Training Course

Measuring Technology and

Troubleshooting for Watches

Document Nr. 71.1010D35e

Rel. 1.2 / October 2016

© 2002-2011 Witschi Electronic Ltd, CH-3294 Büren a.A., Switzerland

All rights reserved. The use of the texts and pictures, is copyright adverse and punishable also only in part without written
permission of the company Witschi Electronic Ltd. This applies in particular to the duplication, translation or the use in
course documents or electronic systems.

Witschi Electronic Ltd

Bahnhofstrasse 26 – CH-3294 Büren a.A. – Tel. +41 (0)32 352 05 00
Fax +41 (0)32 351 32 92 – [email protected] – www.witschi.com
Introduction

About us

Witschi Electronic Ltd develops, manufactures and sells

Innovative Test- and Measurement Technology for:
• Watch production

• Watch service

• Testing devices for the automotive industry, medical industry

and instrument manufacturing

Our quality claim

As a world leading company in matters of test and measurement technology for watches and other micro
technical products we rely on the highest quality, future-orientated development work and reliable serv-
ice performances. In order to meet the demands of the market the company has been built up on the
strength of highly qualified and competent employees. The ISO 9001:2000 certification too, is a guaran-
tee for the continuation of the quality achieved. Our customers can hence be assured that they will find
an optimal partner in the Witschi Company and the best possible cost/performance ratio in the products
received. This is what the name Witschi and the Company’s 70 employees stand surety for.

Our know-how
For more than 60 years the Witschi Company has developed, manufactured and sold high quality instru-
mentation for the field of test and measurement technology. Right from the founding of the Company
the declared aim was to provide the watch making industry with the best possible measurement and test
equipment. This ambitious target has been consistently achieved. Now all famous enterprises are relying
on our products.
During the course of time it has been possible for us to develop ever better products which constantly
meet the challenge of the highest demands imposed and represent the yardstick for instrumentation to
cope with current market and customer needs. Thousands of satisfied customers throughout the world
give proof of that fact.
The potential of our highly qualified engineers and specialists is also a guarantee of trailblazing innova-
tion from the Witschi factory well into the future.

Aim of this Course

The current clock and watch technology demands of us, as a leading manufacturer of measuring instru-
ments, to deal very exactly and reliably with the greatest variety of measuring technology for all possible
kinds of watches. This, however, also implies that the users of such instruments need to master a basic
know-how about their operation and about the technical functioning principle of watches.
Witschi Electronic has always put customer satisfaction at the top of its business priorities. This basic
course is intended to optimize our customers’ and the users’ knowledge of the Witschi devices and their
operating skills in this field.

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Contents

Mechanical Watches ...................................................................................................... 4

Basic Know-How ............................................................................................................ 5
Main Components ......................................................................................................... 10
Measuring Signals ......................................................................................................... 11
Chronoscope S1 ........................................................................................................ 12
Operating Elements and Display .......................................................................... 12
Parameter Setting ................................................................................................ 13
Analysis ................................................................................................................ 14
Error detection with graphical charts .................................................................. 14
Error detection with the Scope function .............................................................. 16

Quartz Watches ................................................................................................................ 20

Basic Know-How ............................................................................................................ 21
Main Components ......................................................................................................... 28
Measuring Signals ......................................................................................................... 29
Analyzer Q1/Twin ..................................................................................................... 30
Operating Elements and Display Panel ................................................................ 30
Watch tests with built in battery ......................................................................... 33
Watch tests with external power supply ............................................................. 34
Test of Battery and Components ......................................................................... 35
Step Motor Test with Pulse Generator ................................................................. 36
Buzzer Test ........................................................................................................... 36
Graph of the Motor Pulse .................................................................................... 37
The Watch stops running - Troubleshooting ........................................................ 38

Tightness Test ................................................................................................................... 39

Standards ....................................................................................................................... 40
Precaution in use ........................................................................................................... 41
Test Methods .................................................................................................................. 42
Proofmaster S ................................................................................................... 45
Operating Elements and Display .......................................................................... 46
Operating Proofmaster S ...................................................................................... 47
Leak Finder ........................................................................................................... 48
Preset Programs ................................................................................................... 49
Customer-Specific Programs ................................................................................. 50
Table - Forces on Watches’ Glass and Bottom ..................................................... 51

Witschi’s Measuring Tips .............................................................................................. 52

Mechanical Watches ...................................................................................................... . 53
Quartz Watches .............................................................................................................. 54
Tightness Test.................................................................................................................. 55

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Mechanical Watches

Mechanical Watches
Testing Methods
Operating the Chronoscope S1 (G2)

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Mechanical Watches Basic Know-How

The beat noise of the Swiss lever escapement

Normally, the beat noise of the Swiss lever escapement consists from three different pulses.

