DESIGN EXAMPLE

Design a R.C.C. Tee beam girder bridge to suit the following data:
1 Data
Clear width of carriage way 8m
Span(c/c of bearing) 15 m
Kerbs on either side 600 mm *300 mm 0.6
Live Load: IRC class AA tracked vehicle
Thickness of the wearing coat = 0.08 m
Materials: M-25 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD reinforcements

Using the Courbon's method, compute the design moments and shear forces and design the deck slab,
main girders and cross girders conforming the specifications of IRC: 6-2014, and IRC: 12-2011. Sketch
the details of reinforcements in deck slab, main and cross girders.

2 Characteristic Strength of Materials

fck 25 N/mm2
fyk 415 N/mm2
Ec 30 Gpa
Es 200 Gpa
αe 6.666667
γc 25 kN/m3
γwc 22 kN/m3

3 Cross-section of Deck
Three main girders are provided at 2.5 m centres,
Thickness of deck slab = 0.2 m (200 mm)
Wearing Coat = 0.08 m (80 mm)
Width of main girders = 0.3 m (300 mm)
Kerbs 600 mm wide by 300 mm deep are provided. Cross girders are provided at every 4 m intervals

Breadth of cross-girders = 0.3 m (300 mm)

Depth of main girder= 160 cm @ 10 cm/m span
The depth of cross girder is taken as equal to the depth of main girder to simplify the computations.
The cross section of the deck and the plan showing the spacing of cross girders are shown in figure

4 Design of Interior Slab Panels

(a) Bending Moments
Dead weight of slab = 5 kN/m2
Dead weight of W.C. = 1.76 kN/m2
Total Dead Load = 6.76 kN/m2
Live Load is class AA tracked vehicle. One wheel is placed at the centre of panel as shown in
figure
u = 1.01 m
 v = 3.76 m
(u/B) = 0.404
(v/L) = 0.94
K = 0.625
Referring to Pigeaud's curves,
m1 = 0.085
and m2 = 0.024
MB = 31.01 kN.m
As the slab is continuous design BM = 0.8 M B
Design B.M. including impact and continuity factor is given by
MB (Short span) = 31.01 kN.m
Similarly, ML = 12.8625 kN.m
ML ( Long span) = 12.8625 kN.m

(b) Shear Forces

Dispersion in the direction of span =
Load is kepts at =
For maximum shear, load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span. The load is kept
at 0.705 m from the edge of beam as shown in figure

Effective width of slab = Kx(1-x/L)+b w

Breadth of cross- girders =
Clear Length of panel =
Clear Breadth of panel =
(B/L) =
From Table, 'K' for a continuous slab is obtained as
Eff. Width of slab =
Load per m width =
Shear Force =
Shear Force with Impact =

( c) Dead Load Bending Moments and Shear Forces

Dead Load =
Total Load on Panel =
(u/B)=1, and(v/L)=1 as panel is loaded with uniformly distributed load
K= (B/L) =
and 1/K =
From Pigeauds curve,
m1 =
and m2 =
MB =
Taking continuity into effect
MB =
Similarly,
ML =
Taking continuity into effect
 ML =
Dead Load shear force =

(d) Design Ultimate Moments and Shear Forces

Service Dead and Live load moments and shear forces for short span are computed a
For Short Span:
MBD =
MBL =
For Long Span:
MLD =
MLL =
Shear Force:
VBD =
VBL =
Design Load ultimate bending moments and shear forces for short and long spans are comput

Short span Moment = MBU =

Long span Moment = MLU =
Short Span Shear = VBU =

( e) Design of Section
Using M-25 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars
Limiting Moment of resistance for singly reinforced sections is expressed a
Mu,lim = 0.138fckbd2
d = 120.694439913722
Let, clear cover = 40
diameter = 16
Eff. Depth = 152
Now,
Parameter ratio = 2.17523632271468
(Mu/bd2)

Refer SP:16 Design table 3 and read out the reinforcement percentage corresponding
fck = 25 N/mm2 fy =
pt = (100 Ast/b.d) =
so, Ast =
Provide 16 mm diameter bars at a spacing of 150 mm c/c. D =
so, Ast provided =
For long span, the moment being comparatively small, provide 10 mm diameter at
of 150 mm.

