g flW'd ም'g ማ:aUR† sf•/gf ለመ-W ማለgም ለ˛R†
flሚሆfg'*ም'gRqለመሆba88Rመ/g*Wልልማg'*¶˛R†
ም'g ለማ?W flሚመgUjd flማ·መgUj ?ho qሉ8 Rd flመ/g
ም'g?gy*ላgምRላ·W¢g†ለq?'Xg/ለሚg'flqg~ልgd*%&
ም'g • ·'„ል88 flq¶˛ flW'd ም'g ማ:aUR† sf•/g Uለመg
y*ላg Rላ· RW¢g fl:R ም'g qf»ም R⁄?bl • ·2ሆል qሊ†ም
Rማ- /ሉ vf„ለ ·:'d flqም%kf ሞ%ል yሚ˛U Rላ· ·„ል88 ·ሁfd
Rማ·መgRg?gflመ/g*Wልም'g⁄?/ለሚልRqfሟq?'Xcy*ላg
Reo /ለሚሆf • bመል0 ሆ% /ለሚa| flም'cf bሃ=ሚ ሞ%ል ·a|ል8
8 ybመb R^ላ R~ምog ላ· vf„ሉ hሎ flመRላ2g Uህ †ላj ም'ho
q'0/q'Wh q¶ ~/cf መCCም vf„·oል †¶'•ሉ; ·ህም of qUW0
ላ flሆa flም'g q?'Xg vf„·g' vd R˛R† ላ· fl• መ§? vf‚y*g
†¶'•ል88 ·ህ ሁee ላ flመ/g ልማg vf„·g' flሚ†¶' ,ሆf መ/g
ልማgላ·flb*ማ%q'q¶' 0 :¶ም,ልRq˛iማምcf • ለመ:ሃልም
ሆaለማ#ም·*dል8:¶ም 8 ,ል†˛i⁄?bl • yሆaflመ/gልማcf¶
^ላ·መል*ል:Rqfሜflb5yaR • ለ flመ/gልማcf†Reeል8Rመ/
8 g
ልማg ·ህ flo' qg flሚy*b flመ/g ም'g RሌለRg ?g R(W|
flb•˘fም'gflሚ†:'Wflመ/g*Wልም'gማ:aUR†sf•/gvሉg
Rመga88

R¡ህ *f*ለg ሌላ /fag flgl መ˘መ† መምሆg vf„ለRg qለመ˛fW

a88 flመ/g *Wል ም'g መ˘መ† yመሆ R?»ሚ† qም%k ˛R† Rማሆc
·ሌa=ል88 flW'd ም'g ማ:aUR† sf•/g መ˘መ† yመሆ R?»ሚ†
R ሉ& v= /ለማ†˛n ·j˛%ል88 Rመሆbም flv.g *f*ለg bf†f ·ህf
†ለመሆሆምo'መ*eg·g'Ujል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 93
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5.46flመ/gም'g/'ሑgdW·g

/'ሑg8- flመ/g *Wሎo ም'g *ላg Rሀ˛c ሁሉም q|UTo Rbመ--·

መልzvzል/'ሑgflለም8·ህም 8 flሆaRgRq˛cqሁfvflbመcflሚ˛jg
qW¢l flመ/g ልማg ም'ho ‚† ሊRላ3 flሚoሉ vd flg%f/3'g
vd ለ>e fl˛R† g//' flሌላj dj88 Rመሆbም ም'c ·ም flመ/g
v'5 ማ- yሆa ybማ ? ሆg v†ለ -·ሆf flqg~ልgd *%& *ላg
Rq|UT vff RVg /ሉ bሃ=ሚo: Rሆfሎo: c=',do:
Rማሚ† Vho .b. y*bl ሆg ·˛lል88 ·ህ ሁee ,%ሃ' Rqg~ልgd
*%& ም'g flv.g *f*ለg qሠ%'f ለመ'•g fl/'ሑg q˛ልሎg *ሎ
»'¸hofማCCምሃ=ሚagqለflqg~ልgd 8 ም'
*%& g/'ሑgfl˛R†
*ላg መf ·%ል•ል88 /ለ¡ህ ም'g flg መ*%ሌg vf„ለRg ybመbRg
¶ bሃ=ሚ yመ R'g መ †/%ል•ል88R¡ህ ላ· ¶ላላo ˘ምላ
2ማpofd˘ምላ5ofRማ˛dig˛»ለ/'ሑgማ-q˛ልሎg ለሉ -nሚd
qላj88 Rqg~ልgd *%& ም'g *f*ለg b†· flሚ%ሙ /'ሑg d
dbU%gflሚybሉgdj88

? ሊg /ለሚoሉ 2ማpo መ b„/0 ለሁሉም flመ/g ም'g qም%po

·*ሆል;

? flglም'g?Rምf†ህልመሃf?Rማf?flg?vdመn?·%ለ•ል?ለሚሉ
ሉ†>oRq*%of»መe?qለUj;

? Rም'gማ*U*T†Xeላ·መሏldማመ•˘gqለRg;

? Rማ- መT† q|UT Rfl·ac ለመለflg: ¶ ለማሆg: ለመመf:

ለማ2dለመሏf—£†ማyማmመ•˘g·g'Reል88

W·g8- Rbለ† ¶o ማለgም y*Wል ማምg R'g Rv'5 ማ-: yም'g

R^ላ Rማ- መT† q|UT: yመለflgd ¶ yማሆg R^ላ R—£† ማyማm
Xe:Rማyላ˛R†qሃ=ላ·7†ሑflbሟ : ላመ˛R††
2:ሆሉ +?:Ro'm(
መል~ Rመf˛» „' መ˛R††: flመ/g *Wል ም'g W·g ·|ሄ„ል88 RW·g
flv.g*f*ለgflb*bqሠ%(oflሚybሉgdj8-

? flሚሃR; 2ማpo ·ም ˘ምላ 2ማpo g~ልgd *%& yመመc R'g

Rqf»ላ·¶ማ-Rመሄ»fl•»'»'†¶'•ሉ;

? flም'cf˛'oሉ%cfለማ/ሃR?Rማ-
,ሉ ላ·W·gRመ%ምም'cf
·*R/Uሉ;

? Rማ-ላ·ም'cR¶·ለ†ል;

? j'mo y˘ምላ 5ል/qy((· ¶ሚ˛Rg ¶ ማyላ ˛R† ም'c

·¢ል;

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
94 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? flb*a ም'g bሃ=ሚ Rመሌ5 ም'cf Rሚ†˛nRg R2:ሆ2ሉ +?

·2ሆል88

RW·g ሂ¶g flv.g *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjag8- fl¡ህ *f*ለg ¶|ማ fjag
Rqg~ልgd *%& ም'g ˛R† ላ· Rመ|yል †ሉ q˛doof ·ም ¶ላሎof
Rማ¢Ug RRለሃ fly( †¶'˛ል88 flbለመ¶ fl˛R† qሠ%' flሚ2*a fl˛R†
*ላgd q?'Xg ም'cf Rሚ†Reed bሃ=ሚfም ¶ህfag Rማ˛dW
Rbመሆሆn • Rb˛T ,ydf a88 Rመ/g *Wሎo W·g Rqሁb *g
†ሉgል?vf?(gflሆbflb*bo(oflሚybሉgdj8-

? Rqg~ልgd *%& ም'g W·g qም%kf flሚ†Reed flbሃ=ሚf

¶ህfag†˛dRbመሆሆnለማ/• :መሉRሚ˛UR/ምምagላ·flb¶*Rg
¶fflሃR:ም'gqለመg';

? R˛ሃ'flqg~ልgd*%&˛R†ላ·flbመ*yለg/bqማcሚ¢fqለመg';

? fl•መ*go';

? fl¶ላሎoq˛ልሎgRb5ለq^f/'g/qለመg';

? q?%Tod bሃ=ሚo fl˛R† »»'f ለመ*ሃ' v'/ Rv'/ R¶fW

†ለመb?;

? q‚/a˛'ማ/b?dflማ/e†q˛ልሎgflbለመ¶/fl•%/qለመሆf;

? ለbመሆሃa • Rfl:b ሌe flሚ|ሄ»Rg Rሚ˛U ¶f flሃR: flህ⁄W

˛R†ምkሁeeoqለመg';

? flመ/g*Wልም'ho/ሞ‚d/¶Vgdሌሎoሀ˛%gማለgም¶¸Sd:
0ማሊ†vd¶SW+„fለመላ~flሑ˛R†fflማ/b„¶',/bምqለመg';

? flማ“dflW·gምkሁeeoRሁሉምXeoqለመg'8

5.6flv.g*f*ለg/g%f¨Rመ/gልማg

Rመ/g u~/ff7f q:%W ” fleለሙ flመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'hof/

ሞ‚dof/ ለማ-¶ ለv.g *f*ለg qe' ላ· qfwg ·*ሆል88 ·ህ
qe' flv.g *f*ለg bf†f Rbለ† flv.g *f*ለg ¶o v.g
መሌመ'f vd ለ*Xod »'¸ho ለv.g *f*ለg bf†f Wg/q˛ልሎg
መ/ሃgf†˛d⁄Uል8flመ/8 gልማgfRሚመለyg;ል*flv.g*f*ለgbf†f
flሚUሉgR:Rሌ:R„:R~ልልdRሀ˛'q:¶* flW'dWgvdflም'g
ለgqም%po:a•”o:q:dUodj88q/%ላ—q˛ልሎg*ሎo

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flመf/g ም'ም' vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f .~b'f flሚ†|gg ,ሆf

flf~gሎ¨ ልማg: q?ም fUe: q:g ማ*ለ?d flማ*%ሌg bU%gf
†yddሉ8

flW'd ምc/f' RWg q?'Xgd q˛ልሎg Rመ/ሃg ˛» ·-b(ል88

ለም-ሌ8flመ/': - g;-0o:vdሌሎofምflW'd*WልWhof†:'Uል8
8 Wg Rማምg vd q˛ልሎg Rመ/ሃg flህWb*S: flህ/% ማህR%g:
Rመ/gflሚ†ለሙq'0/q'Whq¶(ovdflሉ.~b'b-g+W?W?ማለg
˘ም)ል88 ሀ˛% flW'd flም'ም' vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ,/bም
ለeማagfRማ55ል˛R†መ'flመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'gf/ሞ‚d/ለመ¶˛*
Rሚg'*ላgላ·†bz%ል88vdምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovd
flመ/gልማgሠ%booሊ%ሙgflሚoሉg8-

? ለv.g*f*ለgv»˛gb-g,R˛R†
: flሚመ%'b
: e†ማyለ/ሜg
†ለvdላflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”fማReeg;

? Rልማg ሂ¶g flv.g *f*ለg bf†f: Wg q?%Tofd q˛ልሎg

*ሎofማReeg;

? qe(of: R:Rሌd R„ ¶ flማህR*W v»˛gf: ህ/% ማህR%gf:

q'0/q'Whq¶'vdflል.~bfም'gfvdflWgq?'Xgq˛ልሎg
q*ሆሉf·¶(ሉ;

? R~ልል: R¥f: R„ vd R:Rሌ ¶ g//'f/flf» qe'f: flv.g

*f*ለgbf†fvdq˛ልሎg*ሎofማReeg;

? Rv.g *f*ለg Rመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'ho/ሞ‚do vd Rqa/bl vd

ሉ=?f መ/g 2(˘~g Xeo ለመማማ': vd y2(˘~g Xeo ሎ
ለማ/(g ለgd gምህ'g flb*¶Ujf መ⁄X R*a» መ†⁄: fl»•*
ሆል=˛Wagም'መ%/ለ·hማ?f:»'—gfdbgሉdgfማReeg

5.61Rመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgfl»•*db-g,ag

Rሀ˛'q:b˛Tag
* |ላjq•q|ላg
' vdflv.g*f*ለgbf†fRመሆ
•' f
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booq„‚/ሀ-Wd
qሠ%' ”f vd flv.g *f*ለg q:%W ”f Rመሃ:ም vf‚ሁም g//'f/
fjagf Rማ/ሃR? Rመ/g ልማg flv.g *f*ለgf ማ/b? ·%ል•ሉ8
q‚/q/b-*W/qሠflሚ%' †|gej»'¸e:bCማvdሃf|%f~gሎ¨
»•* dj88 y¡ህ Reo flbመለycg ለ˛R† ም'g/flመ/g ሞ‚d/ flv.g
*f*ለgv»˛gflመ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgመbR'†ለUjˇ„oflሚybሉg
dj8-

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
96 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

flbመሄ v.g *f*ለho8- qg~ልg vd /%(o - 7fz'g: dማdም:

ሉ?ልመf:=†:|(g:»fo::·/'.b.

? *%&o - ማf: qC|…: 0†: ሙ⁄: q2ል: 2ለም: flW'c|fd

ሎሚ⁄'†o

? ሉ%&o;

? ?መማ?መም;

? fl?Ug;

? W'*Wሎo;

? መg-(ovdሌሎoም88

qም%po/˛R†o8-

? qም%po - Rል flመ/g v'5o (Rል flbመሄ) - Rqa/bl መ/g:

ሉ=?f መ/g vd flማህR*W z& flመ/g qe(o †ሉ q'0 q¶(o
(?»ሚ††ልbመሄ)dj88

? ˛R†o - flል qU%o - a•”o - gላል? *%&d qg~ልg

qም%po-2:ሆሉ+#o-flሑማ(W|o.b.

? q„—flመ/g*Wልfl»•*b-g,ag8-

? flማ-ላ·-*Wልልማgvdflሃqሃ=:ም;

? flWgq?'Xgdq˛ልሎgመ/ሃg-*Wሎo-ሃ;

? flW·g/flማ:aUR'8

flም'g»•*b-g,ag8 -flም'gመሌመ':flመ/g*Wልfl˛R†ም'g/
ሞ‚d/ ም'eማag vd ˛T: Rbለ† flማ- ·aho ልag/ q*%'d
flም'g »•* b-g,ag: flb55ሉ/R˛R† flሚ%ለˇ ⁄'†o: flb55ለ
*Wልdflሃv'5bሞ~(o:flb55ሉWhofRማ|bgflbyላ?¶ም
bybል: yም'g መ*W*W R^ላ ሉ%g: vflሌመ flመሆ flመ/g Xe vd
y*bl•†ላj*WሎoRመhlf†|geል88

fl*Wል⁄'†o8-

? * % * & o - fl ላ · l # „ j fl ሚ R ሉ / fl ' ማ መ ሆ ሃ f - ማ f :
qC|…-flሚ:መ/ሁሉም - *%&oም'
- eማagሁሉም
- *%&o
-RhሎflሚR/ሉ-ሁም*%&o;

? qg~ልho7fz'
- gyሀR57fz'ም'
g- •' eማagሁሉም
- qg~ልho

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 97
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? መg-y*bl•†ላj-R2(dfflRለˇ-ም'eማag88

? fl?Ugvህሎovd?መማ?መም

flb55ለ*Wልልማg/flመ/gሃqሃ=:ምbሞ~(o

?*Wልማ%%?-መeflመg*Wሎofሌም(;

? bU·/R7eመyላyል-q%%'#መ⁄%g;

? flመ/gf~gሎ¸qሃ=:ም;

? fl»ህም'gbU%g;

? flሃምfሑ/~ምog;

? flመ/gሃመ-T†መ†;

? flመ/gሃ/'ሑg”88

fl*Wልም'gWgq˛ልሎgfl»•*b-g,agRS»fdRል8-

? flqg~ልg'ማU¢g-fl7fz'g:fl»fo-flመg.b

? fl*on
%*& ሆT†flon
- ማU¢g:ማ„:ል:flሙ⁄?ሉ†vdሌሎoም8
8

? fl*WልWg/q˛ልሎgq?'Xgfl»•*b-g,ag8-

? R)”%ል/~ልል/¥f/„ /:Rሌ ¶ †ለ fjag - q T⁄a/ (flመ/g

;-/:flW'd}ሚ|ሎo);

? R)”%ልdR~ልል¶flb5⁄'5ሉ †oq?%To(R„¶qU‹
fl':onqም%po)*'d'}g88

flማ:aUR'vdflW·gfl»•*b-g,ag8-

?flb5W·g
5ለ vdfl*Wልም'gማ:aUR'R„/¥fህ/ማህR%
% gvd
RልUለሀWho;

? qa/blመ/gማ:aUR'vdfl~ምog;-/ማ/b?;

? ለ˛R†Wማምg;

? ለqም%kfl•%መ?'W·gማCCም(መ¶Rlflሆad†ልሆa);

? Rg//'flfg%gv'5(7ሊማምg)8

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
98 መbR†መመ†
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flማ:aUR'dflW·gfl»•*b-g+qag8-

? R)”%ል/ R~ልል vd R„ ¶ q T⁄a/ q:dUod a•”o

መ|yል†ለg/qg~ልgd
- /' ˘ምላ
*%& 7†ሑdflbመሄ2:ሆሉ
+#o;

? R„/:Rሌ¶q˛ልሎg*ሎovdR)”%ል¶q˛ልሎg*ሎ
bCማgመ|yል†ለg//';

? fl*Wል • (sfb'eg) መ - ማህR%g (qg~ልgd *%&) vd

2(˘~ho;

? ሉ%g-flሉ%gd¶መ„TT(/EIAR/

? ~ምog:Wማምg:»ህም'g.b.

5.62q˛ልሎgfማመmjg/ማ-ለሉ

q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgምkሁeeoflሚUሉgyeoላሉመሌ5bሃ=ሚof
flመ/g *Wል ም'g b¶%7 ለማ» al ሃ=ሚ a˛(o dj88 yeo ላሉ
flመሌ5 bሃ=ሚo b%ላ— R*Wል ም'g flRለሃ ሃ=ሚk q˛ልሎho
flሚybሉgdj88

flመ‹† q˛ልሎg8- መ‹† qf• ” ,ሆf Rv'+ qማ|nag ም'g

ybመbRg Xe ¶ ˛R† Wሎም ¶ bመ•T ሃfመ¢ ·¶'-ል88 flመ/g
ም'gf yማ- ¶ q|UT ˛R† ለማ»/ alk flbለመ• ማ‹†o
vf/-gማለgምRvf/-gdRvf/-gRሚbc•oqf„f”ምR*ˇልRg
flመ-*ሉgdj88yq|UT˛R†¶ማyላ˛R†Rሑagመ{d·¢ል88

flማyማm/መ•⁄f q˛ልሎg8- Wk flመ/g *Wል ም'ho Rb%ሉ( hሎ

flሚRላ3 dj88 flWk fl*Wል ም'ho Rv= መ¶'¶† R#·e —£†j
Rzል ምk q·¶ሉም88 ·ሁfd Rም'g ማ*U*W vd ም'cf Rመሃ:ም መ|yል
Uለ —£ /ሉ ም'c -·Rላ7d -·U~f Rb˛T ሊyማo ·˛Uል88 ማ- ላ·
ለqሑ—£
' RRለሃflbለመ¶flም'g~ምogRማ-መT†q|UTvf¶»fo
†ሉg R—£† መ¶'¶† ,ሆf :„„ vf‚g Rማ» Rq%' vf‚2%b
Rማ»fl#·e—£†jvf‚%ም·¶•ል8Rማyላ 8 ˛R†ም'cመ˘መ†
fl˛U መ˘መ† ·ሆል RሚUለ ” Rመ•⁄f Rማyማjg flም'c #·e —£
·%ማል8Rqሃ=ላ·
8 alflም'gሉ%gfflሚ†/bˇለflመ•⁄fq˛ልሎg
ˇ„·a88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 99
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ማ:aUR'8- flመ/g *Wልf (qg~ልgd *%&: flW' *Wሎo va flvf/-g

መg) flማ:aUR' q˛ልሎg sf•/go Rሀ˛%of ˛d R¸ም' ላ· †ለ vd
q˛ልሎcም ⁄?bl a88 ለመ/g *Wል fl˛R† ም'ho /ሞ‚do/ v.gf
ለመሌመ' vd ም'c Rላag vfl:R መሆbf ለማ•˛ሉ Rsgሙ† flW'd
ም'g ማ:aUR† sf•/go qd- Rመሆb ም~f†g yሁሉም flRለሃf
ሃ=ሚqሠ%'qfማ»qልbmለም88

ማ28- flb:aURv=of/ም'hofማ2dምል~gመለሃ*ለመ/gqg~ልgd
vd
*%& flW'*Wሎoም'gflRለሃሃ=ሚqሠa8%' †f
8 †ህልg'ˇም
†ለflb:aURም'gUለመgRም'gላ·v.gRመሌመ'˛»q˛ልሎg
R¡ህq˛'R¶fWflbሃdyq·¶ለም88

¶ሀ˛'ሑ መላ~8- flu~/3'gqg~ልgdflW' *%&: *Wልም'gy¡ህ

U flሚUል vf„ልሆad q.g ሌም( ለመላ~ flሚ%ለ˛ qሠ%' /f a88
·ሁfvf¨Rb*a¶yq0q|UT
- ⁄vflbመb¶መ|yለlም%?
ሀ˛(oመላ~መ˘መflሚReea88

a•”o8- W'da~Rሆbም'hoላ·flb*ማa•”oለ2ማpodq?%To
flRለሃ ሃ=ሚ flመ q˛ልሎg *ሎo dj88 ምf ·ag ም'g: Rምf
†ህል መሃf vd flg vf¶ሚ˛n መ ·*ሆሉ8 2ማpofd 5of q˛dnh
flW·gሂ¶gfለማ(ሃfflማ·b|ሚdqላj88

fjag8 2ማpofd
- 5ofRማ˛dig˛»fjagRሆምሃ=ሚvdb%ላ—
flሆa q˛ልሎg a88 R˛ሃ q|UT R·Rልሉ ¶ላላo vd RW'd ም'g ላ·
flb*ማ a•”o ·ህf bU' †yddሉ8 ˛R† መ' flu~/ff7f q|ሄ»
flሞU·ል/ል~:fሌ?‹f:vd&‚Rመሃ:ምydd2ማpoRሚ•' ¶
fjag ላ· gzg †¶'•ል88 Rv.g *f*ለg ላ· †ሉ ሃ=ሚ qሠ%(of
flሚ†-·ም-ሌR⁄ል10·መልyc88

5.7flfg%gW'dq/%ላ—ag

fg%g W'd/ contract farming/ ማለg 'g/system/ ሆg flማvyላ

ማ:aUR†d /central processing/ u~/3'df cg yv†f„f• q'0 q¶'
flb*R*Rf flW'd ም'g flሚ˛¢Rg 'qgd flW·g ሂ¶cም Rfg%g
/ምምagflሚ|ሄ»Rga9flfg%gሉምflbለ†fldqW¢lf—£flሚ˛ል
˛§o flbመbf ም'g ምf †ህል vf¶ሚ˛d Rምf †ህል • vf¶ሆa
a9ል/contractor/
*ሑ Wf—£flW»'vdሙ†»•q˛ልሎg
*
flሚ*ሉRgflW·g/'ga88

Rfg%gW'dq*flመ/
%' gሃbሃ=ሚqም%oq'0/q'Whq¶'(flመ/g
ሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:RbdሃልRመ/gልማgflሚ-b&q'0/q'Whq¶(j
vdRማህR*Wz&መ/gfflሚ†ለvd
ሙ) flመ/gም'g*W-To:˛'o:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
100 መbR†መመ†
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q:aUUovdላ{oflመ/gም'hofRሉ%g:RW¢gvdRb:መሃለg—£
ለመ|yW
/ሉ flሚ†¶'ˇgfl˛R†ል/ምምaga8flfg% 8 gW'dል
flመ/
*ሑ gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(ofም'gRምf†ህል•dምf
†ህል ም'g vf¶ሚ%ል Rመል flሚyWRg ,ሆf q%ሙም ል *ሑ
ም'cvf‚መgለg:»ሞRመልለም'cflWgW»'vdflf~c~»•*
flሚ*ሉRga8ሉf8 Rሚ%ሙRg?gምfl˛R†fሃላ'
ሙሉ ag,/»
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶ ም'cf Rሉ%gd Rመሃf ለማ?W
”e ·˛Uል88 flል q%ሙም//ምacf ለማ-ለሉ: b„„ vd ለeማ
ለማ» flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o d d flfg%g W'd
መሠeመ˛ለሏofማ?dመbR'·ሃR?Ujል88va¡ህም8-

˛R†fማመmjg8- ˛'dም'gqም%o¶'gRሚ˛R†Rgሁeeላ·መ/ማማg
vf‚oሉመ¶˛*·ሃR?Ujል;

flማምm ሁeef ማመmjg8- ለ˛R† ምk ሁeef ለመ*ሃ' ˛' ~*ል b˛T

flሆaWgማ?Wdflf~c~˛¢v‚†¶'ማመmjg·˛Uል;

flq*%'ሁeefምkማ»8- qም%k/5ልb˛Tflሆaም~-ሃ-Xofመ:Rልd
Rb˛Tመf˛»d—£ለማ?W/ምምagvf‚†¶'ምkሁeef†መmmል;

flqa/bl: flሉ=?f/flVb*W vd flማህR*W z& መ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/

q'Whq¶(oq?ማjvf‚ለWg»•*†»•ል;

? flመf/gd flል .~b Rሚመc flመ/g ም'ho b˛Tf flሉ%g ¶

vf‚gR•%bUWvf‚*†Reeል;

? Rq T⁄a/ |ም0co መ|yል ለdማ flሆa fl˛R† »»' vf‚ለWg

†መmmል88

5.71flfg%gW'd·aho

fl=ልd/Softcontracts/gentleman’sagreement/flሁfg%* g flመ˘መ†
8-
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fg%g Rሕ 'g ሊ:'W flሚoልd q- flሆa flል ·ag a /Rሎkም
መ|yልflመUT†*a»/MOU/·g%ል88

መ*e2:ሉdም'gq?'Xgfg%g8- ·ህq·acfg%gfl2ም'
:ሉ gf
WmRማ?Wላ·†bz%ል88

flሙq˛ልሎg
ሉ fg%g8- yመ&g⁄¸g˘ም(Wgdመ˛ል˛†መ-†of
g%f/3'g' f~c|ል q˛ልሎgd ልሃd Rማ?W flሚ˛ለ ,ሆf ለም-ሌም
fl'ም'gfg%hodflqg('q*%'fg%hoሊ˛ለ·oላሉ8

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 101
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flሁለgd flW ˛go /fl˛'d 5ሑ/ fg%g8- flመ˘መ† fg%g

flሚመለyb ሁለcf ˛go Wm ,ሆf Rqf flWሃf ˛f /ምምag ·ም
fg%g ¶ሞ W q|ላgf Rqf» ላ· flሚ†/b-/' a88 ለም-ሌ qም%po:
Wg q?%To: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' »'¸ho vd Ufo flሚb-*Rg
flfg%g·aga88

flqሑ' vd fl‹ም —£ fg%hoም8 - va¡ህ flfg%g ·aho Uለ መለ

f·መሃf:·agd#·eflሚ*b·ሆdል88

5 ('/q*%'gለመ'•gሊ¶
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flሚ˛U?»መ⁄¸g

ማflም flqg-(' q*%' ?»መ ሁeeo |ልb:መሃለg ለeማ

ሊሆf q·oልም88 /ለ¡ህ flመ˘መ† ?»መ ሁee ለሁcም ˛f qg%'
መሆf·˛Uል88ለ¡ህምqg%'ለመሆfflሚybሉgfመ„*/†/%ል•ል88

qg%' ˛R† መለflg /profitable market/8- ˛' ~*ል ˛R†f መ%ለd

ለ‹ም—£መ:ሃልqለመ:ሃሉfdg'(ማመሆbfማ•˛ሉ·˛Uል88q'0/
q'Whq¶(oም˛Tfሊ†/˛nd˛R†fሊ/Wflሚoልflqመ%gq*Rመybል
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·˛Ujል88

flq|UTሁeefማሉdg/physicalandsocialenvironment/8-

? fl˛R†ሁee:ሆ·dflbሃdyvf‚ሆfም'cflሚለማRgflመ&gq:ማመሉ:
flqfl' ሁee: flq%' ለምag: flሃ ምfሑ: ም'c R˛R† ላ· †ለ
b%ላ—ag:flqም%kq*(%'qመoagመ•˛ሉ/መe?/·˛Uል88

? qg%'˛R†መለflgdflq|UTfሁeeማሉdgflም'cfሉ%gdqg%'ag
flሚ†•,ሆbሄ Rb*bflህWb*W~*ሎoflመ/gልማgq*^ላ:
%' '
Rሆbflqመ%g”oላ·flbመ*bRመሆbመdflመ/gልማg”f
hሎ b:Wሎ ለg ለማምሆg †ላj ba-7ag q⁄•ሚ a88 Rመሆbም
b|T%fyመ˘መR'gRq|UTሕWb*Wflbለመ•gfflW'd
q*%(oመለflg·˛Uል88va¡ህም:-

— ለሚመbም'gflq|UTሁeeb/ማሚመሆbfማ•˛ሉ;

— Rflሆbflመ˛dlqe(oመg%jfማ•˛ሉ/መf˛»flም'gf.g
ለመሌመ'flሚ•flu·ልምfoለም-ሌመW%gdሃ/;

— Rflሆaflማምmመ&gdfl·¥eማ•˛ሏመgfማ•˛ሉ;

— Wgdflሚ˛nRgምfሑማ•˛ሉvd

— flማሕR*Sfሁeeማ˛dWማለgምUህላqመለ|ygdልም•fመ˛fW
dj88
Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
102 መbR†መመ†
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flመf/g»•/Government
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መ&gd q?ም †ላj q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flqg (' q*%' Rሚ•Rg
—£ Rbo መ|yል †ለ g//' ለeማ vd ሕ•ag vf‚g
flሚሏbሚd-na8/ለሆaም
8 yመf/gRzልb/ማሚdflል
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? flag%gW'dq*%'fለማልRgመybል†ለWf?¶ምbybሎo8-

? flfg%gW'dq*%'dሂ¶gለማሃdy'fl•%-eመ/ሃg:

? flfg%g W'd q*%'d ሂ¶g ለማሃdy' flq?ም fUe %of

ማ:»:

? flfg%gW'dመ%ሚ†T⁄a/2ላfማ•˘g:

? R»'»' ላ· flbመሠb vd b:U·ag †ለ flfg%g W'd vf‚g'

ማ»:

? flfg%gW'dflመ/~%ofመ˘መ':

? ~ggል:Wመል/vdልም»መለሉማydf:

? ለ>eacf ለማ•˛ሉ byee·ag †ለ ለሉ flሚ†መሄ %of

መbR':

? flfg%gW'dq*%'fRማ/(gሁለbdv»˛gvf‚መ˛Wማ»8

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 103
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ም/ል-68-flq'0/q'Whq¶(odfl|ም0co/flልUለሃWho/(W|ofl˛R†g//'

yላ· R⁄'⁄' ለማመላyg vf¶bሞy flfg%g/qg(' flW'd

qመ%%gd W·g /'qg Rqም%kd Rም'g b:U·/˛‹ q|ላg መ|yል
Rሚመ*gልላ·flሚ˛aUflsgሚg/a8/' ·ህ8 /'qgህ•ማv:+ofd
flfg%gf*-ሀ*WfU˛dRመልzyb•dbofl˛SgfለeRqUS
y%ሜሙd ለ¡ህም q/%ላ— flመf/g »•* yb¶˛ flሚ†/˛i ማህR%d
sgሚ†ሃ:ሜeyሁለcም˛goqfሟy*' blvf¶ሚሆfሀ˛%dflሑ
ልም…oflሚ†•ሄ,ሆfR⁄'⁄'vf¶ሚybለ:'Rል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
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ለfg%g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flሚ*ሃ ሃ:ሜe8- Rfg%g flqመ%gd

fl˛R† /'qg flሚe:& q'0/q'Wh q¶(o yም'g b|T/˛‹ UለሀWhod
zUf†o •' Rሚ%ሉg g//' R:ሉeም ሆa Rb R'|e sgሚ†
ሉ?ሞofflሚ†˛j,ሆfRdag8-

? q/:»ሞfle:dflb•˛ሃ˛R†·g%jል;

? R•መ§?ም~f†gሊ¶'/yሚoለ/•g·»dሉ;

? flW'dWqgW»'q?'Xgdflf~c~»•*q˛ልሎg†˛lሉ;

? yq„‚/f~gሎ¨o•'vf‚b;qመoሁee·%ሃ%ል;

? flመ&gqሃ=:ማj·55ላል:ም'eማagdflም'gሉ%g·ሌም%ል:
Rለcምfl˛R†bሃ=ሚ·ሆdሉ:˛T†j†»•ል88

ለfg%gም'g˛‹/b|Tq|ላgflሚ*ሃሃ:ሜe8-

? Rመ&g·¥eማa/•'b†·¥*ላcg(gም'cfማ/(g†ልmለ
UለሃWg/zUf†/R†yሚ˛jq'0/q'Whq¶(oRመ/
•' %cflመ&g
o'f†=ልለeል;

? q/bማማnvd:ሆ·ag†ለflም'gq?'Xgvf‚g'·„ል;

? Rሀ˛'/ሉddRሑyሚ˛jflf»2kሃf|%
•' d:ሆ·ag†ለ
fl˛R†g//'vf‚%ሉ'·„ል;

? R˛R† ላ· yሚ˛¢ ም'g Rb5ለ መልz Rሉ መ*g flሉ%g ¶f

flሃR:ም'gR·agdRሚ%ለ˛መሃfvf‚yW†/oለል;

?Rለም q:* ˛R† ላ· W;d b„„ vf‚ሆf †¶'˛ል /ለሀ˛'ም flሑ

ምf¢f†/˛lል/8

yላ· Rል ለማመላyg vf¶bሞy flfg%g W'd qመ%gd W·g

/'qg RqUS yb• ለሁc ˛go yሚ†/˛i ሃ:ሜe U5˛' Rqሃ=ላ·
ለሀ˛' sgሚ v»˛g Rbለ·ም ¶ሞ ለu~/3'g flW'd '* መሃdy'
flሚg (·„ -n a88 y¡ህም Rbሌማ flb††⁄af flqም/g qመcf
flv»˛gd flg%f/+'ሜ7f ?» ለማ-yg flማ·eለ*d ል gzg b*ሉhg
R/(gdRb:d˘መልzመbR'flሚ˛Uflልማgq?ሆሏa88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 105
 W'dሚc/f'

~*ል-4
flb:d˘መ/g*Wልv.g*f*ለgRመ/gW'dም'ho
fl/'beˇ„·(genderIssue)
— g. q/q¶(oሁለcም(vማ%vdflq/q¶'ሚ/g)Rመ/gRሚ*Wሎo
ለሙ v.g
*f*ለgላ·T-b&ምfl.gq/q¶(ob-g+Wምflሚe·q·¶ለም88
— y*bl•†ላj*WሎoRማም%g˛»q/bqjRv?dflለም88
— RUህላfl'b-ebU'vd⁄?blflgምህ'g¶ም~f†g.hoRqW¢l
flሚ/bg W ˇልRg Rሚሃ·; vd yv.g *f*ለg /ሉ |ሉg flሚ-b&g
⁄?bl•†ላjfa88
— R¡ሁ†ለ.hoqመlflሆbq*%(od¶fXoRማሆejም~f†g.hoም'g
ለማምg flሚ†/%ልˇ vf¶ Wg: W»' vd መ&g flማig v»ል flላjም
·ምflbለ†ሀWhofbሃ?መvf‚†መ'cምkሁeeqልb%ሃላjም88
— flUህልv.gvd.hofflሚ†˛ሉ/flሚ†-f+qUUሎo
/ Rv.g*f*ለg.ho
/ሉ
Rbለ†fl-eq*ሆሉXevdሁeevf„†˛jbሑgeል88
— hof
. †ላማyለ ~ልd vd b-g+ .ho -e *ሎag Uሉ flbለ† »'¸ho
†ልb˛U ~ልd vd b-g+ fl.hof መWgd ሉ?ም Rv.g *f*ለg Uላj
q¶˘gRflሆafjagvdg//'†ለመg'
— ho
. fl˛R†መR—£ምሆab˛TflሆaመRማigvሉg†ላjRመሆb
ም'ejf flሚ2ሄgf vd ˛R† flሚ%ል•jf ም'ho Rማምg vf‚†:'S
Uለሙ†o b˛Tf flv.g *f*ለg ልሃd flva'+f q?ምd f¢V †ማyለ
/ልሃd†ለማ•˘go'
Rv.g*f*ለcfl'b-eˇ„ofvf”gማ|bg·mላል88
— fl.gvdflf»q'0/q'Whq¶(oRv.g*f*ለc†ላjb-g+vdbሃ=ሚag
'b-ef መ*g †¶ˇ b„(hof ለማ/˛» flሚ†/oል መ*gሔ መ?
†/%ል•ል88
— b- ' efመሠg†¶˛gfbdoላ·gzgRማ»R'b-eRv.g
*f*ለg flbለ†fl bU%g %o: *ላho vd ም'ሏ f¢V vf„ለ ምg
/ሉRማ/˛Ugflbለ†%ofመbU';
— Rሁሉም flv.g *f*ለg ¶o fl.hof q?ም vd ሀWg Rማ˛dW Rv.g
*f*ለc /ሉ bሃ=ሚod b-e'o vf‚ሆb መል|ም q•ሆሚ /v»ሎof/
ማ-¶;
— gሃ/
* .hof†ማyሉ/ህo:መመ†o:q*%(ovdማRemoRመ/ሃg
.hoflም'gማ-¶—†WhofR?cvf‚†˛jማ»;
— g. q'0/q'Whq¶(oRv.g*f*ለgvzል
/ሉ b*g+dbሃ=ሚovf‚ሆb
flqመ%' »'5jf vf‚ሄ RማUUg vf‚-b& ማ» vd Rv.g *f*ለg
/ሉflመagሚdjfvf‚ሏcflማW=gdflማReeg/%መ/%g;
— fl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o»'¸hovdbCማg.gqም%poማህR(ocflfvd