The first noise occurs when the impulse-pin of the roll strikes the fork of the pallets. This noise is tem-
porally very precise and is therefore used for the graph recording and for calculation of the rate deviation
and the beat error (repère).

A second noise is created when a tooth of the escape-wheel meets the pulse area of a pallet stone and
the pallet fork touches the impulse-pin.
This very irregular noise can not be used for an evaluation.

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Mechanical Watches Basic Know-How

The third and most powerful noise is created when a tooth of the escape-wheel meets the locking-
plane of the pallet-stone and the lever hits the banking-pin. This noise is evaluated for the calculation of
the amplitude.

Evaluation of the beat noise

For the evaluation of the beat noise a measuring instrument with a very accurate time base is needed. It
is also important that the beginning of the first sound package is reliably detected. If there is a very
weak in this first noise of a watch, or if the watch generates strong background noises, the gain must be
adjusted accordingly.
For the chart recording the time between two successive watch beats (period) is measured and com-
pared with the nominal value for an accurate rate. If the measured time corresponds precisely to the
nominal value, the new dot on the chart is set right by the previous. If the new beat is a bit too early or
too late, the new dot, according to the time difference to the nominal value, is shifted up or down com-
pared to the last dot. Therefore the row of dots on the display is according to the rate deviation from
straight or angled up or down line.

Example 1: Regular graph

The chart shows not only the rate deviation, but also other temporal irregularities in the beats, such as
beat error (repère), defective teeth of the escape-wheel etc.

Example 2: Irregular graph

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Mechanical Watches Basic Know-How

Rate Deviation
To calculate the rate deviation the differences between the measured period and the nominal value are
each averaged over the set measuring time, converted in s/24h and displayed on the screen.

rate tic + rate tac

Rate =
2

Beat Error (Repère)

Asymmetrical oscillation of the balance wheel. The vibration of a balance wheel can be described by the
rotating angle. If the watch has stopped, the zero position is defined by the position of the balance
wheel. Under a (still existing) “beat error” refers to the fact, that the vibration is not running in all test
positions quite symmetrical around the zero position, i.e. the balance wheel is swinging in a direction
further than the opposite. This asymmetry may be visible on a test device. The beat error is measured in
milliseconds (ms). High quality watches have a special device for setting the beat symmetry.
The graphic below shows a typical beat error. For a nonexistent beat error, t1 and t2 must have identical
values.

t1 t2
Beat error =
2

Lift Angle
Functional principle Amplitude-Lift Angle
The angular velocity of the oscillating system (balance wheel with hair spring)
passes through the zero point is dependent on its amplitude. The speed is deter-
mined by the elapsed time between the trigger signal and the event of the escape-
ment. This period is called lift time of the balance wheel and the means of the bal-
ance wheel during this period traversed angle, Lift Angle.
While passing through this angle, the impulse-pin (ellipse) remains in contact with
the pallet fork. For the most of the standard watch movements the lift angle is
about 51°.

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Mechanical Watches Basic Know-How

Amplitude
The amplitude is the angle from the equilibrium (idle position of the balance wheel) up to the maximum
distance (turning point). The amplitude values of today’s popular wristwatches are located at about
260° - 310°. With increasing aging of the oils, this value decreases gradually.
To calculate the amplitude, the time between the first pulse and the third pulse of the beat noise is
measured.

Between these two pulses, the balance wheel rotates a certain angle. This so-called lift angle is deter-
mined by the construction of the movement and is entered as a parameter. The larger the amplitude of
the balance wheel, the greater is the speed with which it goes through these lift angle and the shorter is
the time it needs to traverse this angle.
The amplitude can therefore be calculated from the time between the first and the third pulses in the
beat noise, taking into account the beat number and the lift angle.

The distance travelled during a period range of the oscil-

lating balance wheel is a sine function. The full line cor-
responds to weak amplitude and the dotted line to large
amplitude. The horizontal lines of the constant lift angle
cut the two sine waves at various points. This results in
weak amplitude for a long lift (t2) and large amplitude
for a short lift (t1).

Remark
All Witschi testing devices are equipped with special, selectable test modes. These allow an accurate
amplitude measurement of watches with special escapements such as coaxial, AP etc.

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Mechanical Watches Basic Know-How

Oscillation
The oscillation of the balance wheel is the way from
a turning point to another, and back (A - B - A).

Vibration
Half an oscillation of the balance wheel is called
the vibration (A - B).