(f) Check for Ultimate Shear Strength

VRd,c = [0.12 K (80 ρ1fck)0.33]bw.d
where,
K = 1+√(200/d) ≤ 2.00
 or, K= 2.147079
or, K= 2 (taken as)

and, ρ1 = (Ast/bw.d)≤ 0.02

= 0.008819

so, VRd,c = 94053.53 N

= 94.05353 kN ~ 99.816438925397

(g) Check for Serviceability Limit state of cracking

According to IRC:12-2011, cracking can be controlled without direct computations of the widt
cracks by limiting the size of reinforcing bars, stress in steel and the permissible crack width as
tables. This empirical method will be followed to check the serviceability limit state ofcracking
deck slab.

Depth of Neutral axis (x) is determined using the relation,

1/2*1000*x2 = αe*Ast*(d-x)
i.e.
solving we get
x = 44
Service Load moment = Mw = 31.01
Stress in steel under working loads is computed as
σs = [Mw/(d-x/3)Ast]

σs = 168.456284388338
The deck slab is reinforced using 16mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres
Referring to table, for a stress of 168 N/mm 2, maximum bar diameter permissible to limit
the crack width to 0.3 is interpolated as 28 mm against 16mm used in the slab. For
table, maximum spacing of bars to limit the crack width to 0.3 mm should not exceed 290
mm as against 150 mm used in the slab. Hence slab is safe against serviceability limit state
of cracking according to the specification of IRC: 112-2011.
suit the following data:

0.3

ear forces and design the deck slab,

6-2014, and IRC: 12-2011. Sketch

e provided at every 4 m intervals

/m span
der to simplify the computations.
ross girders are shown in figure

L = 4m
B = 2.5 m

d at the centre of panel as shown in

x1 = 0.85 m
 x2 = 3.6 m

W = 350 kN

en by

1.41 m
0.705 m
persion is in span. The load is kept

1-x/L)+b w
0.3 m bw = 3.76 m
3.7 m
2.2 m
1.681818182
2.52
4.967280455 m
70.46109097 kN
47.88151409 kN
59.85189262 kN

6.76 kN/m2
67.6 kN
ded with uniformly distributed load
0.625
1.6

0.049
0.015
3.4645 kN.m

2.7716 kN.m

1.51086 kN.m
 1.208688 kN.m
7.436 kN

forces for short span are computed as,

2.7716 kN.m
31.01 kN.m

1.208688 kN.m
12.8625 kN.m

7.436 kN
59.85189262 kN
s for short and long spans are computed as

50.25666 kN.m
20.9254788 kN.m
99.81643893 kN

ngly reinforced sections is expressed as

0.138fckbd2
mm
mm
mm
mm

N/mm2

orcement percentage corresponding to:

415 N/mm2 as
0.689
1047.28 mm2; Spacing = 191.9849 mm 150 mm
spacing of 150 mm c/c. D = 16 mm
1340.412866 mm2
ely small, provide 10 mm diameter at a spacing
 ( Safe)

thout direct computations of the width of the

eel and the permissible crack width as listed in
he serviceability limit state ofcracking in the

the relation,

mm
kN.m

N/mm2
ter bars at 150 mm centres
bar diameter permissible to limit
16mm used in the slab. For
to 0.3 mm should not exceed 290
fe against serviceability limit state
11.
5 Design of Longitudinal Girders
(a) Reaction Factors
Using Courbon's theory, the I.R.C. class AA loads are arranged for maximum eccentricity as sh
in figure
Reaction Factor for Outer Girder is given by
Rx= (∑W/n)[1+(∑I/∑d2.I)d.e]
so, RA = 1.106667 W1
RB = 0.666667 W1
If W= axle load = 700 kN
W1 = 350 kN 0.5*W
RA = 0.553333 W
RB = 0.333333 W