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
106 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

)”&7fflfjgqUUjf/g//'f/R.hoመWgላ·flሚbCማg
* fl.ho
bሃ=ሚagf ለማ-¶ Rfl¶ .ho »ምjf flሚ†ል%ም•Rgf ሁeeo
Rማመmjg Rvzል bሃ=ሚagd b-g+ Rv.g *f*ለg /ሉ fl%-jf ሚd
vf‚ሏመcማ/mል88
RማህR%g(ˇUuo)/ሉ8-
— fl.g q'0/q'Wh q¶' qም%po/R˛R†boo/ q:aUUo ~ልdd b-g+
b•vf‚ሁ
ሊ ምfl.hofb*ሚagRv.g*f*ለg/W*Uoማ•/ሉ ሉ8
8
— 'b-
/ e b' fl˛R† /ምምaho Rf~gሎ¨ q††⁄d qሃ=:ም: Rv?»
qሆሉdfl/%ሁee'†vf‚¶ˇማReeg88
— yeo ¶ ላ· flሆa q=:' fl.g q'0/q'Wh q¶' qም%po /˛R†boo/
*%boo~ልdRˇUuo/ሉ†ላjfb-g+ማReeg88
• . ho ?ed g~~ለl flሆa fl˛R† መ qለማiej vf„ለ ሆg flም'g
ሉ%g vd W¢g vf„·ሌም vfyf ·˛ሉማjል88 fl¡ህም ም~f†ho ⁄?bl
flg/g ¶: ⁄bl flሆa fl/% yUT qfl' v:g: flvለg bvለg v?»
ማሆg: Rqመ¢j yልማ» flba- yVej ሑ |ለ ሁee መaሃል: f
Rqሃ=ላ· e †ላማyሉ መ ,/bሞo vd flሉ ልማ…o vd ለeማ
ልማ…oማ|%ልvf|ለማ»•'fjagqላj88
• f…ovdfl.hoመflማigv»ልvf„ላjRመ„gfl.hoffl˛R†
መflማigv»ልማ57ል;
• .gq'0/q'Whq¶'qም%poflሚ†•ሉማjffl˛R†vf?(gRመለflg
መ*gሄማ•˘g;
• eb'መ/'gመ*gRማ»b¶%7ማ»:
• Rvሌg*f*ለgለሚ˛j
/ሉ .hoflv:gb¶%7ag:/}eማvdሉ
ልማ…oflማigv»ልማ55ል;
• flም'g ሉ%g vd W¢gf Rማ55ል Rv.g *f*ለg /ሉ flሚ˛j .hof
bሃ=ሚagማ-¶88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 107
 W'dሚc/f'

  ም%*6.flመ/gልማg/ልሃd
qf» flመ/g ልማg *%bl ·ም flመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶' fl20 ¶= fl:f
ሎf ?» ማ•¸g ymለ ም'eማagcf Rv¸ˇ ለማ55ል ምk ሁee
·%ሉ%ል8flq'
8 0/q'Whq¶'ላማ/}gflfl:bfl2¶= 0 ?»»ም'ለg
a88 flመ/g ልማg *%bl ·ም Uለሙ† ·ም q'0/q'Wh q¶' R?»
ybመ% fl:f ሎ ላማf -·--gd flgR% መ/መ flሚ%ል˛f qላማ
ለማ-|g·oላል88?»Rመላ·flbመሠbመሆf·g'Reል88flሚ•˘
?»ለሚመ%dለሚb˛Wq|ል/•gfflሚ:f/,ሆf:¶ምWሎመ˛fW
flማ·mልUjሁeeo,%ሃRማflምˇ„·ላ·vf¶˛db:ምሊማ:»
ሃ=ሚ a88 Uለሙ† R?• qማ|nag flgzg q?ሆሏ ላ· ybመሠb
qfeRሆaመልz†ለfሀ·ልq/bUW(ለg·*%ል88

·ህf q?ሆሏ Rመybልም %f R*cd RW=g ለመ%ም †¢ል88 Rመ

ላ· bመ/'h flb*%f ?»f qሉW# መ†⁄ ለመ¶? flሚg'f v»ል ⁄?bl
†¶'˛ል8Rbሌማም
8 ?»flbለ†flመ/gbU%gfRfl¶jRማ/:መሉ
ሃ=ሚ Rሆb ˇ„o ላ· gzg vf‚¶ †¶'•ል88 R¡ህም flRለሃ ሃ=ሚ
flሆafRማ/:¶ምvf¶ሁee·b˛R%ሉ8

6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdq/%ላ—ag

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ለሉ q/j•d R‹ም ሂ¶g vf‚ሁም RR'|e

ሉg flሚመሆ ለሉ a88 ·ህ flሆaRg qW· ም~f†g ¶ሞ flu~/ff2f
;ል*bU'flqመለ||gdUህማምሆ ለሉ g*ለሆaa8·ህ
8 q·agለሉ
q'0/q'Wh q¶ ለመdg yለመ¶d yሚ†: flልማ„ flW'd /%
ማላ:?f; qማ%ሑ/መ%gሄ q?ሆmof ማመmjgfd sgሚf ማ-¶f
·ሃ·=ል88 ·ሁf vf¨ bለሑ flqfl' fRg: †ልb•• flqለም ˛R† vd
e„— flsgሚ q?ም Uላj fll q·ahg ሀ˛(o flRለሃ flb-*R ሁeef
·%ሉ%ል88fl¡ህq·ago'fመCCምyሚmልUjመf˛…oqf•dal
fl*ሀWgfRqUSመሃ:ም,mልd·ህምb¶%,¶7 a8R'8 |eflq?ም
fUe ”o Tgም Rdag flም~'d fl/ልሃd »•* ማ» fl* ሀWg
ልማgfyማ-¶q†;ል*ሚd·ሏeል88

/ልሃd flሚ|ሄ¶ ሁል—£ ለ⁄?bl q%ሟሜም ምላ7 ለመ/ሃgd ˇ»ለhof

ለመሙላg -·ሆf yq„‚/ q*%(od f~gሎ¨o •' ለማ*b? ·ም
ለማለማመ»: ለሉf ለመ/˛fW: flሃ% fl3ሊ,d *g%f¨ f¢V vf‚g'
ለማ/mል: v:gd ~ህሎg RማልRg ም'gd መeማagf ለማ-¶ ሑም'
a88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
108 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

6.1flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdW

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdflq'0/q'Whq¶(ofልማ„flመ/gqb˛UR'
Rማ55ል ም'gd ም'eማagf q-» flq'0/q'Wh q¶f ˛T መሌመ'd
b)jfRላagማ55ልa8·ህffም
8 Wለማ-|gflሚybሉgልflሆa
⁄'⁄'bU%gb:ምሃል88

? o'%lflሆbq„‚/dflb2flመ/
5ሉ gf~gሎ¨odq*%(ofማ?W;

? flመ/g ልማg ም'gd ም'eማagf ለማ-¶ መል|ም bሞ~(of

ማ/(g;

? flb5f~gሎ¨ofd
5ሉ መል|ምbሞ~(ofመማ*U*W:ማ•˘gd
ማ*%ሌg;

? መል|ም bሞ~(of flማ/(g qb˛UR'f: ለq*%'/f~c~/ Uለሙ†od

q'0/q'Whq¶(oflbU'/ልሃdመ/ሃg;

? ˛R†b'flመ/g*Wሎofመምሉdማምg;

? fl˛R†g//'fመ*ሃ';

? flv:gd~ህሎg~*bhofመለflgd»•*ማ»;

? flልም»ልሉfማ|ሄ»;

? R መሃfd vd ሉ%g †ለ b„„ flመ/g ም'g ለማምgd flb:d˘

flመ/gልማg u~/ff7fq˛ልሎhofለመ/ሃgflመ/gልማg ልማg
%ሟሚofg//'መ*ሃ';

? fl.hofd ሆhof flsgሚ q?ም ለማ55ል Rመ/g ልማg †ላjf

b-g+ማReeg88

Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd 2(%ም ማ:» Rመ/g W'd

/%o ላ· qfe flUህ ለሉ ማምሆg flv:g: ~ህሎg vd ba-7ag
o(ofለመ?*ሃ=ሚq:%W”dq?ሆሏa88

fl/ልሃd 2(%ም ?» fl†⁄af bU' ለማ-|g yW q?ሆሏ ማ*Wd

ማ˛dW: fl•% ··gd flb5ለ ” መምሉ Ruላ flሚ*f ሆg flu~/ff7f
/ልሃd ?• q'0/q'Wh q¶ •' ,¶'/ flUለVgag /ሜgf flማ-¶:

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 109
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vምagfflመ˛fUg:ሀWgfflማf:.b.
-:/ መል|ምq•ሆሚf·¥·መሆል8
8 Rመሆbም flu~/ff7f /ልሃd ?» q/%ላ—ag R-e *ሎ q|ላg f»
b:U·acvflሌመመሉiል88

6.12flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd-·~ል/¶g

/ልሃdለq?ምfUebU'yምfሃ:ምUjWflq:%W”oqf¶l
,ሆf Rbለ† bCማg /ሉ flሚ* %boof v:gd ~ህሎg Rማሃdy'
flb*ሆjfRላ: /% W=gdq%ምbሉbflbCሙfW/%·/vf‚†-z
flሚ†/oል qሠ%' a88 qል+ qል+ /ልሃdf ¶|ማ ·ም ⁄?bl q%ም
UለRg ሁሉ vf¶ Wjl መ*gሄ flማflgd flመሃ:ም q⁄ማሚ†o R/(g
·/bላል88 ሆgም f ·ህ /ህbg †ለ qመለ|yg a88 ለም-ሌ RˇWn:
3ሊ,/*g%f¨of/fl/%መመ†/f~c|ልማbሎjfማfRW:y%ሟሚq|ላg
ልnag •' R*%aRgqUWqW(Rመ/%g:Rb5fl(
ለ ·df/q††⁄W=g:
R~ggልd»•*.b.ሊሆfvf¶ሚoልምf¢Vመ%ሃ'·g'Reል88

fl/ልሃd¶gflልሃd*ላgመለflg:መbfbf:fl/ልሃd;-0o⁄¸g/
f»*: fl~*ለ —£ ?» vd fl/ልሃd 0'g ማ•˘g bU%gf †|geል88
fl/ልሃd¶gqም/g~*ሎoflሚgg,ሆfva¡ህም8-

• flልሃd*ላgልfledgfee;

• fl/ልሃd·g:Wg⁄¸gdvdfl~*ለ—£?»;

• flልሃdq*ሆሉ/ልg/”(flልሃdgR%£”);

• ማ*ልሃf;

• fl/ልሃdም˛ማ88

6.13flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃdሂ¶g

flu~/ff7f/ልሃdሂ¶gR0/gም%+o·y%ላል8va'
8 +ምfl/ልሃd⁄˘g
ም%fl/*: ልሃdgR%ም%vd
* fl/ልሃd~ggልdም˛ማም%dj8 * 8

fl/ልሃd⁄˘gም%*8- fl/ልሃd⁄¸gም%ማለ* g/ልሃdfyመ˘መ%jf

:¶ም Wሎ flምdyddo bU%g ማለg ,ሆf va¡ህ bU%gም /ልሃd
Rb-|ሁeeለማydfq·ablሚdqላj88fl¡ህም%*qW·bU%gም
flልሃd *ላg ልfled gfee ማ|ሄ»: fl/ልሃd ·g መf¶*: fl/ልሃd
Wg ማ*U*W /flልሃd ;-0o ⁄¸g/: fl~*ለ —£ ?»: b-e'of
Rb¶%˘ መልz መምሉ: fl/ልሃd ⁄'⁄(of Rማ-? q/%ላ— ⁄¸ho
·ሃd:=ሉ8

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
110 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

fl/ልሃd gR% ም%*8- R⁄¸g ም%* flbydbgf bU%g መ*g

Rማ»flb•˘f/ልሃdRbU'ላ·ማልa8R¡ህ 8 ምv%ለb- * 'o
flb•q|UTf
• Rመ*ሃ'e„ሚoRaሟvf‚-b&dq„‚/v:gd~ህሎgf
vf‚ለማመ• ·¶•ል88 /ልሃdም Rbመሃ '/d fl/ልሃd ” መ*g
Rb†ለgXed—£·|ሄ„ል8R/8 ልሃd?gqመmk/q*ልሆjflb-e'of
ምpg ማለgም q:ማማሉ: flመማ† ~*ል fህd: fl/ልሃd መ' መ-†o
Rg~~ል መ„/d ለ·e q„•o qለመሆdjf .b. ማ•˛ሉ ·g'Reል8
8Rሁለምfl/ልሃd~*ለ—£ሠልሆoo(Rbለ·ም.gb-e'jf)ሀ-Ujf
vf‚˛ል ማReeg ·g'Reል88 flሚሃ:ምUjf መ' መ-†od
flሚሃ:ምUjም-ሌoRg~~ልy/ልሃd flbሆ
•' '/ ሆሙ/flb††መሆf
·g'Ujል88 R flሉ†>d fl··g *g መመ¶W q/%ላ— a88 Rመሌ5ም
fl/ልሃdf;ል*/W·ሑWሉRማ/˛fW/ልሃdfመCሌg·ሃR?Reል88

fl/ልሃd ~ggልd ም˛ማ ም%*8- fl/ልሃd ~ggልd ም˛ማ ም%* ማለg

fl/ልሃd ~*ለ —£ ,ሃd:? *ልሆoo y/ልሃd ምf qf¶ b• flbU'
·ም vf¶ሁee flሁ*/=ል *b5/%bd/ flሚ*ሉRg ም%* a88 ·ህም
fl/ልሃdfflመ˘መ†¶bgል}gflምd¶Rg”,ሆfb-e'of
R%Xejላ·ሆaR/ልሃdfl*•gfgምህ'g,b˛Wflሚ¶ላof
fl»•* q·agd ·gf ሃCሚ መ ለማngም ሑም' flምf˛ለ˛ልRg a88
ሌላ R¡ህ ም%* qሃ=ላ· fl/ልሃd 3'g flሚ•¸Rg መ መ*W*T†d
R:ሆ·ለሚ¶ˇ/ልሃdoሊ*•flሚ˛Ujfሉd=>dልም»flምf/¶Rg
flWመል/q*ሆሉ”a88

6 ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg(TrainingNeed
.2fl/
Assesment)(TNA)

R-nflu~*ff7f/g%f¨bU'ላ·10 ;ሉ' Rልvf¶bመለybflልማg

ሆT†*%booRq'0/q'Whq¶ሉ†>o:o(od*ላhoRfl—£fl„*-
ሉdg flሚ†|ሂ•Rgfd W መል0of flሚ*R/SRgf /ልg bCማ ማ»f
†*:ምሆል88 ·ህ ማለg flመ/g /ልሃdf *ላg „*- ሉdgd R-መል/fም
·ሌም%ልማለga88

fl/ልሃd*ላg„*ሉdg - ማለgqf»flመ/gልማgbU'fRW=gለመ%ም
flመ/g Uለሙ† ·ም flመ/g ልማg *%bl Rqf» fl% '* ላ· vfl*%
/%f Rሚ%ለ˛ flW=gd ሉ%g መ/%'g መ/%g -·oል ,:' ~*bcf
Rg~~ልለመ„gdflሚ/%ል˛f/fl¶ለfv:g:~ህሎg·ምba-7ag
¶ q/:»ሞ q# flegf ~*bho ለማሟላg flሚoልRgf ” /ልg
ለመ*fflሚ¶„*-ሉdga88

·ህ ማለg qሁf flሚe·(†ለ) vd flሚ%ለ/መሆf †ለRg fl/% bU' W=gd

ሉ%g መ||ልd ልag †ለ vf¶ሆad ·ህም Rv:g/~ህሎg ማa/ መሆb
,•˛ሉ vf‚ሁም ልሃd ·ህff ~*gg flሚሞላ ሆg ,˛n ·ህfb bU'

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 111
 W'dሚc/f'

Rbመለyb/ልሃd·•ል88

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd fl*ላg „*- ሉdg ሂ¶g ,ሆf R¡ህም
fl/ልሃd *ላg ·ለ†ል: R¶ ·:መሆል: y¡†ም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
bU'ሆg,˛nfl/ልሃd2(%ምሉh/ልሃd·*ሆል88

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd flመ˘መ† ¶g /-·~ል/ ¶ fl/ልሃd

*ላgfመለflga8*ላg
8 bለ·hdbbfggv/|ል:R»//ልሃdሊ*ሉ
q·˛Uም88 o qf» —£ ybለfl R^ላ R'|e መ*gሄo ሊg ·oላሉ8
·ሁfd/ልሃdሁል—£መ*gሄvf„ልሆaመ˛fWሃ=ሚa8Rሆ8 ምሃ=ሚ
ˇ„· Rv:g: ~ህሎgd ba-7ag ላ· vሉg Rby*b —£ flb*a መ¶Rl
/ልሃd ሊ†/%ል ·oላል88 ምf መ*ልሃfd ማ*ልሃf vf¶ሚ˛Uf ለመ*f
R?»ሚ† መ*ልሃf flማf%ል˛f bU'd '/ q/:»መf መ*f fl» a8
Rv'
8 ሉም/ልሃdy*bl†/• ሆል8·ህም
8 ማለgfl—£d˛fWW~agf
ለመ:a//ልሃdRሚ˛Ue/XRgde?…መመ%g·g'Reል88

q‚/flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd2(%ምfRሚመለygR?»ሂ¶gላ·
Rመ˘መ†¶fl/ልሃd*ላg„*ሉdg - (TNA)†/%ል•ል8Rqf»
8 Rb*a
Xe q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·ም flመ/g bሃ=ሚo Rdag q‚/ q*%'d
f~gሎ¨f ለማ55ል: ለማ/b|yል vd ለማላመ» ሉdcf ·%ልˇeል88 fl/ልሃd
*ላg„*ሉdg
- flb:d˘fl/ልሃd¶g~*ልflሆadRሁለfbdflq/b=:»
ሂ¶galመሠeˇ„·a88

/ለሆaምqሁfምfvf„ለvdምfመሆfvf¶aRRg,e·Rመ|yላj†ለf
~*bg flመለflgd መ2•˛† flማR˘g qሃ=ላ· W flqW¢l /ልሃd *ላg
„*- ሉdg 2(%ም fl•% flሆa ˇ„· ,ሆf Rq„»d Rq%ሟሜም ሂ¶g W
ልag·g%ል88

R'g flb: fl*ላg „*- ሉdg qሃ=ላ· ሂ¶g ,ሆf flሚybሉgf

†|geል88

? bሃ=ሚof/e'…g2f/መ*f;

? *ላgfመለflgdg'ˇምመ/ሃg;

? flW=g/fahofመለflg;

? R?¶ምbybልማ/:መሉ;

? y„*-ሉdcRመa-gfl/ልሃdXofማ/:መሉ8

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
112 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

6.21flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg
q/%ላ—ag

fl/ልሃd „*- ሉdg R/ልሃd flglf o' ለመለflgd vd o(kf vf”g

መ*egvf¶ሚ˛Uflመ*gu~/ff7fUለሙ†dflልማg*%blvf‚/f
·„ል88 ·ሁfd fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg R/ልሃd ¶g /ሉ ሌሎo
%ofምvf¶ሚybለ†yddል88

? መሠeመfRማ*U*Wለመ/gu~/ff7f?»ማa5·/ሆል88

? ለg b' flሆa flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd 2(%ም vf‚g'

·„ል88

? Rb5ሁee
ለ bሃ=ሚofRመለflgfl/ልሃdfለeማagf†57ላል8
8 flgok o(o R/ልሃd vf¶ሚ%c vd flgok ሌላ መልz gzg
vf¶ሚ%ልˇRflመል|jለ·h†/:ምሆል8/ልሃd
8 flሚ%ልˇUለሙ†o
·ምq'0/q'Whq¶(oምf·ag/ልሃdvf¶ሚ%ልˇ·ለ†ል88

? fl/ልሃd„*ሉdg - ሌላሉ?ምyR'|efle;o(oመ|yልሉhkf
ለማ/˛»d ለመምሉ ·„ል88 ለም-ሌ ሉል? flሆa flq%' }ሚ/g:
/W/W flሃ ምህf»/d flሂ-W :መ(of y—£ qሃ=:ምd *ልሆoo
*ላgq†q/%ላ—ላ·ሆbfloላሉ8

? *ልሆoo flሚ†Cjf 'v0o Rመb ·ም Rመ:a/ flሚ»ላj

:gd ~ህሎg ላ· gzg Rማ¶ fl/ልሃd ·gf vf»f:'d
fl/ልሃdመ'vf»d•¸†¢ል88

? fl/ልሃd*ላg„*ሉdg - ለ/ልሃdflሚመሉf†ለ*( fl/ልሃd;-/

(ማf†ሎo) ⁄¸gd flb-| /ልሃd vf‚g' flሚybሉg ላ· bመ'z¥
†:'Uል88va'+ም8-

? flሚ*ሄfl/ልሃd·aho;

? fl/ልሃdXeo;

? fl/ልሃdbU%gመ'ሀ-W';

? flሚ†/%ልˇሀWho/Resource

? fl/ልሃd;-/ማf†ሎod”oመሆ:⁄¸gvdማላመ»

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6.2fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgqb˛UR'

fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg ለማ|ሄ» q%cf (4cf) መሠe fl/ልሃd „*-
ሉdg¶oመybል†/%ል•ል88

q%c¶o8-
¶18-fl~*bg„*-ሉdgdgfbdማ|ሄ»;
¶28-flo(of¶ማሆgdbሃ=ሚjf(target)መለflg;
¶38-flq%ሟሜምo(o·ምflመል|ምq•ሆሚofም~f†hoመለflg;
¶48-መ*gሄሊሆbflሚoሉgfdምkq•ሆሚofመለflg88

¶ 18- fl~*bg „*- ሉdgd gfbd ማ|ሄ»8- fl~*bg „*- ሉdgd gfbd
ማ|ሄ»ማለgflመ/gልማgማa#/~*bgflሆbo(oflሚለRgdflመ˘መ†
¶ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q%ሟሜም yS q† †ለRgf ¶ ማ•˛ሉ
ማለga88·ህRሁለg~*ሎobU%·¶•ል88

? qሁf †ለf flመ/g ልማg ሁee መbfbf8- qሁf †ለf flv:g:

fl~ህሎgd ba-5ag ¶ vd ybCሙ ላማd ”e q† flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7fbU%gfመ„g88

? flሚ%ለ flመ/g ልማg ለሉf ማ/:መሉ8- ·ህ flሚ%ለ flመ/g ልማg

fl%¶R/}gለማydfflሚ†/%ልˇ~ህሎho:v:gvdoሎeo
ላ· †bz%ል88 R¡ህ ላ· qሁf RbሌUሑ †ሉ *ላhod f¢V መ|yል
†ለfልagመለflg·g'Wdል88

:¶ም,ልvf¶bመለyb*ላg/fልqሁfUለሁeed(qሁf†ለምf»f
a) vd b%ላ— ሁee(ምf መሆf aRRg) መ|yል †ለf ~*bg a88 ·ህ
fjagvf¶ሚybለbW%'iል88

• ምfመሆfaRRg=b%ላ—ሁeeo

• *ላg=ልag·ምyሚ˛UReo†a*/fl¶ለ

• ምf»fa=qሁf†ለbሌUሑሁee

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
114 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ማ/e5flመ/
8- gu~/ff7fUለሙ†offlu~/ff7f% ሉል:ሉdf¢V
Rማ˛dW yq'0/q'Wh q¶(of q?ምd *ላg •' flbሆሆመ መሆf qልRg88
Rመ˘መ†¶Rb5fl/ለ ልሃdመሆ·ምq?'Xgofመ?*vfoላለf8
Rሁ8 ለblq|ሄ»¶ሞflመ/g%fyመ/gu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovd
q'0/q'Whq¶(oማ» •' ¶ሞflመ/gq*%fdf~gሎ¨ofvf¶˛d
መf¶*(redesign)·ምbyee·flሆabU'b'flመ/~»•*Rመ/ሃg
ማ?Wማለga88

yላ· fl:R ሀ-W Rመ/g u~/ff7f flq%ሟሜም ~*bho ላ· flb˛aWdj

o(oሁሉምR/ልሃdvሉgflby*cvf„ልሆa·ምvf¶ማ·ሆfvf»f„d
qል+ qል+ R/ሉ Uለ qለመUUg: ⁄?bl fl/% ba-5ag .b. Rሆb
ም~c†ho ሊሆf vf¶ሚoል ለማ-flg a88 flመ/g /ልሃd yመ/ሃeof R'g
ለb%ሃfl/ልሃd*ላgg~~ለlfልagRመለመ*eም~f†hjf
Rማ?d Rመ„g ሌሎj qማ%ሑ መ%gሄofም ለመflgd b˛Tf -e
ለመ/ሃg·„dልማለga88

6.23fl*ላgመሃffመ„g(NeedLevel)

/ልሃd ,*ሉ Rb¶••ሚ yሚe o(o መ||ል qf• *ልሆoo Rሙሉ

Rሚ*ሃ /ልሃd ላ· qf» ·ag v:gd ~ህሎg qላo Wሎ ማ*Wd
fl/ልሃdfም ·g R¡ሁ ል~ ማ•˘gd /ልሃd መ/ሃg a88 R'ሉ
y/ልሃd R'g fl/ልሃd b-e'jf :gd ~ህሎg ማ? †/j%ል88
·ህም Rd g~~ለl flሆa መ*e flb-e'o መ /ለሚjf flሚy*g
a88 a˛' f R/ልሃd „*- ሉdg ?g flሚybሉgf መ/%'ho Rመሃ:ም
fl/ልሃd b-e'o fl/ልሃd *ላg መሃff መ„gd ¶f Rማ? /}eማ
/ልሃdfለመ/ሃg·„ል88

ሠfሃ‹-18-fl/ልሃd*ላgመሃfd¶

b/; †ለv:g/ g'ˇም

~ህሎg¶
1 f¢Vflሌለ/ Rba-fl/ልሃd'/ላ·ምfምq·agf¢V:v:gd
U… ~ህሎgflሌለ

2 ˇ»ለg ሉgqሃ=ላ·f¢VfR†ልሆav:g/~ህሎg
3 R ለመ%ምRመሃbRv:g·ም~ህሎgffl:ልሆ(
q%ሟሜምvሉg

4 g~~ለl Rq%ሟሜምg~~ለlflሚ%ለ˛fbU'ለማ-|gflሚ%ለ˛¶
q%ሟሜም
5 *ምምag flq%ሟሜምg~~ለlagfdyR*ሉagdሉ%g•'†ለ“Rሆምሉ“a˛'
ffl¡ህ·acRW¢gq·˛nም

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6.3fl*ላg„*-ሉdg¶o

¶18-~*bgfመbfbf

fl¡ህ bU' al »'5 flq'0/q'Wh q¶(of g~~ለl q%ሟሜም qሁf |ለ

·ም q‚/ yሚ: flሉ%g ¶ qfሟ' ማ•˛ሉ a88 ለ¡ህ 2 ~*ሎo
qሉg8-

qሁf †ለ ሁee8- Rbለ·ም Rqa/bl መ/g: flማህR*W z&: ሉ=?f flመ/g

qe(oላ·qሁf†ሉflq'0/q'Whq¶'~ህሎho:flv:gvdoሎeo
¶ማ?vd

b%ላ—/q/%ላ—ሁee8- ·ህgfbdflሚ†bzRq/%ላ—flመ/gflሉ% %g
¶dW=gለማ-|gflሚ†/%ልˇ~ህሎho:v:gvdoሎeoላ·a88

y¡ህ Reo †ሉg ሉg ሉ†>o Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g/flማህR*W z&

/ሉለb˛jo(o/ልሃdመ*gሄ/ለመሆbለማ?·„ሉ8

? Rመ/g qe(o /ሉ flbለ o(o R/ልሃd ·ም Rሌላ fl* ሀWg

ልማgbU%gሊ%cflሚoሉdjf?

? qሁf †ልe a˛'f Rሏ ለሉ ም~f†g flሚg q„‚/ ሂ¶ho vd

;-0o:ሏ»»(oflመሆለሉo(oqሉf?

? q'0/q'Whq¶(o/ልሃdRመ*„oም~f†gq„‚/f~gሎ¨ofd
q*%(ofለም¶ም'gdም%eማaeofሌም†=ሉ?

? q'0/q'Wh q¶(o y»~መej ·ል? ሉf|&†jf /% ላ· ለማል

v»ል˛nb/b*ሉi†=ሉ?

? q'0/q'Wh q¶(o oሎejf ¶ q„‚/ flq%ሟሜም ¶ Rማf:-:/

bU% flq:%W ” ማig oለልf? ለም-ሌ8-flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o
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' qሉf?

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Rመ˘መ† ¶ Rqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g vf‚ሁም RማህR*W z&

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መE5†መመ†

flሚ†/ygለ /fag yምg /ሉ Rማ*˛Ug vf¶fl qf˛W•Taeo

ማ/:መሉ·g'Reል88

¶-38-flq%ሟሜምo'መf/uofመለflg

R¶ ሁለg ላ· flb:መሄgf fl/ልሃd '0o/o(o R?¶ም bybል |?f

Ruላመ*efloመf/uo/ምfoምfምfvf¶ሆbflመ/gqe(k
ላ· yሚefl fl/% ~ff Rመa-g መ¶ም¶ሚ† ላ· ለመ»/d ለመ/f
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? q'0/q'Wh q¶(o/Uለሙ†o %mjf Rሚ%ለ˛ ል~ ለeማ

ሆav†ydba?

? q'0/q'Whq¶(ovdUለሙ†o%mjfvf”gመbR'vf¶ሚ˛U
†=ሉf?

? Rሁለcም ማለgም qሁf ለqለ ሁee vd ¶'g ለሚ¶ ⁄¸g

Uለሙ†od q'0/q'Wh q¶(of %mjf: q%ሟሜማjf Rሉል?
መመ'መ'dመbfbff·ሃ·=ል8

¶-48-ምkq•ሆሚjfመለflgdመ*gሄመ/ሃg

ለq'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·ም Uለሙ†o %mjf Rg~~ልd ለeማ

ሆa v†ydb yሆa fl†gf vf‚:ሉRg መb †/%ል•ል “|ልb*R
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*
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6.4flq'0q¶(offl/ልሃd*ላgመለflg

Rለ*Wም ሆa RS»f ¶ fl/ልሃd *ላg flሚg R “qሁf Uለ bሌUሑ

ሁee” vd “ምf መሆf aRRg/qለRg“ መ|yል ልag ,g' a88 ልac
ሠልሆok %mjf ለeማ ሆa ለማydf flሚ%ልˇg v:g:
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8 ላggfbdሂ¶gRሁለgflbለ†
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:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 117
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ሀ.qW·/%fመbfbf(“ምfመሆfqለRg”fመለflg)·ህምflሚ†|gb8-

? bU'(Activity);

? ⁄'⁄'bU%g(Task);

? »'—g(Action);

? fl»'—g¶(Steps);

ለ.~*bgልfle(“ምf»fa?”flሚለfመለflg)

? fl*ልሆn~ህሎgመe;

? “ምfመሆfaRRg/qለRg“yሚለ•'ማa'

6.41fl/%gfbdማ|ሄ»

qW·/%fመbffbfማለgR'&/ሉ†ሉbU%gf(Activites)መ''
ማለg ,ሆf Rqf» flqW· /% gfbdም /ሉ R|e bU%g (Activites)
·g%ሉ8 v†f„• bU' ¶ሞ R/ R'|e ;ሉ' †ላjd flbመሄ ⁄'⁄'
bU%g(tasks)fl†a8flv†f„f• 8 ሙ†⁄'⁄'bU%ggfbdለማሃd:?
flb%ለˇ R'|e ;ሉ' †ላj fl»'—ho (action) qሉ8 /ለ¡ህ flv†f„f•
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(stpes)·geልማለga88

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Rv†f„f•flመማማ'
'* q/j•ag(LearningDifficulty)·ለ†ሉRሚ8 ybለ
flመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ›o·ም?oRመመ⁄˛WdRማ¶%˘gለሚ%˛bU'
መሃ:ም·mላል88

? bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?:

? fl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?:

? fl»'—g¶መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?:

? fl»'—ggfbdመመ⁄˛T†?:

? fl¶gfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?·˛jReል88

Rመሌ5 ~*ል ላ· (R⁄ል 1) U… መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ›o/?o b†·ል88

/ልሃdfflሚ†¶%˘/q*ልሆjfl%gfbdለማ|ሄ»,/fflመመ⁄˛T†
ሠfሃ‹/?+h/oሊ*%Uj·oላል8⁄'8 ⁄'bU%gልfledgfee
flሚሃ?መ8-

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
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? ለ%ምfሙ†vf¶ሚ†/%ልለማ?:

? ለflglbU'Roሎeመgf/qለመgfለማ•˛ሉ:

? Rሆምሃ=ሚflሆafbU'ለማ?/ለመ*f,ሆf;

»'—gdfl»'—g¶ofመለflgdመbfbfflሚሃ?መ8-

? bU%gfለመ%ምflሚ†/%ልˇልል~ህሎhofvdv:hjfለመለflg:

? fl/ልሃd'0o/'0kvf”gvf¶ሚ*ሄdvf¶ሚ•–ለማ?:

? ·c ምf መሆf vf„ለRg vd ለv†f„f• '/ /' ምf †ህል —£

vf¶ሚ†/%ልለማ?/ለመ*fa88flሚybለfl¡ህሂ¶gም-ሌa88

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qW· bU'/Activity ⁄'⁄'bU' »'—g(Ac - ¶(Step)

%/ job (Task) tion)
qg~ልg መ&g⁄¸g' flbU·?ng bU· (»'—ho) (¶o)
ማምg መሆ መለflg f;-/ ' gf
onሆT†⁄¸g R7eልfle ማ•˛ሉ መ#ሆሃ'
መ⁄%gon flመ#ሆሃ†”f ማ/b|yል
ሆT†vf~W|V መለflgሉ?ምላ·
ማ¢መg
ማ¶Uለ?
flሚልመሃff
flሃq/b„¶' መ*f/ማ?
መyላyል
ማ„R†መሌመ' bመሆሆn•f
ማምbU·dR7e መ*f/ማ?d2-~
;ሉ'ማማg/ መ'ሏfመሃ:ም
መ:dR' fl;ሉ'ለgf መ'ሏ v'ም/
መ„*/ መሃ:ም *ሉag
ማሃd:? flመ'ሏ
ሏ*y*e
fl7(f/(g

? q'0/q'Wh q¶ flሚb˛W%jf %o ለመbfbf flሚ† yላ·

flbሃ:+g q%cf flq:%W ”o መሃ:ም ·mላል88 va¡ህም flq:%W
”obU'⁄': ⁄'bU'»—g
: qd¶oflሚe;,ሆfq'0/
q'Wh q¶(oም va¡ህf vf‚˛ል Rማ» flምf%ል˛f መ ማig
vfoላላf88fl/ልሃdልfleመመ⁄˛T†U…?fR⁄ል12·መልyc.