Frequency of the balance wheel

The frequency of the balance wheel (number of oscillations per second) is calculated by the formula:

A/h
F=
2 * 3600

F Frequency (Hz)
A/h Number of vibrations per hour
►

Some examples:
18’000 A/h ► 2.5 Hz
21’600 A/h 3 Hz
28’800 A/h 4 Hz
36’000 A/h 5 Hz

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Mechanical Watches Main Components

View Part Characteristics

Automatic winding with oscillat-
ing weight and reduction gear.
Automatic winding Winds up automatically the main-
mechanism (only with spring through natural arm motion.
automatic watches).

Manual winding of the mainspring

with the crown (also possible with
automatic watches).

Winding shaft/
crown
Furnishes the mechanical driving
energy needed for the watch’s func-
Main spring/barrel tion. Power reserve: approximately
48hours. Special watches up to
8 days.

Transfers the elasticity to the gear

Gear train / hand train train and the motion to the hands
(transmission).

Stops the force transmitted by the

Escapement (escape- train and transfers the pulses to the
wheel, pallet fork balance wheel, which then starts to
and ellipse). oscillate.

Regulates as oscillating system or as

Regulating system a “clock generator” of the watch.
Frequency:
2.5 - 5 Hz =
18000 - 36000 beats/hour.

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Mechanical Watches Measuring Signals

All rate measurements and analysis of mechanical watches are based on the acoustical signal
generated by the escapement (beat noises)

The beat noises, computed by the Chronoscope S1, supplies following results and diagrams:

Rate measurement
To calculate the rate deviation the differences between the
measured period and the nominal value are each averaged
over the set measuring time, converted in s/24h and displayed
on the screen. The traced diagram indicates the technical state
of the watch and its fault, if any.

Amplitude measurement
The amplitude is the angle from the equilibrium (rest of the
balance wheel) up to the maximum distance (turning point).
The amplitude values of today’s popular wristwatch are about
260 ° - 310 °.

Beat error (repère)

In case of a watch beat error (repère), the period between a
tick and a tack is not equal to the period between a tack and
a tick. The time difference is averaged over the set measuring
time and displayed in ms.

Beat noise
The escapement noise gives informations about miscellaneous
fault sources in the regulating parts (balance wheel/balance
spring) etc.

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Mechanical Watches Chronoscope S1

Operating Elements and Display

LCD Screen The screen with 240 x 128 pixel displays complete information, i.e.
real time clock with date, parameter settings, system settings, di-
agrams, results, statistics, beat noises, calibration etc.
Four different display modes are selectable:
Cont Continuous diagram recording of the beat noise.
Vario Rate and amplitude stability check over a longer time
range, up to 100 hours.
Scope Graphic display of the beat noises with adjustable
time interval: 20, 200 and 400 ms.
Seq Only with the optional Micromat S for automatic
measuring cycle with 3 to 6 test positions.
Rotary Knob Rotary knob for selecting measuring functions and setting up pa-
rameters. It has a twofold function: functions or parameters are
selected by rotating the knob and activated by pressing it.
print Key for printing out the numerical test results or: graphic printout
of the screen content (print screen).
start/stop Key for starting and stopping a measurement.
signal LED showing the signal level.

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Mechanical Watches Chronoscope S1

Parameter Setting

CALIBRE Setting Description

Program: 01/20 20 program numbers are available (01/20 to 20/20).
Beat number: Aut Automatic selection of the most common beat numbers.
Man Manual setting of less common beat numbers from the table.
Sel Any beat number between 3600 and 43200 can be set.
Frq This mode determines the frequency of an unknown watch.
Test mode: Stnd Mode for watches with standard Swiss lever escapement.
Spe1 Mode for watches with coaxial escapement
Spe2 Mode for watches with AP escapement
Spe4 Mode with specific amplitude filter.
Rate Only the rate measurement occurs. For watches with bad or
unusual beat noises.
Lift angle: xx° The lift angle can be set from 10° to 90°.

MEASURE Setting Description

Measur. time: Aut s Automatic selection of the measuring time by the beat number.
xx s The measuring time can set up between 2 and 240 s.
Resolution s/d Resolution for the numeric rate display, 1 s/d or 0.1 s/d.
***Sequence*** The sequential test mode only occurs if the automatic micropho-
ne Micromat S (optionally available) is connected.
Stabil VV/HH: Aut s Automatic selection of the stabilization time by the beat number.
Man Manual setting of the stabilization time, between 1 and 99 s.
Stabil VH/HV: Aut s Automatic selection of the stabilization time by the beat number.
Man Manual setting of the stabilization time, between 1 and 99 s.
Positions Choose one of the 7 programmed default test sequences.