(b) Dead Load from Slab of Girder

Dead load of deck slab is calculated with reference to figure.
Weight of:
1 Parapet railing 0.7 kN.m
2 Wearing coat 1.936 kN.m
3 Deck slab 5.5 kN.m
4 Kerb 7.5 kN.m
Total = 15.636 kN.m

Total dead load of deck = 67.1 kN.m

It is assumed that the dead load is shared equally by all girders
so, Dead load/girder = 22.36667 kN.m

( c) Live Load Bending Moments in Girder

Span of Girder = 15 m
Impact factor for class AA loads = 10 %
The live load is placed centrally on the span as shown in figure.

Bending moment = 2464 kN.m

B.M. using I.F. and R.F. for outer girder is
Bending moment = 1499.755 kN.m
B.M. using I.F. and R.F. for inner girder is
Bending moment = 903.4667 kN.m

(d) Live Load Shear in Girder

For establishing the maximum LL Shear in the girders, the I.R.C. class AA loads are placed as
shown in figure.
Rxn of W2 on girder B = 63 kN
Rxn of W2 on girder A = 287 kN
Total Load on girder B = 413 kN
Max. Rxn in girder B = 363.44 kN
Max. Rxn in girder A = 252.56 kN
 Maximum live load centres with impact factor is
Inner Girder = 399.784 kN
Outer Girder = 277.816 kN

( e) Dead Load B.M. and S.F. in main girders

The depth of Main girder is assumed as 1500 mm (100 mm@ 1m span
Depth of rib = 1.4 m
Width = 0.3 m
Weight of rib/m = 10.5 kN.m
The cross-girder is assumed to have a same c/s dimension of the main girder.
Weight of cross-girder = 10.5 kN.m
Rxn on Main girder = 26.25 kN
Rxn from deck slab on each girder = 22.36667 kN.m
Total DL /m on girder = 32.86667 kN.m
Refering to figure maximum B.M. are computed.
Max. B.M. at centre of span is obtained as,
Mmax = 1121.25 kN.m
DL shear at support
V = 285.875 kN

(f) Design Bending moments and shear forces

The design service load and ultimate load bending moments and shear forces are compiled in
table.
Table

B.M. Design Ultimate load B.M. To

BM Service load D.L.B.M. design B.M. = {1.35 DLBM + 1
L.L.B.M.
LLBM}
Outer Girder 1121.25 1499.755 3763.3195
Inner Girder 1121.25 903.4667 2868.8875
S.F D.L.S.F L.L.S.F Total Design S.F. = { 1.35 DLSF+1
LLSF}
Outer Girder 285.875 277.816 802.65525
Inner Girder 285.875 399.784 985.60725

(g) Design of Reinforcements for flexure

Maximum design BM = Mu = 3763.32
Maximum design SF = Vu = 985.6073
Using 25 mm diameter bars in four rows with an effective cover of 150 m
tension side
Hence, Effective depth = d= 1350 mm
Using the following parameters of Tee beam:
bf = 2500 mm
Df = 200 mm
If xu = depth of neutral axis
Assuming the neutral axis to be within the flange depth( x u<Df), the value of xu can be determ
by the equation,
 Mu = 0.36 fck bf xu (d-0.42xu)

solving, xu= 125 mm < 200 mm okay

Ast required can be computed by using the following equation,

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-Ast fy/bdfck]

solving, Ast= 7753 mm2

provide 16 bars of 25 mm diameter, Ast provide
arranged in 4 rows

(h) Design Reinforcement for shear

According to IRC: 112-2011, the shear strngth of concrete section is computed using the equa
given by
VRd,c = [0.12 K (80 ρ1fck)0.33]bw.d
where,
K = 1+√(200/d) ≤ 2.00
or, K= 1.3849001795
or, = 1.3849001795 (okay)