·ህffምመለመ*W*Wflሚybለfqb˛UR'”o(methods)መሃ:ም
·oላል88

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 119


? yq'0/q'Whq¶'S»go•'/W*Uማ|ሄ»;

? flመ/~ምልyevdyq'0/q'Whq¶(o•'=ለ-መሃ·?ማ|ሄ»;

? flልምም» bU%gf: ⁄'⁄' bU%gf; »'—hofd ¶of '⁄(

ለq'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·ም ለልማg ሠ%boo Rማ?W vf‚†Ujd
vf‚/ማሙUjማ»;

? flUለሙ†o»•S»f/
*ሑ * SMS/flvf?/=.መ/ofvdalbU%gf
vf‚ለvdvf‚⁄ማ»d;

? »'—gd¶odj88

bU%gf መ*f/መ„g8- qW· /%f Rg~~ል ለመ„g R/ †ሉ bU%gf

Rመ'' qfሟ% ሃ:ሜejf መ„g †/%ል•ል88 ·ህff ለመ/%g
flሚybሉgf?¶ምbybሎo/¶oመybል†/%ል•ል88

¶-1. fld/qW·gfbd
/% መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?Rመ*»dyv†f„f•
*fሃ‹/'መሌ5fld/qW·%f/ምመሟ*;

¶-2. q'0/q'Wh q¶f ·ም flልማg *%blf Rመሃfl? flqW·/d

/%fbU%gRሠfሃ¤/?መ*gመመ⁄˛W;

¶-3. qf•fbU'መ*»dለv†f„f•bU'⁄'bU%
⁄' gfRሠfሃ‹/
?/ሉመሟ*8·ህfለሁምለbgbU%gመ/%g88

¶-4. v†f„f•f ⁄'⁄' bU' ምf †ህል —£ b¶•˛ሚ (Frequencey)

vf¶ሆaflሚybሉgfመለ{†o/መመloRመሃ:ምRሠfሃ¤/?መ*g
መመ⁄˛W8-

? qf„f”:
? qል+qል+:
? Rfl:b/Rflvለc:
? Rfl-ምfc:
? Rflflሚሉgfመሃ:ም†/%ል•ል88
¶-5. flv†f„f•f ⁄'⁄' bU' qfሟ% ሃ:ሜe(Importance) ማ?/
መ*f8- ·ህffም flሚybሉgf መለ{†o/መመlo መሃ:ምd Rሠfሃ¤/
?መ*gመመ⁄˛W·˛Uል88

120
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መE5†መመ†

? መሃalሃ=ሚ:
? መ|yለlሃ=ሚ:
? Rሆምሃ=ሚdj88
¶-6. flv†f„f• ⁄'⁄' bU' ለመ%ም/ለመማ' q/j•acf (Learning
Difficulty) flሚybሉgf መለ{†o/መመlo መሃ:ም Rሠfሃ¤/?
መ˛መg;

? :ላል:
? Rመ|yለlyU»:
? RሆምyU»:
? v¸RሆምyU»dj88
¶-7. ለv†f„f•⁄'⁄'bU'ማለgም»ሞ7(Frequencey)ሃ=ሚ: ag
(Importance) vd flመ%ም/መማ' q*j•ag(Learning Difficulty) R:ላሉ
flለgaሉWfRመ¶መ'ለv†f„f•⁄'⁄'bU'ሃ?ላላaሉSfመ¶መ'a8
·ህffም
8 Rd/qW·gfbd
/% ሠfሃ‹/?b˛TRሆaflfመ/መ'ላ·
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መሄ»·˛Uል88d/qW·%8flqg~ልgማምg

flq%ም/መማ'
ሃ=ሚag
fl»ሞ7 q/j•ag ሃ?ላላ
bU%g ( Frequencey) (Importance) (Learning
Difficulty)

መ/~መሆ 2 1 2 5
?» 3 3 3 8
flማ-⁄¸g 2 2 2 6
fl'መሆ 2 2 1 5
onሆT†/መ¶W⁄¸g 2 2 2 6
መ⁄%g 2 3 1 6
onሆT†መfyUyW 4 2 1 7
ማ¢መg 2 3 1 6
ሃማ/b„¶' 5 2 3 10
ማ„R†መሌመ' 3 3 3 9

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 121
 W'dሚc/f'

ማም 3 2 1 6
bU·dR7e;ሉ' 4 3 4 11
ማምg/ማ:aUR' 1 3 2 6

መለሏ
»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
( Frequencey) (Importance) (LearningDifficulty)

1.qf„f” 1.Rመሃb†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል

2.qል+qል+ 2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rfl:b/Rflvለc 3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.Rfl-ምfc 4.v¸RሆምyU»
5.Rfl

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% መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?ማflgvf¶ሚmለ
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ሃf ማ/b„¶' vf‚ሁ Rሁለblag ሃ=ሚ: ለማማ'/ለመ%ም f q/j•
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ሂ¶gRመሃ:ምflRለሃalRሆabU'ላ·/ልሃd†bz%ልማለga
flfld/qW·bU'gfbddሙd?R⁄ል13ላ··መልyc88

⁄'⁄' bU'f መለflg (Task break down)8- v†f„f• bU' R/ R'|e

⁄'⁄' bU%g qሉg88 va¡ህfም ⁄'⁄' bU% ለ·h ማ? R/ልሃd ሂ¶g
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ለማ? ·ሃ?መdል88 ·ህff flምf*%Rg መf˛»ም yd/qW· bU' •'
b:%T,ሆf⁄'⁄'bU%gf¶»'—gb˛U%gመy(%ል†/%ል•ል88

¶-1. bU' መbfbl ሠfሃ‹/? Rመ*» y*bl aሉW flb*ሃfd

flbመሃfbU'(task)/ምflላ·lfl*fሃ‹/?መሌ5·ሟ(ል8·ህም 8
flv†f„f•f⁄'⁄'bU'»—g/f/fl⁄'⁄'bU'ለመy(%ል·ሃ?ማል88

¶-2. q'0/q'Whq¶f·ምflልማg*%blfRመሃfl?⁄'⁄'bU%g
Rሠfሃ¤/?መ*gመመ⁄˛W88

¶-3-7 ለv†f„f• ⁄'⁄' bU' R*fሃ‹ 6. fld/W· bU' gfbd

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
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መ%ም q/j•agf aሉW q*ሆሉ ”f Rመybል ⁄'⁄' bU%gf ማ?d
መ*f·mላል88
d/qW·%-qg~ልgልማg
bU'-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
ሠfሃ‹-48-dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?

flq%ም/መማ'
ሃ=ሚag
ሃ=ሚag q/j•ag
fl»ሞ7 (Impor-
⁄'⁄'bU%g (Impor- (Learning Diffi-
( Frequencey) tance)
tance) culty)

bU·ልfle 4 3 3 1

bU·#ሃ% 2 2 2 2

R7eልfle 3 3 3 2

flbመሄመ#ሆሃ†”o 2 2 2 1

flbመሄflbU·/R7eመyላy† 2 3 3 2
መ»ሃcho
ለመሃ:ምመሃffመ*f/ማ? 2 3 3 2

bመሆሆn•fማ?/መ*f 2 2 2 4

fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም 3 3 3 3

fl;ሉ'ለgfመ„*/ 3 2 2 3

መለሏ

fl»ሞ7(Frequencey) ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(LearningDifficulty)

1.qf„f” 1.Rመሃb†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል

2.qል+qል+ 2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»

3.Rfl:b/Rflvለc 3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»

4.Rfl-ምfc 4.v¸RሆምyU»

5.Rfl

R⁄'⁄' bU%g መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? ላ· Uለ aሉW/ለg “fld2-~

መ'ሏ መ†f መሃ:ም’’ flbU·d R7e ;ሉ' bU%gf ለማydf Rሆም
ሃ=ሚ fl⁄'⁄' gU%g q|ል vf¶ሆad flaሉW/ለg q*ሆሄም yሌሎk
⁄'⁄' bU%g q† y* †ለ vf¶ሆa R*fሃ‹ 7. dሙd fl⁄'⁄' bU%
መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹ ላ· bመል~iል88 ·ህም ማለg flb˛ለ ⁄'⁄' bU'
Rሆምሃ=ሚ;ለመ%ም/ለመማ'RሆምyU»vf‚ሁምflbU·dR7eRሚy*gWg
?g Rfl:b flምfሃ:መ Rመሆb R/ልሃd ?g gzg flሚ¶Rg
;ል*⁄'⁄'flbU·dR7ebU'a8R¡ህ 8 መ*gምyb:መሄg⁄'⁄(o

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 W'dሚc/f'

መ|yልy*blfl»ም'ለg/aሉWRማigflመ'መ†
ሏ መሃ:ምb:„ሚ
fl/ልሃdgzg·ሆdልማለga8dሙ8 dfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†?
R⁄ል14·መልyc88

⁄'⁄'bU'fመbfbf8- fld/qW·gfbdf
% vdfl⁄'⁄'bU'?¶ም
bybል qሠ%'f Rመሃ:ም flሚ%ለˇ bU%gf ለመለflg vd flv†f„f•f
qfሟ% ሃ:ሜe ለመ„g boሏል88 vanህf መo R~*bg gfbd/gap
analysis/ yb˛jg መo •' Rማ„¶' /ልሃd Rflgl bU' ላ·
ማb'vf„ለRg·e=ል8qሁ8 f¶ሞv†f„f•f»'—g/Action/Rመ*»d
vd bUf ለማሃd:? flሚሃfl; ¶o/steps መy(%ል qለWf88 ·ህ ሂ¶g
fl⁄'⁄'bU'gfbd·Uላል88

fl⁄'⁄' bU' gfbd ለbU' b' /ልሃd ?» q/%ላ— flሆa '* a8

⁄'⁄' bU%g gfbd ምf ማለg/ምf vf¶ሆa ለመ„g R~ህሎg: bU'd
»'—gመ|yል†ለfልagመ„gሃ=ሚ·ሆdል88

? ~ህሎgማለgqf»fbU'ለማydfflሚሃfl:oሎeማለga88

? bU'ማለgyd/qW·bU'ላማflb††
•' vf?/=.aማለga

? »'—gማለgflbU'qf•q|ል/~*ልa88

fl⁄'⁄' bU' gfbd ,Uል flbመሃ bU'f ለማ:d˘g ሁሉfም ⁄'⁄'

bU(oመለflg:R?¶ምbybልማ/:መሉvdfl»'—g¶f/?¶ምbybልdf
bfb'0fl~ህሎgማ-¶—†/ማልRm/ልሃdfለመ/ሃg·ሃ?ማል88

fl⁄'⁄'bU'gfbdyመ˘መR'g⁄'⁄'bUምfvf¶ሆaq*ልሆj/p
(fl/ልሃd qመmo) ማ? qለRg88 flሚybሉgf a˛(o Rመሟ* ·ህff ል
ማ»·oላሉ8

? fl⁄'⁄'bUለgምf·መ/ላል?

? ማf⁄'⁄'bUf†yddል/·2*dል?

? ⁄'⁄'bUflሚydbRgሁeeo88

qf»—£⁄'⁄'bURልybለflR^ላbUfvfflሚ†¶'ˇሁሉfም
»'—ho መለflgd R?¶ም bybል ማ/:መሉ †/%ል•ል88 ·ህ bU% ሊሆf
flሚoለRbUላ·~ህሎgUለUለሙ†ሉf=>RbሞላRgሁeeምልye
,g' Wm a88 /ለሆaም /ልሃd Rሚ*ሉRg —£ R⁄'⁄' gfbd /ለሚ*ሉ
flRለሃ ሃ=ሚ ·ሆdል88 gfbd ybሃd:: Ruላ መሟ* ·g'Reል88 ·ህም
ሊሆfflሚoለfl⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?Rመሃ:ምa88

flሚybለ fl⁄'⁄' bU' “d2-~ መ'ሏ መ†f መሃ:ም’’ »—g ¶

⁄'⁄'ም-ሌa88ምdልUg⁄'⁄'bU'ምfvf¶ሆaልflማ·ሆbyሆa

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
124 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

va¡ህ bU%g ሁለg ·/ y¡† Rላ· Rሚል q*ልሆj/p %+f/%1f መሃfl?

qለRg/Ug88

d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgም'g
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመሃ:ም

ሠfሃ‹-58-dሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/
?
fl»'—ggfbd8- qሁf⁄'bU%
⁄' gf/adል:ለ¡ህም/ልሃdመ/ሃgሃ=ሚ
a(Rም-ሌ†of“d2-~መ'ሏfመሃ:ም“bU'
) fለመ%ምflሚ†/%ልqሁf
flለflafflv†f„f•vf?/=.qfሟሃ:
% ሜeመbfbfqለWf8·ህ8 R/ልሃd
?g yU»d ሃ=ሚ vf?/=. Rሆbg ላ· vf»dbz' †¢ል88 ·ህ gfbd
:»መf RbU'd vd R⁄'⁄' bU%g yq|ሄ»a ም˛ማ •' ·መ-*ላል88
·ሁfd Rqሁb q|ሄ» ሁሉም »'—ho flሚ/%ልˇd flማ·aሆሃሉ Rመሆdj
R„*-of?g»ሞ7
/ለ /Frequencey/ማ*Wq†/%ልም8dሙ8 dfl»—gd
¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?R⁄ል15·መልyc88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 125
 W'dሚc/f'

¶-1:- fl»'—g መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? Rመ*» fl⁄'⁄' bUf /ም

flሠfሃ¤/?Rላ·lላ·
ሏ* መመ⁄˛W8fl⁄'
- bU%
⁄' hkybU'gfbd
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/y*blaሉWg)jflbለgመሆfqለUj88
¶-28- ⁄'⁄'bU'fለመ%ምflሚ%ለˇሁሉfም»'—hoመለflg8R»'
8 —g
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?fl¶'—g¶/?¶ምbybልመሟ*;
¶-3:- ለvf„f•⁄'bU'
⁄' q/:»ሞbመ--·aሉWq*”f
ሆሉ Rመሃ:ም
»ሞ7f:qfሟ% ሃ:ሜef vd flመ%ም/መማ' q/j•ag ማ?/መ*f
vdaሉXkfመ¶መ'8
flሚybለ ም-ሌ/dሙd fld2-~ መ'ሏf መሃ:ም flbU·d R7e ;ሉ'f
Rማ»'flqg~ልgም'gfለማምgflb*%fl»'—ggfbda88
d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgqም%oq'0q¶'
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመሃ:ም
ሠfሃ‹-68-dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/
?

gR% ሃ=ሚag(Im - flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(Learning ሃ?ላላ

portance) Difficulty)
መ-flf/d2-zf 3 2 5
መ%b2
ል}gማ/b|y† 3 4 7
ማ¶Uለ? 3 1 4
መyላy† 3 1 4
መ'ሏመሃ:ም 3 3 6
ማሃd:? 3 1 4

መለሏ

ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
(LearningDifficulty)
1.Rመሃb/ለqመል†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.v¸RሆምyU»
R¡ህgfbdflgl»'—gWfl/ልሃd—£vf¶ሚ%ልለመለflg†/oላል88
·ህምflሆaRgም~f†gflgl»—gflRለሃለመ%ም/መማ'vf¶ሚ†/j'
†መላ~eል8R¡ህ 8 ም-ሌሁሉም»'˛hoሃ=ሚvf¶ሆb†መላ~eል:a˛'f
Rመማ' ˛» yU•f ·ለ††ሉ8 flመ'ሏ መ† መሃ:ምd ል}g ማ/b|y†f
ለመማ'W—£vf¶ሚ/•vdWflመማ†⁄¸gdflማ/bማ†~ህሎg

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
126 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

vf¶ሚ/%ል ማflg ·mላል88 dሙd fl»'—gd ¶of /Action& steps/

መመ⁄˛T†?R⁄ል16·መልyc88

fl¶gfbd

»'—gf ለማሃd:? R'|e ;ሉ' †ላj ¶o (steps) |ሉ flv†f„f•f

¶ flመማ' ~W¶g ለማ˛dW bሃ=ሚ †¶'•ል88 ·ህም '0kf ለማ:»
·„ል88·ህgfbdqሁfም:¶ም,ልy*%abU':fl⁄'⁄'bU'„*-
vd»'—hobመ- •' -·a8·ሁ8 fdR¡ህ~*ልሁሉfም»'—gማሃd:?
q/%ላ—/ለሆaflመ%ም/መማ'q/j•agfመ„*/WmR·ሆdል88

¶-1 . fl¶ gfbd መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/? መ*»d fl»'—cf /ም

Rላ·lሠfሃ‹/?ሏ*ላ·መሟ*;

¶-2. »—cfለማሃd:?flሚ%ለˇሁሉfም¶oመ'⁄'Rv†f„f•
8
መ/መ'qf»¶መሟ*;

¶-38- Rv†f„f•¶flሚ%ል%fለማydfflመ%ም/መማ'q/j•agf
መ˛ምg88flሚybለfል}ebሃ:ም8-

• :ላል:
• Rመ|yለlyU»:
• RሆምyU»:
• v¸RሆምyU»8
flሚybለ ም-ሌ ለd/qW·- qg~ልg ማምg: ለbU'- bU·d R7e
መyላyል:ለ⁄'⁄'bU'-fld2-~መ'መ†
ሏ መሃ:ም:ለ»'—g-መ'ሌg
flb•˘a88

d/qW·/%8qg~ልgማምg
bU'8bU·dR7e;ሉ'
⁄'⁄'bU'8d2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
»—g8መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
¶ flመማ'o'
'g;ሉ' 3
flˇ¥v'ም 2
flመ'ሏ*;መg 2
7(f 3

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 127
 W'dሚc/f'

• :ላል
• Rመ|yለlyU»
• RሆምyU»
• v¸RሆምyU»
·ህመfl/ልሃdvd
'/ flgምህ'g?»ለማ•˘g·„ል8dሙ8 dfl¶
gfbd?R⁄ል17ላ··መልyc88

6.42fl~*bggfbdማ|ሄ»

fl~*gg gfbd (Gap Analysis) ማለg qf»f bU' RR ሁee ለመ%ም

flሚ/%ልˇ መ*e flሆb ~ህሎg/:g W=ho/qሃ=ላ· f¢V መ
መ*W*T† /ልg a88 ·ህም ማለg qf¶ q'0/q'Wh q¶' ·ም flመ/g
Uለሙ†qሁfv†yda†ለbU'yሚflbU'
%ለ q%ምqf',e·
flq%ሜም W=c (Rv:c d ~ህሎg) qa/bl ሆg ,˛n flv:g ~ህሎg
~*bg ·Uላል88 ·ህffም ~*gg ለሟላg flሚ/%ልˇgf flሚ%ለˇ flbለ†
bU%gf Uለሙ†f ·ም q'0/q'Wh q¶f Rመሃ·?d RbU' ሙy%
flሚ†:dflሚoለfvf‚afRማ»ማ?vfoላለf8*ልሆ 8 jRqሁb
—£መ/%gflሚoለyሚ%ለ˛RflbU'q%ሟሜም•'መ„¶'qለRg88
bUflሚ%ል˛f~ህሎgdv:g*ልሆjRqሁb—£v†yda|ለyRለሃ
“~*bg”qለማለga88·ህ~*bgaR/ልሃdመ/b|yል†ለRg88

fl~*bg gfbd ?¶ም bybል8- flሚybሉg ¶o fl*ልሆjf fl~ህሎg ¶

ለመ˛መgfl~*bgልfleq*%'f/f~c~fbU%ለማ»flሚ†/oሉdj88
ሂ¶cqሃ=ላ·Rመሆbም¶ምf%ል˛q·agfሁeeመለvfoላለ ሉ f8·ህ8
”Rመ˘መ†R⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?flbgf
/ሉ
⁄'⁄' bU%g Rመ*» va¡ህf bU(o flመ%ም W=g/oሎe gfbd
R%ላ·መልqለRg88R¡ህ~*ልመሌ5R⁄ል18ላ·b†·ƒል88

¶18- R⁄'⁄'bU%gመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹-8ላ·†ሉgfbU%g
yy*bl aሉWRመa-g¶⁄?blaሉWR?¶ምbybል
መ''8 -·ህምflRለሃq--TflሆbgfbU%ggfbdላ·
vf»ebz'·„ል88

¶28- :ሉሎ¶ሞR¡ሁ*fሃ‹⁄'⁄'መ*gRqሁb—£*ልሆoo
RW=gyማሃd?;gfbU'¶ማሆg8-·ህ¶fy1-5
Rመ/ሃgመydfqለRg88

ማflም~*ልመሃd:?q·oልም88

• ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማydfq·oልም;
• ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል;

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
128 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

• yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል;
• ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል;
• bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላልRሚሉgሊ*%·˛Uል88
¶38- flW=g¶fመyለ/dvd⁄?blW=g†ለbU'ላ·ምል~g
ማ»⁄?bl
,-8 W=gማለgRሚdለ% qሁfUለW=gመ|yል
~*bgqለማለga88

¶ 48- flbለg flbU' W=g ማa/ o(o R/ልሃd ሊ/b|yሉ

vf¶ማ·oሉ e-TRማ»R/ልሃdሊሞላflሚoል~*bgfመለflg8-
ለም-ሌ8-bUflሚ%ል˛/W/Wflሆaffl}ሚ|ልgfbdማሃd:?
yሆaRqሑ'/ልሃdለeማvf¶ማ·ሆfመ„gRሆም·mላል88

¶ 58- R/ልሃd bU' ላ· flb|bc fl'& ሙ†boo yሆb yqf»d

y¡†ም Rላ· yሆb *o •' R~*bg gfbd ለg: RW=g ¶ vd
R~*bgመለ{†oላ·መ†flg;

flሚybለfl»—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ም-ሌa88

ማ/e58- fl¡ህ /% ⁄'⁄' bU%g መ*» †ለg »'—g *fሃ‹ /ሉ

y*blaሉW¶⁄?blRመሆ?¶ምbybልላ·a88

d/qW·%8-qg~ልgማምg
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'

ሠfሃ‹-78-flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?

⁄'⁄'bU%g flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd

·%eል
fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም(9) 1 (X) P

bU·ልfle(8) 3 (X) P

»Uልሆa•መሆbfማ•˛ሉ(8) 2 (X) P

R7eልfle(8) 2 (X) P

fl;ሉ'ለcfማ˛⁄(8) 4 (X) P

bUfመለflg(7) 3 (X) P

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 129
 W'dሚc/f'

ሉ?ምላ·flሚለfመሃfማ?/ 4 (X) P
መ*f(7)
bU·#ሃ%(6) 4 (X) P

fl;ሉ'”ofመምሉ(5) 5 P P

መለሏ

o ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማydfq·oልም:
o ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል:
o yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል:
o ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል:
o bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል:
W=gqለ o R/ልሃd·%eል
Pq/Xflለም Pq/Xq·%eም
fl»'—g~*bggfbd¶/?¶ምbybል(steps) ለv†f„f•bU'R*ሃa
flbU'~*bggfbdflW=g¶fለማ?vf‚„fl»'—g~*bggfbd
መመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/መሃd:?qለRg8fl»'
8 —g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†
?⁄ል19ላ··መልyc88

¶18- R»'—gfl~*bgልfleመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/ላ·fl»'—ggfbd
መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/?/ flbለgf »'—hof መለflg8- R»'—g gfbd
ልምም»—£flbለgf»'—ghoyy*blaሉW¶⁄?blመ'⁄'qለRg88

¶ 28- R¡ሁ *fሃ‹ ⁄'⁄' መ*g Rqሁb —£ *ልሆoo RW=g

flሚ†ሃd?;gf bU' ¶ ማሆg8- ·ህ ¶f y1-5 Rመ/ሃg መydf
qለRg88

ማflም~*ልመሃd:?q·oልም88

? ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማ|dfq·oልም8
? ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል8
? yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል8
? ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል8
? bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል8
¶ 38- R»'—g fl~*bg gfbd መመ⁄˛T† ሠfሃ‹/?/ ላ· ለbU'
flW=gaሉWfለመ*f·ህfመመሃ:ም·˛Uል88
d/qW·%8-flqg~ልgማምg
bU'8-bU·dR7e;ሉ'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
130 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

⁄'⁄'bU'8-fld2-~መ'ሏመ†መሃ:ም
  ሠfሃ‹-8-fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?/

»'—ho flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd

·%eልf?
(7)ማ/b|yል 1 (X) ( P)
(6)መ'ሏመሃ:ም 2 (X) ( P)
(5);-/ማ•˛ሉ 1 (X) ( P)
(4)ማ¶Uለ? 2 (X) ( P)
(4)መyላyል 5 (X) ( P)
(4)ማሃd:? 4 (X) ( P)

መለሏ
• ሁሉfም⁄'⁄'bU'ማ|dfq·oልም8
• ⁄'⁄'b˛U(kfyማ7Reoማydf·oላል8
• yሃ?ላላyማ7Rላ·ማydf·oላል8
• ሁሉfምbU'ማydf·oላልfRሆም¸ም—£·/„ል8
• bUfRg~~ልvdRb:ላሃ%መ%ሜም·oላል8
W=gqለoR/ልሃd·%eል
Pq/Xflለም Pq/Xq·%eም

6.5ለeማflu~/ff7f/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdg

RbሌUሑ ለeማ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg

⁄¸gfdbU%acfR'|eq/j•ሁeeoሊ†/bˇሉgflሚoሉ,ሆf
Ru~/ff7f/ልሃd2(%ምyሚy*cflሀWg/fahoU5˛'R'|eo(o
·a-ሉ8 Wk o(oም flf* ሀ-Wd flbCም Uህ †ላj dj88 Rመ/g
W'd u~/ff7f ላ· flf¢V /fag Rመg R/(g flመ/g u~/ff7ff
y⁄dWW'du~/ff7fq*ማR%
•' ሆሉ ?fle†ል8ለva¡ህ
8 ˇ„o:¶ም
Wሎf¢Vመ*ሃ'dRqሃ=ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl*ላg„*ሉdg -
ልምም»fለመf¶*†¢ል88

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 131
 W'dሚc/f'

6.51*ላgfመ„g
qf»ልflሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃd*ላg„*ሉdg - መ*d~ል
*ላgfመ„g†ለመmልo'a8·ህf 8 o'fለማ=ለልbለ·bflሚe;d
†ልbለ*ላhofመለflg-na8flመ˘መ† 8 *ላgflመ/gq'0/q'Wh
q¶(o flb:Rሉg ,ሆf ሁለbl ¶ሞ R/(g †ልbb˛R/†ልb˛ለ *ላg
a88b:U·ag†˛i*ላgflሚRee·ም~*bgfለመሙላgR*ሉag
¶ gR% flሚ˛URg a88 ሆgም f R*ልሆj f» *' flv:gd ~ህሎg
~*gg ሆg ,˛n ለመ/g u~/ff7f /ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg flሚ†/j'
a88
?fl/ልሃd*ላgfመ„gመmል

? †ልbለ*ላho(unfeletneeds)

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o q%ሟሜም o'f Rqሃ=ላ·

qለመ˛fW;

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሞ†o q%ሟሜም o'f መ˛fW a˛' f

ofl/ልሃdvሉgመሆbfqለማ?88

? flbለ–*ላho(feeltneeds)

? flq%ሟሜምo'fመ„g:flሚ%ለ˛ffl/ልሃd·agመለflg:a˛'f
መሃbfqለማ?;

? flq%ሟሜምo'fመ„g:fl/ልሃdመሃffd·agfመለflgመmል88

6.52fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflq:%W/”(Need
AssessmentApproaches)
fl*ላg„*-ሉdgflሚ%ለ˛ffl/ልሃd·agመለflgላ·†b,ሆf·ህ
*ላgምflUለሙ†:flbCማgdvdR/%j†ሉq|ላgf(መም†o:~*ሎo
vdለ*Xo)†|geል88
1. bCማfl*ላg„*ሉdg - q:%W8- RbCም·ምRS»fvdRT(o
flሚ/ሉ %ለˇfl/ልሃd·ahofመለflg·ሃ?ማል8ለም-
8 ሌflu~*ff7f
fl/% መም†/fl/% ~*ል: fl?»d ~ggል መም†/fl/% ~*ል: fl˛R†
መም†/fl/%~*ል.b.

2. flሙ†*ላg„*ሉdg
- q:%W8- Rqf»flሙ†qf»f
/ሉ'* %
·ም bU' ለማydf Uለሙ†of †ላjf qመለ|yg vd :g
ማለRgf/ማ-¶f†|geል8flbለ
8 fl·agለማydf
% †ለfflv:g
~*bgfለመbR'·ሃ?ማል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
132 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

3. flbdሃል fl*ላg „*- ሉdg q:%W8- yላ· flb˛ለg flbCምd flሙ†

~*gg„*ሉdho
- ማfምfq·ag/ልሃd†/%ል˛ል¶ሚል»ም„ሜ
·መሆd fl„*- ሉdc Rv†f„f• Uለሙ†·ም q'0/q'Wh q¶' ¶
·babdል88 fl¡ህ q·ac q:%W flbdሃል fl*ላg „*- ሉdg q:%W
·Uላል8·ህም 8 flglUለሙ†·ምq'0/q'Whq¶'ምfq·ag/ልሃd
T¶ልg flq*%'d f~c|ል v:cfd ~ህሎcf q-» bCሙf yv'+
bሃ=ሚ†¶'•ልflሚለfለመመለ/·ሃ?ማል88

·ሁfd fl*ላg ልfle flሚ|ሄ»Uj v†f„f• flሚyልRg flbለfl v·e

·ም˛eqለbCሞo8 Rv:
/ሉ gd~ህሎgvሉgም~f†go(o
ሊg ·oላሉ8 fl¡ህ ለgም fl% መbgd hሎ qለመሃd:?: b¶••ሚ
/ህbho: R3'g †ለመ'|g: ል †ልሆa flqሠ%' g ·ም RW¢g
y%መ?gdj88
? q„‚/ flመ/g f~gሎ¨o: bሞ~(o: ሂ¶ho vd ;-/ Rሚ%ለ˛
*ሉagd /(g -·¶'+ ,: R/ልሃd flq?ም fUef *ላgf ሊ†•
·oላሉ8

? qል+ qል+ fl”e /ልሃd ሊ*ሉUo flሚ˛S ˇ„o ·g%ሉ8 ለም-ሌ8

-3ሊ,o·ምflqመ%-eo
' bU%vf‚ሆb/ልሃdመ*ሃgd
W‹eofማ/˛»†/˛ል•ል88

6.53fl/ልሃd*ላg„*-ሉdgf~c~

g~~ለl fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- flሉdg /ል ለማig R'|e fl/ልሃd *ላg

„*-ሉdg”ofመሃ:ምflRለሃሃ=ሚa88W·agfl/ልሃd*ላg
„*ሉdg
- f~coqሉ:¶ም 8 ,ልyaRgflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl/ልሃd
*ላg „*- ሉdho Rመa-g: flu~/ff7f Uለሙo R% q|UTo
b˛nbR:ሉeምልyeማ|ሄ»:መሃ·#of:Xe % ላ·*ofማማy':
b˛T ሁ+ofd *a…of መ=ig: =ለ መሃ·? ማ|ሄ»: flS»f ··g
ማ|ሄ»: መ%bf ·ም ሙy% Rመ/ሃg: መ⁄˛Xof ማ˛ላRሉ (flb:ሆof
·ምflሠ%boof(·ል)fl% : መ'⁄'fማflgvdfl3'gሉdgd|·
%ofመ„*/†/%ል•ል88

6 gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdof?¶ምbybል
.54flመ/
መለflg

|ሉg *' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ህሎg vd ሌሎo W=ho /ሉ flመ/g

ልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovf¶ሁeeለ/ልሃd?»ሚ†መ/ሃcሃ=ሚ
a88 /ልሃdof ?»ሚ† ለመ/ሃg flሚybሉgf መ/%'ho መሃ:ም
†/%ል•ል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 133


? ሃ=ሚ/q/%ላ—ag (Essential/Desirable) fl/ልሃd ማ„¶†8- ለመ/g

u~/ff7f fl% ላማ vd bCማ fl% ~fe q/%ላ— ·ም ሃ=ሚ
ሆg ,˛n v†f„f•f vf?/=. (~ህሎg/skill/:oሎe/compettency) ለ·h
ማ/:መሉflመ/
8 gu~*ff7f/ልሃd?»ሚ†flሚ*ሃq/%ላ—W=hof
ለማ-¶vf¶ሆaልመሆbfመ„g†/%ል•ል88

? ሃ=ሚ/oሎe fl/ልሃd ማ„¶†8- y*blf fl~ህሎg ?¶ም bybል

flሚ†መለ~c ,ሆb ለbCማ bU%g ~ff y*bl ሃ:ሜe †ላjd
ለመbR' f ⁄?bl oሎe flሚe·Ujf ˇ„o fl/ልሃd b:„ሚ
gzg·ሆdሉ8

? flyU»:ሃ=ሚvdb¶••ሚagfl/ልሃdማ„¶†8- ·ህy3cv·eo
ማለgምyU»:ሃ=ሚagvdb¶••ሚagq†ለ/ልሃd*ላgdለ/ልሃd
?»ሚ† መ/ሃg /W/Wd Rሆም flbR%: flq%ሟሜም „*- ሉdg ”
a88

·ህ ” flሚመለyb ልማgf yለ*W Uህ q† -·ሆf bU%gfd ⁄'⁄'

bU%g (~ህሎgd W=gf) a88 yU»: ሃ=ሚag vd flb¶••ሚag gfbd
Rbለ† መf˛…o ሊሃ?ም ·oላል88 ለም-ሌ8-vf¶ /ላ መለሏ *g ለ3c
a˛(oRbyee·yU»(q/q·¶ለም)ሃ=ሚ : ag(q/q·¶ለም)vdb¶••ሚag
(q/ q·¶ለም) R:ላሉ q/q·¶ለም flሚለf Rመሃ:ም v†f„f• bU' ላ·
ለማb' 8 ህWg flመሆf q»ልf †ለWeል88 Rሁሉም 3 መለ{†o R:ላሉ
⁄?bl aሉW †ለ bU' ⁄?bl ?»ሚ† ,*ሃ Rሁሉም 3 መለ{†o
R:ላሉy*blaሉW†ለbU'y*bl?»ሚ†·*ሃል8RqW¢ok8 flyU»:
ሃ=ሚagvdflb¶••ሚaggfbdR:ሉeflለ*Wም'ሏofd†ለfW=g
ም~f†gflማ†¶'a88
ሌሎo”o8-
? fl/ልሃd ማ„¶† vf¶ ሁeeo (ማለgም fl—£: fl* u·ል: fl˛a⁄W
.b.) flሚ:†fl' a88 ·ህ flሆaRgም qW· ም~f†g /ልሃd RUህ
yሌሎo flq?ም fUe ”o Rሆም » /ለሆa a88 /ለሃdf R:ላሉ
ለመ*fflb5ለመf˛»ሊሆfflሚoለy*ልሆoo•'R:ላሉመ/ማማg
a88

? q-e'fl˛ሃ'ምd/መe(PRA)8- Ru~/ff7fq|ሄ»·ህማለgq'/ለ 0/
q'Wh q¶ ማህR*W o(of ሌም( R'|e መo flምd*U*WRg
q*%'/f~c~a8·ህም
8 y;ል*መ*ሎo/q:Uo=ለ•' -መሃ·?
ማ|ሄ»:መምfofመ„*Rv·e:
/: yል·ምflq'0/q'Whq¶'
S»go•'Ry'ልRb¶%˘=ለ-መሃ·?ማ|ሄ»dj88

? yልማgሠ%boofl:fማ/e5(Diary)8- ·ህflq'0/q'Whq¶'o(of:
*ላho;flo(odመf/ubመ⁄˛Xflሚ˛nRg/ለሆfለ/ልሃd⁄¸gR
መሊ*ሉ·oላል88

? flv:g:*ላgvdqመለ|ygሉdg8 Rb*
- abU'ላ·flb*ማq'0/

134
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

q'Wh q¶(of v:g: *ላgd qመለ|yg ሉdg fl/ልሃd *ላejf

ለመለflg†¢ል8RqW¢l
8 ·ህbU%flሚ¶˛=ለ-መሃ·?Rማ•˘g
a88

? yq'0 q¶' •' =ለ-መሃ·#of ማ|ሄ»8- yለ*Wም ሆa yS»f q'0/

q'Wh q¶(o •' flሚ|ሄ• =ለ-መሃ·#o fl/ልሃd *ላejf ለማ?
·„ሉ=ለ8 -መሃ·#oR'|eq'0/q'Whq¶(oflሚ-b&Rgሉ?ም/•
†ላjdለ/ልሃdflሚgለ*Xofq?ምለማልRgላማ†¶˛a88

? flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o Uህf ማ/bል8- flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o Uህ R:ሉe

flማ/bል ˇ„· Rመ/g ልማg *%boo/+-']·(o/ መydf flሚoል
a88 ·ህም flgl q'0/q'Wh q¶' flb5ለ f¢V vf„ለ: †ለf
f¢V bU% †¶'•ል .b. flሚሉgf yq'0/q'Wh q¶(o R:ላሉ
ሊ†˛n·oላል88

? fl~ህሎg%bd8- flሙ†~ህሎgvdflመሠev:% gfloሎe%bd

ሊ*ሉ·oላል88

? fl3መለሊ, ሏo8- ሉgfl/ልሃd*ላhoflሚለgflb:3ሊ,of

%ላ·ለማልa88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 135
 W'dሚc/f'

ም%*-7flመ/gልማg*%boobU'dሚd
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ»hoሁለfbd~ggልdRማ» ;ሉ' flመ/g
/%o /}eማ vf‚ሆb ·„ል88 Rbለ·ም R~ልል: ¥f vd „ ሁለfbd
flሆadflb-*ሙ†»•*,g'flRለሃ*&†ማ·ሆdል88RqW¢lfl~ልልd
fl¥fT(o·ምመም†o;ል*ሚdflbለ†flመ/gልማg0}“ofd
ማfሎofማ•˘g;flqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(oማ¶%˘gdመም%g:
flመ/gq(gሚ:flb%ሉ(ሀWgq††⁄:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g
qመ%'; flማ-d flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ*ልሃl ሠ'h ማ-†o f~c~ /ልሃd
መ/ሃg; flመ/g bU%gf Rሚመለyg መመ†of ማሆg; ማሆ:5
ማf†ሎod; fl/ልሃd ማfሎofd መe fl% v?…of ማ•˘g
aRbሌማም bCማ q¶˘gf ማ/bUR'; ˛R†d flv.g *f*ለg ልማgf
ማልRg; 'b e: ሆhod 'b ምW Rሁሉም '+o መ¶˛*d
ማልRg·˛jReል88
7.1flመ/gልማg*%boobU'duላ'ag

ለeማ flሆa flመ/g qሠ%'/,bም መf*g †ሆf *g%f¨ yW

ለማ»'/q·ablሚd·ሏeል88·ህሊሆfflሚoለ¶ሞflመ/gመ/zf
u~*ff7f qb˛UR'd Rg~~ል Rሚb˛W flልማg *%bl qማ|nag መሆb
flሌለ
ሉ' Tሆfምflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR*Wf»qfeba-7ag
,g'd ¶ bU' ,ለሉ a88 vf¶ W'd T( flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
q˛ልሎg qሠ%' qf» fl:Rሌ flመ/g ልማg *%bl መdd Uህላ flመ/g
qe(ofq|hR:RሌT†f/ /ሉ ሄ~e'
50 ለሆaflመ/gልማgሙ†
»•/ልሃdd
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bU%gflሚybሉgdo88
? flመ/~dመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo*ላg„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'fvdflሃbሃ=ሚof/S»fሙ†
መ¶˛*

? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(obU'b'ልሃdመ/ሃg

? flመ/gbሃ=ሚማህR%fRማ†flgመeflመ/gልማg?»ማ•˘g

? *gሀflሃ/'ሑgvf‚g'flሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gfd:vdflመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚf/S»gofመማ*ልሃf/መምy'

? Rመ/g መሠb ልማg b˛T flሆa ሉ˛d vf‚|ሄ» flሃ bሃ=ሚof

መምy'

? ለb(*/ልማgflq'0/q'Whq¶fdflሃbሃ=ሚoff?d>መ¶˛*

? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf yሌሎo flመ/g ልማg q•' q|ላg •'

?f¸eq*%'vf‚g'ማ*b-*'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
136 መbR†መመ†
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? flመ/g ሠ'h ማ-†of:flመ/~ :f: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' /W*Uf:flልም»