For more details please consult the instruction manual Chronoscope S1.

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with graphical charts

Amplification adjustment of the equipment:
2 is standard adjustment. If the chart appearance is
disturbed, the signal amplification can be reduced
or increased by means of the rotary knob.

Watch movement ok.

Rate: +1 to +15 s/d
Amplitude: H 250 - 330°, V 220 - 270°
Beat error: 0.0 to 0.5 ms.

Watch movement ok.

Beat error: to high (approx. 3 ms)
Action: adjust first the beat error, and then
readjust the rate accuracy.

Watch movement ok.

Movement A: runs too fast
Movement B: runs too slow
Action: readjust the rate, +2 up to 15 s/d.

Watch movement with large rate variations

between different vertical test positions.
Action: centering, balancing or replacing of
the complete regulating organ.

Watch movement with little rate variations

between the horizontal and vertical test positions.
Action: adjust distance of regulator pins, for
V - close pins and for V + open pins.

Watch movement with large, but regular rate

variations: defects in the gear train
Action: revision and eventually replacement
of some gear train spare parts.

Watch movement with irregular rate and defects.

Usually the amplitude is insufficient.
Action: overhoul.

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with graphical charts

Balance wheel “knocks” occasionally. The cause
is a too high amplitude (<330°). Audibly in the
loudspeaker as double “tic-tac”.
Action: replace mainspring, pallet-stone
and/or escape-wheel.

Balance wheel “knocks” continuously. The cause
is a too high amplitude (<330°). Audibly in the
loudspeaker as double “tic-tac”.
Action: replace mainspring, pallet-stone
and/or escape-wheel.

Escape-wheel runs untrue.

Action: replace escape-wheel.

Entry pallet clips poorly or is smeared.

Action: clean the escapement or replace
escape-wheel.

Hair spring touches. Usually the hair spring touches

the regulator pins or the stud (audibly scratch
noises in the loudspeaker).
Action: centre hair spring, adjust rate.

Slow oscillating of the balance wheel after chang-

ing a position. Bearing for balance wheel and gear
train are badly or not lubricated.
Action: clean and lubricate, ev. overhaul.

Watch type Rate in s/d Amplitude H * Amplitude V * Beat error

Gent’s watch -5 to +15 250° to 330° 250° to 270° 0.0 to 0.5 ms
Lady’s watch -5 to +25 250° to 330° 250° to 270° 0.0 to 0.5 ms
Chronometer -2 to +6 250° to 330° 250° to 270° 0.0 to 0.5 ms
Chronograph -5 to +15 250° to 330° 250° to 270° 0.0 to 0.5 ms
* Values when movement is winded up. Decrease of the values after 24 h: approx -10% to - 15% is ok.

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with the Scope function

Escapement fitting to weak

Escapement fitting to strong

Unlocking to strong

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with the Scope function

Additional friction

Dart touching the roller

Not enough clearance between

horns and the impulse pin

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with the Scope function

Weak amplitude

To much axial end shake in the

pivot of the balance wheel

Fork horn touches the impulse pin

(knocking)

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Mechanical Watches Analysis

Error detection with the Scope function

Rough pivot of the balance wheel’s staff

uneven pivot or pivot’s seizure

Grazing balance wheel / hair spring

A tooth of the escape wheel penetrates

directly into the impulse plane

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Quartz Watches

Quartz Watches
Testing Methods
Operating the Analyzer Q1

Page 20/55
Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Battery
Assembly of a Silver Oxide Cell Zn/Ag2O (cutaway).

1 Can
2 Cathode (Ag2O)
3 Support ring
4 Separator
5 Gasket
6 Electrolyte (NaOH / Sodium or KOH / Potassium)
7 Anode material (Zn)
8 Anode cap

Capacity dependence on temperature

Example

Capacity = 175 mAh
Example
Typical temperature effect of small-sized
silver oxide batteries.

Self discharge rate at different storage temperature

Nominal Capacity in mAh (100%)
minus 7-8% after 10 years at 0°C / 32°F
minus 15% after 7 years at 20°C / 68°F
minus 30% after 4 years at 40°C / 104

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

High Drain and Low Drain Battery

Efficiency (voltage drop)

Low Drain Battery with
NaOH (Sodium) Electrolyte.

NaOh KOH
High Drain Battery with
KOH (Potassium) Electrolyte.

Quartz
Construction

Shows typical tuning fork quartz used for

quartz watches on the base of its container.
Its two branches are animated by an anti-
parallel oscillatory movement (flexion) in the
plane of the tuning fork.