and, ρ1 = (Ast/bw.d)≤ 0.02

=
0.0193925472
so, VRd,c =
225068.20255 kN
= 225.06820255 kN < 985.6073 kN
Hence, Shear reinforcements have to be designed to resist the balance shear force.
Balance shear force = VRd,s = 760.53904745 kN
using 10 mm diameter, 4- legged stirrups, the spacing of stirrups is e
Sv = (0.87 fy Asv z/VRd,s)

where, z= lever arm to be taken as 0.9d for rcc section

so,
Sv = 181.20575375 mm
provide 10 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at
imum eccentricity as shown

y
e = 1.1

to figure.

all girders

n in figure.

l = 3.04

AA loads are placed as

b = 0.45

x = 13.2
 (100 mm@ 1m span)

f the main girder.

ed.
ed as,

r forces are compiled in

Ultimate load B.M. Total

n B.M. = {1.35 DLBM + 1.5 Units
LLBM}
3763.3195 kN.m
2868.8875 kN.m
ign S.F. = { 1.35 DLSF+1.5

802.65525 kN
985.60725 kN

effective cover of 150 mm on the

beam:

lue of xu can be determined

 diameter, Ast provided= 7853.982 mm2
s

mputed using the equation

not okay
balance shear force.

e spacing of stirrups is evaluated as

190 mm centers.
6 Design of Cross Girders
Self-weight of cross girder = 10.5 kN.m
Refering to figure,
Dead load from slab = 21.125 kN
Uniformly distributed load = 8.45 kN.m
Total Load on cross girder = 18.95 kN.m
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid, reaction on each cross girder,
= 31.58333 kN
For maximum bending moment in the cross girder, the loads of I.R.C. class AA should be placed
as shown in figure.
Load coming on cross girder = 271.25 kN
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder,
= 180.8333 kN
Maximum B.M. in cross girder under the load
= 266.7292 kN.m
L.L.B.M. including impact = 293.4021 kN.m
D.L.B.M. at 1.475 m from support
= 25.97137 kN.m
Total Design B.M. = 319.3735 kN.m
L.L.S.F. including impact = 198.9167 kN
Dead Load shear = 31.58333 kN
Total design shear = 230.5 kN
Design Ultimate load B.M. = 475.1645 kN.m
Design Ultimate load S.F. = 341.0125 kN
The moments and shear forces being comparatively of smaller magnitude, provide 4 bars of 25
mm diameter at top and bottom with 10 mm diameter stirrups at a spacing of 200 mm. The
details of reinforcements in the cross section of the tee beam bridge deck are shown in figures.
AA should be placed

provide 4 bars of 25
g of 200 mm. The
are shown in figures.
 150*150 RC posts @ 1.5 m

300
Kerb 600*300

600

1400
300

1850 2500

Cross- s

Fig.1
 Fig.1

Fig 3 Position of w
500 1000
350 kN

2050
350 kN

450

Fig 7 Position o
25.2 kN 25.2

4000

Fig 8 Dead
Fig 9 Loads on cros

2050

2500 2
 2500 2

Fig 10 Position of Live

1000
4#12

500
1400
185

Fig 11 Cross-Section o
0 RC posts @ 1.5 m interval
7500

1000
200
Kerb 600*300
80
1400

300

1850 2500 2500 1850

Cross- section of Bridge-deck

2500

Cross Girders
2500

Longitudinal Girders

4000 4000 4000 4000

Pion of Bridge-Deck

Fig.1 Tee beam and Slab Bridge deck

 Fig.1 Tee beam and Slab Bridge deck

3760

4000
1010
2500
Fig.2 Position of wheel load for maximum BM

850

705
2200

2500

Fig 3 Position of wheel load for maximum shear

e
1100

Axis of bridge
W
(CG of loads)