ልgfማ|ሄ»

? Rሙ†/ልሃdoላ·መ˛igdልም»f/bሞ~(fማ|%ል

? flለgሎf·ምddbU%gfRልማg*%blflለgbልgfl/%
vf?/=.መመ⁄˛T†ማ/e5¶Wb'/‚†ላ·መመ⁄˛W

? ለ„/Vg-ምfevd'ሀ3hofማ?W

7.1መመ†⁄dfl/%qyUTfማ?

qf» flመ/g ልማg *%bl flመ/g /% q˛ልሎgf ለq'0/q'Wh q¶(o

yመ/ሃc R'g fl/% »'5f ማለg †ለRgf uላ'agd ”ef ሃf?#
ማ?·ሃR?Reል8R¡ህም 8 መ*gflመ/gልማg*%blflbመ¶RRgf:Rሌ
መ*e መ flመ†⁄d flመመ⁄˛W ”e/uላ'ag qለRg88 ·ህም fl:Rሌf
flqU%d vማ% W¢g; flመ/g bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶' W¢g; flመ&g
·¥ed qሃ=:ም; flq%' ·agf: flመልy ም»' ሁeed flb%ሉ( ሀWg
·ag;fl˛ም»'dy'ም»'
* ሃq?ም;flመ/gdማ(”o: *5 Rመ/g
flሚለሙ d d fl*Wል ·aho; d d flመ/g ልማg o(o; fl˛R†
Xeo; flbCሞo W¢gd flህWb*Sf qሃ=:ም ሁee: Wg q?%Tof
vd ሌሎo flW'd መof መ„g ማለg a88 flመ/g ልማg *%bl/
Rq|UT†ሉማለgምfl:Rሌfflመ/gልማgS»go;bgለ*Xo; %ሆ
flማህR%d sgሚ† ሁeeo vf‚ሁም flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o »'¸hof
ማለgም flሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%g: ሁለ˛W ህ/% ማህR%gf Rሚ˛U ማ?
qለRg88
7.12flመ/gልማg*%boofl%መ'ሀW'·gd
?'

flመ/gልማgሠ%blfl%መ'ሀW'Rq%g-ምfegflby(%ለ28fl/%
:dg ,gg Ra¡ህ :dgም /ሉ flልማg *%bl f/ flመ/g S»f/
flWሎ~qUላgfT†f/Rሁለg-ምfgqf»—£ማigdሙ†»•ማ¶ *
·g'Reል88 ·ህም »•* bU' b' flመ/~ /ልሃdf: flመ/g *Wል flሃ
*ላgbU%መሆff:*gሀflሃ~**ልd/'ሑgf:flመ/gሃ;ሃU
f~gሎ¨/'ሑgfdqb˛UR'f:bCማo(ofመለflgf:flS»f%of:
flመ/g qe(o ሉ˛dd flመ/g Xo „gf: flRg qሃ=:ምf: flbU·
መy*gf: fl˛R† መ ማ:Rልf vd ሌሎo bU%gf †ሃ=ልላል88 RqyUT
flሚ˛j flመ/g ልማg q•' q|ላgም ·ህff flመ/g ልማg ሠ%bl 2(%ም
Rመለflgd Rማ? q/%ላ—f »•* vf¶ሚ†¶'ˇ ·ሃR=ል88 ⁄'' flመ/g
ልማg*%blflu~/ff7f'ሃd-ምfeflbU'መ'W'ሀ ም-ሌR⁄ል
3·መልyc88
yq?ም Rላ· Rሆb ም~f†ho % †ልbydaUj :dg |ሉ flመ/g ልማg
*%boo vf¶ q/%ላ—ac ?„ሜd vሁ»f ·ም flRላg :dgf bሃ?መ

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 137
 W'dሚc/f'

†|~-flመ/ሉ8 gልማgሠ%boofl:Rሌflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo;q/b„„o
·ምflf/S»fqUላgdfl.gq'0/q'Whq¶(oflሚ˛jRgfRማመmjg
fl%:dgfvf¶ሁeeመ:†fl'·oላሉ8ለመ/gልማgሠ%boofl%
መ'ሀ W' bU%ag flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo flg' 2(˛%ም yq'0/
q'Wh q¶ (Rbለ·ም y.ho)d yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR%g •'
ለ··gመ•˘g·g'Reል88
7.2flመ/~ˇWnhod/W*Uofማ•¸g

flመ/gልማgሠ%booflመ/~ˇWngመ'W'ሀ Rሆምሃ=ሚa8flልማg 8
*%boo flመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶(of flሚRjg Re:¶d :»ሞ Rb/a
:f; *gd Xe e# Rመሆb ሁለም flመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o Rማ-j/
RbመሃXeRመ˛igflልማg*%blflሚ*ሃf/ልሃd/መመ†መ:Rልd
መbR' ·g'Ujል88 ሌሎo flሃ bሃ=ሚof ለማig ሉg Rማ»
bሌማ%of†yddሉ8
flልማg*%boo†ለf—£Rሙbሃ?መ ሉ RdagRመ/gላ·flሚ†¶'ˇg
ሉhofለመ/gሃqመ%vd ' ለሃbሃ=ሚoflሚ†/%ልˇq˛ልሎhof
·*ሆሉ8RˇWng?gflመ/gልማg*%boo8-
? ም~ሀ-Wflb*ሃUjq„‚/flመ/gbሞ~(ofgR%መyebል

? f~c~ a~ flሆb (flon መ¶W ⁄¸g: Rመ/መ' መ⁄%g: ማም: flሃ

መ˛ig: bU·d R7e መyላyል) vd f~c~ a~ †ልሆb (flWgd W»'
መ˛ig:flW'dም'g•:W·g)flሃbሃ=ሚo(ofመመ'መ'

? Rም~ሀ-SመሠgbU%flሆbvdRUህላbሞ~(oመ|yልR*Wሎo
v»˛gላ·†ለfልagመመ⁄˛W

? *gሀflመ/gሃ~**ልመgfመ#ሆሃ'

? flq*%'dለgሠ'hማ-†Wሎofመ#ሆሃ'

flመ/gልማg*%booflqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(ovf‚ሁምflማህR*W
z& bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ;ል* flu~*ff7f ም~(of ለማ*bላላ*
R v»ል †˛lሉ8 y¡ህ Rbሌማም R/ልሃd flb˛if :g q'0/q'Wh
q¶(o RbU' መ/~ ላ· ,* ለማflgd fl~ህሎg ~*bgም ,g' »•*
ለማ¶d ማ-flg ሉ q•ሆሚ ·%ሉ%ል88 yˇW˛ncም Ruላ flልማg *%bl
yሃbሃ=ሚoWመል/·:Rላል88
†ልb%cˇ„o/ሉ†>ofRመመ⁄˛Wfl„/¥fflመ/gUለሞ†ovf‚መል+
†¶'•ል88 flሎ bU%cf ;ል* መof Ru~/ff7f flሎ መመ⁄˛T†
ማ/e5f†**%ል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
138 መbR†መመ†
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7.21flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0q¶(oflVgለVg
ˇWng

Rbለf~gሎ¨o·ምሀ-Xoላ·መለመለRመ/
ሉ gqe/ሉ
·ም%?UለXeb˛nbሌሎoq'0/q'Whq¶(ofVgለVgመW˛ng
ሃ=ሚመjfለመለሉq·ablflu~*ff7f”a88
·ህy/ልሃdR^ላflሚ|ሄ»yሆafl¡ህˇWngdላማflሚሆaflbማgf
RbU' vf‚† ለማ/mል a88 ·ህ ” Rbለ· flq'0/q'Wh q¶(of R%/
መbማመff ለማ„R'd Rመ|yላj †ለf fjag ለማሃdy' ·„ል88 flVg
ለVg/ማ-ˇWnhofl*መ/(' g/%ofም†|geል8·ህ
8 bU'ምflመ¶Rl
flS»fu~/ff7fbU%gq|ልa88
ሉ?ም

? q'0/q'Whq¶(oflb25ሉflመ/gf~gሎ¨ofR:ላሉ·ማማ%ሉ8

? q'0/q'Whq¶(oሌሎoq'0/q'Whq¶(offlማመf⁄fUሌ†»'Ujል;
/ለሆaምflሚ*%ሌ~ህሎgvdሀ-Wyመ¶Rlu~/ff7ffl%ሃaa88

? /}eማ ም-ሌof ማflg flq'0/q'Wh q¶(of ˇWng flሚ†a-- ,ሆf

R%-jflb5ለመ/%gvf‚ሞ~†¶'•jል

? ˇWncRq'0/q'Whq¶(oመ|yልfjagfለማ„R'·„ል

? ˇWncሠ'hማ-†flሚq'* 0/q'Whq¶(ofR%መbማመf
/ †ለWeል

? flb*b f~g¨of ለማflg flመሄ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o y¡ህም Rላ· W

††ሉ:·ማ%ሉ

7.2flመ/~:fማ|ሄ»

flመ/~:fqf•flS»fu~/ff7f,ሆfማ-ላ·flbU'/ለgሠ'hማ-†
flሚ|ሄ» a88 flመ/~ :f fl*'h ማ-† Xeof ለመWig y20-3 ·ም
y¢ Rላ· q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flሚ˛jRg 2(%ም ሆg RˇWncም ለመማ':
ለመሃfl?vdq‚+ff~gሎ¨R%-jማ-ላ·መሞy'flሚ%ልˇq'0/q'Wh
q¶'qf»qf»ሉ†>ofRማf-gflሚማማRgfመል|ምq•ሆሚflሚ*ሉ
a88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 139
 W'dሚc/f'

/ል-128-Rመ/gልማg%flመ/~:fላ·q'0q¶(ofማ-b*
q'0q¶(of†Reeል8

7.23flልም»ልሉ/Rba-7agflS»fˇWngˇ¥
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flልም» ልሉ Rba-7ag ላ· flbመሠb flS»f flˇWng ˇ¥ ,ሆf v/y

30 flሚሆb q'0/q'Wh q¶(of flሚ†|gg a88 ˇWncም yqf• flመ/g
qe'/z&/ሉ=?f flመ/g f~gሎ¨ ¶ ሌላ Rመሄ» †ላjf bሞ~(d
q*%'ሂ¶gv'/R%-jflሚማማRg”a88

7.24R„flሚ¶'ሀflመ/g*%flgzg
q?ሆሏd/ልሃd

vf¶ሌሎobU(oflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflgzg % q?ሆሏfለልማg
*%booማ-?/ማ*ልሃfሃ=ሚa8ለመ/8 gልማg*%booflሚ/ልሃd *ሉ
%f ለeማ Rሆa መልz ለመ%ም *ለሚ„ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
/%ofለሃbሃ=ሚoR*cመ»/·oልf»ለመ/gልማg*%boo
b¶••ሚ /ልሃd/flgzg q?ሆሏof ማ†flgd ማ/˛fW ለመ/g W'd
»•ሚd* flላa8ም~f†cም
8 flመ/gRUህ
/% ?ed(eflማ·*ሉ
flW'dመ/~/ለሆaa8/ልሃd/
8 ˛ለflሚ†|gbfl~*ል··gf:
/ሉ
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መ/g W'd/q•' q|ላg q„%7 ,ሆf /ልሃdም R„d R¥f Uለሙ†o
flሚ:'W ·ሆdል88 ·ህf /ልሃd/flgzg q?ሆሏ flማ•˘g fl„ ሀላ'ag
·ሆdል88
fl/ልሃd መ˘መ† ~*ል flሚ†bz R˛ለሟd ··g ላ· a88 /ልሃd
v/yሚሃd:? 3 ·ም 4 ?e flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bU%g ·ም

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
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flመማ† '0o Wm ·2%dሉ8 ·ህ Rqf» ·ag ·ም Rbለ† *Wሎo

flሚb˛R' ,ሆf Rሚ:ሉለ qf» ' yሃ bሃ=ሚo ?e ሁee •%
b˛d⁄XመሆfqለRg88
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aሉXof ለማ/e/ ·„ል88 y˛ለሟd ··g R^ላም flመ/g ልማg *%boo
flbU'ልምም»vf‚†¶'ˇ—£ሊg'·˛Uል88ለም-ሌflመ¶W⁄¸g/flመ/g
X·/Furrow ሊሆf ·oላል88 ybU' /ልሃd R^ላ /ልሃd መሃd:? †ለRg
v†f„f•f flgzg q?ሆሏ aሉW vd v†f„f• flመ/g ልማg *%bl ለሃ
bሃ=ሚo fl% ላ· /ልሃd Rሚ*ሄg /ልሃd ላ· qfwg vf‚*ሄg
qሑ'ማሃ=ለ†ሊ*ሉ·˛Uል88
v†f„f•flመ/gልማg*%blምለqf»flbመሃ
' flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
flgzgq?ሆሏመል~gማሃ=ለ†fl†gምህ'gqልgf7R%:ho
v‚¶'* ·¶•ል88 R¡ህም flልማg *%bl Rመ/~ ˇWnc ለመ/g ሃ
bሃ=ሚo·ህfb†/bላል(ል/†/b˛W%ል88

7.25flመ/gu~*ff7fflgzgq?ሏaሉXoመሆd
ማW%†

flመ/g u~*ff7f flgzg q?ሏ aሉXo መሆd ማW%† flመ/g qም%o

q'0/q'Wh q¶ ም'gd ˛T vf‚ሌም' flምg *f*ለcf bygለ Rሉf=>
flbመሄflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~hodj88መል~hkRመ˘መ†
flb*b::ላልflሆbdRመ/gW'dflbለ†¶offlሚ2*bdj8vanህ 8
R:ላሉ flሚ˛j flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ሀWhof ለማ:d˘gd መሃ:ም R·e
flbመሄ dj88 fl„ መ/g W'd ልማg Uለሙ†o ለbመሄ flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f መል~g gምህ'g qል :g †•ሉ8·ህም ለመ/g
ሃ bሃ=ሚ q'0/q'Rh q¶(o ·ም ማህR%g flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
q˛ልሎgለመ/ሃgለልማg*%booflሚመoq|ሄ»a8Rbመሄ 8 flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f መል~ho መ¶Rl ሂ¶g flሚybሉgf ¶o Rመybል
†•ል;-
? flመ/g*Wል?¶ምbybልqመ%gልfle

? ˛R†b'dy*bl•†ላj*Wሎoመሆ

? ለf/መ/gS»f/flመ/gWሎ~q'0/qWhq¶(oRbመሄ
*WሎoflbU'?¶ምbybሎoላ·†bflu~/ff7f
መል~g/flgzgማR%†aሉW⁄¸g

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b'ልሃdለመ/ሃg†/oልf»ለሃbሃ=ሚofl/ልሃd
2(%ምማ•˘g

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 141


?fl/ልሃdመ/ሃg

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~hk/flgzgaሉXkybመሄ/ልሃd*ላho
vf‚ሆ
•' b¶ ሆሙ R„flመ/gልማgUለሙ†oመ•˘g·g'Ujል8
8 flgምህ'g qል R%/gff7 :g vd flbመሄ flመ*g u~/ff7f
መል~hoም-ሌ⁄ል-4·መልyc88

7.3flመ/gbሃ=ሚoልሃdማ•˘g

/ልሃd ·abl flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bU' ,ሆf flመ/g /%of

Rg~~ልvf‚ydbflq0/q'Whq¶(of;flመ/gልማg*%bldሌሎoq•'
q|ላgf:gd~ሀሎgRማ„R'flማ·b|ሚdqለ·ሀ8 q·acgመህ'gd
/ልሃdRሂ¶gflqመለ||gdflUህለሉflመሆልላflመ/gልማg;flመ/g
qe(oqሃ=:ም;Rf~gሎ¨flመሃ?ምልም»·„W%ል88
ለqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g ልማg ማህR%g qUሎod flሃ ሚfo flሚ*ሉ
/ልሃdflሃbሃ=ሚoflመ/gማህR%gfq?ምRመ˛fUgflb55ሉflመ/g
f~gሎ¨ofb:Wሎ%ላ·ለማልdflb55ሉflሃማe¸መfgvf‚g'
·„ል8ለመ/8 gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gflሚflመ*
*ሄ gu~/ff7fልሃdo
ላማ8-
? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'qUላgdflመ*fq?ምማልRgdflሚ*b
-eofRqማ%ሑሃ-WdሀWgqሃ=:ምላ·vf‚መለማ˛⁄

? flሃbሃ=ሚoflb5ለflW'dbሞ~(vflbybሉመሆbfለማ•˛ሉ

? flሃ bሃ=ሚo †ላ„R)jf flመ/g f~cof vf‚ሃ:ሙ flሚ†/oል

ሠ'hማ-†ofለማ|ሄ»

? flመ/gልማgq'0/q'Whq¶(ofለqyUTb/ማሚflሆbq„‚//fl%ሃ%
ሀ-Xodv?dመ/ሃgdyu~/ff7fሁee•'ማሆሆም

? yመ/g bU%g •' Rb†† flሃ bሃ=ሚo b/ማሚ flመ/g v'5

መ†ofdWhofvf‚ሃ:ሙማ*ልሃf

? flሃbሃ=ሚofyq|UT•'flb/ማሙf~coላ·ማ*ልሃf

ሉ /ልሃd flሉ ⁄¸gd ለeማ fl/ልሃd መ'ሀ W' መ˛ለሏ a88

? flሆa Rf¶% ሃ-Wd bU' flb¶˛% /ልሃd fl*ልሆoof flማ? *ላg
yማa--cምU5˛'†q„»¶fም†-»•ል88Rqሃ=ላ·fl/ልሃd?»ማለg
Rbመሄd Rb*b fl/ልሃd 'v0o ላ· R?c flሚ*ሉd flbለ† fl/ልሃd
መመ-†ofRመሃ:ምflf¶%ሃ-WdflbU'~*ል—£f†|bby/ልሃd
R'g flሚ•¸ f»*/መ' W' ማለg a88 flሚ•˘ fl/ልሃd ?»/f¶*ም
⁄'⁄'fl/ልሃdbU%gf:fl/ልሃdfላማ:fl/ልሃdf—£d:ማf†ሎo
⁄'⁄'dW¢g:flb-e%jW¢gb†|geል88Rgምህ'g~*ለ—£?»

142
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

⁄¸gflሚ|bc¶o8-
fl/ልሃd?»+'ማg/ሠfሃ‹/R?»·ምR*ላg„*ሉdg- ላ·Rመመ/g
ለሃ bሃ=ሚo Rq'0/q'Wh q¶' ማ*ልሃl ማyል ·ም R% ላ·
†ለf/ልሃdለመ/ሃgለመ/gልማg*%boo·„jል8/ልሃdf 8 yማ:»
:¶ም Wሎ Rሃ bሃ=ሚo/ሠልሆoo/ f» flgl :gd ~ህሎg ላ·
~*bg vf„ለ Rg~~ል መለflg: ለ¡ሁም fl/ልሃd *ላg „*- ሉdg ማ|ሄ»
ለመ/gልማg*%booሃ=ሚa88
Rመ/g/ልሃd·agfl:gd~ህሎg~*bgfመሠgq»'fl/ልሃd
'/gምህ'g/·a¶(ል88 y¡ህ Reo vf¶bመለyb fl/ልሃd '/gምህ'g/
+'ማg(ሠfሃ‹)Rfl~*ሎoby(*ሏል88
? fl„*-ሉdg

? /ልሃdflሚ*ሉRg⁄'⁄'fl/ልሃd—£·•ል(:fvdXe)

? flgምህ'cW

? fl/ልሃd 2(%ሙf ⁄'⁄' f¶* (—£:?‹ል u»/:vd flሠ'h ማ-†

ማf†ሎo)

? fl/ልሃd ?» yመሃd:; R'g y„ Uለሙ†o q/b†flg vf‚*ሃRg

መሃfl?8

⁄'⁄'fl/ልሃdgምህ'g~*ለ—£?»/dሙd⁄ል5ላ··መልyc88

7.4መመመ⁄˛Wdvdfl/ሉ3'gማ•˘g

flመ/g ልማg *%boo መ¶Rld ?e 3'hof; flbydb /%of

መ Rመ†⁄d R?c 3'g vf‚†¶'ˇ ·ሃR=ል88 R3'c /ሉ flመ/g
*Wል v»˛g ሁeef: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f መል~hod flመሆf
ለሉ: flb*%ል /% ላ· flሉ f~gሎ¨o q·agd W¢g: flb˛j ም'ሉ
bሞ~(od ልም…o: flመ/g bሃ=ሚo W መል/: †•ሃሙ o(od
R:ሆ·ሊb'Ujflሚ˛Sˇ„ofማመላyg·g'Reል8fl„ 8 Uለሙ†oም
flመ/g ልማg *%boo U:Sg 3'g ላ· Rመመ'⁄ flመሆf ለሉ
R?'Wvf‚†;gd/eg/d|gfbdfለመ/%g†/oላjል8flመ/ 8 gልማg
*%booሁለg;ል*መofማለgምfl/%መ'ሃW'(m'g)vdflለg
ሎመመ⁄˛T†ማ/e5መ†‹†መ†⁄dማ/:ሃል·g'Reል8m'8 cflመ/g
ልማg*%boofl:dgመ'W'ሀ R/ልdRሁflሚ* †-·a8flለ8 gሎ
መመ⁄˛T† ማ/e5/‚† ¶ሞ qሃ=ላ· fl/% vf?/=.f መ flሚ·⁄
·ሆdል88dሙd'ሃ3'gማ-†?⁄ል6.ላ··መልyc88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 143
 W'dሚc/f'

~*ል7
flመ/gልማgUለሙ†o'ሃflgzgq?ሆሏqሆሉdfl/ልሃd'v/መሆ
v/ef„'»ˇ„o
- .hoማለgምvማ%vdflq/q¶'ሚ/gflb5መ/5ለ gለማ/(gRv:gd
~ህሎg ሊ»ላj ·oላል88 RbU'ም fl.ho f/ ሚf ለ.ho ሃ bሃ=ሚ
vf¶ fU' :¶ም |¶dg ለሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' ሃ=ሚ ሞ”ል መሆf
goላለo;
- flመ/~ Rል ለማ•˘g flሚመሃ flb-e' መሃf vd f?d> Re flbለfl
†ለመሆbvdለ.hob˛Tfgzg†ለመ/ሃg:.hoRሃbሃ=ሚማህR'
Rመag|ልbመሄ.hoRf~c~„gvdR%ላ·Rሚ*ሉ/ልሃdofላ·
-b&መሆf·oላሉ8
- Ru~/ff7f flሚbላለ* መል~ho ,: flgምህ'g ¶f vd .hof ማyል
†¶˛vd¶.hoሊbላለ*flሚoልልም»/ምልye/e-T†¶˛q·¶ለም88
- 'b-efyምgvf‚†/
/ሉ ˛Sbሃ†agq*†ለ%' መgRመ/gልማg
Uለሙ†fl%bU'flbRabaq·¶ለም88
vf”gለeማማ»·mላል
- flመ/gልማgUለሙ†vdflሚመለyejuላ'ag†ላjq|ላgflሃbሃ=ሚ
ማህR' fl.ho f/ ሚf fU' :¶ም vf‚ሆb RማReg vd .ho ሃ
bሃ=ሚoRማ/bUR'f;b-g+vf‚g%jመ/%gqለRg88
- y?» ⁄¸g ˘ም( .ho b-e' vf‚ሆb Rል vd Rf?d> ˇ¥ vማ% vd
flq/q¶' ሚ/g Rf=g vf‚-b& Rሁሉም ¶ flሚ˛j Uለሙ†o q/%ላ—f
~ggልd»•*Rማ»መ/%g·g'Ujል88
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?»,†•¸.hof†ማyለ/ልሃd:flልሃdXeለ.hoምkመሆbf:»ሞ
መለflgdRfl.hob-g+vf‚g'ለሚመለybq|ልRማ-?fl.hofq?ም
vdb-g+†˛dRልሃdRማ•˘gለeማልሃdመ/ሃg·mላል88
- Rመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† fl% bU%g /⁄'⁄'/ /ሉ R'b-e b††‹ag
†ላjሀ-Xofvf‚|bgማ»88
flሚ˛nለgሉ?ም
- flመ/g ልማg Uለሙ† ለ'b-e ምላ7 *ሎ fl»'—g መ'ሃ-W' v?»
ለማ•˘gbሃ†ag·/dል;
- 'b-ef†ማyለflu~/ff7fመል~g†•ል;
- fl.hof/ሚfለሃbሃ=ሚማህR'q/%ላ—መሆbምgflማ/ /ሉ ˛Ug
vdvማ%vdflq/q¶'ሚ/hof~c~»•vd * fl%ላ·/ልሃdvdfjag
flb5መ/5ለ gbU'fvdf~gሎ¨†/%ል•ል·ህRመሆbም'gdም'eማaej
vf‚ሌም'·„jል88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
144 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ም%*-8flbCማgg//'fjagdgWW'
Uህላ flመ/g ልማg qሠ%(o Rሚ|ሄ•Ujd fl⁄dW ሉ˛l Rሆb Xeo
ላ· flምW /gd qለመ•˛ሉ R/(g ·/bላል88 ·ህff ሁee ለመለሉ
flqa/blመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶'ም'gdም'eማacfማ-¶vf‚oል
flb55ሉ flመ/g qሠ%(ofd f~gሎ¨o መb?d መላማመ» y*bl
q/bwd ሃ:ሜe qለ8 /ለሆaም flም'g v»˛gf ለማ/መ⁄˛Wd »ህagf
ለመ:a/ Rሚ¶ ሉg /ሉ flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd f~gሎ¨of
b:Wሎ % ላ· ለማል qf¶l መf˛» flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf qሃd~(
ማ/:ሃል ,ሆf ለeማacም flሁሉfም %ሟሚ q|ላg f; b-g+ ማ»
·ሃ·=ል88flሚመለyej%ሟሚq|ላgflም'ም'bCማgf:flWgdW»'
q?%Tof: flW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg *ሎof: መf/e †ልሆb
»'¸hof:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚq'0/q'Whq¶(of†ሃ=ልላል88
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vflb¶˛Uለሉgb-/ሉ e'flሆbgfd»•vfl* * †ሉሄ -nbCማgf/
q•q|ላgf ' ?f¸eq*Rማሃdy'
%' flqa/bldመ/ሠ(' gbሃ=ሚof
'% W *ላg b¶%7 ለማ»d flሚ†•ሉሙ b„(hof ለመ?* a88
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/g%f¨ ላ· qም»-7 ' Uሉg bCማg መ¶%˘g vd ;ል* Rሆb flW'd
ልማgq|ላg %ሟሚ fjagdg/ላ· /' qfwg·*ሆል8y¡ህ
8 qf'flመ/g
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ሃ:ሜe †ለ መሆbf Rማመf flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg fjag qማ|
|f/ል (ADPLAC) R/ flመ/g qማ| |f/ል bሃ ሆg y'¶%ል W'd
ሚcf'v/y'„W'd/Vg»/Rfl¶'f/መ»~(Sub-platform)
Rመ'•g flመ/g ም'ም'- u~/ff7f-q'0/q'Wh q¶' fjag vf‚ሃdy'
ሉg መ¶ qለRg88 Rbለ· ለመ/g W'd ለeማag flf~gሎ¨ ልማg
Rማ|ሄ» ለq'0 q¶ ለማ?W Rdag fl|f/ሉ ሚd Rም'ም'-u~/ff7f-
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T(·ምRሃሃWgልማgT(vf¶fl~ልሎoflመ/gልማg/Vgq¶˘g
R*W-TagdRW'dም'ም'/Rq?%T†Rም'ም'ላ·flሚ˛jbCማg/ሓ'ag
flሚመ%·ሆdል88
fl|f/q=:
ሉ vf¶ሚ
' ybለ·ሆdልRሚybለ/ላመለ:'Yል8
ሏ 8

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 145
 W'dሚc/f'

ም/ል-78-flመ/gf/q•'q|ላgfjag
R˘gመመ¶W/መ¶˛*q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
146 መbR†መመ†
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መE5†መመ†

⁄'⁄' fl|f/ሉf flq?ም fUe »•+of Rሠfሃ‹-1 vd ⁄ል 1 ላ·

·መልyc88

ሠfሃ‹-98-fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄'

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 147
 W'dሚc/f'

flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg fjag qማ| |f/ል (ADPLAC) Rbለ†

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ልማgq•q|ላg
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ም~~'·¶'•ል88
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fl»•q˛ልሎg
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dj88
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efy':flሃመ-T†ሞb'flሃ : መ-T†cX/ማ:flሃWeመ/g:መለሏ
መ-†o:bflመ-*ሉgfR?cማ?W·ሃR?Ujል8Rdag 8 Rq?%Tag
flሚ-b& q•' q|ላg ·ም »'¸ho flsgሙ† ም'ሉ ' sfb'2%·⁄:
flW'd/%o'3&7f:ማህR%gdለ*Xo,ሆbva¡ህfq|ላgRማ¶%˘gd
Rመ¶˛* Whkf ለq'0/q'Wh q¶ R?'Rgd R?c vf‚˛j ሁeeof
ማመmjg†/%ል•ል88
? flመ/g ልማg ም'g ˛R†8- Rdag R„ም ሆa R~ልል ¶ flም'g
˛R† flW'd Wg vd W·g ሂ¶gf †|geል88 uላ'acም RW'd ም'gd
2:ሉ•oላ·fl˛R†*ላgfለመbfR·fl˛R†መfመ*W*W:መbfgfd
ማ?W;vf‚ሁም መ#ሆሃ' a88 Rbሌማም ˛R† b' ም'ho vf‚መc
መ¶˛*d qም%kf y˛R† •' ማ/b-*' ·ሃR?Reል88 R¡ህ ˛» ሌሎo q•'
q|ላg መሆf flሚoሉg flህWg % ማ/('† u˘f,: flል a•”o:
flg%f/3'gvdመ•fq˛ልሎg*ሎobdj88
? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f8- Rfl¶ y'„ ˘ም( Uሉ flR'd ልማg
bCማg /ሉ flመ/g v~/ff7f vምW'g ·ም ማyላ ~*ል a88

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
148 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fRW'dT(o:Rም'ም'RWg: ?%To:
R*(' fl˛R† ማyላg vd flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo መ|yል ለሚ%ሃ
g//(od»•+oflማ·b|ሚdflሚሏg,ሆfR*u·ልማ¶%˘gd
ማW=gምq/%ላ—a88

? flመ/g qሠ%'d ሉ˛d8- Rdag flመ/g q*%'d ሉ˛d Rመ/g qe'd

Rሉ=?f flVb*W መ/g; vf‚ሁም RማህR*W z& qሠ%'d ሉ˛d ላ·
flሚydfbU'a8R¡ህም8 መ*gflመ/gX·v»-g:flሃመ:ልR5
Xo ሉ˛d: flz& ሃd qyUT „g: flf⁄ ሃለ(d ሌሎo fl;ሉ'
%oሀላ'agflሚydbgRW'dT(Rqa/blflመ/gልማgS»f:
Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%g:Rመ/gu~*ff7fdflመ/gsf¨a(o
a88

? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo f/ S»f8- flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof Rf/

S»fማ¶%˘gሃ:ሜeflbለ†flu~/ff7f”ofbሃ?ሞflb25ሉ
q*%(ofdf~gሎ¨ofb:Wሎለሃbሃ=ሚoለማ/bላለ*d%
ላ· ለማል: flመ/g qe(ofd flሃ ማ*U*W %of ለማ/b„¶'
-n q*%' መf˛» a88 y¡ህ qf' flመ/g f/ S»f ሚd flb55ሉ
flሉ=?fመ/gq*%(ofdf~gሎ¨ofለማ/b?db:Wሎላ· %
ለማልa88/ለ¡ህflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'dflf/S»bfjag
ሃ=ሚa88

? flW'd ም'ም' ለg8- Rdag flW'd ም'ም' ለሃ bሃ=ሚo

b˛Tfflመ/g*Wልም'gf~gሎ¨0}¸yሌሎoˇ„yሚመላyeo
q|ላg •' Rመሆf †•ል88 flም'ም' ማyላg yu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg
ሠ%bl •' b:d¸h Rመ/%g qሁf Uለ vd vflbለሃ Uለ flqfl'
fWg ሁee ላ· Rመመ/g ለq|UT b/ማሚd ላ flሆb flመ/g
W'd/ q(gሚ f~gሎ¨of መ˛ም˛ምd ማ55ል ·ሃR?Reል88 Rሌላ
Rzል *ላgd q?ም †ላj መf/e †ልሆb »'¸ho flም'ም'
bU%gfvf‚¶&†/%ል•ል88

? flW»' bCማg8- flW»' bCማg ለ„ flምW /gdd b flW»'

%f»:ለሃማህR%g:ለf»d.gመ/gbሃ=ሚq'0/qWhq¶(o
vd ሌሎo ለ*Xof ሌም( ሃ bሃ=ሚo W»' vf‚*ሆj ምk
ሁeeof†መmmሉ/·%ሉ%8

? flb%ሉ( ሀWg q††⁄8- Rመ/g qe(o /ሉd ሎ flq%' መ2'2

flሚ†¶'*fመሃaˇ„eRማ/ላgRfl¶flb% |ሉ ሀWgሉ( ማe¸መfg
fl%ሂ¶gRመ/
•' %gRመ/gqe(oላ·flሚ¶'*fˇ„gRማ#ም
flመ/g qef Rላag ለመሃ:ምd ላላ/%ላ— ሉ˛d flሚሆf ሎ
ለመ:a/ ·„ል88 /ለ¡ህ flq%' መ2'2f Rመ#ሆሃ'd flb(*/ ልማgd

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 149
 W'dሚc/f'

ሉ˛d %f ለመ/%g flb%ሉ( ሀWg ማe¸መfg fl% ሂ¶g ሚd -n

a88

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'8- flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'ሕ•
v?d†ለflq'0/qWhq¶(obCም,ሆfሁለfbdflመ/gqe'd
flማህR*Wz&q/b„¶'dq˛ልሎgሀላ'agflb*ሃdለመ/gbሃ=ሚ
q'0/qWh q¶(o q˛ለሎg flሚ*ሉ a88 ማህR%c ለb(*/ ሉR=:
ለመ/g qe' ሉ˛dd ለq|UT ;-/ ማ?W q'0 q¶(of Rማa=a?
(mobilization) flመ/g *Wል ም'gd ም'eማag vf‚ሌም' ለማ»
ybለ†q•q|ላg
' ሆa•' ?»Rማ:»d-eመ/ሃgRzል-n
ሚdqላj88

? flq|UT q/b„¶'8- flq|UT q/b„¶' fl~ልል: fl¥f: fl„d fl:Rሌ

q/b„¶(of flሚ†|gg ,ሆf ሚdjም flመ/g ልማg ?»f መ*g
q»'-eመ/ሃg:R˘gመመ¶WdRb††‹ˇ„odgR%Rላag
flbCማgfjagf·¶(ሉ8

8.1flbCማg»•*dg//'ላማo

v†f„f• Uለ»'5 q|ል fl%+ flሆb flbለ† uላ'ahod fl% »'5o

vf„ሉg ·e=ል88 R¡ህም መ*g fl|f/ሉ fjag /g%f¨ qሃ=ላ·
W ለeማ fl»•*d fjag qሠ%' ” Rመመ/g q'0/q'Wh q¶
flb55ሉ flመ/g q*%(ofd f~gሎ¨of b:Wሎ % ላ· Rማል ም'gd
ም'eማacfማ-¶dላflsgሚv»˛gማ•˛ሉ/ማ-¶a8·ህም 8 ሊ-|
flሚoለRbለ†¶oR'|eflb:ላሃ%flfjag/g%f¨ላ· % ሎ
Rqሃ=ላ·Rf~gሎ¨ልማgሂ¶g:RWgq˛ልሎgማ?Wdምላ7መ/ሃg
˛»ሁሉfምq•q|ላg
' ¶qf»ማምሆg,mልa8y¡ህ
8 qf'flbCማg
»•*fjag⁄'⁄'Xovf¶ሚybሉgdj8-
? bመ%ማod flም'ም' 2(%ሞo flመ/g ልማg *ላgf †ማyሉd
o'%lf~gሎ¨oመሆdof;vf‚ሁምለtyUTb/ማሚመሆjf
ማ•˛ሉ:

? q„‚/ f~gሎ¨o R?cd Rሚ%ለ˛ ል~/መሃf መU¢ejfd

መ*%ሌejfማ•˛ሉ:

? flመ/gልማg/ልሃdflመ/
,*ሉ gልማgf~gሎ¨/'ሑgdለeማag
መ•˛ሉ·g'Reል:

? ለመ/g ልማg R flመ/g Who ማለgም vf¶ ም'ሉ ': ማ„R†:

}ሚ|ሎo: flሉ˛dd መለሏ መ-†o: flv'5 መ†o:b
R?cመ?Ujfማ•˛ሉ:

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
150 መbR†መመ†
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flሚy*cqለመUUghofመ*eg:fl˛R†qማ%ovf‚gማ/mላjf
ማ•˛ሉ:

? flመ/gሃመ/መ'ሉ˛d:flመ/gqe'qሠ%'dሉ˛d?eመሆf:
flb(ሉR=:
*/ f⁄ሃለvd
( Rሌሎofl;%o
ሉ' q˛ልሎgvflb*ሄ
መሆbfማ•˛ሉ:

? flf~gሎ¨ መof Rfl—£ ማ¶//ማ/b|yል: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

ም~ሀ-Xofማ?W:f~gሎ¨ofማ/bላለ*db:Wሎላ·
% ማል:
flሚg%jfbgመyebልdመ:Rል:

8.2flfjagqሠ%'”

flbCማgf fjag Rማ-¶ ˛» flመf/gf /g%f¨ bygሎ ሙ† f/

መ»ofd··hofRfl¶ማ|ሄ»·mላል8R¡ህም 8 መ*gflመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/qW·vdf/flም~~'መ»of;R)¶%ል:R~ልል:
R¥fdR„¶RማCCም;ሉ'/~ggልማ»:R?c/W*Uofdq¶
ሉdhofRማ|ሄ»flb5flW'
5ሉ df~gሎ¨ofለማሆgdለማ/b?vd
†•ሃሙ o%of ለ·h q?ሆሏ ለመ/ሃg †/oላል88 መ»zf flመ/g ልማg
q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† |f/ሉ *W-T ሆg Rfl¶ Uሉ flW'd T(o
·ም /Vho ·መ%ል88 flb˛j bሞ~(jfd ም~ ሃ-Xof Rfl¶ ላሉ
flW'dልማgq|ላgfjagqማ||f/ል(ADPLAC)3'g·¶•ል88

8.21R~ልል¶

vf¶ መ˘መ† v'ም fl~ልሉ W'd T( fjacf ለማ„R' flመ/g ልማg

q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†f መ/'h flመ˘መ†f fl/W*U መ»~ †|ሄ„ል8
8 R/W*Uም ላ· ;ል* flሆb q•' q|ላgd bCማg vf‚-b& b•W
Rመ/g q˛ልሎg bCማg »•*d fjag † ·††ሉ; †?„ሉ8 Rመ/g
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flህWgማ/% ('†u˘f,fl~ልሉ
: flW'dም'ም'bCም;fl~ልልflም'ሉ
'sfb'2%·¥ovf‚ሁምflW'd/%o'3&7fflsgሙ†ም'ሉ'
»'¸gb|ovdሌሎoምq/%ላ—bCማgdj88
? fl~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†bU%g8-

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 151
 W'dሚc/f'

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? flመ/g ልማg ም'ም' vd flu~/ff7f 2(%ም ለhof ·ም

ለeማagf·˛መማል:

? q-e' flf~gሎ¨ ልማg q:%W ”f vd qa/bld ሉ=?f flመ/g

qe(of flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /g%f¨ Rመሃ:ም Rማ- /ሉ
Rመ/gመ'ም'2(%ምለgላ·ም~ሀ-W†:'Uል:R•†?„ል:
%

? መe flbሃ=ለለ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?»f ·˛መማል: ም~

ሀ-W†:'Uል:q%ሟሜሙfም†•ሆል:

? መe flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?»f መሠg Rማ» flመ/g

Who ማለgም ': ማ„R†: flR7e/bU· መyላy† መ»ሀcg *ላgf
·˛መማል:flሚ˛jRgf/g%f¨·:·-ል:

? ለሃ bሃ=ሚo W»(o መመmjejf: fl˛R† qማ%of vd ምk

flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'መgf·˛መማል:

? R~ልል¶fl•%ም˛ማ:q¶ሉdgvd„*-ሉdg†|ሂ„ል:
?e q¶ ሉdg ማ|ሄ»8- ~ልላ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†/
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ልማg u~/ff7f ም~ ሀ-Xof ለመ˛ም˛ም yመ/g *Wል ልማg ?g R'g
·|ሄ„ል88 fl~ልሉ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† q¶ ሉdg y¥go
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·መሆል88
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152 መbR†መመ†
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fl%ሂ¶g:flW'dም'ም'ማyል:vf‚ሁምflsgሙ†sfb' ' 2%·⁄
b|o:flW'd%o'3&7f:flq'0/q'Whq¶'ማህR%g/»'¸ho
vdሌሎoምq/%ላ—bCማgdj88

fl¥fflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†bU%g8-

ddbU(k8-

? Rመ/g ልማg ም'ም' ም˛ማ /W*U ላ· qUWag Uላj u˘f,o;መ/

Vho vd flሃ bሃ=ሚo flbለ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f bU%g:
flም'ም'bU%g:flWgq?'Xgo(of·˛መማል:

? R:Rሌ /ሉ Rመ/g flመልማg q?ም vd መ*d~ሎo •' Rb†† flመ/g

ልማg f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ % ላ· ለማል †ለf ሁee: R¥b †ለf
flመ/g2(%ምሁeef·˛መማል:

? fl„ofመa5መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»Rመ˛ም˛ምq/b†flg
e~ሎRgመa5v?•¶~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†·ል|ል:

? Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(oላ·ለeማflመ/gq(gሚ”fvd
flሃbሃ=ሚoflሀWgማe¸መfgመ55ልfላማRማ»ለ¥fW'd
መም†vdflW'dም'ም'ማyላgflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/g%f¨f
Rመሃ:ም Rማ- ላ· Rሚ|ሄ» flመ/g መ'ም' 2(%ም ላ· ም~ ሀ-W
†:'Uል:R•%†?„ል:

? መef flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?» መሠg Rማ» flመ/g

Who ማለgም ': ማ„R†: flR7e/bU· መyላy† መ»ሀcg *ላgf
·˛መማል:flሚ˛jRgf/g%f¨·:·-ል:

? ለሃbሃ=ሚoW»(oመመmjejf:fl˛R†qማ%ofvdflመ/g
ልማgqb˛UR'መg%jf·˛መማል:

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR%gfq¶˘gለማሃdy'»•*†¶'•ል:

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 153


? flመ/g ልማg ም'ም' q%ሟሜምf: flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf:

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'fdህWgማህR% % gfለመ„*/ለማflg
flመ/~ˇWng†|ሂ„ል:

? R¥b/ሉfl•%ም˛ማ:q¶ሉdgd„*-ሉdg†|ሂ„ል:

? መe3'gለ~ልሉflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR††:'Uል:

??e q¶ ሉdg8- fl¥f flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rመg

ሁለg —£ q¶ ሉdg †|ሂል88 flመ˘መ† q¶ ሉdg flመ/g ም'ም'
bU%gf: flWg q?'Xgf vd fl:S flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም~
ሀ-Xofለመ˛ም˛ምyመ/g*Wልልማg?gR'gሊ|ሄ»·oላል8ሁለbl 8
q¶ሉdgRመ/g*Wልልማgማሃd:†?gflሚ|ሄ»,ሆfflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f2(%ምbCማ»•*fq%ሟሜምdሌሎoR»f˛gRby*cˇ„o
·ምˇ»ለhoላ··††ል8fl¥b 8 flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†flq¶
ሉdg q˘f„f q„W( R?» /ሉ ለማ|bg flመ†† ሁ+of yb-e'o
·*R/Uል88
fl„ W'd /Vg uላ'd vd flመ/g ልማg fl% ሂ¶g uላ'o yሌሎo
fl„ uላ'od ሌሎo »•* ሎ bCማg •' Rመሆf Rq¶ ሉdc ላ·
መ-b(jRመ/gf~gሎ¨o:Ru~/ff7fbU%g:RWgq?'Xgላ·
W መል/ vf‚†˛j /ለሚ†¶' Rሆም q/%ላ— a88 Rq¶ ሉdc flq'0/
qWh q¶(o b-g+ መg' d bU' ,ሆf q'0/qWh q¶(k Rb˛jRg
··gመ|ሄ•flqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqU%ovdvማ%oRማህR*S
f» q--T Rሆb ˇ„o ላ· Rመ/g f~gሎ¨o: Ru~/ff7f bU%g:
RWgq?'Xg:-·e*WRመሄ?eˇ„oላ·flሃbሃ=ሚoW
መል/ vf‚*ሄ †¶'•ል88 flq¶ ሉdc flb-e'o ;ሉ' y30 vf„·Rልሄ
·መy%ል8·ህ8 መሆbflሚffflf~c~q|ሄ»dflS»f%ofለመ#ሆሃ'
Rሚ†⁄መልzለማመmjg·„ል88

8.23R„¶

R~ልልd R¥f ¶ yሚ|ሄ¶ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መለ/bl

መ»~ •' bመ--· Rሆa መልz Rbመሄ fl„ W'd ልማg q|ላg
fjag qማ| |f/ል (ADPLAC) መ»~ /' ሆa fl„ q˛ልሎg
ማ/bUR† መለ/bl መ»~ †|ሄ„ሉ8 fl„ W'd /Vg ለ„ flመ/g
ልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†ሁለfbdመመ†መ/ሃgdRq/b„¶%ˇ„o
ላ· uላ'ag qለRg88 fl„ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† flu~/ff7f
2(%ምf: ም'ም'f: flመ/g ልማgf: flb%ሉ( ሀWg q††⁄f: flWg
q?'Xgfd W·gf; vf‚ሁም flfjag ማe¸መfcf ·#ሆሃ%ል88 qf„f»
-e flሚ†/%ል•j ˇ„oም ,g ማ/bUR† ለ„ |Te q?'X
†//dል88
? Rb*a—£flሚ|ሄ•/W*Uodq¶ሉdho8- Rqሃ=ላ·fl„flመ/g

154
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† vf¶ % Uህ q/%ላ— /W*U †|ሄ„ል8

8 R„ flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rzል መ¶Rl flሆa fl/W*U
—£ q·g'ም88·ሁf vf¨ flqa/bl vd ሉ=?f መ/g ልማgf ሃ=ሚag
Rማ˛dW fl„ መ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† Rመ/g ?g T†f/ 3
—£ /W*U †yሄ„ል bWሎ ·e*Uል88 fl„ መ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†
fl/W*U »ሞ7f q/%ላ—ag flሚ/a Rመ/g ላ· flሚ¶˛ ሉg
q/j·Rመሆba8R„ 8 W'd/Vgfl%q˘f„መሠgfl„
flu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶gRመ/gልማg?»⁄¸gdqb˛UR'R~ggል
:
vd ም˛ማ; qf‚ሁም Rመ/g q¶ ሉdg ሂ¶g ላ· R?¶ም bybል
ለሚydb%o··gvf‚|ሄ»መa5ሀ-W†:'Uል88

flም~~' መ»~ flመ/g ?g yመ»+ R'g qUW †ላjf q•' q|ላg

ማለgምflም'ም'ማyላgf:flWgq?%T»'¸hoof:Rq|UT†ሉflህ/
% ማህR%gf: flW»' bCማgf: flsgሙ† flW'd /%o '3&7ff:
flb%ሉ( ሀWg ልማgd ሉR= fl% ሂ¶gf: flሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR%gf
vdflqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gflሃbሃ=ሚofRማ-b*R„¶flመ/g
ልማg?»q/:»ሞሊ•¸dfl•%ሊ¶·˛Uል88
q¶ሉdc?»ሚ†ለflሚ*ሆjfflመ/gq(gሚbU%gfq|hለWg
b¶%7agd fl»•* q˛ልሎg R;ል* Uለ»'5 q|ላg መ|yል †ለf fjag
†-ልሆል88 vf‚ሁም ለb•• flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ
fl;'ሃnag /ሜgf †*'ሟል88 Rመሌ5ም q¶ ሉdc R:Rሌ ¶ †ለf
flመ/g ልማg ?» y„ flመ/g ልማg ?» •' †ሃ=ልላል: vf‚ሁም
?•fለ¥fflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†q?'Xvf‚»?†¶'•ል88

8.3bU%flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†f/
መ»~q=:'

bU% flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† f/ መ»~ Rመ/~ ¶ †ለ

fjagdflማ/bUR'ሂ¶g,ሆfflu~/ff7fሠ%boo:bመ%ማo:flህ/
% ማህR%g ሠ%boo: flሃ bሃ=ሚo Rመ/~ ¶ b*U/R flመ/g
ልማg *%boof q˛ልሎgd fl:f fl/% ?…ofd ~fgof ·˛ማማሉ8
⁄ል 2- flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መለ/bl መ»~ qe' fl/%
⁄'⁄'·መልyc

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 155
156
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

8.4Rfl¶†ሉflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgfl%»'5

8.41flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g)

? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl%ሂ¶g(„·&~h&g)flመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨
0}¸ ⁄¸gf ለማ˛⁄ RህWb*W *ላgd Rመ/g f~gሎ¨ ~*bg ላ·
መRመ*W*Wለመ/gልማgq•'q|ላgማ/bUR†ማ/bላለ*:

? W'd T( Rመ/g ?g flqa/bld ሉ=?f መ/g flሃ bሃ=ሚof

ለመ¶˛* ·„ f» Rbመሄ „o/flመ/g qe(o/flማህR*W z&
flመ/gልማg*%booመg%jfማ•˛ሉ:

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g/ Rq'0/qWh q¶(o

ማ*ልሃlbCም:Rqa/bldሉ=?fflመ/gqe(oflመ/g%;flመ/g
ሠ'h ማ-†of: flመ/g f~cሎ¨ ልማg ˇ„o: flመ/g ሃ መ-T†
መ†o: flሃWe መ/g: b ላ· R/ልሃd; bU' b' flqሠ%'
v˛¢ofማ»:

? flመ/g Uለሞ†o u~/ff7f fl% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g/ yመ/g flልማg

*%blRመሆ
•' fRbመሄd?eRሆbflመ/g'0oላ·'ሀ
ልሃdofማመmjg:

? ለመ/g /% qመl ሆg flbመሃf/flb:f flu~/ff7f ”f

yqyUTd y~ልሉ/¥b/„ aU% ሁeeo •' Rማሆሆም Rfl¶
q%ሟሜሙfመyebልdvf¶q/%ላ—acም˛ማማ|ሄ»::

? bUflሆaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f0}¸ለመ?R~ልል;R¥fd„
(y:Rሌ)†ለ/ሉ fልም»/bሞ~(;flመ/gf~gሎ¨dˇ»ለcf;flq%ሜም
¶'fመማ*U*Wdመbfgf:

? fl~ልሉf/¥bf/„offlመ/gq'0/q'Whq¶(ofo'R?¶ምbybል
መለflgdለW'dልማgq•q|ላg
' qማ||f/ልWመል/ለመ/ሃg:

? RqyUT ላሉ qa/bld/*('d q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q/%ላ—d ?e

flመ/g ልማg: ˛R†: Wg b መ ለመ/ሃg flሚ†/oሉ flbለ†
flu~/ff7fመል~hofd”ofማሆg:

? fl~ልል;¥fdfl„flመ/gUለሙ†ofdflመ/gልማg*%boof:gd
~ህሎgq?ምR/ልሃd:q¶ሉdho;flልም»ልሊobማ„R':

? R~ልሉyመ/ /ሉ gu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምflb††
•' o(ofማሉdg:
qማ%ሑመ*gሄofማ/:መሉdq%ሟሜሙfመyebል:

? fl~ልሉf መe flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q%ሟሜም ም˛ማ ማ|ሄ»;

Rb˛j ም'ሉ bሞ~(od R˛ሃሙ o(o ላ· Rመመ'⁄ fl:ሆ· መg
?»/መ'ሀ-W'Rማ•˘gለ¥fd„oWመል/መ/ሃg:

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 157


? R¥fd'„ለሚ˛jflመ/gልማgUለሙ†obU'b'flመ/~»•*
~ggልd;ሉ'ማ»:

? R~ልሉለeማ /ሉ flሆbflq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላgf/}g
Rመለflgflqa/bl/ሉ=?fመ/gሠ'hማ-†ofም'bሞ~(
ሉ ማ*U*Wd
ማ•˘g;ለሌሎoflq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyላgbሞ~(fማ/(g:

? fl~ልል flW'd T( yልማg q•' q|ላg qማ| |f/ል •' Rመ:d˘g

ሁለfbdflመ/gልማgbU(ofማ/bUR':

? R~ልል¶flመ/gUለሙ†oflf~c~S»ffመመ/gdመ¶˛*:

? Rመ/g u~/ff7f fl/% ሂ¶g/„·&~h&g /ሉ ለሚ* flbለ† flመ/g

2(˘~hoሃf|%+|ል-'*fRመመ¶Wqb˛UR'fመyebል:

? y)”%ል R'd ሚc/f' •' R?'Rg Rመመ|y' flሄ መመ†ofd

flሚaRSማfሎofyመ/gu~/ff7f,/bምdy~ልሉaU%ሁeeo
•'vf‚/ማማማ»vdqb˛URfመyebል:

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgf /}eማagf ለመ˛ም˛ም y~ልሉ

flUለሙ†oS»f•'ም˛ማ/W*Uማ|ሄ»:

? flመ/gሃqሃ=:ም2(%ምdfl*Wል/Wሉ'gf
' ማ*ልሃf:መf¶*d
ማ/b?:

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f % †መሆf ለሉ Rfl—£ Rመ˛ም˛ም

R~*bhoላ·ማ55†Rማ»flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎcvf‚ሃdy'ማ»˛;

8.42flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgvdW·g

flመ/gልማgWgq?'XgdW·gRሁሉም¶ላሉflመ/g*Wልልማg
qም%po gል? ሚd ·ሏeል88 flመ/g Wg q?'Xgd W·g gzg
flሚ˘ም RqyUT Uለ fl˛R† *ላg መ መሆf ·g'Reል88 ·ህም ማለg
q'0/q'Wh q¶ ˛R† b'd y*bl flምW ·g †ላof flመ/g *Wሎo
vf‚†መ'g;ል*bU',ሆffl~ልሉ:¥bd„flWgq?'Xgd/'ሑg
vf‚ሁም flመ/g *Wል ም'gf ለመሌመ'd ላ ለማ» Wgd W·g
ማመmjg:„ሚbU'መሆbfመ„gሃ=ሚa88

? R„ /Vho flb*R*S መe flመ/g Whof *ላg ማ¶%˘gd

Wg ለሚ%ልˇ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o flq?'Xgf *f*ለcf//'ሑc
bU%agማ•˛ሉ

? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoflመ/gልማgW»'flመ/: gv'መ†od
5
መለሏo;Wgq?'Xgaማigvf‚oሉማመmjg

? fl˛R† መ ማ*U*W:ማ¶%˘g: መbfbf vd ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo

ማ*%ሌg:fl˛R†v?d|ላjq|ላg•'ማ/b-*'

158
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? flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof yምW q:aUUod ምW qም%o

sf•/go •' g//' vf‚%ሉ ማመmjg vd flመ/g ም'hof
flv.g*a*ለgdv.gመሌመ'ልም»fማሃdy':

? yሚመለyeo q•' q|ላg •' RመbUR' flመ/g ልማg *%boo:

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gvd.gq'q¶(
0 oRመ/gም'gሉ%gd
W·gላ·/ልሃdvf‚†˛jማ»:

? flመ/gf~gሎ¨ofq?'Xg:qሃ=:ምdq††⁄0}¸ማ*ልሃf

? R⁄dW ?g Rq?'Xg ¶ vሉg flሚe·Ujf ም'ሉ (o መ/gf

Rመሃ:ም vf‚ለሙ q'0/q'Wh q¶f Rማ¶%˘g flም'ሉ ' q?'Xgf
መሌመ';

8.43flb%ሉ(ሀWgq††⁄fl%~*ል

? flb(*/ልማgማለgምRመ/gqe'/ሉdሎ;RማህR*Wz&;
»WdflሃማyማmjfለመfyUyWq'0/q'Whq¶'f?d>መ¶˛*:

? Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gqe(oላ·q|ላdaህ·eflq%'dሃ
ሉR= /%od flon byላ /%of vf‚ydb ሞ† v•¢ ማ»d
ማ/bUR':

? flb(ልማg*/ ማለgምRf⁄vdምfሑለbሃለflመ/
& gልማgqe(o
fleold flላ·l b(*/ q|ላg W¢ህ ህ·g ሉR=f ማyል †¶˛
መሆf/ለሚ˛Uqሃ=:ሙf·yebላል:·መ%ል;

? Rb%flሚሉ( ˛jz&vdሀ·?ለመ/gq˛ልሎgflሚሃ:ሙgflሃመሃf
Rb(*+ ¶a¡ህ q|ላg yሚ˛U flሃ መሃf መWለሉ vf¶ሌለRg vd
flሃመሃfሊሌምflሚoሉflq%'dሃመሃR†”ovf‚b˛R
†/bUW%ል:·መ%ል88

8.4flመ/gህWg%ማህR%g

? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'dflመ/gማህR%gfl*a»dመ⁄˛Wq††⁄”
/ልሃdመ/ሃg/መ¶˛*:

? WgdW»'q?'XgfRመ/gማህR%g·ምሁለ˛Wህ/%ማህR%g
Rzልለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'ማመmjg;

? Rመ/gልማgflze˛ሃምqመ%g”fRbለ·Rሉ%gvdመሃfflሚ%ለˇ
*Wሎoማ/(gvf‚oሉ(fl*“e:flsf•/gvdflu~/3'g)R¸ምላ
yሚ/• q|ላg (Rq˛' /ሉ yሚ˛j bCማg vd ¶ ሑ yሚልz
bCማg)•'?»ሚ†fl˛R†g//'·%ሉ%ል(2ሊማምg);

? flመ/g ልማg ሕ/% ማህR%g ¶ cflf ¶ flሚ†»ˇRgf ሁee

†መmmል8

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 159
 W'dሚc/f'

8.45flW'dም'ም'bCም/ማyላg

Rም'ም'd Ru~/ff7f መ|yል flሚg fjag ለeማd flb25ሉ

flመ/g ልማg f~gሎ¨of ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ለማ»/ ·ሃ?ማል88
R)”%ልምሆaR~ልል¶RW'dም'ም'ማyላgvdRW'du~/ff7f
q|ላg vf‚ሁም Rሌሎo q•' q|ላg መ|yል fl% fjagf flማ/bUR'
” መ*ሃ' †/%ል•ል88 qሁf †ለ flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg g//'
qማ||f/ልመ»~Rሁሉም¶flም'ም'bCማgf:flW'du~/ff7f
q|ላgf:
%ሟሚ y*blgምህ'gdflም'ም'bCማgf:flWgdW»'q?%T
»'¸hof:flq˛ልሎg*ሎdbሃ=ሚof†|geል8/ለሆaም 8 flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ሚdRvanህbCማgመ|yል†ልbCሃ
flማ/bUR'%መgfማ•˛ሉa88·ህምRdagflW'dልማgqማ|
q|ላgvdflመ/gልማgq•q|ላg ' Ru~/ff7f/'g/,/bምሃf|%fjag
Rመ*ሃ'flq'0/q'Whq¶'o(oRqUSመለ/ለ flejdለbመ%ማo
/ለመ?Uj:RሌላRzልflb˛jመ*gሄoRqUS¶q'0/q'Whq¶(o
fl¶+/ለመሆbለማ•˛ሉ·„ል88

8.46flq•'q|ላgሚd

Rሁሉም¶†ሉW'd/Vhovdመf/edመf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho
መ|yል †ለ flማ/bUR' ” Rqa/bld ሉ=?f flመ/g f~gሎ¨of
Rማ/b?R:ሉeምሆaRbመf˛»RመUgለመ/gልማg/}eማag
gል? ሚd ሊሏc ·oላሉ8 flW'd u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg *ሎo
(flመf/e/መf/e†ልሆb»'¸ho:flሉ.~b':Wgq?%To:
a•”o:ህ/cflgo
% b)መ|yል†ለfjagflq'q¶(
0 ofo(o
ለመለflg:R•መ*% gሄለመ%ለdbU%ለማ»vd%ሆfdላልማgf
ለማ-|g·„ል88
/ለ¡ህ ሃf|% fjag Rመ*ሃ'd R•% Rማ:»:bU%gf Rማydfd
Rመ˛ም˛ምሂ¶gflሚybሉgላ·gzg†¶'•ል8-
? Rመ/gW'dላ·f?d>d⁄–agመg':

? Rመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~ላ·Rf=gመ-b*:

? byee·~ggልማ»:

? Rመ/g q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† /W*Uo flመf/e †ልሆbd flል

»'¸hofq/bwማ˛dW:

? Rመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†Rzልflb*ሄ-eofRሉW?መyebል:

? Rሚመለyejq|ላgመ|yልCሚfjagመg':

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
160 መbR†መመ†
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መE5†መመ†

~*ል8-bU%»•*gWW'vd?f¸eq*%'
flb¢Ufl'b-eˇ„o
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Rመ/g W'd ለማ|bg vf‚ሁም 'b e ምላ7 *ሎ flu~/ff7f ” ለመ˛fUg flሚ†/oል
flqመለ|ygd fl~ህሎg ~*bg qለ 8 Rbለም… b e flv†f„f• % q|ል †ለማ» vd
R··gvf‚„W'gzgvflb*ሃq·¶ለም88
? flልማg*ላgvdflf~gሎ¨~*bgfRመለflgvd?¶ምbybልRማ/†⁄˛»Rbለም…Rqሃ=ላ·
ለq'0q¶'Rሚልvf¨flf…ovdfl.ho*ላgyምg/ሉ†/˛Uq·¶ለምማለgምflvማ%
vdUለg„'.g
? ለqማ||f/ል/W*Uflq'0q¶'~ልdላ·.hovdf…ovzል~ልdflላjም
? fl2(%ም ?¶ም bybል ለመ*f flሚ†/oል flaR ሁeeo gfbd Rሚ*ሉRg ?g q/q¶(o
bመ--·djRማለgfl'b-eˇ„o·ለላሉ:
? fl*ልሃd መመ†o vd Rq/q¶' ማ*ልሃl ማyላg flሚ•– /ልሃdo ·ም /ልሃd ,•¸
fl.gq/q¶'q?ም:flgምህ'g¶:CfCvdflመ˛fWoሎeምg/ሉ†/˛Uq·¶ለም88
? vf‚ሁምf…ovd.hoflbለfl*ላgvd:„ሚbU'qላj8flglም 8 flu~/ff7ff~gሎ¨
q:%WbgRf…ovdR.hoflbለflbልሊg'·oላል8a˛' 8 fflu~/ff7f”·ም
q:%Wለeማagምሆa:ejRሚ˛መ˛ምRg*gሁሉምq'q¶(
0 obመ--·djWሎ
flመ*»vdflሚ˛jnhoምRf…ovdR.hoRሚልReflbbabaq·¶ለም88

fl'b-efˇ„ovf”gRqUSማ„/·mላል88
? 'befRመ/gW'dለማ/dለ'b-eምላ7*ሎflሆaflu~/ff7fq:%Wለማ/
y.hoq¶˘ho•'g//'መ*ሃ'vdfl'beu~/-'hovf‚-b&ማ»†/%ል•ል
? flW'dqማ||f/ል/W*Uq˘f„o,:ምfl'qbeˇ„ovf‚|bcRማ»flሚሃR:f
Wማ-|g·mላል88
? flልማg v?…o flf~gሎ¨ ~*bg vf‚ሁም :„ሚ bU' flf…od fl.hof q˛% ሁee Rbለfl
መf˛» flvማ% q/q¶' *ላg R/W*U /ሉ fl-e q*ሆሉ ¶ v»ል flሚ*ሉd flሚ%ሉ'
flu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg†/%ል•ል88/ለ¡ህaU%ሁeeRሚሃdRg*gfl»fl'begfbd
ማ|bg qለRg88 ·ህም fl.ho: flf…o: flሆho *ላg vzል vd *gሃ Rሆa መልz Rማflg
*ላejfvf»fሃW?†¢ል88Rqሃ=ላ·ምማህR*Sfምለማflgflሚ†/oልሁee·%ሉ%ል88
- Rqማ||f/ል/W*Uf…ovd.hovzል~ልdሊg%j·˛Uል8·ህም
8 ˇ„†jfRbሌUሑ
†ላjfምልyeለማflg†/oላል88
- fl/ልሃd መመ†o vd flq/q¶(o ማ*ልሃl ማyላg fl/ልሃd gምህ'g/'/ Rሚ•¸Rg *g
fl.hoflgምህ'g¶:flCfCም'ሏjf:flq:UWል¶jfምg†//ሉ ˛UመሆfqለRg88
RqW¢l.ho†ልbማvdflqyUT†jfCfCflሚመ'ሄvdflbU'/ልሃd·መ'ሆሉ8
- ለ.hob/ማሚflሆbflመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨vf‚%ልˇማReegላ·gzgመ/ሃg†/%ል•ል8
8
- flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg q*ሆሉ ለeማ vf‚ሆf yb%ለ˛ ~ggልd ም˛ማ ለማ» ለhof
y.ho vd yf…o qf' ለማflg flሚ†/oል /g%f¨ g//' መ*ሃ' vd flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎcf
q%ምRf…odR.hoRvማ%vdRUለg„'.hoለ·hማflg88

fl'b-eˇ„oTb˛Rflሚ†/˛iሉ?ም
flqማ| |f/ል vd ሌሎoም fjag/g//' ለ/'b e ምላ7 *ሎ flu~/ff7f q˛ልሎg vd
ለ.hoflb5ለb-g+y*blv˛¢qለ8fjahodq*%(oለ'b-eምላ7*ሎRሆaqUW
flሚb˛Ryሆaflb:flu~/ff7fመመ†fl.hofdflf…of:„ሚbU'መ%ሜም·oላል88
? flq˛ልሎg vd flልማg ”o flሚb˛R'Rg flf» vd fl.g q/q¶(o *ላg vd ም'ሏ መ*g
†¶˛ ሆg ላ vd flሚ%ለ˛f ለሉ ማምሆg †/oላል88 ·ህ ማለg flW'd ም'eማagf ለማ-¶
fl.ho vd flf» q/q¶(o vzል v»ል flማig: flመ/ሃg vd q˛ልሎgf vzል flመ*f መWg
Rመ*ሃ'qyUTvdflf»vdfl.gq/q¶'flb(ሁee·55ላል88

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 161
 W'dሚc/f'

ም%*-9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ሂ¶ho  
b˛Tag |ላj q•' q|ላg •' Wm yማ:» yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' flመ/g
u~/ff7ffማ:»flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq:%W”qf•ሃ=ሚ~*ል
,ሆf ¶ ላ flመ/g qe' ?» ለመም%g †¢ል88 flqe(k /}g
Rdag flሚ*a flq/b=:» ¶of bygሎ fle:•g bU%g R?c
መyddjላ·a88
flመ/g ልማg bU%gf ለማydf Rv†f„f• መg „ flሃ
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†•ል8Rqሃ=ላ·
8 መeflu~/ff7f?»flሚ†ሃ=ልለdd⁄'⁄'
bU%gf ማለgም flማ- /ሉ 2ላf ማ•˘g: ~ለ- ·ም flሃ bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gማCCም:flሚ*Wሎo ለሙ መለflg:flq*%'dሉ˛d/g%f¨:ም'g
መ2ሏo: Wg ‹: flመ/~ :dgfd /ልሃdf †|bb መሆf qለRg88
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˛» flመ/g ልማg {ሎo yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' qW( flሚሠ% ,ሆf
flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%gf vd flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ S»gof †¢ሉ8
8Rሌሎoˇ„oምvanህfbU%gማydfflu~/ff7fbU%gq%ሟሜምf
ለመyebልvd¶q„‚/q/b-*Wለመም%g†/oላል88
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ም»W ¶ ˘ም( flሃ bሃ=ሚo S»ff Rማ|bg መe flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f ?» ማ•˘g †/%ል•ል88 R¡ህ ላ· flመ/g ልማg {ሎo vf¶
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8 ? flመ/g flማ- ም»W (block) v?…o yመሃ=ለላj R'g Rመ/g ሃ
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flbሃ=ለለ 2ላf ለ:Rሌ q/b„¶' ለ~ለ- ·:'Uል88 Rመሌ5ም fl¶:
fl:Rሌመ/gqe'?»ለbሌማ~ለvd - d(መ)?»⁄¸g¶„
/Vg ·ላ|ል88 Rሁሉም ¶ መa5 መe flመ/g ?» Rሚ•¸Rg —£
flሚybሉgaሉXogzg·¶Ujል88
? Uህላd መd flመ/g qe':flVg /ሉ qa/bld ሉ=?f
መ/g:flማህR*W z&d ሌሎo flUለqa/bl ·¥e flq'0/q'Wh q¶'
flሚለማflመ*gልማg;

? qUWag†ላjq•q|ላg' ማለgምማህR%g:Wgq?%Ta•”o:
flW»'»'¸ho:flመ/gv'5መ†q?%To:ም'gመ2ሏovd
flመ/gbሃ=ሚo⁄'⁄'ልfle;

? ለfUe:|/%ለ˛ምgff7መ/goማለgምf⁄/ምfሑሃለ»Xo:
(:
flˇ»» ሃ: 0ም3o: flon መሠg .b. vf‚†˛ሙ flሚ†⁄
„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»;

? flመ/gሃመሄX·(|dል)vdflማ-ላ·%ofማ55ል:

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? Rመ/gqe(o/ሉflሚለማመ&gfማ•˘g;

? ለqa/bl መ/g qe(o fl/Rg ·ም fl'g u·ልf Rመሃ:ም f⁄

ሃለ(fማልRg;

? Rመ/g ሃ qሃ=:ም ለሃ bሃ=ሚ S»f መo (q˛dn ˛R&) vd

ለመ/gልማg{ሎofl/ልሃdq¶ሉdgRማ•˘gflማ„R†:fl*Wል
bU·dR7eመyላy†መ»ሀcg:fl'flመ/
: gv'መ†of
5 ለማ?W
flማህR%gdWgq?%Ta•”ofb-g+ማ-¶;

? ለመ/gልማg{ሎodለሃbሃ=ሚofl/ልሃd2(%ምማ•˘g;

? aU%†ለfflመ/gሃመሃfqለ|~dflመ/gማልማgq?ምfl~ህሎg
/ልሃdመ/ሃg;

? flመ/g*Wል/Wሉ'2(%ምRማ•˘gfl?»g?/%መ/%g;

? flመ/g*Wልሠ'hማ-†ofመCCም;

? Rመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' flሚመ% ማለgም flመ/~ :f: flb55ሉ

flqb|yል ”f: Rq|UT ማf†ል W/U7 ⁄¸gf: q|h flu~/ff7f
gምህ'eˇ¥:flu~/ff7fሉgfy*ማ»;

? y*bl•†ላj*Wሎoልማgfማ/b?dy*ማ»;

? yም'g R^ላ f~gሎ¨fd ለ˛R† flሚሆf flም'g v.g መሌመ'f y*

ማ»;

? ለመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo fl˛R† መ (market information system)

ማ•˘g;

? yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ ማህR%g vd fl bሃ=ሚo •' R:Rሌ ¶

flሚ|ሄ»··g;

? flb55ሉfl*Wልልማgdመ/gf~gሎ¨0}“ofማ•˘g;

? ?e*Wሎof:flሚ%ለˇWhof:flq?%Toqሠ”f
%' ማ:»;

? flbለ†flመ/gሃ/'ሑgd~**ል/'gመbR†¶fWማሆg;

? flb55ሉflመ/gሃማሃሏ”ofdf~gሎ¨ofማ/b?;

? flbለ† flመ/g ሃ #ሆT f~gሎ¨ofd 0}“o ማ•˘gd /ልሃd

ማ•˘g;

? flbለ† flመ/g g'* ሃ ማ/˛d ማሃf%'† f~gሎ¨of 0}¸

ማ•˘gd/ልሃdመ/ሃg;

? flመ/gልማgf~gሎ¨ሉ˛ddqሃ=:ምመመ†ማ•˘g

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 163


? flመ/gሃ*ላgfdq?'Xgfማሆሆም;

? Rሃ'ሑgflመ/g?¶ምbybልማ•˘g;

? flሚy*cqለመUUhof*gሃRሆaመልzማ/b„¶'8

ሠfሃ‹-18-qሃ=ላ·መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq/b=:»¶o

¶ bU' flbU%g˛ለ uላ'ag

1 flሃbሃ=ሚ o(of Rመመ⁄˛W: q-e' fl˛ሃ' „*- ሉdg: flመ/gልማg
*ላgመ R/W*Ud flመ/g ልማg {ሎo flሎ ማ/e5f {ሎo
„*-ሉdg Rማflg: Rመ/g qe(o yf…od .ho flመ/g vdflመ/g
bሃ=ሚoqW(•' Rመ/%gflሃbሃ=ሚof Uለሙ†o
*ላg መ መለflg:aU% †ለf flመ/g ሃ
መሃf qለ|~d flመ/g ማልማg q?ም fl~ህሎg
/ልሃdመ/ሃgdመለflg
2 ለመ/gልማg ለመ/g qe' flማ- ም»W (block) ?» ⁄¸g flመ/gልማg
?»⁄¸g yመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚ S»f መo •' qW( {ሎo:
flመ/gqe' መ/%g88 flሁሉም መa5 ?» Rሃ bሃ=ሚo flመ/gሃ
flማ-ም»W ማህR%gbyል0·ሃ=ለልdR:Rሌq/b„¶byል0d bሃ=ሚ
( block) flሃ b/ማምhRg¶„·ላ|ል8flመ/ 8 g*Wል/Wሉ' ማህR%gvd
bሃ=ሚS»f 2(%ምRማ•˘gfl?»g?/%·*%ል88 :Rሌq/b„¶'

3 fl„መ/g /ለ ሃ bሃ=ሚo *ላg: /ላለ ሀWg: vd fl„መ/g

ማe¸መfg R„ ¶ /ላለ flgWW' ሁeed /ምምag: q/b„¶'ሚf
fሚ vf‚ሁም R„ /ላለ flመ/g ?» ⁄¸g q¶
ሉdg መ መለሉd flመ/g መ*b ልማg
*ላgdaR%ሁeeoመለflgvdflመ/gልማg
%f»vf»CCም»•*ማ»
4 ለመ/g fl„ flመ/g ልማg ?» ⁄¸gf ለማ˛⁄ flaU% fl„W'd
u~/ff7f ሁeeመ:~ggልdም˛ማሉ&መ:flሉdg /Vg
?»⁄¸g ለhof: flሃ bሃ=ሚo መ „*- ሉdg
መof¶ ለgfማ*U*W:R„¶ለሚCCሙflመ/g
qf»ማ*U*W ልማg%f»cg»•*d~ggልማ»