Represents a section of the branches of the

tuning fork. It shows how the electrodes are
connected, as well as the electric fields
which are formed inside the crystal.

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Technical Features

Turnover Temperature
25°C / 77°F

0.00 s/d
Frequency response to the temperature

-0.32
s/d If the watch is worn on the arm, the
temperature inside the watch is about

-0.73 s/d 28°C / 82.5°F.
Conclusion
If the quartz frequency can be adjusted by

-1.00 s/d the out dated systems with trimmer, the rate
at room temperature should be set to about
+ 0.15 s/d.
-1.32 s/d
5°C 15°C 25°C 35°C 45°C
41°F 59°F 77°F 95°F 113°F

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Rate Adjustment Systems

Trimmer system

The oscillator frequency is adjustable by
trimmer. Rate measurements through the
oscillator frequency or through the motor
pulses show the same result (out dated
system).

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Rate Adjustment Systems

Fix cap system

The oscillator frequency is adjusted by a
fix cap during the production process.
Rate measurements through the oscillator
frequency or through the motor pulses
show the same result.

Inhibition system (digital adjustment)

The quartz oscillator frequency is not
adjustable (no trimmer or fix cap). The
frequency divider suppresses a programma-
ble number of pulses of the quartz oscilla-
tior during an inhibition period.
Adjustment occurs during the production
process.
After the elapsed inhibition time, rate meas-
urements through the oscillator frequency or
through the motor pulses show different
result.

Programming systems:
EEPROM - Re-programmable.
OTP - One time programmable.

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Step Motor

Motor Management Systems

IC without adaptive motor pulses

The step motor is driven by bi-polar pulses
with constant pulse width. The pulses are
not chopped (no asservissement).
IC type which is mainly used for low cost
quartz watch movements.

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Motor Management Systems

IC with chopped motor pulses

The step motor is driven by bi-polar pulses
with adaptive motor pulses (asservisse-
ment). The two way controlled power man-
agement is adapting continuously the chop-
ping rate.
It reduces the energy consumption for the
mechanical drive. Thus, the battery life can
be extended.
IC type which is mainly used for high quality
quartz watch movements.

Motor drive stage

Adaptive bi-polar motor pulse, schematically

Typical motor pulse form

Detection phase.

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Quartz Watches Basic Know-How

Motor Management Systems

Chopped motor pulses - Functional principle

The power management of the IC is adapting the chopping rate according the power request of the step
motor.
Below the graphical representation of an example. Pulse width = 6.8 ms, Pulse period = 1 s.
Steps:
Motor pulse
Detection
Correction
Next motor pulse

Drive level:
56.25%
62.50%
68.25%
75.00%
81.25%
100%

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Quartz Watches Main Components

View Part Characteristics

Battery The energy storage device

Quartz resonator The quartz resonator (SIO2) oscillates

usually wit 32768 Hz. Together with
the IC it forms a precise oscillator
and constitutes the regulation organ
of the quartz watch.


Integrated Circuit The IC fulfils various functions, e.g.:
- quartz oscillation circuit
- frequency divider to 1 Hz or less
- digital rate adjustment (inhibition)
- adaptive chopping level
- other functions such as chrono,
alarm etc.

Stepping motor The stepping motor (coil, stator,

rotor) converts the current pulses
into a rotary motion.

Gear train / hand train Moves the hands, the calendar and
other mechanical functions.

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Quartz Watches Measuring Signals

All rate measurements of quartz watches are based on the acquisition of following signals:

Analogue or analogue/digital Digital quartz watches

quartz watches

Quartz frequency Quartz frequency

Acoustic or Acoustic
capacitive
Working freq.
of LCD display.
Stepping motor Capactive on the
Inductive glass: 4, 8, 16, 32
(magnetic) or 64 Hz.

The measurement of the quartz frequency, (32768 Hz)

occurs over the acoustic or the capacitive sensor. For the
rate adjustment 2 different methods are usually used:

A
Adjustment of the quartz oscillator frequency with a trim-
mer (out dated) or a capacitor (fix cap).
The real rate measurement can occur over the quartz frequen-
cy or magnetically over the motor pulse.

B
The quartz oscillator frequency is not compensated (no trim-
mer). The frequency divider suppresses a programmable
number of pulses of the quartz oscillation during an inhibi-
tion period, i.e. they are not forwarded to the next divider
stage. The usual inhibited periods are 60s (for some IC’s
20s, 30s or every 2, 4 and 8 minutes for precision watches).
The measurement time must be an inhibtion period
or a multiple thereof.