2050
 Axis of bridge
W
(CG of loads)

W1
2050
W2

75
375

1250 2500 2500 1250

Fig4 Transverse position of I.R.C. class AA Tracked vehicle

1000
500

600 1100

Fig 5 Details of deck slab kerb and parapet

3600

16000
 3600

16000

3100

3100
4000

Fig 6 Influence Line for Bending Moment in girder

14200
2050
450

16000
Fig 7 Position of I.R.C. claass AA loads for maximum shear
 25.2 kN 25.2 kN 25.2 kN

4000 4000 4000 400

16000

Fig 8 Dead Load on main girders

4000
1250

4000

2500

2500
 2500

2500

5000

Fig 9 Loads on cross girders

4000

271.25 kN 271.25 kN

2050

A
B C
3600

5000
4000

2050

2500 2500
 2500 2500

Fig 10 Position of Live loads for maximum B.M. in cross girder

1000

4#12
#16-150 #10-150
4#25
500

#10
1400

#10-200

16#25
(4 rows)
1850 2500
64

150

Fig 11 Cross-Section of Tee-Beam and slab deck

#10-2 legged stirrups @

1600
1600

500 1000 1000

700
Fig 12 Longitudinal section and cross section of main gird

#10-2 legged stirrups @

Fig 13 Longitudinal section and cross section of cr

7500

300
600

1400
300

1850 2500

2500

375
465

200
1400

300

Fig 14 Cross section of Deck

 1250

icle
5000
25.2 kN 25.2 kN

4000
irrups @200 c/c
200

1400
 200

1400
300
1000

s section of main girder near support

irrups @200 c/c

200

1400

300
nd cross section of cross girder

7500

1000
200
80
1400

2500 2500 1850

4000
375
200

200
1400

300

Cross section of Deck, Main, and Cross Girders

A

150*150 RC

300
Kerb

600

1850

4
Fig.2 Positio
500 1000
3100
 1250

2500

5000
18.26 kN/m
2500

4000 4000
 1000
500
1400
#10-2 legged stirrups @200 c/
1600

500 1000 1000

700
500 1000 1000
700

300
600

1850

250

465
 150*150 RC posts @ 1.5 m interval
7500

1000
300

200
Kerb 600*300

80
600
1400

300

1850 2500 2500 1850

Cross- section of Bridge-deck

2500

Cross Girders
2500

Longitudinal Girders

4000 4000 4000 4000

Pion of Bridge-Deck

Fig.1 Tee beam and Slab Bridge deck

u
 u

4000
3760
1010
2500
Fig.2 Position of wheel load for maximum BM

705
2200

2500
e
1100

Axis of bridge
W
(CG of loads)

W1
2050
W2

75
375
 Axis of bridge
W
(CG of loads)

W1
2050
W2

75
375

1250 2500 2500

1000
500

600 1100
 3600

16000
3100

3100
4000

14200
5000
2050
450

16000

25.2 kN 25.2 kN 25.2 kN

25.2 kN 25.2 kN

4000 4000 4000 4000

16000
 16000

4000

4000
271.25 kN 271.25 kN

2050

A
B C
3600

5000
4000

4000

2050
18.26 kN/m

2500 2500 2500

 1000

4#12
#16-150 #10-150
4#25
500

#10
1400

#10-200

16#25
(4 rows)
1850 2500
150
64

#10-2 legged stirrups @200

ups @200 c/c
200

1400

300
00
 300
00

7500

1000
300

200
80

600
1400

300

1850 2500 2500 1850

2500 4000
375
465

200

200
1400

1400

300 300
xis of bridge

75
xis of bridge

75

2500 1250
 7500
1000
300

200
80

600
1400

300

1850 2500 2500 1850

2500 4000
375
465

200
200
1400

1400

300 300
271.25 kN

C
4#25

rrups @200 c/c

200

1400

300
300