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Silkworm Rearing Methods For Beginners

Silkworm Rearing:
The following information is all about Silkworm Rearing.

Introduction To Silkworm Rearing

What is silkworm rearing? well, it is part of sericulture in which worms are raised
for the production of raw silk. When it comes to the definition of the silkworm, it
is the larva or caterpillar of the “Bombyx mori” moth. Silk worms are native to
chine and they feed on mulberry leaves. For commercial silkworm farming, you
should also consider growing a mulberry crop. Usually, a female silkworm lays
about 500 to 600 eggs on mulberry leaves before it dies ( As these silkworms
won’t eat anything after egg laying which results in silkworms death). These
silkworm eggs are hatched into larva in cool and favorable conditions. In the
following sections, let us discuss more silkworm rearing process.

Silkworm Scientific/Botanical Name

Bombyx mori.

Silkworm Family Name

Bomabycidae.

Silkworm Common Names in India

रे शमी का कीड़ा : Hindi.
పట్టునూలు పురుగు : Telugu.

பட்டுப்புழு : Tamil.

പട്ടുവം : Malayalam.

ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಹುಳು : Kannada.

रे शीम किड : Marathi.

ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਕੀੜੇ : Punjabi.

રેશક વોર્મ : Gujarati.

রেশমগুটি : Bengali.

‫ ریشم کے کیڑوں‬: Urdu.

The lifecycle of Silkworm Rearing

Silkworm Life cycle ( Pic Source Sue Kayton).

Chawki Rearing in Silkworm Rearing
What is Chawki rearing? well, generally the silkworms pass through 5 developing
phases (Instars) from their hatching to the full-developed stage. In this process,
the silkworms up to the second stage (stage 2) are called Chawki or young age
worms. The young worms or Chawki requires special care and attention as they
are very much prone to infections and vulnerable to unfavorable climatic
conditions. This is the reason why most people rear the Chawki in separate
Chawki rearing centers under a controlled environment (conditions). The rearing
practices of young worms (Chawki) are completely different from late age
rearing worms.

Late Age Rearing in Silkworm Rearing

What is late age rearing? well,  as we have already mentioned above that the
lifecycle of silkworms till the second stage is known as “Chawki”. From third stage
development (from 3rd instars), worms are being known as late age rearing. The
late age rearing worms engage in heavy feed consumption. However, late age
rearing of worms requires different practices.

Read: Sericulture Training in India.

Rearing House in Silkworm Rearing
The silkworm rearing house must have a controlled environment for rearing
Chawki and Late age silkworms. The conditions like temperature and relative
humidity (RH) should be maintained 24°C to 27°C and 75% to 85% respectively. It
is mandatory to provide a rearing house with appropriate cooling through
proper selection of wall material, roof fabrication, building direction
(orientation), method of build construction, design of rearing house, etc. You
must also ensure sufficient space for mulberry leaf preservation, Chawki rearing,
late age rearing, and molting. The rearing house should be designed in such a
way that it can be cleaned and disinfected with ease. When it comes to the size
of the rearing house, generally it depends upon number (quantum) and method
of rearing. Usually, a floor area of 400 to 500 square feet can provide rearing
space for 100 to 110 dfls (dfl: Disease Free Layings; 1 dfl = 500 larvae).

Rearing Appliances in Silkworm Rearing

The late age silkworm rearing house must have good cross-ventilation to bring
down the house temperature and for removal of vapors and unfavorable or
harmful gases generated from large quantities of silkworms excreta.

The rearing equipment/appliances required for 100 dfls (1 dfl  = 500 larvae, so
100 x 500 = 50,000 larvae) is as follows (in Table ):
 Table1.

Disinfection in Silkworm Rearing

The rearing house and appliances/equipment should be disinfected thoroughly
after the completion of the previous crop and just two days before the next crop
respectively. The first disinfection should be carried out once with 5% bleaching
powder, this should be done as soon as the previous crop is completed. The next
disinfection should be carried out with 2.5% Chlorine dioxide solution two days
after the next crop.

The following table is a disinfection schedule of rearing house and appliances.