The motor pulses are picked up inductively over the mag-

netic sensor.
The stepping motor is driven with pulses like:
Pulses with constant or variable pulse length.
Chopped pulses with constant pulse width, which are continu-
ously adapted to the watch movement’s condition for a lower
current consumption.

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Quartz Watches Analyzer Q1/Twin

Operating Elements and Display Panel

signal sensor Signal transducer for capacitive, magnetic and acoustic signals.
Rotary knob for selecting measuring functions and setting up parameters.
It has a twofold function: functions, parameters or information are selected by
rotating the knob and activated by pressing it.

Short pressure on the knob Long pressure on the knob

Activates the selected function Back to main menu.
or parameter settings.
print Key for printing the measurement log or transferring test results to a PC.

Short pressure on the knob Long pressure on the knob

Current results printed as Screen content printed as graphic
measurement log. image.
start/stop Key for starting and stopping a Measurement

Short pressure on the knob Long pressure on the knob

The current measurement is The measurement is stopped until it
stopped and restarted. is restarted by pressing the key.
battery + + battery support for the battery test.
+ supply - Connection for direct supply of modules or watch movements with two
movable contact probes.

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Quartz Watches Analyzer Q1/Twin

Operating Elements and Display Panel

LED’s

step. motor Signal level of the motor pulses, signal acquisition magnetic or through the
supply current.
LCD display Signal level of the LCD signal (capacitive).
quartz 32kHz Level of the 32kHz quartz signal: acoustic, capacitive or through the supply
current.
mechanical Signal level of the watch noise (acoustic).

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Quartz Watches Analyzer Q1/Twin

Operating Elements and Display Panel

Display Panel

The display panel, which can be tilted to the best viewing angle, is equipped with a back lighted 1/4
VGA LCD graphic screen (320 x 240 dots).

The display is divided into several fields:
• The right hand bar contains the symbols for the miscellaneous measurement functions. The selected
function has a white background and is indicated by a white arrow.
• The parameters and information belonging to the selected function are displayed on the lower hori-
zontal bar and can be selected there. The selected parameter has a white background and blinks.
• The current numerical and graphic results are displayed on a white background in the result field.
This field also contains information or parameter depending on the selected function.
• An information line under the result field contains information on the current measurement.

For more details please consult the instruction manual Analyzer Q1/Twin.

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Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

Watch tests with built in battery

Quartz + IC Test Short test of the quartz signal

1 Select Rate and consumption test

in main menu.
2 Place the watch on the signal sensor
3 Set SIGNAL to Auto or Quartz
4 Set TIME to Auto

Test is OK if:

5 LED quartz 32kHz lights up.

6 Rate Quartz is displayed (+0.0 to +6 s/d).

Motor Test & Rate Accuracy Through the motor pulses

1 Place the watch on the signal sensor

2 Set SIGNAL to Auto
3 Set TIME mode to Auto
The adequate measuring time is automati-
cally selected.

Test is OK if:

4 LED step. motor blinks in the rhythm of

the motor pulses.
5 After the elapsed measuring time a rate of
+0.0 to +0.5 s/d is displayed.

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Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

Watch tests with external power supply

Rate and consumption measurement Procedure

1 Place the watch on the mirror place and

connect both battery connectors to
+ supply - with the movable contact
probes.
2 Set VOLT to 1.55 V or another voltage
value according to the watch’s battery
voltage.
3 Set SIGNAL and TIME modes to Auto
4 LED quartz 32kHz lights up.
5 Rate Quartz is displayed (0 to 6 s/d).

Motor Test & Rate Accuracy Procedure

1 Place the watch on the mirror place and

connect both battery connec-tors to
+ supply - with the movable contact
probes. If accessible, contact also the
RT/T test point of the IC with - supply.
This will enable the accelerated test mode.
2 Set VOLT to approximately 0.50 V
3 Observe the watch hands in the mirror. In-
crease slowly the supply voltage with the
rotating knob, until hand starts moving.
4 The displayed power voltage is called
Minimum operating voltage.