5 fl„መ/g fl:Rሌflመ/g?»⁄¸gመfመሠgRማ» „
ልማg?» መa5 flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»ማ•˘g
⁄¸g
6 fl„መ/g መa5fl„መ/g?»⁄¸gለgfማሃ=ለልd fl„መ/g
ልማg?» R„ ¶ flመ/g ልማg {ሎo: ሌሎo ሚf:„
ማሃd:?dR˘g flሚመለyej fl% ሂ¶ho vd ሌሎofም q•'
q|ላg Rመ•R⁄d flሃ bሃ=ሚofም Rማ|bg
flR˘g*a»ማ•˘g

7 fl¥fbCማ fl„መ/gu~/ff7f?»መyለ/dflu~/ff7f ¥f
»•* ም~ሀ-Wመ/ሃg
ማ/bUR†
( ISC)

164
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

8 fl¥fመe fl„ መ/g u~/ff7f ?…of ማሃ=ለል vd ¥f

flመ/gልማg flb*q/ሄ b†flhofሌም(¶~ልልq-e'flመ/g
u~/ff7f?» ልማg ልማg /Vg መላ~d ማ/¶? vf‚ሁም
ማሃ=ለ† R„ ¶ ለሚCCሙ flመ/g ልማg %f» cg
»•*d~ggልማ»

9 flመ/gልማg flT(fl%ሂ¶ho/„·&~f&ho:W'dም'ም' fl~ልልW'd

u~/ff7f2ላf bCም:flሃመ/gdsa'¨T(ህ/: /ማ/ማ/('† T(
flf~c~~ለ- u˘f,: flሃ bሃ=ሚo vd fl»•* q˛ልሎg
*ሎ q•' q|ላg Rb-b&Rg flbሃ=ለሉ flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ?…o ላ· flf~c~ ~ለ-/ም˛ማ/
ማ|ሄ»d flመ/g ልማg %f»f ለማCCም b˛Tf
fl(·da/dflb~c~»•*ማ»

10 fl¶:flመ/g fl„f ?» Rማ|bg R¥f flbሃ=ለሉ flመ/g fl~ልልW'd

ልማg ?…ofማ/¶?vdመል0ለ¥bRመላ~va'+¶ T(
u~/ff7f?» „vf‚†/bላል&ማ»

1 flመ/gvd Rመ/g u~/ff7f: Rሃ #ሆTd ሌሎo flመ/g fl~ልልW'd

flf~c~ f~gሎ¨o qሃ=:ምd ሉ˛d: መ/g q(gሚ vd T(
/ ልሃdo መ/gምህf‚/dqሠላ·
%' ለ¥fd„Uለሙ†o
flq*ልሆoo flq*ልሆoo/ልሃdመ/ሃg
/ ልሃd

12 Ru~/ff7fd flመ/gbU%gyመ˘መR'gለመ/gልማg „
Rf~c~ {ሎoflq*ልሆoo/ልሃdመ/ሃg
qሠ%(oflመ/g
ልማg{ሎo
/ ልሃd

13 flq%ሟሜም flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbU%gfRe:¶ „
/g%f¨~ggል መሠgማydf:መyebልdመ#ሆሃ'
14 flመ/gልማg flv:g:flba-7agdflልምም»ሉdgRማ|ሄ» „d¥f
u~/ff7f flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም
መ'ሀW'
ም˛ማ
15 flመ/gልማg Rመ/gu~/ff7fbU%gለhoላ·qሑ'd „
u~/ff7f ል'ሀvdመe?e3'gማ•˘g
መ'ሀW'
?e3'g
⁄¸g

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 165
 W'dሚc/f'

flሃbሃ=ሚoመ*ላg„*-ሉdg(WUINA)
? መcf Rሙሉ flመ/g ልማg {ሎo q-e' fl˛ሃ' መe/flማመ¢f
%/ (PRA): o' ልfle: yሃ bሃ=ሚo •' /W*U vd ··g:
Ru~/ff7fflሎማ/e5¶Wb'ላ··መUሉ;

? flሃbሃ=ሚoመ*ላg„*ሉdg
- ለgRመeflq/b=:»
~ለ-ሂ¶gላ··ሃ?ማል88

flመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/flሃbሃ=ሚo(IWUG)
? flመ/g ልማg {ል (IDA) Rመ/g qe flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof
flq/b=:»/W-URq'0q¶(oማሠልሃlማyል/ሉ†¶%ል;

? flሃbሃ=ሚoS»fመflመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/?»⁄¸gላ·flWሎ~
qUላgf†¢ል;

? flመ/gም»W/Wሎ~/?•Rሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'Rzል·ሃ=ለላል88

? fl:Rሌq/b„¶v?•fyል0ለ„flመ/g/Vg†:'Uል;

? flመ/g q/b=:» *a• ˛ላሑ vgም flq%ሟሜም /g%f¨f d d

bU%gR⁄'⁄'†W%%ል;

? ?•byል0vf‚»?ለ¥b·:'U;

fl„መ/gማe¸መfgሚf(IMC)
? fl„W'dልማgflመ/gማe¸መfgሚff†¶%ል;

? flመ/g ማe¸መfg ሚf flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q:%W ” ላ·

qbz(flመ/g/Vg·¶(ል;

? flመ/gማe¸መfgሚfRመ/g?gT†f/4—£/W*U·g%ል;

? Rሌሎo flመ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg *ሎo ማ|yል, flW'd Wg vd

flም'g ˛R† g//': flW»'d ;ሃU bCማg: flም'ም' ማyላg: Wg
q?%To:flW·gማህR%g:flመ/gማህR%g:flq'q¶'
0 ማህR%g:
vdመf/e†ልሆb»'¸hof†/bUW%ሉ;

? fl„flመ/gqሃ=:ምሚfvf¶¡ሁyሌሎo»'¸hoመ|yልgWW'
vdg//'vf‚g'ምdልUgምflbለflሀ-Wለማ„R'ሚd·g%jል;

9.1ለ?»መማ*U*W

? y*blሉ%g†ለ?»flሚ•˘y*blሉ%gUለb˛Tመላ·
bመ/'ha88

? Rመ/gqሁf/ላለሁeeflሚ†-·መflሚ†|gb8-

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
166 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

? ም'gመ2ሏovdflW'dም'hofl˛R†•:
? flመ/gልማgማህR*Wflህ⁄Wሉ&„e:
? flq(sሎ¨መ:
? fl*Wልq%'‚¢·fdመሃf:
? fl~ggልለho:
? flመ/gልማgb~gሎ¨*ላgdq?'Xg:
? flW'dም'ho~ምogማመmjg:
? ለq|UT/:Rሌ/flመ/gልማgመ-†oq?'Xgd7†ሑ:
? flbለ†ሉdhoflም˛ማለho:
? Rመ/gq|UTo
% †ላjfሉf|&dvሉgRbመለybflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎg*ሎofdሌሎoq•'q|ላgfመ„g;
? flመ/g 3ሊ,od መመ†o Rመ/g u~/ff7f flq:%W ” ላ·
gzgማ»;
? ማflምflu~/ff7f¸ም(o·ም?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjˇ„o;
? fl„d~ልልW'd/Vg/T(flR˘gም¶Uመ/%'g88

9.2fl„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg

? flq/b=:»q¶ሉdg·¶%ል

? fl„ Uል¶U vd ሌሎo b˛Tag †ላj q|ላg Rq¶ ሉdc መ-b*

qለUj

? q¶ሉdc3/W*Uoqሉg

— flq/b=:»መላ·Rሚ¶gzg
— ም'gf:ለgf:bgf/ለማ*ለ?
— flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fbU%gfልfle

9.3fl„መ/gልማg%⁄'⁄'flq/b=:»?

? y„ q/b=:» q¶ ሉdg R^ላ fl„ Uለሙ†o fl„ q/b=:»

?†ሟላሉ(y¡ህReovf¶bመለyb);

? R?ም†ለ~*ልR„q/b=:»q¶ሉdg;

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 167


? ˛ላሑ flሆa g'ˇም †ለ flመ/g q/b=:» *a» flqb˛UR' /g%f¨

RddbU%gላ·R⁄'⁄'vf‚•¸†/%ል•ል;

? ~ለ
ለ -dለማ/¶??•ለ¥bflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†·:'Uል88
መefl:Rሌ(⁄ልfl„ :7) (⁄ልመ/8) gq/b=:»bU%g?
vd⁄ል9flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»q•˘g?·መልyc88

9.4fl¥bfመeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»
ማሃ=ለል

? fl„መ/gልማg?»fለመ¶˛*¥bR„oflb•–flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f?…of†ሃ=ልላል;

? flመሄhof g'hof: ሠ'h ማ-†of: fl„ Uለሙ† /ልሃdof

†ሃ=ልላል;flbሃ=ለለ?»ለ~ልልbል·»=ል88

? fl¥f መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR†d flW'd ልማg q•' q|ላg

g//'መ»~

? fl¥fመ/gq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†flሚCCመb˛Tag|ላjq•q|ላg
'
,ሆfflመ/g2(%ምqb˛UR'f†¢ል;

? fl¥f መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† d % ¶ ~ልሉ yመ?S

R'gfl„መ/g?…ofመyለ/vdfl¥fbU%gfማ:»†/%ል•ል88

9.5fl~ልልመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†(ISC)

? fl~ልል ሚf %fd flq'0 q¶' ማህR%gf ሌም( yመ/g u~/ff7f

q˛ልሎg*ሎo•'vf”gg//'vf¶%ሃ·yል-ል;

? ~ልሉRdagy¥ffl:Rfflbሃ=ለ?»
ለ q|hb˛T†ልሆb/g%f¨of
·ምf~gሎ¨ofለመyለ/;ል*ሚd·gል;

? fl~ልል መ/g ልማg q˛ልሎg ማ/bUR† መa5 ?»fd q/b†flhof

†»=ል88

9.6flbሃ=ለሉflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?…ofdR˘gf
ማ/b|yል

? ማ/b|y†kflሚybሉg·ahoሊሆb·oላሉ8-

—bU%gfመሠ⁄:
—bሌማbU%gfመሌመ':
—yq/%ለ˛⁄'⁄'bU%gfማ/b|yል88
? ማflም flb¶˛ ማ/b|y† yሃ bሃ=ሚ መ *ላg „*- ሉdg

168
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ማ%f˛ሉflለRgም;
? y~ልልflመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†R:Rq/b†flgመሠgfl¥f
?»·ሃ=ለላል;
? flu~/ff7fq/b=:»flም/b'2(%ምf(0*g'Rመሃ:
) ምሁሉም
ሉ&መ¶ም/b'/ሉ·˛Uል;
? ሉ& መ Rሚ˛URg —£ fl¥f Uል¶Uo (uላ'ag flb*ሆj *o)
g~~ለl flም/ህ' ;ል* ;ሉ' †ለ /ለመሆb v†f„f•f fle:¶ bU'
·%g5ሉ;
? መሉ& ማ/˛Ucybሃd:R^ላ
: fl¥fመም†oመa5?•f†57ላሉ
:flv†f„f•f„flመሌ5vgምqU⁄b†ሆሉ;
? fl¶:fl„?»vgምለgR%¶ሚ%ለ˛„·ላ|ል88

9.7flq*ልሆooሙ†(f~c~)/ልሃdfማ|ሄ»

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ?…o vd ?…k fl†ƒj bU%g R„

Uለሙ†odRመ/gልማg{ሎo·b˛R%ሉ;
? ሁለg·agመ~ህሎhoqሉ8
— flመ/gf~gሎ¨~ህሎg:
— flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ህሎg:
? qሠልሆooRvdbU%v:gd~ህሎgሊg%j·˛Uል;
? Rመ/gu~/ff7fለ„Uለሙ†o/ልሃd·*ሆል88

9.8„ላ·flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f/ልሃdማ|ሄ»

? flqሠልሆoo/ልሃdRb*ሃRgbመ--·መf˛»flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
/ልሃdRflq|UT·e:„ል;
? flመ/gልማg{ሎodb-e'odj;
? /ልሃd flሚ†|gej ም/ል (?‚):*ሊ2 m'g:vd 3/b(o
(flሚለሃ&ም/ሎo)መeflu~/ff7f2ላf;
? flመ/g ልማg {ሎo ለሃ bሃ=ሚo fl% ላ· /ልሃd ለመ/ሃg
ሀላ'agqለUj88
9.flqb˛UR'/g%f¨vd~ggል

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 169


? y?• Rመa-g flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.of መ%ም vd

Rመ/g ልማg {ሎo flu~/ff7f flሎ ማ/e5 ላ· flbመ˛S
bU%gfመyebልለb-|flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜም;ል*bU'a88
? Rqb˛UR'?gflb*U*Sመof
ሉ& መyebልለ?•ሂ¶gq/%ላ—
q|ልመሆbfማ˛dW·˛Uል88

9.10flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f2(%ምfመ˛ም˛ም

? ም˛ማ flሚ†|gb Rqb˛UR' ?g flbመ˛S fl~ggል መof

መbfbffa88
? yv†f„f•flgR%?gም˛ማflሚ|ሄ¶8-
— Xovflb-z/ለመሆbለማሆ%g:
— Xob˛T/ለመሆdjለማሆ%g:
— ማflfምflbለflሉf|&ለመለflg:
— »~መhoflaR/ለመሆbለመለflga88

9.1መeflR˘gምg3'gማ•˘g

? fl„W'd/VhoRzል?»ሚ†R˘gማ•˘g;
? vanህfR?»ሚ†ለማ/ሜ¶?bU'ለ„q/b„¶'·ላ|ል;
? Rመሌ5ም flb˛መb R˘g vf‚»? ·¶•ል; ˛fSም Rb:መሃ
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 171
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:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 173
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u~/ff7ff Rሚመለyg flመ/g q˛ልሎgf flሚ:Rሉ q'0 q¶(od vzል
;ሉ'UለS»fflu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgfflማ·:Rሉq'0/q'Whq¶(o•'
ማ„¶'R¶fWflb¶˛%»ም„ሜላ·ለመ»/flሚ†/oልa88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 175
 W'dሚc/f'

·ሁfd flመሆ ለሉ Rvagም Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* b-g+

qማ|nag /ለመሆb ለማ•˛ሉ ·ህf flም˛ማ ሉdg yመም%g q† flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od 3ሊ, qሑo መሠef flም'ም'
‚¢·gof: ሉል? መof ማ*U*W vd /eg/d| *b5of መ„g
qለUj88 ሆgም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ም˛ማ ለho ለ»•* b-g+
መ55ል flሚሃ?ም /ለመሆb Rማ·ለሉ q^f q†•ሄም88 R¡ህም 3ሊ,
qሑoyqማ|o:y%¶oo:yq'0/q'Whq¶'»'¸ho:*ላg
|ላjS»go·ምyመ˛dlWሀfRመማመ-y†መ//ለ gu~/ff7f
2(%ም flም˛ማ ለg ሉ?ም ላ· bg flሚ†-» R'|e ም~f†hof
ሊመለyc·oላሉ8

10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለሉfመለ|g

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎhod 2(%ሞo ˛ም•ሚo flbለ†

flመ˛ም˛ሚ†/ለhodqUXof:RbU'ላ·flማል'⁄መg:flም˛ማላማ:
q?'Xg /faho ላ· Rመመ/g ል ል ?f¸e vd »'¸e flq:%W
”o መምሉ ·oላሉ8 y2(%ም :»ሞd R^ላ ም˛ማ 2(%ሙ
Rb-e'o f» flaRf ማflfም R bg/(·„ ·ም ˇ„g መለ
·oላል88 ለም-ሌ y2(%ም :»ሞ ·ም R^ላ „*- ሉdg ሁለc |·
flም˛ማሉ†>ofRመሃ?;flልሃd
- b-e'ሆaRመ/gflሚ†ለq'ሙ 0/
q'Wh q¶(o |ልb-b&g ·ል? flbሟላ flመ/g 0}“of b:Wለ %
ላ· qለልf? Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ልሃd b-e' flሆb q'0/q'0
q¶(o|ልb-b&g·ል?y*blflbሆ˛T % qnbልf?flሚሉgfሉ†>o
ለመመለ/flሚ†/oልሆdል88

10.4flu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|po

fl/}g ¶f ለመ*f Xo qመላ|pof Rመሃ:ም መለ|g ·g'Ujል88

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልማለgflva¡ህqመላ|poflም⁄˛Uሂ¶g,ሆf
ም˛ማ ማለg flbመ˛Sgf qመላ|po መbfbfd ¶'g q%ሟሜምf vf”g
መ55ል vf¶ሚmል መ*f a88 fl~ggልd ም˛ማ መ†of መሃ:ም
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ሞo % ላ· መል ?»f flbybለ vd
flq'0/q'Whq¶(of*ላgምg/ሉ†/˛Uመሆbfለማ•˛ሉ†/oላል88
ለeማ~ggልdም˛ማR*cመ*fdመbR'vf‚oሉg~~ለlመ
Rg~~ለl*gdRg~~ለl·¥edq:%W(format)ለg~~ለly¶* *
b˛Tdg~~ለlመ·*ሆል88
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq%ሟሜምqመላ|poRመ/gu~/ff7fvf?/=.%
ላ·flመልሂ¶gላ·~ggልflb¶˛Ujflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„/R
bgof:ለhof:ም'hof:vdWhof·ለ|ሉRመሌ5 8 qመላ|po
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„/Rbg/}gfለመ˛ም˛ም·ሃ?ማሉflb¶%
8 ˘

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
176 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

መ fleለሙ Xo /}gfd flሚ˛መc o(of ለመለflg Rመ/g u~/ff7f

fl»•ሆል=˛Wag
* (·„/Rbgo:ለho:ም'hodWhoመ|yል
†ለf fjag ል †¶'•ል88 ል ል flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggልd
ም˛ማ qመላ|po qሉ8 ·ሁfd y¡ህ Reo flbመለycg flRለሃ fl•% flሆb
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማqመላ|podj88

10.42flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማdqመላ|po

? q„‚/f~gሎ¨ofdvdq*%(ofማላመ»8- va¡ህflመ/gu~*ff7f
qመላ|po flሚ†-g q'0/q'Wh q¶ ም'gd ም'eማagf Rማflም
መልz ለማ55ል vf‚ማ': fV vf‚gd Rq‚/ መf˛» % ላ·
vf‚†ል flv:g: ~ህሎg vd flለሉ መ55ልf †-†ል88 ለም-ሌ8-
flም'gመሃffdሉ%gfማ55ል:yም'gR^ላ.b…

? ሎfመ:a/8- ·ህqመላ|oflሚለ|flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ff~gሎ¨
% ላ· Rመሉ ም~f†g Rb-e'o ·ም flመ/g bሃ=ሚo f»
flb#ሃR ˛fWf a88 ሎ ,Uል —£f: ˇልRgf vd ሌሎoም flሀWg
·ahoሊሆf·oላል88

? ;ሃU8- yሎ?a-•'bመ--·Rሆaመልz·ህqመላ|oመሃa;ሃUf
·ም yመ/g u~/ff7f 2(%ም Rመማ' flመ/g ልማgd ሌሎo
bሞ~(oR%ላ·Rማል˛»flሌመ;ሃUf·ለ†ል88

? ˛Tf መሌመ'8- ·ህ qመላ|o Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=

˛Wag ም~f†g bሃ=ሚo ·ም b-e'o (Rለ*W ·ም RVb*W
¶) y2(%ሙ R'gd R^ላ †˛jgf ˛T †„»%ል88 ለም-ሌ8-flbሟላ
0}¸fላ· % RማሉምdልUgflq'q¶ 0 ˛Tሌም(ሊሆf·oላል;
ማለgምRሄ~e'y*blም'gflሚdማdም: *ሄ »fo·ምሌላ·ag
flም'መሃ: ' ሉ ም:flb%ማ„R†f
ሉ( ላ·
% ማልdv.gflመሌመ'
bሞ~(.bRመ/gu~/ff7fመ·ም/ልሃdRማigም~f†g
ሊሆf·jላል88

? ም'eማagf መሌመ' 8- ·ህ qመላ|o yመ/g u~/ff7f 2(%ም

·ም yሠ'h ማ-† Rመማ' bመ--· Rሆa flማ- መሃf ·ም flማምm
መ†o q‚/ bሞ~(f % ላ· Rማል flሌመf ም'eማag
Rም/b'Rመe˛⁄ምሆeWe·ምsgሚ†v.gfመለ|ga8
8 ለም-ሌ8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም q'0/q'Wh q¶(o q‚/
f~gሎ¨f vf”g vf¶ሚሃ:ሙ †/bም%ል88 q‚/ f~gሎ¨f Rመሃ:ም
flb˛i g'* ,:a/ f~gሎ¨ flb˛¢Rg • yም'eማag መሌመ' •'
vzል·ሆdል88

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 177


? v.gfመሌመ'8- ·ህqመላ|oflሚ†-flRመ/g*Wልም'gሂ¶gyሆ
ሎ U5˛' flb˛i bሌማ g'*f ·ም v.gf a88 ለም-ሌ8- flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም flqg~ልgd *%& qም%o q'0 q¶(of
ም'ሉ ' vf‚ሃ:ሙ ማ/bማ' Rሉ%g qም'b v.g vf‚ሌም
†/oላjል88 ·ህ ¶ሞ flbመbf ም'g bመ%ሑd flመ5ሏ •ም
y*vf‚ልRማ»'flq'0/q'Whq¶f˛Tyመሌመ'q†y*blሚd
·gል88

? fl|/eል • qማ%ሑ መል|ም q•ሆሚo8- flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f

2(%ሞo†ለf|/eል(መ&g:ˇልRgvdሃ)Rbለ†‡·ምflRለሃ
:ልሆ( መf˛»f Rመሃ:ም bሃ=ሚo vf”g ማ/b|yል W ˛fW
vf¶ሚ†˛jማ/bማ'·oላሉለም- 8 ሌ8መ&- gy*bl†ላjf
• *Wሎo
ማምg†/oላል88y*bl•|ላj*Wሎoflሚ˛if˛T⁄?bl•
|ላj *Wሎo •' Rማ„¶' flu~/ff7f 2(%ም sgሚ† ሉ?ምf
Rመ˛መg q'0/q'Wh q¶ vf‚˛aRd vf‚¶(j Rማ» ¶
q‚0k y*bl • ¶ሚ*ሄ *Wሎo vf‚:fl' ማ» a88 R¡ህ —£
ምdልUgም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ሙ fl˛R† መf ·*ሆል:
flqሎag/ሌgላ·q'0/q'Whq¶(of†¢ል88

? flመ~%ልq?ምd%=¶nag8- q'0/q'Whq¶(oq‚/f~gሎ¨dq*%'f
ለመ:Rል%=¶lመሆf:v:gd~ህሎgfb:Wሎ%ላ·ማልfvd
ምሆe ሃWe ·ም sgሚ† v.gf yመ„g flሚመሆ a88 flb*a
v=·ም(;-/) q˛ልሎgምdልUgምሆeሃWe/sgሚ†ሃ:ሜe
vf¶ሚg%jflሚe*Rለም'c·ምq˛ልሎcfyመ¢g*ላej
R'g ,e*W yaR flbለመ¶ ¶fW Rልሊ ,˛n a88 flመ/g ም'g
R˛R† ላ· flRለሃ ለeማ ሆg flሚ2ሉ yሆa Rመ/g u~/ff7f /ልሃd
·ም »•* qማ|nag v.g flbሌመRg ም'g ·ም q‚/ ˛T vd
g'(ማag ¶ ላ· ¶* ማለg ,ሆf ለመ~%ል †ላj *ላg flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎc • vf¶ሆa ሊe*W ·oላል88 Rqሑ qf»
q'0/qWh q¶' flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg /ልሃdd ም~'
qnhflqf»ff~gሎ¨q˛ልሎgb»h*ላgq-¶·ምለመ~%ል
*=¶l ሆa ማለg flመ~%ል q?ሙ b•˛ሃ ማለg q·¶ለም88 flመ¢g
q?ምማለg~*†f%ሞመ*»·ምfl%/ማ»ማለga88

Rqሃ=ላ· flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.o ~ggል flሚ|ሄ¶

RbU' ሂ¶g ላ· ,ሆf ም˛ማ ¶ሞ Wf —£ bU% yሆa R^ላ
a8flመ/
8 gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልመ˘መ†flሚመሆa8ም~f†cም8
መ -·*R*W b˛T flሆa ም˛ማ ሊ|ሄ» q·oልም88 ·ሁfd flመ/g
ልማg u~/ff7f ~ggል ሙሉ ?ም ሊ*ሉ flሚoለ flb*R*R መ
gምህ'gvf‚*,=n
ሉ ·ም,yለWm
/ a8·ህ8 ም˛ማመሆba88
ለመ/gu~/ff7f?»መyሁለcምማለgምyም˛ማdyመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚo flመ *ላg „*- ሉdg flሚመሆ ,ሆf yva¡ህ qf¶l

178
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

flመምfሑyሌለ¶?»ሉ%g¶/fag·/¶dል8Rመ/
8 gልማg
u~/ff7f?»ሂ¶gfl„ofq%ሟሜምለማ55ል†f»~ggልd
ም˛ማመ†odj8flመ/ 8 gvf?/=.oflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
~ggልdም˛ማRመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†ovf‚|ሄ•flሚ%ለˇ
fl/ሉ ም˛ማ ሂ¶ho dj88 ለeማ b-g+q flመ/g u~/ff7ff
ለማ•˛ሉሃ=ሚflሆbሁለg·ag~ggልdም˛ማoqሉva' 8 +ም8
-flሂ¶gvdflለg„*-/መe/RመUል·e=ሉ8

10.43flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fሂ¶g„*-

flሂ¶g „*- መe Wf —£ flሚ|ሄ¶ Rb-g+q መ/g ልማg qመ%'

?»መ ልfle ¶ ሂ¶g ላ· ,ሆf ·ህም Rመ/g qe' RbU' ላ· መል/
qb˛UR'/ vd flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f vf?/=.od f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ
% ላ· /ለማል መ ለመ*W*W a88 Rqሃ=ላ· ሂ¶c Rb%ሉ( -nag
†ለ ,ሆf f fl•% መሆfም ·oላል88 ለም-ሌ8- R% ?» ሂ¶g ላ·
Rf~gሎ¨ መ:Rልd % ላ· ማል flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚod flu~/ff7f
Uለሙ†o /ለ vabl flq%ሟሜም /}g ማ? ,%ልˇ ለማለg a88 ·ህ
flሂ¶g„*~ggልd
- ም˛ማflሚydaflq*·ም
%' f~c~w‚gRማ|ሄ»
a88va¡ህም8-
? flመ/gqe'ልfle„*-vdflም~ሀ-W*a»;

? flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoመfl*ላg„*-ሉdg;

? መeflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»;

? ሠ'hማ-†ovdflሃbሃ=ሚ/ልሃdመ⁄˛W;

? flq'0q¶'ማ*ልሃlማyልሠልሆooም⁄˛Uvdflbመ%o*a»;

? 'ሀfl%መ'ሀW'vdflመ/gልማgሠ%booflu~/ff7fflለg
መመ⁄˛T†ማ/e5¶Wb';

? fl~ggልvd»•*3'hodj88

? flሂ¶g ሉf|&8- flሚybሉg R~ggልd ም˛ማ ሂ¶g ሉf|&o ላ· ሉg

aሉXodj88

? ¶ ሚ%ለˇd flማ·%ለˇ ለho Rሚ†መ% ሂ¶g ላ· flb˛i v:gf

መ*g Rማ¶ ¶ 'g flመ/g *Wል qመ%g f~gሎ¨f b:Wሎ %
ላ·Rማልላ·q/bwሊ†¶'·oላል88

? ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gdb˛Tagላላjq•q|ላg' Rqe'¶
ምfvflbydavf„ለማW%%gdq/%ላ—ሆg,˛nም?»fመyለ/q/%ላ—
a88

? flሂ¶g ~ggል R•% ybyda flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ም d

W'dሚc/f'
179
 W'dሚc/f'

ላማo:XovdላማofR:ላሉለመ„gdማሃdy'·oላል88

? flf~c~vdq*w‚g8%' flf~c~/
- q*w‚g
%' ላማRqa/blvd⁄?bl
መ/gqe(oflሚydbሁሉምflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fvf?/=.o
% ላ· መላjf ለመyebል ·„ል88 R¡ህ ˛» flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo Rfl 15 :b flf~c~
vdq*%'w‚g†¶'•ሉ8

? flመ/gvf?/=.ovf”gvf¶e:•;

? vf”gRbU'ላ·vf¶ሉdvf¶bb˛R;

? flመ/gልማg*%boo:bመ%ማo:flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoflመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7f~ggልfvf¶መ/gUህofማ55ል88

flf~c~/q*%'w‚g2dላማoqሉg8-

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f flq:%W ” ሂ¶gf Rሚመለyg Rሃ

bሃ=ሚo:q'0/q'Whq¶'b'S»f·ምflመ/gልማgሠ%boo
መ|yል ማflfም qለመ„hod qለመUUho vd v'ሃl †ልሆb
ˇ„ofመለflg

? flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f Uለሙ†o vd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boo

flbመ¶SRgfሀላ'agvflbሄመሆbfለማ•˛ሉa88

flf~c~vdq*w‚g %' flመ/~ማ/e5⁄'⁄'(n~ሊ/g)flqa/bldሉ=?f

መ/gqe(obU'ላ·መልflሉ%gq5%fለማig,Uልflመ/gልማg
u~/ff7f Uለሙ†ofd flመ/g ልማg ሠ%boof ለማ˛⁄ flba¶% a88
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fUለሙ†·ምflመ/gልማg*%blRbለ†flመ/g
qe' RbU' ላ· መል g~~ለld qሃ=ላ· /ል ለማig ማflfም
ሌላ ም'መ% ለመሌመ' aሟ dj88 flሚybለ Rfl15 :b vf‚|ሄ» flሚ%ለ

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
180 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

flf~c~vdq*%'w‚gማሃ=ለ†a88
ሠfሃ‹-128-flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል
ለ¶'g
qመላ|o flqመላ|oማ•˛ሏ መ55ልfl:S
q/b†flhod
ሀ- Xo
flመ/gqe flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fvf?/=.o'ሃ
flW'dልማg fl%?»fመሠg†¶ˇdj?
?»qለ?

·ህyeለሙflሃbሃ=ሚo:flሉ=?fመ/gvd
flማህR*Wz&qU%/vማ%Vb*Xo*ላg•'
flb/ማማa?
flqa/blመ/g:flማህR*Wz&vdRVb*W¶
flሉ=?fመ/gማ-yመa5flqyUTb/ማሚag
„*-/s.q·.u(EIA)•'flb/ማማa?
flመ/gvf?/=.o'bef†|bbvd
†ማyለa·?
flW'dልማg?»fl'ሀ/W*Uo=ለˇUu
ልUሑ/qለ?
ለሃ Rqa/blመ/g:flbሟላ0}¸:flመ/gv.g
bሃ=ሚod *f*ለgላ·ምf†ህልfl/ልሃd—£e?¶
flVb*Wሉ=?f bሃd:;?
መ/gvd
flማህR*Wz&
bሃ=ሚo
fl/ልሃdሁeeo
Rመ/gqe(o(*Wሎo:flመ/gqመ%'g)ምf
†ህልfl/ልሃde?¶bሃd:;?
yም'gR^ላምf†ህልfl/ልሃdoe?¶
bሃd:;?
Rqሠ%'dሉ˛dምf†ህልfl/ልሃde?¶bሃd:;?
fl*ለሃbq'0/ flbመ˛Sf»d.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'
q'Whq¶(o

90%Rሆbfl/ልሃd—£†hofl/ልሃdሞ–ሎof
†ሃd:;f»d.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'
y70-8%Rሆbfl/ልሃd—£†hofl/ልሃd
ሞ–ሎof†ሃd:;f»d.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o
;ሉ'
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f»d.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'
f»d.g†ሃd:;dflbመ;q'0/q'Whq¶(o
;ሉ'

W'dሚc/f'
181
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flመ/gልማg Rqa/blመ/g/RVb*W¶ሉ=?fመ/gvd
u~/ff7f RማህR*Wz&መ/gማ-oምf·ago(o
%oRbU' q•ሃሙ?vdRመ/gልማgሠ%booRzልምf
ላ·መል ·agመ*gሄob*ሄ?

Rq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyልምf·ag
o(oq•ሃሙ?vdRመ/gልማgሠ%booRzል
ምf·agመ*gሄob*ሄ?
RWg/'ሑgdRW·gሂ¶gምf·ago(o
q•ሃሙ?vdRመ/gልማgሠ%booRzልምf
·agመ*gሄob*ሄ?
Ro(oላ·Rመ/gሃbሃ=ሚሚfvdqUልg
Uልሆbgምf·agflልq/b†flho:S?
Rqa/blመ/g:RማህR*Wz&vdRVb*W¶
Rሉ=?fመ/gማ-oflq'0/q'Whq¶(ovd
q•'q|ላgflq'0/q'Whq¶(oflመ/~:f·ም
ˇWngflb•˘;ሉ'vdflb-b&f»d.g
ሃ?ላላ»ም'qመላ|o
f¢V flመ/gልማgu~/ff7ff¢Vq˛ልሎg†˛j
f»d.gq'0/q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'
ˇWng R-ምfg/R'Rመ/gልማgሠ%boo/Uለሙ†o
flbRjq'0/q'Whq¶(of;ሉ'
flq'0q¶(o Rመ/g'0ofl*ለሃbf»d.gq'0q¶(o
/ልሃd ;ሉ'8- ለም-ሌ flbሟላ0}¸
flመ/gሃ yመ/gልማgሠ%boo:bሃ=ሚo:Uለሙ†o
bሃ=ሚo .b.flb|ሄ•/W*Uo;ሉ'flbላለ&-eo
ማህR'ሚf ·agdW¢g
flq'0/q'Whq¶' R-ምfg/'fl/ልሃd:dgW¢gdመ¶Rlac
ማ*ልሃlማyል
መ¶Rl/ልሃd
ሠ'hማ-† Rq'0/q'Whq¶'ማ*ልሃlማyል:Rማ-ላ·:
RW'df~c~ሙ†gምህ'gd/ልሃdbCማg
Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gflb|ሄ¶ሠ'hማ-†;ሉ'
flመ/~:f Rqa/bldሉ=?fመ/gflb•˘flq'0/q'Whq¶'
flመ/~:f;ሉ'
;ሉ(o/%f Rqማ|·R-ምfg/R'Rልማgሠ%boo/R%
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ም'ምመ': RWመg/Rመg/flb•˘flም'ም':u~/ff7f
u~/ff7f:q'0/ q'0/q'Whq¶'g//'~82;ሉ'
q'Whq¶(o
fjag

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
182 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

10.4flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለg/Outcome/„*-

flለg „*- መe v†f„f• flqa/bl: flማህR*W z& vd flሉ=?f መ/g

qe'ybሃd:R^ላ : vf‚|ሄ»flሚ,ሆf%ለ ላማምRqa/bldሉ=?f
መ/gfUeodR(†W'dq„‚/fl%ለ;dሠ'hማ-†Rbሠ%Uj
b/ማሚ f~gሎ¨o ሃ=ሚaejfd ለeማaejf: flመ/g qe'
qመ%'f: flb55ሉ fl*Wል ⁄'†o ልማgf vd flሃ qመ%'f ለመ„*/d
ለመ˛መga8·ህ8 flለg„*መe
- flሚydaflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
q:%W”RbU'ላ·መልfdRመሠeagflሚ%ለ˛ለgመ˛icf
ለማ?a8ለg8 flqሃ=ላ·»ም',ሆfa˛'fምdልUgnhofl¶'g
flመ/gልማg/%fለማ55ልሉ?ምላ·yሉሊለሉ·oላል88

yላ· flbመለyga flሂ¶g qመላ|o flሚ†-fl flሁeeof q|ሄ» Wm

vf¨ Rሉል:g flbydbgf q·¶ለም88 flbሆሄ ·ም flbሃ• qመላ|po
flሚ•–gሁeeofdflva'+fለg·ምም'gለመ„ga8flbመሄ
8
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fለeማagqመላ|poqማ|·flሂ-W/ሌgማለgም
flf¢V qመላ|o (flልማg ሠ%boof ማ?): flˇWng qመላ|o (R'-2 —£
flb|ሄ¶ ˇWng ;ሉ') : flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR' qመላ|o (Rq'0/
q'Wh q¶' ማ- ላ· /W*U ማ|ሄ») vd መ¶Rl qመላ|o (Rbመ--· :f
ˇWng)flሁeefbgfማ-flg·oላል8y¡ህ 8 Reoflbመለycgሉg-n
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fRbg/ለgም˛ማqመላ|podj88
ሠfሃ‹-138-flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ~ggልqመላ|po

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎhoflW=g~ggልqመላ|po

flመ/gልማg RbሌUሑ/v'ሃl/ q˛ልሎg fl¶-j flq'0/q'Wh

u~/ff7fq%ሟሜም q¶(o ;ሉ' (ሀ) yeለመ ;ሉ' (መ) መ»/ flaRRg
ል}eR%(IEPI) ም~ሀ-Wflb*ሃUjfbሞ~(ob:Wሎላ· % †ለ
q'0/q'Wh q¶' ;ሉ' ybሌUል flq'0/q'Wh q¶(o
;ሉ'(IEPI)….ሀ/መ*10=IEPI

v¡ህላ·መሃ?ላላfle:¶q'0/q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'a:
ሀ v'ሃl/bሌUሑ/ fl¶+ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ;ሉ' vd
ም~ ሀ-W flb*ሃUjf bሞ~(o b:Wለ % ላ·
†ሉ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ;ሉ' ybሌUል flq'0/q'Wh
q¶(o ;ሉ' IEPI flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f q˛ልሎg
q%ሟሜምል}eR%