Day Order of work Work details

This should involve the

collection and burning
After the completion of
1 of diseased larvae and
previous crop rearing
melted, and flimsy
cocoons.

Flaming the floss of

rotary mountange and
2 disinfection by
fumigation should be
carried out.

3 First disinfection of
 rearing house and
appliances should be
carried out.

Cleaning and washing of

5 days before brushing 4 appliances should be
carried out.

Sun drying of appliances

5
should be done.

Disinfection of rearing
with 0.3% slaked lime
4 days before brushing 6
(optional) should be
carried out.

Second disinfection of
rearing house and
3 days before brushing 7
appliances should be
done.

Dusting disinfectant in
front of rearing house
2 days before brushing 8
and to the passage
should be carried out.

Opening the windows of

rearing house for
9
ventilation should be
carried out.

Preparation for brushing

1 day before brushing 10
should be done.

Shoot Rearing of Silkworm Rearing

In the shoot rearing method, the final three stages of rearing will be carried out
by providing mulberry shoots instead of individual mulberry leaves. This method
of rearing is recommended since it saves about 40 to 45% of rearing labor. The
other benefits of this method include:
1. This method of rearing drastically reduces the contamination and disease
spread as there is minimal handling of silkworms.

2. As worms and leaves are separated from feces, the secondary contamination
is also reduced to a great extent.

3. This method provides the maintenance of hygienic conditions in the rearing

house.

4. The shoot rearing method provides better preservation of leaf quality.

5. It also provides better aeration in the bed during rearing.

6. Another advantage of this method is better cocoon quality and higher survival
of larvae.

7. This is more economical and results in less non-recurring expenditure.

Feeding in Silkworm Rearing

Silkworm Feeding.

1. Feeding should be started off with 50 days old shoots harvested at the height
of 3 feet in the cooler hours of the morning. 60 days old shoots should be fed
to 5th stage worms.

2. Make sure to preserve the harvested shoots loosely in the vertical position in
a cool and moist place. This can be done by covering with cleaned, disinfected
and wet gunny cloth.

3. The amount or quantity of mulberry shoot required is 460 to 470 Kg in fourth

instars and 2880 to 2900 Kg in fifth instars for bivoltine silkworms.

4. You should carry daily 3 feeds (morning 6 am, afternoon at 2 pm and night at
10 pm).

5. It is advised to avoid feeding over matured mulberry leaves.

6. Make sure to distribute the larvae uniformly on the bed during every feeding.
The recommended bed space for the worms of 100 dfls at the end of the 5th
stage is about 600 to 650 square feet.

7. To prevent any contamination, you should remove the undersized and all
suspected diseased worms carefully with chopsticks before every
feeding/cleaning. Make sure to place the picked larvae in 2% bleaching
powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution.

Bed Cleaning
 Make sure to remove any unhealthy larvae from the bed, if any and put them
into 2% bleaching powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution.

Care should be taken while cleaning the bed and do not spill the bed refuses
on the floor of the rearing house/room.

Temperature and Humidity

The optimal temperature for the late age silkworm rearing is about 26°C for
3rd instars larvae, 25°C for 4th instars and 24°C for 5th instars larvae. 80 to
85% humidity should be provided for III instars larvae and 70 to 75 %
humidity is required for fourth and fifth instars larvae.

You should use coolers, wet gunny cloth, heaters and humidifiers to adjust
the temperature and relative humidity as per requirement.

It is essential to have good cross ventilation which can help to reduce the
body temperature of the rearing silkworms.

Read: Sericulture Subsidy and Loan in India.

Care During Moulting

Larva Feeding on Mulberry Leaves.

 The rearing house should have good cross ventilation and dry conditions,
especially during moulting period.

Make sure to spread the bed gently soon after the worms settle for moult.
Apply the slaked lime powder uniformly over the bed for drying the bed.

Rearing house should not go through temperature fluctuations and humidity

fluctuations. Strong winds surroundings of rearing house should be avoided.

Avoid bright light in worm rearing room.

You should continue feeding when 90 to 95% of worms come out of moult.