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Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

Tests of Battery and Components

Battery test Procedure

1 Select Battery test in main menu.

2 Place the battery on the + battery sup-
port and contact the bottom side of the
battery with the - (black) movable contact
probe.
3 The device automatically detects that a
battery has been connected and a load of
2 kΩ is switched on, once per second for
10ms.
For high drain batteries briefly press the
start button; this will switch on the load of
100 Ω for 1 s.
4 Silver oxide batteries: typical values
No Load and Low Drain voltage
Good battery: 1.45 to 1.6 V
End of lifetime: below 1.40 V
High Drain voltage Lithium batteries
Good battery: higher than 1.25 V Typical No Load and Low Drain voltage
End of lifetime: below 1.20 V Good battery: 2.9 – 3.2 V
End of lifetime: below 2.8 V

Test of Coil resistance and insulation Procedure

1 Select main menu Resistance (coil) test

2 Coil Test. Contact connectors (M) with
test tips. Normal value: approx. 1 to 2.5 kΩ
3 Coil Insulation. Contact one coil connec-
tor and the plate (P). Normal resistance
values: approx. 700 kΩ to x MΩ
3 Movement Insulation. Contact plate (P)
and the - Battery terminal (-B). Normal re-
sistance value: approx. 700 kΩ to x MΩ

-B

Page 35/55
Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

Step Motor Test with Pulse Generator

The step motor and the mechanical part of quartz analogue watch can be tested with the signal genera-
tor, independently of the electronic circuit. The step motor can be accelerated for detecting quickly me-
chanical faults such as hands catching each other or problems with the change of date etc.

Pulse Generator Procedure

1 Select Signal generator in main menu.

2 Set MODE to Motor
3 Set WIDTH and PULSE values according to
the data needed for testing.
4 Remove the battery and contact the motor
coil with the movable contact probes.
5 Set the VOLT parameter to approx. 0.5 V.
Increase slowly the voltage with the
rotating knob, until hand starts moving.
The movement should run with voltage of
below 1.35 V.
6 According to the manufactures data the
test may also takes place with different pa-
rameter settings of the pulse width and/or
chopping levels.

Buzzer Test
The device provides a bipolar test signal with adjustable voltage and a fixed frequency of 2 kHz.

Pulse Generator Procedure

1 Select Signal generator in main menu.

2 Set MODE to Buzzer
3 Set the VOLT parameter to the value
according to the data needed for testing.
4 Connect the wiring points of the buzzer
with the movable contact probes or the
test tips.
5 If the alarm sound is easily heard, then
the acoustic transmitter is o.k.

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Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

Graph of the Motor Pulse

The Analyzer Q1 can record the motor current pulse as an oscillogram. In addition to the pulse parame-
ters, the shape of the current pulses provides additional information on the state of the watch.
In particular, faults can be detected in the mechanical part of the watch by comparing its measurement
to those of a watch of the same type in good condition.
The pulse width and the chopping level (drive level) are displayed in numerical form.

Pulse Analysis Procedure

1 Select Graph of the motor pulse in

main menu.
2 Supply the watch with the device and set
the VOLT parameter to the watches’ nomi-
nal voltage, mostly 1.55 V.
3 Set the RANGE parameter according to the
pulse width.
4 The voltage can be changed with the VOLT
parameter, e.g. for testing the watch under
reduced supply voltage.

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Quartz Watches Operating Analyzer Q1/Twin

The Watch stops running

Check Cause / Troubleshooting

Battery Battery is defect
Check the battery voltage. Clean the battery emplacement.
Check always the battery sealing Insert a new battery.
and its emplacement, if salt crystals
have grown.

Motor Coil Motor Coil is defect

Check the coil resistance and the Replace the coil. When the coil is firmly attached to the module, then the
insulation. entire electronic module must be replaced.

Oscillator and IC No signal for rate measurement is detected

Check the rate accuracy, consump- IC or quartz oscillator is defect: electronic module must be replaced.
tion and consumption in reset mode Reset mode is not functioning
(stem is pulled out). Check if the reset function exists. If yes, check and clean the mechanism.

Step Motor Step Motor is not rotating

Supply movement with the nominal Check if:
voltage. - steel particles block the rotor/gear train
Check the Reset function when - particles between crown and case block the reset mechanism
pulling the stem. - hands touch the inside face of the glass
- hands have no axial side shake
Depending on the check results:
- remove particles and clean the mechanical parts
- readjust the horizontal position of the hands
- clean the hand-fitting mechanism / evtl. some parts must be replaced

Starting Voltage Starting voltage is to high

Reduce the supply voltage until the Proceed as above.
watch stops or reverse until the
watch runs.

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Tightness Test

Tightness Test
Testing Methods
Operating the Proofmaster S

Page 39/55
Tightness Tests Standards

Standards for the tightness test

Standards for all definitions, test methods, minimum and maximum values, etc.

ISO 6425
Watches labeled as “Diving Watches“ must be tested in accordance with this standard.

ISO 22810
Watches labeled as “Water Resistant“ must be tested in accordance with this standard.
The label on wristwatches which meet the requirements of this standard must only contain a single
expression per language:
in German: Wasserdicht in French: Etanche in English: Water Resistant

Convenient aspects of the label “Water resistant”

Watches which are designated as water resistant must be imperishable as follows to sweat, water drops,
rain and to immersion into water:

- at a depth of 10 cm (over pressure of 0.01 bar) for 1 hour.