W'dሚc/f'
183
 W'dሚc/f'

flመ/gልማg ም~ ሀ-W fl:RUjf bሞ~(o b:Wለ % ላ·

u~/ff7f/'ሑg †ሉq'0/q'Whq¶(o(A);ሉ' ybሌUልfl¶+
;ሉ'
ል}eR%(IEDI) q'0/q'Whq¶(o(ሀ)R%…*/ሀ10=IEDI

v¡ህ ላ· ሀ v'ሃl/bሌUሑ/ fl¶+ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o

;ሉ': * ም~ ሀ-W flb*ሃUjf bሞ~(o b:Wለ
% ላ· †ሉ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ;ሉ' vd IEDI flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7f/'ሑgል}eR%a88

መ/gu~/ff7f ም~ ሀ-W flb*ሃUjf bሞ~(o b:Wለ % ላ·

bሌUሑ/v'ሃl †ሉ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ;ሉ' (IEDI) ybሌUል flq'0/
~ffል}eR q'Whq¶(o;ሉ'(መ)…IEDI/R*10=IEAAI
%( IEAAI) v¡ህ ላ· IEDI flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f /'ሑg ል}e
a: Y ሃ?ላላ fleለሙ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o vd flመ/g
ልማgu~/ff7fv'ሃl/bሌUሑ~ff / መለ{†IEAAI
a88

10.45flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fም˛ማማ:*

(?'/·g)

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fflq:%W”ም˛ማyqf»Rላ·q¶˘gሊg
·oላል88 ለመ/g u~/ff7f flም˛ማ /g%f¨ q%g(4) flbለ† flም˛ማ
q¶˘ho qሉg88 ·ህ ~*ል RW flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f “flq:%W ”
ላ· †b “flም˛ማ v·e q‚/ መሠg ·ሉላል; ለሁሉም flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f vf?/=.o flb:d˘ ም˛ማ ?» ለማ¶%˘g ሉg ·hof/
መ?(of·yል-ል·ም·=lል88

10.46flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f(·„ም˛ማ(Impact
Evaluation)

ሠfሃ‹-148-flመ/gu~*ff7fbgqመላ|po

flመ/gu~*ff7fbgqመላ|po
ም'g ~*bl•ለqላjflመ/g*Wሎg
(qማ|·)ም'gRሄ/'
flም'eማagል}e yqማ|·መgflሌመም'gyqማ|
•',„¶'(Rመhl)

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
184 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

10.47flu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማfማ|ሄ»

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„·&~h&g·ምS»f(flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
Uለሙ†ovdflመ/gልማgሠ%boo)Rqa/bl:RማህR*Wz&vdሉ=?f
መ/g qe(o flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ሞof ~ggልd ም˛ማ
vf‚†|ሂ• qW¢lf uላ'ag vf‚/• ·%ለ•ል88 R~ggልd ም˛ማ ~*ል
~ልdqሃ=ላ·bUflሚybሉgfflሚ†|gg·ሆdል8-

? flመሠeመ?ng/ሉdg8- Rመሠeመ?nho/ሉdhoflbሃ=ሚ
q'0/q'Whq¶(oመለ†Uህ†ላjflW'dvdflማህR%sgሚ - †
?መofl¶'g~ggልdም˛ማfለማ-flመ/ ለሉ gqebU'
ላ· yመሉ R'g ·*R*Uሉ8 Rfl¶ Rby(%ለ (stratified) Rq•ሆሚ
(random)dሙdRመምሉ?¶ምbybልflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo·መሆሉ8
8 flbሃfl; dሙd bሃ=ሚo (መል/ *ሎo) ;ሉ' ለመሠe መ
ሉdg/?ng/Rv†f„f•flqe'Xe·መሆል88

? ybለ† flW'dd flማህR%8 -sgሚ† ል Uህ †ለ Rመ/g W'd

yb*ማ%q'0/q'Whq¶'q-ማnምgለማ?Wyqe(kflbሃ=ሚ
q'0/q'Wh q¶(o |· dሙd vf‚g' fldሙd መሆ ?¶ም bybል
·e:„ል88 flመሠe መ ሉdg ybለ flመ/g ልማg ¶od
flመ/g ”o •' Rb˛di ሁሉfም b˛Tag †ላj fl*Wል ማምm
?ho ማ|bg ·g'Reል88 fl¡ህ ም~f†gም Rqa/bl: RማህR*W z&
vdRሉ=?fመ/gም'eማagላ·RbdሃልRqf»መgRbለ·መe
flqfl' fWg ሁeed Ry*bl ¶ Rb¢URg መg flሚ|ሄ» ሉdg
ምdልUg flb¢U bg ለg flሚ†-· ·ሆdል88 /ለ¡ህ ለ*Wል ም'gd
flሃqሃ=:ምመeqfwgመ*ሃgqለRg8Rqe' 8 ልማg:Rመ/g
W'd: Rመ/g ምህf»/d: RማህR%: ምሆe ሃWe ·ም sgሚ†
vdbCማˇ„oሉdc/?nc/R;ል*bለvd ሑ ]†Wል)ላ·†b
vf‚ሆf·%ለ•ል88ለመሠeሉdg/?ng/;ል*flq%ሟሜምqመላ|po8-
ሠfሃ‹-158-flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f „*- ሉdg q%ም/ም˛ማ ሂ¶g
qመላ|po

flመ/gq(gሚ flመ&gqሃ=:ም·ag8-R*Wልflb2%aማ-:'
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*“ed7†o
flመ/gሃ flሚfለeማag:'ሃvdመe/W*Uo
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%g

W'dሚc/f'
185
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q˛ልሎhovd
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flqሠ%'vd bሞ~(o:ሃRYfYflሚለ:?Rg?g:flሉ˛d
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ለWg‹vdqሃ=:ም:flW»'*ላgf:flሚ†/ል˛f—£:ˇልRg
ለመ*f/ለማ?/vd-nflሆb—£†gfለማ:»:ለመ&g⁄¸g.b.
vf‚†?» †/oለል88 ም~f†cም Ra q|ላ: Uህላ vd a ምህ„'
ሁeeo መለሉ Rbለ·ም RማህR%- ምሆe ሃWe vd sgሚ†
q/˛„¸ag ም~f†g flbለ† *Wሎo Rbለ† ?ho flሚለሙ dj88
¸ም flሆa flመ/g |dል ·ም መ/መ' gR%ም fl*Wል :f #ሃ%f
flሚ†/bˇልo'f·%ሉ%ል88
? flመ/g ሃ ማሃሏ መ'ሀ W'8 - flመ/g መ'ሀ-W' ሃ መn vd ምf
†ህል መሃf ¶ ማ- መUg vf„ለRg vd Rg~~ለl *g *Wሉ ሃ
flሚሃሆf መሃf መ*f ማለg a88 ለመ/g *Wሎo flሚ†/%ል˛f
flሃ መሃf/flሃ *ላg ለማ? ·ም ለመ*f መ/%'gf Rመሃ:ም
vd Rማflም ሁdf ምf †ህል ሃ vf¶ሚሌመ' R/g%f¨ ማ⁄f
Rመሃ:ምflሚ*fa88flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f»•*R¡ህላ·q'0/
q'Whq¶(offlሚሃ:ምa8q'8 0/q'Whq¶Rbለ†መ/oመ|yል
flሃማ%%?fvf‚†?»dfl*Wልሃo'fለመ:a/ም' : gfRሚoለ
መሃfy*ለማ»vf‚ሁምflመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR%gfለeማag

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
186 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

ለማ55ል †/oለል88 Rbሌማም ⁄?bl flሃ መሃff R;ሃU Rመሃ:ም

flq'0/q'Wh q¶f flሃ vd flˇልRg ሎ: y*bl flq%' v'ሉRg
·ምflሃ~ምogRመሌመ'flማ„R† : ሎfRመ:a/fl*Wልfም'gd
ሉ%gRመሌመ'flbሆ%g'*f†-»•ል88flሃማfሆ%*መ/%'hof
Rማ/b|yል vf¶¡ሁም flq%' v'ሉRgf Rመ:a/ R*Wሉ ' q|UT
†ለfflሌማago'Rመ:a/Rማ-/ሉflሃ~ምogfb#ሆሃ(:
flb#ሃRfሃRመሃ:ምRሃvሉgም~f†gRመ/gመልማg-·oሉ
flሚ: a˛'f ለ7†ሑ flሚሉ *Wሎof Rመ/g Rማልማg bሌማ ˛T
†/˛lል88
? ?e„*ሉdg - ~ggል8- fl?gሉdg/?ng/~ggልW—£Rbመሄd
ለሉ RሚሃR; flqa/b˛l መ/gqe': flማህR*W z& vd flVb*W
ሉ=?fflመ/gf~gሎ¨oq%ሟሜማjfለመ„*/fl'%WflW'd:
flመ/gሃUለሙ†o:vdሌሎobCማgልUህ†g†ላjfመo
ለመ*W*W,UልR'|efl*Wልqመ%g?hoflሚ|ሄ»a88
ሠfሃ‹-168-?eflመ/gu~/fa7f~ggል?

flመ/gbU(o Rመ/g ም'eማag fl*Wል

R*Wልflb2%aማ-vd qመ%g መf˛» Rሚ:†fl'Uj
fl*Wልመሃf ማ-o መ/gf Rመሃ:ም ለማ-
fl*Wልም'g *Wልu~/ff7fflሃመ˛ig

flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚማህR'vd qUልag: b-g+: flqመ%'

flq'0/q'Whq¶'S»f ሉ%g: ሀWgf ማ*U*W : fl•%
vf?/=.vdለg

flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fvd flˇWng »ሞ7: flም~'

flq'0/q'Whq¶(o/ልሃd q˛ልሎg ·ag vd fl/ልሃd
”: flሠ'h ማ-† ሙy% ;ሉ'd
·ag: vf‚ሁም flመ/g ልማg
u~/ff7f Uለሙ†od flመ/g
ልማgሠ%booq%ሟሜም
flመ/gaሃvdflqe' flሃ መ˛igd flq?'Xg ”:
qሠ%'dሉ˛d Rመ/~¶flሃq?'Xg:flሃ
~**ል W=gd g~~ለlag:flሉ˛d
»ሞ7d flሉ%g ¶: መe
qሠ%'d ሉ˛d: ሎ vd flሃ
~*†ሌሎoም|ሉ
? flመ/g a ሃ ሉdho8- fla ሃ ሉdho Rb(*+ fl⁄dW ሃf
Rማ˛digRሃማyማmvf‚መሆ
ለሉ / yማyማmflሚሆf
ሃ ማ¢መ»f Rማ|bg fl2(%ም ~ggልd ም˛ማ q|ል ሆg flሚ%ም

W'dሚc/f'
187
 W'dሚc/f'

a8Rqe'
8 Xeo/ማ-oላ·flaሃሉdhoflሚ˘ምgRqሃ=ላ·
Rሁለg(2)·aga8-
==> መሠeመሉdg/?ngRbሃd::Ujflqe'Xeoላ·
flሚ|ሄ»ሉdg
? fl⁄dW መሃf መለ{† (&·f…¸): መሃf መለ{† -ህf: :ሑf flb%%
መbላለ'† Rb˛ሃመለg R|· flመ/g qe' Xeo ·ም ማ-o
ሉል:g vd Rb*a —£ flሚ|ሄ» ሉdg ማ„¶† q%ሟሜምf ለማig
yሌሎoRq•ybመሄ
ሆሚ qe(oሞ”ል •' flመ/gqe(oም˛ማ
ላ·ማb·መy%ል8·ሁ8 fdሉል?ሉdhod?nho,|ሄ•flሚybሉg
aሉXoምg/ሉመUgqለUj88
— Rመ/g bሞ~(o flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚof W;ag vd /ልሃd
/ለማ/%ለˇ ?nho vd ሉdho †/%ል•ሉ8 መ55ሎo ,%ሃd
y¶'g flሃ qሠ%'d ሉ˛d •' Rb†† R»'¸e ሁee flሃ
bሃ=ሚo/ለመ|bgv»ላjfለመ„*flመ/ / gልማgu~/ff7f
?ng ·%ለ•ል88 bU% ሊ†¶' flሚoል flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
?ng/ሉdgለg/ለመሆdjflbለflሉf=>መ*»qለRg88
— flaq|ላመ55ልም˛ማ(3l¶flመ/gመ/መ'/|dል/መ55ል:
gf7 'b ሃ fUe: መ&g »ል¶ላ: flመ/g ”o b )
Rbaሟሟag :ላል ,ሆf b/ማሚ flf~c~ መo U·gም Rqሑ'
?g*g/—£?ncመ|ሄ»·oላል88
==> Rሆም W /W/W vd —£ flሚ%– ሉdho ·ም ?nho Rማ- ¶
flሃ W=gf ለማ? ·ሃ?ማል88 va¡ህ T†f/ ለbሟላ flመ/g ?g (Rqfl'
fWg ሁee qማ| vf¶ሚ*f Rማ*W) መ˘መ' qለUj88 Rመc ሉ?ም
ላ·flለflመ/gሃfለማ?¶ማ-fl˛Ufሃመለ{†መ-†መሃም
q/%ላ— a88 Rv'ሉ vanህf መሃሙd ሉ?ም ላ· flለf ማ•˛ሉ —£
flሚ%¸qሠa8%' va¡ህ
8 መ†oflመ/gqe'fjagq|ልመሆdj
foRልvf‚=ለል†¶'•ሉ8

10.5b/ማሚflም˛ማመ/%'gvdqመላ|pofመምሉ

ለም˛ማ ለg bሃ=ሚo b˛Td ሃ=ሚ ለሊof Rመለ|g ˛» ሉል?d

ሃf|% flሆb qመላ|pof መ˛ል˛ል qለWf88 qመላ|pk flሚe ~/bho ,ሆb
¶ሚe*W·ምbሌUሑflሁeeo:2(%ሞo:ለhoq|ሄ»†aሆሃ
dj8va¡ህ 8 ምል~gማ»—†,ሆbqf»a˛'vf¶bለሃ·ምvf¶b55ለ
ለማ-flg flሚ/bሉ dj88 qመላ|po yb/ማሚ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
~ggልq*ybሃ• •' % y2(%ምRbU'ላ·መል:¶ምWሎ†ለf
ለሉ ህ⁄S ማ/bል vf‚oል †ል88 flሂ¶g ም˛ማ flሉ%g qመላ|po
flሚUሉgyu~/ff7fXo•'fl»qUWag †ላj::ላልflሆbdq5ሚ
†ልሆb: RbሌUሑ flb*ሄ /f?d gሉ?: —£: q*%'d f~c~ ·ም ሌሎo

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
188 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

vሉhoRf*ሀ-Wሉመሠg†ላj:Rfl—£ሊ5ሉflሚoሉdj88
መa5ሃ-Wለመመ/gመል|ምflሆaም˛ማyመሠe?መ·˘ም%ል8
8 flመሠe ? መo fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag yመ˘መ R'g ·*R*Uል88
R¡ህም:¶ምWሎR2(˘~g?»ሂ¶gላ·qመላ|pofመለflgq/%ላ—a88
·ህምRqa/bl2(˘~hoqf‚ሁምለeማqe'W=g : †ለም˛ማf
ለመለflg·„ል88
vf¶¡ሁም al ለeማ ም˛ማ ለ2(˘~g ላማ: W vd flሚ%ለ R
bgob/ማሚflሆbqመላ|pofመምሉa8Rመ/8 gW'dም'gላ·
Ub መልz flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f 2(%ምf ለeማag ለመ˛ም˛ም
መ*eflሆbqላማofመ„gq*%ላ—a88

ለ
g

ም/ል-98-flለgሠf*ለg
flq%ሟሜም qመላ|o vd flማ•˛ሏ ” q%ሟሜሙ vf”g vf¶ሚለ| ለመ„g
†/oላሉ8 ምgd /•g flሚaf fl2(˘~cf q%ሟሜም flሚ• yqመ%'
;ሉ'ሎflሆbˇ„odj88

W'dሚc/f'
189
 W'dሚc/f'

ሠfሃ‹-178-flq%ሟሜምqመላ|podflማ•˛ሏ

መለሏo flq%ሟሜምqመላ|po flማ•˛ሏ e-Tod/•ho

”o
W flbgqመላ|po- flመ/gልማg yመ/gv/g%f¨~
y*blW% flመ/gልማg u~/ff7f ?»•'Rb†††ሉ
ላ·,ልyሌሎo u~/ff7f2(%ም 2(%ምም˛ማ /• ho
•'ሆgq/bw q%ሟሜምfለመለ|g ”
ለማR'ygfle*R

ላማ flላማf*ሟሜ q'0/q'Wh yመ/gu~/ff7f

flqሠ%'ለg ·˛ልሟል88•: q¶':»'—g: 2(%ምላማ•'
Rbሃ=ሚUህ ሉ?ሙ:R%* ሂ¶g:flqሠ%' Rb†††ለ/•g
ለሉ vd ሀWgflb˛ig'* ም˛ማ”f
”o:·ም ለማ¶%˘gfl?
R•%flም'g መምfሑ
/g%f¨vd
;ል*e-To
qማ|nagflb˛i
flbCምq%ሟሜም
ለg ለgqመላ|po q'0/q'Wh ለgf
RbሌUሑflb˛i Rመሌ5Rqሠ%' q¶':ሂ¶ho: q/መል~h†ለ/•g
ለሉ8ም'c flb˛jv=ofd »'—ho:
ምfqሠ%' q˛ልሎhof·ለ|ል flqሠ%'f»*/
ሊ|ሄ»vf¶mለ ?»fለመ˛ም˛ም
R;ሉ'd~ggል
”flb˛iሉ&
መ
bU%ho/fl% Who/ሀWho: q'0/q'Wh RbU'ላ·yማል
vf?/=.o R˘g:˛fW:;/ q¶':»'—ho: vdyW=g•'Rb†
ም'gfለማydf q|ላdfl*ሀWg ሂ¶ho:flሉ& †ለ/•g
መbR'†ለUj መምfo
ddflvf?/=. RbU'ላ·
/W/Xo(bU(o) ለማ•˛ሉ
fl~ggል”

10.6v†¶˛flመሆflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fd(·„
qመላ|poqመ%ሉ
flu~/ff7f ~ggልd ም˛ማ qመላ|pof ለመምሉ flሚybሉg d d
መ/%'hodj88
? ል}g-መለ|gqለUj;

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
190 መbR†መመ†


? qUWag-yሚ˛መ˛ምbg•'qUWag·g%jል;
? ምkag/:ላልag-ለመሃ:ም:ላልflሆbdj;
? qማ|nag/|·ag-|·ለhof†/˛lሉ;
? bUag-ለመb'ም:ላልdj;
? ምላ7*ሎag-ለWhoለሉ%ሆfምላ7·*ሆሉ;
? b„„ag-Rb=%cRzልለማ„¶'ማሆ:5qላj;
? ሎ#ሆTag-Rbመሆሆnሎflሚለz;
? b55·ag-ሊ5ሉflሚoሉdj88

10.7g~~ለlflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fgR%~ggልd
ም˛ማqለ|~

flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% ም˛ማ መሃdd ·ae ? መf

Rመ*W*WRdagqመላ|poመለ|gf†|geል8መሃd 8 ”oyመለflej
R'g †ሉ ለhof /f ;ሉ(of flሚለ| ,ሆf ለgf ለመ˛መg:
ም~f†gf ለመሃ#ም: ለማ„¶' ·ም ¶ ለማሆg: ለመመ¶W vd
ለgfለማሃ=ለልRማ*Wመሃf *' ላለflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl»•*
ሆል=˛Wag2(%ሞob/ማሚa8ለም-
8 ሌ8flq'
- 0/q'Whq¶(oማ*ልሃl
ማyል fl/ልሃdd ሠ'h ማ-† R bg: flመ/g ሃ bሃ=ሚo ማህR'
ለeማag: flመ/g Wg q?'Xg vd ~**ል ”88 va¡ህ ”o RW
ህWb*Wf»flሚeመbdሊ*flሚoሉRbለ·ምማሃ=ለልflሚሃ?ምyሆa
b:U·agqላj88
·ae ”o y*bl መሃf †ላj flq'0/q'Wh q¶' ˛ለሟof: Xef:
··hof:ሑhof:UህfRማሃ=ለልW?of·/„ሉ8R·ae
”··hof~*gማ»q'0/q'Whq¶ሀ*SfRaag:y%+ልም»:
qyUT vd y%+ bሌUሑ ሁeg v†˛dR vf‚˛ል ምk ሁee ·%ሉ%ል88
·ae”o/fሃ:ምRbmለመሃfyq»ልwaሟሆaRg~~ልyb*R*Sd
3'gyb¶ˇ¶ህdም˛ማሉ&መ†/˛lሉ8
y*bl መሃf †ላj flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Waho R
bgo ˛ለሟf ለመ/ሃg flb¶Uለ; ”of Rመሃ:ም መሃd ? መ
y·aeመመሟ•' ላg·oላል8b˛Tagd
8 bማcag†ላjfl?መ
መ*W*T†መ†oR:ሉeyWል}e•'R:ሉe·˛dlል88flu~/ff7f
„*-ሉdgb˛Tagdbማcagflሚ5ሉg8-
? Rመ/g u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag v:g |ላj *of Rማ|bg
flUለሙ†of0dል··gRመሃ:ም
? flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f„*ሉdg
- መ†oRbመ--·flq'0/q'Wh

191
 W'dሚc/f'

q¶'*ላhofdሉ†>ofRbመ--·q^fRfwgRመ/ሃgለgf
vf¶ሚ†/˛jRማ•˛ሉbማcag::ሆ·agf:g~~ለlagfvdflመለ{†
መ†k†ለማfምሆል=˛Wagvf‚%ሙ†¢ል88
? W—£bማcagRሙy%*b5·ምy*b5R'gRማ|ሄ»·መሠeል
y*b5R'gflሚ• †/y*/ህbhofd
ሉ flሉg/fl»|ምW~agf·yላyላል8
8 /ለሆaም flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl~ggልd »•* ሂ¶gf ለማydf
/g ¶of ማflg †/%ል•ል88 va¡ህ ¶of yeo ሠfሃ‹
Rb††ል8-

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
192 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

ሠfሃ‹-18-Rመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f gR% R3 ¶o ለም˛ማ

flሚሃ?ሙflbለ†f~cod†o

¶ flሉdg·ag flf~c~ሉ†>o flም˛ማ

መod
f~codሙd
flመ/g fl*ላg„*- flq'0/q'Whq¶(o ?ng
ልማg ሉdg መሠeflሆb*ላho flS»f··g
u~/ff7f ም»fdj?flመ/g ምልye
?»¶ flልfleሉdg ልማgu~/ff7fva¡ህf fl·ggfbd
*ላhoለመ*eg/ (ለም-ሌ8-flT(
መሠe/መa5 ለመbR'·oላልf? /ሉ flbመ˛S
መሉdg va¡ህyመ/gልማg መo)
u~/ff7fbል•' flsgሚgfbd
·ሆሆማሉf?fl»•* (ለም-ሌ8-fl˛T/
ሆል=˛WacRማህR%: ሎgfbd)
sgሚ†:q|UT†
ሊ-|·oላልf?

RbU' flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f መefl~ggል

ላ·flመል u~/ff7f q˛ልሎgq*ሆሉ 3'ho(ለም-ሌ8
¶ q˛ልሎg ሂ¶gfle*Rfለg -vf?/=.
q*ሆሉሂ¶g flማigላማdW 3'ho:flመ/g
qniልf? *Wልም'g:fl'd
flማ„R†•)
~ggል q'0/q'Whq¶(o q„‚/flመ/g
R»•*q*ሆሉሂ¶g f~gሎ¨b:Wሎ
~bልf? %ላ·flማል
መf˛»flv:g:
ም˛ማ flመ˛dlWሀf ba-7agvdflUህ
fl2(%ምመልhof ለሉ ም˛ማ
†:'Uሉf? „*-ሉdg
flq'0/q'Whq¶'
v'|e?ngRq‚/
flbለ:;·g
gfbd

W'dሚc/f'
193
 W'dሚc/f'

flbg/ flbg„*- flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማg

flለg ሉdg u~/ff7f2(%ም u~/ff7f»•*
¶ flማሃ=ለ† fl»•*ሆል=˛Wag q*ሆሉ?
ም˛ማ flbለ*ላhof·ም መgfbd
~*bhof¶'1ልf? ?»መvd»ህ
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f ሉ dg
2(%ምfl»•* ?ng( ለም-ሌ 8
ሆል=˛Wagfleለመf -flለ*W
ለgqydhልf? =ለመሉ·#o:
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f Rም/b'
2(%ምfl»•*q*ሆሉ መ/መ'„*-)
ሂ¶gሎ#ሆTaf? flsgሜgfbd

10.7b˛Tመምfሑመሆ
flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልvdም˛ማ?መyመ˘መ†dሁለbl
¶ flመ ምfo ሊ*R*W ·oላል88 flመ˘መ† ¶ flመ ምfሑ 3ሊ,
vd /g%f¨ *a»f †|geል88 flሁለbl ¶ flመ ምfሑ flሚUሉg flb&
ማf†ሎo ,ሆb yW flመ˘መ† ¶ ምfo †ሃ=ለሉd †ሀ• dj88
Wjl?fl~ggልdም˛ማ?መመ*W*T†”Uለመgyv†f„f•
flመ ምfሑ Rbaሟሟ flb5ለfd Rሚ%ለ˛ መ ·ag b*ሚagf †˛i:
fl—£vdflሀWgመg'Rሚሉgመሃ:ም·oላል88

10.72መ*W-TfRሉf=>መምሉ:ማ*ልሃfvd
መyebል
ለመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag ~ggልd ም˛ማ ?ng vd
flለ*W =ለ መሃ·? ? መ መ*W*T† ?o/+'ሞo/dj88 ? መ
ለመ*W*Wም˛ማRqሃ=ላ·yqf»Rላ· * flሆbgf·ሃ:ማል8ምfም
8 vf
Wˇ„oflመሉ%gfT/bgምb˛Tdbማcag†ለመለማig
=ለ-መሃ·?q»%—fመሠe/ህbhofመ:a/-na88y=ለ-መሃ·?
q?%T መለ†flg Rbሌማ Rመሃ·? q?%T ላ· bg flሚ†-»
flbለ† ˇ„o †ሉd flመ ሉ%cf ሊ• flሚoሉˇ„o/መል/ *ሎo:
መ†o: fl=ለ መሃ·; qUXo ·g%ሉ8 ሃ†f Rሉf=> መምሉd
ማ*ልሃf fl? መf ሉ%gd q/bማማnag ለማ•˛ሉ ·„ል88 Tmል
መ ማ*U*T† መ†ofd ,ሃ=ለሉd ,e:• flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f
fl»•*ሆል=˛Wagመ*W-TfመለflgdመምሉqለRg88
vanህ መ *W-To flq|UT Uህልf መ„g †ለUj ,ሆf ሉ flማfRW:
flመሟvd
* flመ/ማg~ህሎg†ላjd/ምምagf%ሉgflመ˛fUgoሎe†ላj

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
194 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

መሆf qለUj88 ybሌUሑ ? መ መ*W*W R'g መ *W-Tof

ማ*ልሃf q/%ላ— a88 fl/ልሃd '0kም yb*a ም˛ማ •' qUWag
†ላj ሆg መT†: fl=ለ-መሃ·? q?%T ሚd: R%/ flመbማመf ?¶ም
bybል:fl=ለመሃ·?~ለ-d=ለመሃ·?q:%Wህd¶fW:¶fflሃR:
flመሃfl? f~co: መመ'መ'/ሀ-Wf %ል*ሎ flማ/ሆg: ምላ7f መመ⁄˛W:
gWW'f flማig: fl¶'g ሁeeo ሀ-U ˛ለሟf ማ|bg qለRg88 y*b5
R'g·ምfldሙd*b5መ†oለመ*W-ToRv¸ላ·ላለ/ልሃd
መል|ምq•ሆሚagf·*ሆል88

10.73fl|·dሙdመሆ
flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f fl»•* ሆል=˛Wag 2(%ሞo ም˛ማ Wf
—£ q'0/q'Wh q¶' flመ˘መ†f Rv¸ †ለ መ †|geል88 R¡ህf —£
˛ም•q'/ለ ሚ 0/q'Whq¶'dሙdvdb˛Tfldሙd?»ለማ•˘gq†ሌ
-eof ማ-ለ* qለRg88 yb#ሃ q'0/q'Wh q¶' መ|yል v†f„f•f
yመሃfl?
* ·ል?መሃ·?q?%TW—£Rdሙdflbመሄgfvf‚ሃ·?
·¶•ል88 dሙdf መሃ:ም y—£: y˛fW: y;-;/: y* ሀ·ል vd y»|ም
q† ሁሉfም yመሃfl? ·ል? ⁄:bl ሎ qለ8 fldሙd መሃbd ·ac
Rሚ˛መ˛መ flመ/g ልማg u~/ff7f »•* q*ሆሉ vd flbመሃ ”†
flq:%W”መሃd·ም·aeመሆb·/aል88
fldሙd”Wf—£Rሁለg(2)·ag·y%ላል8-Rq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)
dሙdrandom(probability)samplingvdሆfbWሎdሙdpurposeful(non-
probability)samplingdj88

10.74flq•ሆሚ(flመሆfv»ል)dሙdመሆ
q•·ም
ሆሚ flመሆfv»ልdሙdybለflfleለመq'0/q'Whq¶'መ|yል
Rq•ሆሚ Rሚመሄ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o ·*dል88 ·ህ fldሙd ” yል
/ሜg •' Rb†† Rመሆ —£ flሚ%ሃ'f q»ሏag flሚyላyል vd dሙd
fleለመሁሉfምq'0/q'Whq¶'|·/ለመሆbd/ላለመሆbRሚ:'W?&e
ላ·fl/eg/d~/መሠgfflሚሉልa88v†f„f•fleለመq'0/q'Whq¶'
qUልRdሙdflመ|bgv»ልqለR'8 |e·agflq•(flመሆ ሆሚ fv»ል)
fldሙd f~co †ሉ ,ሆf flRለሃ fl•% flሆbg :ላል flq•ሆሚ/|· dሙd
(simplerandomsampling):Rfl¶flby(%ለdሙd(stratifiedsamplling)
vdflb*R*Rdሙd(~ላ/b'%f¶ም-ም2ሊf)dj88

10.75መfመbfbf
Rመ/g u~/ff7f ም˛ማ ሃf|%/ሉል?/f»* vd dሙd ማ•˘g q/%ላ—
Tሆfም a˛' f R q·¶ለም88 flም˛ማ ሉ%g b˛T /ለመሆb ለማ•˛ሉd
ለdማ fl/ed/d~ gfbdም ለc flሚeመf ·ሆf f» ·ህ -n a88

W'dሚc/f'
195
 W'dሚc/f'

flgfbdq*%df~czም'ሏሉ&መመሃd(QuantitativeAnalysis)
·ም ·ae (Qualitative Analysis) መሆb Ry'ል ·/aል88 a˛' f
ለሁcምq/bማማnag/g~~ለlag/flሚ†/%ል·ablU·a88
ሠfሃ‹-198-flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggልdም˛ማf»*/‚¢·f¶o

¶ ⁄'⁄'

flqሠ%'f»*f/ ሠfሃ¤fመ=igdመyለ/(q/%ላ—,ሆfማ•˘g)
‚¢·ffማ•˛ሉ Xofማለgምdላማ(ለRbg)ላማ
: (ለg):ም'gd
e-To Rል መሃ:-jfd flሚለz መሆbf ማ•˛ሉ8
qመላ|poRRሆaመልzRመሃf:R·ag:R—£መለflejf
ማ•˛ሉ
ለ~ggልd ምf†ህልfl*vdfl˛fWሀWgvf„ለመለflg;ለሁሉምfl~ggል
ም˛ማq?ምf vd ም˛ማ Uል¶Uo fl/ልሃd vf¶ሚ†/%ል•j መ„*/;
መ„*/ Rሁለcም ማለgም ለማ:* )”&7f: Rq˛' q:* ማህR*W
q:*vdqmq|ላgfl/ልሃdመ/%'gfRq·agመለflg
ለ?መ qሁf †ሉ flመ ምfo eማnagd g~~ለlag ማ•˛ሉ: ምf
መ*W*Wd q·ag ? መ vf„ለ ማ?: ምf q·ag bሌማ መ
ለ gfbd ማ:» መ*W*W vf„ለRg መ*f: ለመሠe መ ላማ: ለ~ggልd
ም˛ማ88 ለሉ& መ መ*W*Wd ለማ¶%˘g —£ ˛¶Wd ⁄'⁄'
መ'ሃ-W'ማ•˘gvdRuላ'agላ·መUUg
fl~ggልd R~ggልd ም˛ማ /ምምag flb¶*Rg መ ሉ& መf
ም˛ማ?»d መ*W*W: መ መሃ:ም: 3'g ማ»d ማ?W ማሃ=ለል88
R˘gማ•˘g flq?ምfUe»•*flሚ%ልˇgfማሃ=ለል88flሁሉfም~ggልd
ም˛ማvf?/=.oሎማ•˘gvdfl˛fWምfልfመለflg
fl3'gd fl3'g ” ‚¢·f/f»*/ ማ•˘g: fl3'g +'ማgf R/ም
Wመል/ማ:» መለflg:flWመል/”fመ*ሃ'vdለqመ%ለ-eማ?W

10.76qሃ¢gfbd

Wf —£ flም˛ማ ? መ R;ሉ' ·*R*Uል88 መሃd ሉ& መ

Rbለሑ (variable) መ|yል †ለf fjag ·ም ልag ለማ?/ለመ*f/
·„ል8flfjag/
8 b¢ም…(co-relation)/eg/d~/Rሁለgbለoመ|yል
†ለf fjag ·ለ|ል: Wf —£ም ሉ˛l Rሆbd ሉ˛l Uልሆb bለo
መ|yልfjag/b¢ም…/ለሚybሉgሉ†>o·„ል8flመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7f
/ልሃdf Rመ¶Rlag flሚyebሉ q'0/q'Wh q¶(o yማ·yebሉg ·ል?
q„‚/ bሞ~(of b:Wለ % ላ· qለልf? .g q'0/q'Wh q¶(o
yf» q'0 q¶(o RRለሃ RVb*W ¶ ለሉ=?f መ/g qe(o ም'ሉ
(ofb:Wለ%ላ·qለልf?