Maintenance Of Hygiene in Silkworm Rearing

Maintaining personal hygiene is important during silkworm rearing. You
should wash hands & feet with a disinfectant solution before entering the
rearing house.

You should also wash hands with disinfectant solution and water after picking
of diseased worms from the bed, after bed cleaning and before feeding the
worms.

You should pick the diseased silkworms daily and place into a basin with lime
powder and bleaching powder mixture. These dead worms should be
disposed of carefully by burying far from the rearing room.

You should always maintain the silkworm rearing room clean and well-
aerated.

Application Of Bed Disinfectant

The following are silkworm body and rearing bed/seat disinfectants used in
preventing any silkworm diseases.
 Vijetha.

Vijetha Green.

Ankush.

You should take the powder in a thin cloth and dust over the silkworms @ 5
grams per square feet area after every moult. Subsequently,  once on the fourth
day of final instar after bed cleaning. See the below table for schedule and
quantity to be dusted for 100 dfls.

Table 3.

You should NOT dust when worms are under moult or on eatable mulberry
leaves.

Make sure to feed worms 30 minutes after dusting.

During rainy and winter seasons use Vijetha supplement to prevent silkworms
from muscardine disease.

Mounting Of Ripened Worms

To yield quality cocoons, mounting the larvae of the silkworm at a suitable time
and good quality mountages are very important tasks. Generally, In the 5th
instars on 7th-day silkworms enter into maturation and stop feeding, and start
to search place to build the cocoons. Those larvae should be collected
immediately and mounted on to the mountages. It is essential that the number
of larvae on mountages must not exceed the capacity of each mountage. When
the larvae are in the spinning stage, ensure the room temperature of 24°C and
65 to 70 % of RH (Relative humidity) along with good aeration. You should
provide rotary mountages for the production of good quality cocoons. About 35
sets of rotary mountages should be required for mounting silkworms of 100 dfls.

Harvesting And Sorting in Silkworm Rearing

Usually, cocoons are harvested on the sixth day. You should remove defective
cocoons and sort out the cocoons,  grade the cocoons according to the quality.
Delaying harvest of cocoons by 1 day in winter is advised.

Cocoon Yield in Silkworm Rearing

Silkworm Cocoons.

The yield of cocoons depends upon the rearing practices of silkworms. On an

average one can obtain a yield of 65 to 70 Kg cocoons from 100 dfls. About 800
to 900 Kg cocoons can be harvested from 1 acre of mulberry orchard per year.
 Silkworm Cocoon.

Marketing in Silkworm Rearing

It is recommended to transport the cocoons during the morning or late evening
cooler hours (market on the seventh day). Cocoons should be loosely packed in
35 to 40 kg capacity nylon netted bags. Make sure the transport vehicle has
shelves/partitions to avoid any pressings of cocoons.
Read: Mulberry Cultivation.

Read: Integrated Farming.

Table of Contents

1
Silkworm Rearing:
1.1
Introduction To Silkworm Rearing
1.2
Silkworm Scientific/Botanical Name
1.3
Silkworm Family Name
1.4
Silkworm Common Names in India
1.5
The lifecycle of Silkworm Rearing
1.6
Chawki Rearing in Silkworm Rearing
1.7
Late Age Rearing in Silkworm Rearing
1.8
Rearing House in Silkworm Rearing
1.9
Rearing Appliances in Silkworm Rearing
1.10
Disinfection in Silkworm Rearing
1.11
Shoot Rearing of Silkworm Rearing
1.12
Feeding in Silkworm Rearing
1.13
Bed Cleaning
1.14
Temperature and Humidity
1.15
Care During Moulting
1.16
Maintenance Of Hygiene in Silkworm Rearing
1.17
Application Of Bed Disinfectant
1.18
Mounting Of Ripened Worms
1.19
Harvesting And Sorting in Silkworm Rearing
1.20
Cocoon Yield in Silkworm Rearing
1.21
Marketing in Silkworm Rearing
 1.21.1
Read: Mulberry Cultivation.
1.21.2
Read: Integrated Farming.

Author: Jagdish Reddy