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
196 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

10.7˛ላሏgfbd

·aegfbdRdag⁄'⁄'?መ,ሆfRW+'ሞo/?ovdybለ†
ምfoflሚመሄdj8ምfk 8 flለ*W=ለ-መሃfl?(-'*dልsfb'?):
flS»f ··g (focus group discusion): ;ል* q/¸/መ q:U·/ =ለ-
መሃ·?( {· sf+'ማfg sfb'?): flqf» ˇ„· ሉdg(}⁄ /b‚):
vለe•£ሊovdflመ/gልማgሠ%booflለgመመ⁄T†ማ/e5¶Wb'
(‚†): *a…o: ማ/ :ho (stasionary) ·ም yልም» Rመa-g e~
መd˛'f(/hfሊf)†|geል8?8 መመ*W*WRdagq-e'”f
†ሃ=ልላል8q-8 e'”fመሃ:ምRbgም˛ማመሃ=ለልvf‚g'†/oላል88
R·aegfbdflbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7ffl»•qb˛UR' * ˛ም•ሚ
“fl·ggfbd“(fffgqdሊ,/)flሚUለf”·ሃ:ማል88fl·ggfbd
flq*%' f~c~ ,ሆf flbለ† *a…o መሠb ሀ-Wf: flbመ˛S መof:
~*g(openendeed)fl?ngq/b†flhof·bagdል8·ህ8 ሂ¶gflሚ†ሃ=ልለ
Rሉf=>flሚaRSመof:y¡†ምልflef:flሚ/ሉ';መ/ሃgf:d
ሑWሉመል~hofመy(%ልf:'/f·ምRመf»* /ሉ f†ሃ=ልላል88

10.78flመ/gልማgu~ff7fflም˛ማለgqb˛UR'

RWሃfflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f,/bምvdR*ላgመ'˛R†flመ/gልማg
u~/ff7fq˛ልሎgለf…o:.ho:ሆgq'0/q'Whq¶(oለማ2•˛'/
g%f/+'ም ለማ» yሁሉም flRለሃ q/j• ˇ„· ሃ=ሚ ለgf
q•¸hለbሃ=ሚማ*ሌgላ·a8flመ/ 8 gልማgu~/ff7fdሂ¶g/
„·&~h&g/ flም˛ማ nhof ለመ/g u~/ff7f Uል¶Uod ምdልUg
ለcfለማig*ላgላላjለq•q|ላg ' 3'gflማ?Wuላ'agqለRg8
8 nhkf መሃ:ም ማለg ሀ-W ማ*ለ?d Rv:g ላ· flbመሠb -e
መ/ሃg ማለg a88 R¡ህም Rም˛ማ ሂ¶g g'ˇም †ለ: b:U·ag †ለ:
vdሃ=ሚለgfመ•˛ሉfለማ˛⁄yq•q|ላg
' fjag •' መg'qለRg8
8 3'ho: flWሀf መ˛dl: flq'0/q'Wh q¶' /W*Uo: '~83o:
መሄho8 flማ/e† መለ/bl ሁ+o: » ˛o (W 1¸): nhofd
ም~ሀ-Xofvf¶q/%ላ—acለማ/bላለ·ሃ?ማሉ * 8fl~ggልdም˛ማ?»:
fl~ff bg: ለg: ም'g: vf?/=.: vd flvf?/=. Wgd ላማ
መመ*W*T†dሙd*fሃ‹R⁄ል20bመልyg88

W'dሚc/f'
197
 W'dሚc/f'

~*ል108-'b-efመሠg†¶˛flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f~ggል:
ም˛ማvd»•*

fl⁄ል⁄'⁄'

⁄ል1. fjagfለማሃdy'flሚ¶flq?ምfUe»•*⁄'⁄'

bU' flq?ምfUe»•*/g%f¨/»'—g
?»~ለ-d R~ልል¶flመ/gልማg?»q¶ሉdgላ·8
ም˛ማ — Rመ/gልማg?»ላ·fl•%fl~ለ-ም˛ማማ|ሄ»;
— flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»fR•%ማ•˘g;
— v?•RW'dልማgq•q|ላg
' fjagqማ||f/ል
(ADPLAC)ማ¶?;
— flመ/gልማg/ልሃdqb˛UR'fR•%ማ:»;
— flመ/gUለሙ†ofdqሠልሆooሊሆb·˛Uል;
fl2(%ም fl2(%ም¶flሚ:Rሁeeogfbdላ·a88·ህምRመ/g
⁄¸gf ልማgW'dላ·?»ሚ†ለሚ*ሃˇ„·-eለማ/ሃgRመሠeag
R¶' †˛ለላል
ማ/:መሉ — Rሁeeo gfbd vd ¶ q:ማመሉ f~c~ ላ· fl?»
f»*ማ•˘g;
—?»ሚ†flሚ*ሆjˇ„ofለመ*fflሚ†/oሉመof
Rbyee·መመ'መ'vdመbfbf;
—bU'b'/ልሃdd»•*መ/ሃg;
flሙ† flሙ† gምህ'g gR% ለሙ† *ልሆj v:gd ~ህሎf
gምህ'g ለመሌRሉ·„ል88R¡ህም8-
—Uለሙ†obU(mjfRመ%b2†57ላሉ;
— ሙ† v:gfd ~ህሎgf ለማ„R'ም;መሐ* ማfRW:
flUለሙ†f%fመመልyg:gምህ'eˇWngdgምህe
ሉdhof ማ¶' vf‚ሁም ሙ† Wf ላማ-|g fl%/
bd-7agfማ-¶;
—q'0/qWhq¶(o†˛jgfgምህ'gመ˛ም˛ም;

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
198 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

flሃ-W flሃ-W ልሉd vd flሀWg ማ„R' ልም»f ማ-¶ ልም»

ልሉd |ላjq|ላgfl¸ም
•' —£··hofማ»va'+ም8
vdflሀWg
-
ማ„R'
ልም»f —ሉdeflመ/~ˇ¥fማ•˘g(flሀ˛'/ሉdflሑ);
ማ-¶
—fl~ህሎgvdflq?ምማልRm/ልሃdfማ»;
—flል/2%·Agvd•%/-Wሊ~q•'agfማReeg;
—flq|UT/flማህR*WማህR%gfማሃdy';
flመ/g/% flመ/gልማgመfd
/% ?ef¢Vfማሠ%ሌg˛»
መfd flሚybሉgfbU%gvf¶q/%ላ—acመሃ:ም
?e
f¢Vf
ማሠ%ሌg —flbሟflመ
& ማf†ሎofለም-ሌR%ሁ+o:•£ሊo:
gff7መሀ*g:b%ላ—መfl†*a»:flሀWgመመl:
flም'ም'መሄg:-·f-3'ho:.b;
—fluሌ~g(c~v=oማለgም‚?‚/,‚(ም:flsሜ·ል
ምል~ho;
— Rsfb'eg flሚ˛j flv:g ማf†ሎo: flም'ም'
*fo: g~~ለld flbመሃb መል~ho: W f%f/:
vdW-·g/;
—flq•'q|ላg7'~dvdˇUuo/q¶ሉdho;
flሙ† flq'0q¶'»'¸hofሌም(flq|UTflሙ†»'¸hofለመ¶˛*flgWW'
bU%gf /g%f¨fማ-¶
ማ/bUR' — †ሉgf flሙ† »'¸ho መለflg (flq'0 q¶' »'¸ho:
ማህR*Wq:*»'¸ho:flW'dማህR%g.b);
—q„‚/flሙ†»'¸hofመመ/gdመ¶˛*;
—fl»'¸hofflልማgqሑfl%' ?»vdመb„¶†¶fW
ማ/ሆg;
—flሙ†ማህR%gfq?ምfUeመ¶˛*;

W'dሚc/f'
199
 W'dሚc/f'

⁄ል2-flመ/gልማgq˛ልሎgማ/bUR†መለ/blመ»~qe'
fl/%⁄'⁄'

⁄'⁄' fl»•*bU%g fl»•*/flqሠ%'” ሀላ'agflb*ሃbCም

flመ/g flመ/gም'ም' o(ofR•%መለflgd flም'ም'bCማgd

f~gሎ¨ q˘f„መ? R¶ማ/:መሉ:flq%ሜሜም flሚመለyejflgምህ'g
ልማg ም˛ማfR•%ማ|ሄ»; bCማg/c=',do
Rbለflqa/bld flq'0/qWhq¶'f?d>: W'dT(dflW'd
ሉ=?f flbለ†Wሃfመ˛dl; ም'ም'bCም;
flመ/gልማg
f~gሎ¨oላ·
f¢Vመ*ሃ'
flf~gሎ¨ q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg ም'ም':W'dT(:flል
ማ•˛ሏ ሙy%odሠ'hማ-†of .~b';
Rመሃ:ምR•%flማላመ»
% ማydf;
f~gሎ¨ f~gሎ¨ማU¢g f~gሎ¨fflሚ†U¢ flም'ም'ማyላg;
ማU¢g bCምመ/%o':ማU‹†
ማyል;
*ላgመ*ሃ'd fl„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»aflመ/g fl¥fW'dመም†d
Wመል/ ሃbሃ=ሚoflf~gሎ¨ flም'ም'ሆT†;
*ላgመለflg;
f~gሎ¨ flመ/gልማg flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f fl~ልልdfl¥fflመ/gልማg
ማ*%ሌg u~/ff7f ም~ሀ-WR•%ማ•˘g: q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†:
ማ•˘g /ልሃdመ/ሃg8~ggልd fl„W'd/Vg:
ም˛ማማ»; flም'ም'ማyላg;
flመ/g flመ/g ም'ሉ':ማ„R†: flsgሙ†ም'ሉ
Who bሃ=ሚo bU·}ሚ|ል:W»':flv'5 'sfb'2%·⁄:
flWg*ላg መ-†oq?'Xg flW'dWgq?'Xg
መለflg sfb'2%·⁄ህ/%
ማህR%g
W»' ለqa/bld flመ/gልማgRሚ|ሄ»Uj ህ//ማህR%g:fl˛ሃ'Uf~
*('መ/g q|UToflW»'q?'Xg
bሃ=ሚo vf‚g'ማ/mል
flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgW»'
ማ%ላላ
flሃ flq?ምfUe flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚo ህ//ማ/('†u˘f,:
bሃ=ሚo ማህR'f/S»fለማሃdy'd flመ/gማህR%g
ማህR' flb:d˘/ልgመ:fl/;
flመ/gሃ Rfl¶ላሉflመ/gሃ ህ//ማ/('†u˘f,:
q/b„¶' f/S»go*gflመ/g flመ/gማህR%g
ሃሀWg~**ል:flመ/g
ሃ;ሃU
መb„¶†¶fW

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
200 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

˛R†ማመmjg ˛R†b'*Wሎofማማg flW'dWgq?'Xgd

fl˛R†Xeofማማmjg W·g:ህ//ማ/('†
u˘f,
flሉ˛d ለqa/bld flመ/gመ/መ'ሉ˛d: flመ/ሃማህR%g
q•ልሎg ሉ=?fመ/gvd flመ/gX·„gdማfሆ%* flሉ=?fመ/gbሃ=ሚ
ለማህR*Wz& ሌሎoflማ/b|y†%o q'0/q'Whq¶(o
ሃbሃ=ሚo fl„flመ/g/Vg:
Rሁሉም¶flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
መለ/blመ»o
~ggልd ~ggልdም˛ማ fl•%~ggል:ም˛ማ: Rሁሉም¶flመ/gልማg
ም˛ማ መማማ':Wመል/dvd q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†
?e3'ho መለ/blመ»o
·yddል88
flመ/g '¶%ል;~ልል: %¶%ል/~ልል/¥f/'„flመ/g fl'¶%ል/~ልል/¥f/
ልማgq¶ R¥f:R„¶ ?»~ለ-/ም˛ማ '„„·&~h&gመ/g
ሉ dho flሚ|ሄ•q¶ flWgq?'Xgfማ•˛ሉ; q˛ልሎgማ/bUR†:
ሉ dho W'dT(:flሃመ/gd
sa'¨T(:W'd
ም'ም':ህ//ማ/('†
u˘f,

⁄ል3:flመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎg'ሀflመ/gልማg*%˛oofl%
?¶ምbybል/መ'ሀW'/

-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'

1l-ምfg fl„መ/gልማg/Vgd ?eflመ/gልማgu~/ff7f;ል*bU%/
q•'q|ላg'ሃ/%o /%oላ·y„dflመ/gልማgq•'q|ላg
ላ·fl•%መ˛URgwaf7f/ •'fl•%መURg
/ ልሃd ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎhofመ¶˛* q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg
fl%ላ·/ልሃd 25%flሚሆafflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go (ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·/ልሃd/ሙ†
•'··gማ»
»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··gማ»:
ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb

?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg
2l*ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'

W'dሚc/f'
201
 W'dሚc/f'

ሠ'hማ-†መ¶˛* flመ/gልማgሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wል
q˛ልሎhofመ¶˛* ሠ'hማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:
fl%ላ·/ልሃd flማyማmሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምf
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go መyebል
•'··gማ» 25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
flT(%: (ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·/ልሃd/ሙ†
»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··gማ»:
ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg

?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg
3l-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'

flT(q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg flT(%:y:Rሌq/b„¶'ሠ%boodመ/g
fl%ላ·/ልሃd ሃbሃ=ሚova‚ሁም»•*q˛ልሎg
ሠ'hማ-† *ሎo•'መ˛dig
flሃbሃ=ሚf/S»go flመ/gልማgሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wል
•'··gማ» ሠ'hማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:
flT(%: flማyማmሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምf
መyebል
25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXeመWig
(ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃS»fመo
(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·/ልሃd/ሙ†
»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··gማ»:
ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb
ለመ/gሃbሃ=ሚoማህR'bCማfl»•*
q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg

?„ሜd
vሁ»
flRል:dg

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
202 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

4l-ምfg bU%g ⁄'⁄'

flT(q˛ልሎgመ/ሃg flT(%:y:Rሌq/b„¶'ሠ%boodመ/g
fl%ላ·/ልሃd ሃbሃ=ሚova‚ሁም»•*q˛ልሎg
3'gማ•˘gdR *ሎo•'መ˛dig
መል/መ/ሃg flመ/gሠ'hማ-†ofማለgምfl*Wልሠ'h
flሃbሃ=ሚoffl/ልሃd ማ-†o:q-e'flf~gሎ¨ልማg:flማyማm
?»ማ•˘g: ሠ'hማ-†ob-q%ሟሜምfመyebል
መማ*U*W: 25%ሁለblfflመ/gማ-oXe
R:Rሌ/W*Ufመyebል መWig(ሁለgflመ/gWሎof)d:ለሃ
·ምRልflu~/ff7f S»fመo(q˛dn˛R&o)vdfl%ላ·
ˇ„·ላ·መ-b* /ልሃd/ሙ†»•*መ/ሃg
flመ/gሃbሃ=ሚof•'··g
ማ»:ለo(oመ*gሄመ/ሃgb
3'gመሟ*:flሃbሃ=ሚoffl/ልሃd
?»ማ•˘g:መማ*U*W:R:Rሌ/W*Uf
መyebል·ምRልflu~/ff7fˇ„·ላ·
መ-b*

⁄ል4.'ሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~gመማ†ሁ*/:g/

'ሀflbመሄለሉflሚ†መሄማW%†aሉXo(flu~/ff7fመል~ho)gምህ'gqል
g:
—£y-v/y-(4ምfeg)
flመ/g*Wል/ም8- ሉ?ልመf
flbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~g8- 'መ⁄%g
f/'/8- fl'ሉ%g
flW?ለg¶መ%b2:T†f/80%flW?ለg¶
flሉ?ልመffl'ለ»R7efለመ#ሆሃ'R%f¨-·»መeyምqለRg
flbመሃflመ/gልማgu~/ff7fመል~g8-
fl'?g 8
flq%'”8-
flማ-መሆ
fl'መ¶W
መ/መ'
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flመ/gልማg*%boobU'
flqም'መgfማሆ%g
flW?ለgመhlfመ%b2
fR%f¨-·»ማyም
Rመ/መ'መ⁄%g
fl/ልሃdማf†ሎo8-ሉ;'*ሌ„:flሉ?ልመf:%f¨-·»:fl'መ†‹†b…

W'dሚc/f'
203
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⁄ል5.flgምህ'g~*ለ—£?»/dሙd/
q•¸8-
ም fl„ም :f
flመ/gልማg*%bl/ም
fl:R/ልሃd—£vdXe
:f Xe
Rq'0q¶'ማሠልሃlማyል::Rሌ

fl/ልሃddሀ-W
fl/ልሃd'/8-
flgምህ'cW8- .y¡ህ/ልሃdR^ላflሃbሃ=ሚመo8-'vdሌሎoq/%ላ—
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vf¶ሚb˛R'መለ·oላሉ
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ሃ?ላላR˘g8-
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4.ማሃ=ለ†ሁ* /f˛ለሟ m'g

ሉ መል/
†>d
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·ም··g

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
204 መbR†መመ†
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⁄ል6. 'ሀ?e3'g?

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flUህለሉ•'Rb††fleመ55ሎo)
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መ/ሃg88R2(%ምq:%Wላ·dd†%a˛ሄgfመለ
ሁdf4-o(od/faho
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ሁdf5-Wመል/
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(qfedqሉe)qሜ(ofመለ
ሁdf6-መማማ'dመለሉ
ለq-e'flመ/gልማg·ምለሌሎoሃ=ሚflሆb;ል*gምህ'gflb˛iUjˇ„of
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ልማgu~/ff7f»•*flf~c~fVflሚሉdj88
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ሁdf8-fl¶'gˇ„o/q/j•ˇ„o
:ሆ·%gላ·Rማb'fl¶'gለመ/gልማgu~/ff7fq˛ልሎgflRለሃg'ˇም
†ላjˇ„f/q/j•ሁeeofማˇላgdvf”gሊ=ለሉvf¶ሚ˛Uመለ
ሁdf9-Rመሆለሉ/vመ'eላ·qሃ=ላ·„*-ሉdg
flu~/ff7fq:%Sy?»q†,e·RሚሃR:ለሉ/vመ'evdfle:•Xoflb-z
/ለመሆb„*-ሉdgማ|ሄ»

⁄ል7. መefl:Rሌመ/gbU%gq/b=:»dሙd?
bU' መለ{† መe?» R˘g uላ'ag —£

1 ሉ˛d flˇልRgመሃf
- መሄX·ሉ˛d
flሃ (*:f)
-¶ለልማ/˛»
-flሃመ-T†
2 flb(*/ልማgf?d> flˇልRgመሃf 10%v†f„f•
flb(*/v:U (*:f) b(*/Rb%ሉ(
መ/gማ-~ልልf ሀWg%
መ*f flbሃR:መሆf

W'dሚc/f'
205
 W'dሚc/f'

3 ሠ'hማ-†o i)7fl*Wል i)T†f/2

-fl*Wልሠ'hማ-† ሠ/ማ bሌማ*Wል
-q-e'flf~gሎ¨ ii)2qfል ·ለማል:T†f/
ልማg ( PTD) 25%Rሁሉም
-flመ/gv'5መ† iii)1flVb*W *Wሎoም'g
ሠ'hማ-† .hoሉ=?f ·ሌም%ል
-flሃWeመ/g” መ/g ii)T†f/2
-flvህልመ•⁄f ·ላመ„ሉ
4 flሚ%ለˇWho
flb„:ሉ(o(R#ሎ: (R{.)
qg~ልg) (Rz/ል)
ማ„R†(†:„2: (R{.)
W/U7) (Rሊ/')
flbU·dR7eመyላy†
መ»ሀcg
d*ሆ
5 flመ/gልማgqb˛UR'
·ag(gflU)–1 20 50
·ag(gflU)–2 20 45
·ag(gflU) –3 10 25
6 ልሃdo
- flመ/gሀbሃ=ሚ 30 60
S»fመo 50 10
-flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚo
7 flu~/ff7fመm
-flመ/~:dg
- ማ-ˇWng
-flልም»ልሉˇ¥
-flሚለሃ&dR%
ሁ+ o
-flW'd&‚d
fሌ?‹f

8 ~ggልdም˛ማ

⁄ል8. መefl„መ/gbU%gq/b=:»dሙd?
bU' መለ{† መe R˘g ሀላ'ag —£
?»

1 ሉ˛d flˇልRg
- መሄX·
flሃ መሃf(*
ሉ ˛d f):
-¶ለልማ/˛»
-flሃመ-T†

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
206 መbR†መመ†
 Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
መbR†መመ†

2 fUe flˇልRg 30
flሃመሄመ/መ'/ መሃf(*
|dል/ f):
-0 ም2
3 ሠ'hማ-†o
-fl*Wልሠ'hማ-†
-q-e'flf~gሎ¨
ልማg
-flመ/gv'5መ†
ሠ'hማ-†
-flሃWeመ/g”
-flvህልመ•⁄
4 flሚ%ለˇWho
flb„:ሉ(o(R#ሎ: (R{.)
qg~ልg)
ማ„R†(†:„2: (Rz/ል)
W/U7)
flbU·dR7eመyላy†
መ»ሀcg
d*ሆ (R{.)

5 flመ/gqb˛UR'
·ag(gflU)–1 20 50
·ag(gflU)–2 20 45
·ag(gflU) –3 10 25
6 ልሃdo
- flመ/gf~c7go 30 60
-flመ/gUለሙ†o 7 14
7 flu~/ff7fመm
-flመ/~:dg
- ማ-ˇWng
-flልም»ልሉˇ¥
-flሚለሃ&dR%
ሁ+ o
-flW'd&‚d
fሌ?‹f
8 ~ggልdም˛ማ

W'dሚc/f'
207
 W'dሚc/f'

⁄ል9.flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f?»q˛˘gdሙd

flb*ሃ% bU' ሀላ'ag ሉ' fl| መ• ሚ† f *e ሀም aሀ መ/ ሉ? ህ„ eህ

flሃbሃ=ሚ o'ልfle flመ/g

*ላg„*- ማ|ሄ»: ልማg
ሉ dg q-e'fl˛ሃ' {ል
መe
flመ/gልማg
{ልRመ¶Rl
qሠ%'
መ'ህRሎ
መመ⁄˛T†
ማ-e5
flq'0
q¶(ofo'
·መUል

ለመ/g flመ/g
q/b=:» ልማg
flመ/gqe' {ልvd
Wሎ~flሃ flመ/g
bሃ=ሚS»f ሃ
bሃ=ሚ
S»f:
flመ/g
ሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR'

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
208 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

3.fl„መ/g flመ/gሃ flመ/g

ማe¸መfg bሃ=ሚS»f ልማg
ሚf(IMC) qUላgfdS»f {ልvd
መof flመ/g
ማ¶%˘g ሃ
flመ/gሃ bሃ=ሚ
bሃ=ሚ S»f:
S»fሁሉfም flመ/g
flWሎ~v?…o ሃ
†ሃ=ልላል bሃ=ሚ
flመ/gሃ ማህR'
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR'ሁሉfም
flWሎ~v?…o
†ሃ=ልላል
fl:Rሌ
q/b„¶'
v?…of
yል0ለ„
flመ/gልማg
q˛ልሎg
ማ/bUR†
q?'X
†/»=ል

4.ለመ/g flnhod „
u~/ff7f flሉdg
q/b=:» ለ hof
መ ማሃ=ለልd
ማሃ=ለል R?»ላ·
Rሚ|ሄ»
/W*Uላ·
መ†flg
fl~ggልd
ም˛ማ
ሉ& መf
ማሃ=ለል
5.fl„ መa5flመ/g „
መ/g?» ልማg
ማ•˘g u~/ff7f
?»
ማ•˘g
መa5v?•f
ለ qUላg
Rማ„/
q/b†flg
vf‚*ሉRg
ማ»

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 209
 W'dሚc/f'

6fl„ መa5flመ/g „
መ/g?» v?•f
vdR˘gf ማሃd:?
ማሃd:? ለ v?•
flR˘g*a»
ማ•˘g
መa5
v?•fለ¥f
ማ/yWd
ማ/yለ/
ማ/˛ም˛ም/

7.fl¥f flbCማ ¥f
bCማ»•* »•*
ማ/bUR† ማ/bUR†
(ISC)መለ/bl flመ/~bል
መ»~ »'—g
መ'ሀW'
ማ•˘g
ለ¥bflመ/g
ልማg
q˛ልሎg
fሚ
qUልag
qUW†ላj
q•'q|ላgf
መመ⁄˛W
fl„f
መa5flመ/g
?»መyለ/
መ˛ም˛ም/

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
210 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

8.fl¥f flሁሉfም ¥f
መe „flመ/g
flመ/gልማg ልማg
u~/ff7f u~/ff7f
?»ማ•˘g ?»d
ም~ሀ-W
ማሃ=ለል
flbሃ=ለለf
?»ለ~ልል
ማ?W
9.R~ልል ለ~ልል ~ልል
flመ/gልማg ማ/bUR†
u~/ff7f flመ/~bል
?»መyለ/d መ'ሀW'
ማ¶? ማ•˘g
yT(:
yም'ም':
Wg
q?%To
vdሌሎo
q•'q|ላg
qUላgf
መመ⁄˛W
fl?»dR˘g
flf~c~~ለ-
ማ•˘g
flbሃ=ለለ
?»d
ም~ሀ-Wf
ማ55ል
መa5?»d
R˘gf
ማ¶?d
ለ መሌ5
vgምለ¥b
መላ~
10. y~ልሉ ¥f
flbሃ=ለለf ማ/bUR†
flመ/gልማg fሚ
u~/ff7f flb*ሃf
?»f q/b†flg
ማ/b|yል መሠg
Rማ»
ለ v†f„f•
„q/%ላ—
ማ/b|y†o
·¶•ሉ
flመሌ5
vgም¶
„ለgR%
·ላ|ል

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 211
 W'dሚc/f'

1.flመ/g Rq-e' fl~ልል

ልማg መ/g fl¥f
u~/ff7f u~/ff7f መ/g
vdflf~c~ ላ·fl2 T(
/ ልሃdo - ምfeg
(q(gሚ: flqሠልሆoo
ምህf»/d /ልሃd?»
qሠ%(o) ማ•˘g
Rመ/g
q(gሚ
vdመ/g
ምህf»/d
qሠ%(oላ·
fl2-ምfeg
flqሠልሆoo
/ልሃd?»
ማ•˘g
„ለ
Uለሙ†o
flqሠልሆoo
/ ልሃd
መ/ሃg
12.flመ/g flqሠልሆoo „
ልማg /ልሃd
u~/ff7f ሠልሆoo
vdflf~c~ ( fl„
qሠ%(o Uለሙ†o)
/ ልሃd bመ--·
/ ልሃd
ለመ/gልማg
{ሎo
·*ሆሉ
flመ/gልማg
{ሎo
ለ ሃ
bሃ=ሚod
ለመ/gS»f
መoflማ-
ላ·/ልሃd
·*ሆሉ

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
212 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

13.flqb˛UR' b/ማሚ flመ/g

/g%f¨vd flመ/g ልማg
~ggል qe(of {ሎo
vdfl„
መለflg
Rqe(o
ላ·ሀላ'ag
flሚሆልUj
flመ/gልማg
{ሎof
መ?ሃ'
flመ/gልማg
{ሎo
flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ማህR%gfd
flመ/gሃ
bሃ=ሚ
S»gof
ለ ማCCም
†¢ሉ
b˛Tag
|ላjq•'
qyላg•'
fjag
መ*ሃ'
flመ/g
ልማgለሃ
bሃ=ሚ
ˇ»fመo
/ ልሃd
·*ሆሉ
flማ-?fl-
vdflመ/g
?¶ምbybል
/መ'ሀW'/
ማ•˘g
Wgd
ም'ሉ'
መ*W*W
ሠ'hማ-†
vdflመ/~
:fማ¶%˘g
~ggልf
መ:ሃልd
g//'f
መሃR?/
መfyUyW/

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 213
 W'dሚc/f'

14.flመ/g መሠe flመ/g

ልማg መvd ልማg
u~/ff7f fl~ggል {ል
2(% ም ሉdgማ|ሄ» vd
ም˛ማ fl*Wልማ-f
y(*ሎ
ሉ dhof
Rማ|ሄ»
ም˛ማ
ማ|ሄ»
15.R˘g 'ሀd flመ/g
ማ•˘gd መe ልማg
?e ?e {ል
g3' g3' vd
ማ?W „ለ
ማ?W
ለ:ሆ·መg
»•*R˘g
ማ•˘g

⁄ል10.Rbመሄ*Wሎoflv.g*f*ለgላ·†ሉሃ=ሚqሠ%(o

*Wል/ Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ·ማል/ fl•ምg

dማdም *f*ለg /ምምag†ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/aሉW R209R˘g
ላ·†ለ መg
bሞ~(
y*e8- 10-8yU//Rላ·
Xe q%'8- ል|:/uo5.-7
ልምም»1 መሆd ሞ=gflqfl'ሁee8 25-8‚..:fvd 19,360
on 10-5‚..ማe
⁄¸g ⁄'†መሆ8- •ሊ:5fd:s'ማ
fl'መ¶W8- 1.20x5–10ሜ
'895 %W?ለg¶y250-3
/ሄ'
q%'8- መ/መ'ማ•˘g y15-.ሜ
':gvdመ⁄%g
q††⁄8- fl˛ለUˇ⁄⁄:ሃማሃሆg :
ማም:y˘'ምaሜማ»
ልምም» ማ- Xeመሆ8- y0ላd6(solanaceae) 9,05
-2 ⁄¸g Vb*WaሟflሆaXeመምሉ
. v'58- y3-4—£y20-3.ሜሉል:g
ማ/:ማ-ማ¶ላ¶ልdˇWe/ሃ'⁄
ማሆg/

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
214 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ልምም»-3 byላ on8- R3-4?ሃል:y28-35:f

v»ሜvd12–15.ሜ'⁄መg
†ለ 60
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'ማሆgvd
:»ሞሃማሃሆg
Xe//(g8 10-.ሜመ/መ'vd30
.ሜRb~ልመ|yል
flማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8 24{/
uf/u/Rbyላ?gመሃ:ም
ማም8- yb¢መbR^ላ:y2-ምfg
R^ላdyqRUR'g ሁለg—£2—£
ማሃሆg 39,540
ልምም»-4 q††⁄ ማ„R†8- መ˘መ†40{. †ybyላ
R^ላ3-ምfg#·h:2l'40{.
†y45–50:dgyመ˘መ†
ሑመ%R^ላ
”8- †fy5-7.ሜyb~ሉ'#
መሌመ'
/h{f/»•*ማ»/8- yb¢መbRg
:f˘ም( ·ምyqRUR'g
ˇ⁄⁄8- 'Rሌለ-'vd?ሃል
fla(/መyላy†8-ya(/vd*'˛
yሚ˛S*Wሉfyሚ†ሃ;bUo
ለመyላyልR#ሎdflbለ†fl*%*&
¢+ofRማ- †መgyል
ሃማሃሆg8- R*Wሉflሃ*ላg
መሃfመሠgvf‚ሃሆ·¶•ል
ልምም» bUd fl}ሚ|ል/መ»ሀcg/;ሉ'8- c£W: 14.270
-5 R7e ማf£W:ማd:Vሉል»:/|·
n'7 ማ·ል=3{//ሃ/'ለv†f„f•
;ሉ' መ»ሃcg:vdd%-&250ሚ.ሊ:
%‚fg =250ሚ.ሊ('g = 1ሊg':
qሊ•b' =1ሊg'Rሄ/'†/%ል•ል

:dሚcI
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 215
 W'dሚc/f'

ልምም»-6 ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 25,60

˛R†flሚ˛nRgfXevd*ላgf
መሠgq»'flመ»5—£fመ*f
˛R†?'Wyሆa*&ሙሉRሙሉ
v/yሚ:ላመሃR?
˛R†?yሆa*&ሊ:ላ,ል
መ*W*W
መ˘መ†:2l:3l:4l:5l:6lvd
መሌ5flሚመg
qሃ=ላ·flሚመg8yላ·flbሃ=+
qሠ%(oyላ·Rbሃ=+ልምም…of/
bሞ~(of/|ለ%=80z/z/ሄ
·ሆdል
ልምም» መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8- flqf»z/ል• =
-7 70
qሃ=ላ·flbመbRz/ል =80
qሃ=ላ·˛T =80*7=560,
qሃ=ላ·flሎ• =167,90
yሎ˛Tg'* =329,04

*Wል/ Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ%ላ· fl•ምg

7fz'g *f*ለg ማል//ምምag†ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/ R209R˘g
ላ·†ለ aሉW መg
bሞ~(
y*e8- y70–20ሜyU..Rላ·
Xeመሆ q%'8- ል|:/uo6-.8
ልምም»-1 vdon flq%'?·ሉ8- 281 12,80
⁄¸g flqfl' ሙ:g8-18–24‚..:f
vd10–15‚..ማe
fl'መ¶W8 1X5ሜ
'8 95%W?ለg3–4{/Rሄ/'
መ/መ'ማ•˘g
q%'8- 15.ሜ':gvdR0.5-1
.ሜሉል:gመ⁄%g
q††⁄8- ˇ⁄⁄:ሃማሃሆg:
ማም
ልምም» ማ- Xeመሆ8- y3መg‚ህ 908
-2 ⁄¸g y*Wልም'gaሟflሆaመ&gመምሉ
v'58 y20-3.ሜሉል:gy2–3
—£ማ/

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
216 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ልምም» byላ on8- y3-4?ሃል†ለdy40–

-3 50:dgv»ሜ†ለdy10-2
.ሜ'⁄መg†ለ 60
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'ማሆgvd
R?»ሚ†ሃማሃሆg
':g8- 20.ሜRመ/መ'vd5
.ሜRb~ልመ|yል
ማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8- 24{/
Rbyላ?g
qም8- መ˘መ†qም:†
ማ„R†,ሌመ':2lqምvdqRU
ሊ†WW,ል 42,315
ልምም» q††⁄ ማ„R†/†/8- መ˘መ†40{.
-4 †y15-20:fybyላR^ላvd
2l40{.†y30–40:f
ybyላR^ላ
ሃማሃሆg8- fl*Wሉfሃላg*
መሠgRማ»
ልምም» bU·d R}ሚ|ል/Rመ»ሀcg/;ሉ'8 7,06
-5 መ7e - ማf£W =3{/:(»ሚል=
n'7 2{.:ማd=4{/:2('g=3
;ሉ' ሊg'Rሄ/'†/%ል•ል88
ልምም» ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 6,40
-6 መ»5fመ*f
y50–75%?ሃሉ,*
?ሃሉሃልy1-2./ሜy%+
Rላ·b#'ሊ,»?
ሃ?ላላም'gyላ·flbሃ:+
qሠ%(of/ልምም…of/
yqለ%=320z/ሄ/'·ሆdል
ልምም» መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8-•Rz/ል =60
-7 ሃ?ላላzfeል =320
ሃ?ላላ˛T =320*6=192,0
ሃ?ላላሎ =83,65
yሎ˛Tg'*= 108,345

*Wል/»fo Rv.g q‚/qሠ%'fb:Wሎ fl•ምg

*f*ለgላ· %ላ·ማል//ምምag R209R˘g
†ለbሞ~( †ልb¶*Rgˇ„·/aሉW መg

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 217
 W'dሚc/f'

Xeመሆvd y*e8- y180–260

ልምም»-1 on⁄¸g ሜ/'yU..Rላ· 12,80
q%'8- q2ማ
flq%'?·ሉ8- 281
fl'ም'eማagR350
– 450z/ሄ/'8- Rለሃ:
ˇ„e:ላe:ሚሊ{:
ሞd:„ም:„fm:q%-:
•T-:%
ልምም»-2 ማ-⁄¸g Xeመሆ8- y3መg 908
‚ህy*Wልም'gaሟ
flሆaመ&gመምሉ
v'58 y20-3.ሜ
ሉል:gy2–3—£ማ/
ልምም»-3 byላ 'መ⁄g8-
ybyላR'g8- መ/መ'
ማሆgvdR?»ሚ† 60
ሃማሃሆg
fl'መሃf8-
ለምW 8-y18–20
z/ሄ/'
ለ' 8-y20–2z/ሄ/'
':g8-
ለምW 8-75x30.ሜ
Rመ/መ'dRb~ልመ|yል
Rg·
ለ' 8-60x20.ሜ
Rመ/መ'dRb~ልመ|yል
Rg·
ማ„R†qሃ=:ም*“e8-
240{/uf/u/vd5
{.†R'?g
”8- y5-7.ሜy'#
·:መሆል
qም8- መ˘መ†qም
†ማ„R†,ሌመ'vd
2lqምqRUሊ†WW,ል 42,315
ልምም»-4 q††⁄ ማ„R†/†/8- 2l
መ˘መ†5{.-ምfg
2
ybyላR^ላ:
3l5{/RqRU?g
ሃማሃሆg8- fl*Wሉf
ሃ*ላgመሠg
Rማ»

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
218 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

ልምም»-5 bU·dመ7e R}ሚ|ል/Rመ»ሀcg/ 7,06

'7n ;ሉ'8- ማf£W=3{.
;ሉ' :(»ሚል=2{.:
ማd=4{::2('g
=3ሊ/':*ለ{(f=3
ሊg'/ሄ'†/%ል•ል

ልምም»-6 ማምg flመ»5—£fመ*f 6,40

መ»5fመ*f
?ሃሉሙሉRሙሉ,¶'?
Rማምgሂ¶g
vf„·„መሃf:?
ሃ?ላላም'gyላ·
flbሃ:+qሠ%(of/
ልምም…of/
yqለ%=450z/ሄ/'
·ሆdል
ልምም»-7 መ2ሉ ማ-ላ·መ2ሉ8-•
Rz/ል =40
ሃ?ላላzfeል =450
ሃ?ላላ˛T =450*4=
180,
ሃ?ላላሎ =83,65
yሎ˛Tg'*= 96,345

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 219
 W'dሚc/f'

⁄ል1. fl%gfbd መመ⁄˛T†?

% flvf?/=. bU%g »'—ho ¶o

መ/o

⁄ል12.fl/ሃልሃfልfleመመ⁄˛T†?

qW· bU'/Activity ⁄'⁄'bU' »'—g(Action) ¶(Step)

%/ job (Task)

⁄ል13.fld/qW·bU'gfbddሙd?
bU%g fl»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ' ሃ?ላላ
( Frequencey) (Importance) q/j•ag
(LearningDifficulty)

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
220 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

መለሏ
»ሞ7 ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
( Frequencey) (Importance) (LearningDifficulty)
1.qf„f” 1.Rመሃb†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.qል+qል+ 2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rfl:b/Rflvለc 3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.Rfl-ምfc 4.v¸RሆምyU»
5.Rfl

⁄ል14.dሙdfl⁄'⁄'bU'መመ⁄˛T†?
⁄'⁄' fl»ሞ7 (Fre- ሃ=ሚag flq%ም/መማ' ሃ?ላላ
bU%g quencey) (Impor - q/j•ag
tance) ( Learning Difficulty)

መለሏ
fl»ሞ7(Fre - ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag
quencey) (LearningDifficulty)
1.qf„f” 1.Rመሃb†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.qል+qል+ 2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rfl:b/Rflvለc 3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.Rfl-ምfc 4.v¸RሆምyU»
5.Rfl

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 221
 W'dሚc/f'

⁄ል15.iሙdfl»—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?

»'—g ¶o

»'—g1

»'—g2

»'—g3

»'—g4

»'—g5

⁄ል16.dሙdfl»'—gd¶of/Action&steps/መመ⁄˛T†?
gR% ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag ሃ?ላላ
(LearningDifficulty)

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
222 መbR†መመ†
 :ሄflመgልማJu~Iff
መE5†መመ†

መለሏ
ሃ=ሚag(Importance) flq%ም/መማ'q/j•ag(Learning
Difficulty)
1.Rመሃb/ለqመል†ህልሃ=ሚ 1.:ላል
2.መ|yለlሃ=ሚ 2.Rመ|yለlyU»
3.Rሆምሃ=ሚ 3.RሆምyU»
4.v¸RሆምyU»

⁄ል17-dሙdfl¶?

¶ flመማ'o'

⁄ል18. flbU'~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†ሠfሃ‹/?
⁄'⁄'bU%g flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd·%eል

መለሏ
W=gqለoR/ልሃd·%eል
üq/Xflለም üq/Xq·%eም

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 223
 W'dሚc/f'
Y MINSTR OF TURE AGICL

⁄ል19.fl»'—g~*bggfbdመመ⁄˛T†?
»'—ho flW=g¶ W=g ~*bcR/ልሃd·%eልf?

W=gqለoR/ልሃd·%eል
üq/Xflለም üq/Xq·%eም

⁄ል20fl~ggልdም˛ማ?»:fl~ffbg:ለg:ም'g:
vf?/=.:vdflvf?/=.Wg:ላማ:flማ•˛ሏ”oም-ሌ
flመ qመላ|po flማ•˛ሏ መ
መ/%'ho ”o መሃ:ም

flመ flመ መ flመ 3'g ማ?W

ምfሑ መ*W*W flመ*W*W መ*W*T† ማ»
»ሞ7 uላ'ag ”
W              

             

ላማ              

 ም'g              

 bU'              

 Wg  

Please check all annexes are refered in the body of this document, as it has been
done for Annex 20 on page ----

Wሄ%flመ/gልማgu~/ff7f
224 መbR†መመ†
225
226