- at a depth of 20 meters (over pressure of 2.00 bar) for 10 minutes.

Minimum requirements (standard converted to air pressure tests)

A watch fulfils these requirements if:

The air penetration into the watch under a pressure of 2 bar

does not exceed 50µg (microgram) per minute.

Deformation principle - Reference to ISO Standard 22810

The ISO 22810 standard does not take into account the volume of the watch. Therefore, the leak rate val-
ue of 50 µg/min. is valid for all watches irrespective of their size. In the test according to the deformation
principle (PROOFMASTER S/M), the deformation reversal depends on the free volume in the watch. A
watch with a smaller volume shows a greater deformation reversal for the same quantity of inflowing air.
For a test in accordance with the standard, it is necessary to program the water-resistance limit accord-
ing to the free volume in the watch. The approximate values are -0.5%/min. for large watches, -1%/min.
for medium watches and -2%/min. for small watches.

Page 40/55
Tightness Tests Precautions

Precautions in use
To safeguard the characteristics of the watch for an extended period, knowing that water resistance is
not a definitive and acquired characteristic, the user is advised to:

• arrange for the water resistance of the watch to be checked by an expert, following the manufactur-
er’s recommendations and in every case the watch has been opened. In this case, it is recommended
to perform the air pressure test,
• make sure on purchasing that the bracelet is suitable for the intended use,
• avoid exposing the watch to excessively sudden temperature variations,
• preserve the watch against falls and shocks (arrange for the water resistance to be checked after
every violent shock),
• refrain from using the control elements, push-pieces or time-setting crown under water and outside
water when the watch is not dry,
• replace securely and screw on (if applicable) the time-setting crown and the push-pieces after every
operation,
• rinse the watch in fresh after use in sea water.

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Tightness Tests Test Methods

Test Methods

Three main methods are used for the tightness test in watch manufacturing and after sales service.

Differential pressure principle (volume comparison)

Following values are determined by performing the calibration cycle:
1st measurement: Entire volume of test chambers without watches
2nd measurement: Volume of the watches
Result: Remaining free space in test chambers
During the test cycle, the device monitors the variation in the
calibrated remaining free space and determines on this basis
whether the watches are tight or not.

Deformation principle (Proofmaster S)

A defined pressure and/or vacuum is created in the test chamber.
The watch undergoes a deformation due to the elasticity and
material property of the watchcase.
The sensor system of the device tracks the deformation of the
watchcase during the whole test cycle. From this the device
determines, if the watch does or does not correspond to the
set “water resistant” tolerances.

Condensation test
The Watch is first tested under pressure in water, then
brought to a temperature of 40°C to 45°C on a heating
plate for approximately 30 minutes.
Then a water drop (18°C - 25°C) is dumped down onto
the watch glass.
If the watch is leaky, water condensates on the inner
surface of the glass.

Page 42/55
Tightness Tests Faulty water resistance

Main reasons for a faulty water resistance

There can be 3 main reasons for a faulty water-resistance:

• faulty water-resistance due to bad manufacturing (out of truth in the round or in the flat) of the case
and of other components.,
• faulty water resistance due to parts of the case and gaskets being deformed in the course of an ex-
cess pressure test. This faulty water-resistance only appears in excess pressure tests,
• faulty water-resistance due to inaccurate assembly and a to small fitting pressure of components
(seat of the glass and bottom gasket). Such cases of faulty water-resistance can only be detected
with low test pressure, especially with partial vacuum.

The stress on the parts is very different according to whether the test is performed under excess pressure
or partial vacuum.

Difference between pressure and vacuum tests

Pressure test
The watch is slightly flattened, respectively,
the components are pressed against Main reasons / faulty water test
each other.
• Defect, old and dirty seals
(crown / bottom / glass).
• Porous and old glasses with
fissures (acryl).
• Defect crowns.
• None conform glasses.

Vacuum test
The watch is deformed slightly outwards,
respectively components resist to the Main reasons / faulty water test
de-pressure by their own maintenance
force. • None conforme seals, e.g. to thin
(crown / bottom / glass).
• Sworth assembled glasses or seals
for crowns, bottoms and battery
container.
• Worse tube for crown.

Page 43/55
Tightness Tests Test Methods

Watch case deformation under pressure

Pressure build-up Stab. time Measuring time, e.g. 60s

Pressure curve

Watch deformation

Tightness limit (-value of resiliance)

Acceptable test results
Ladys watch: =< -2.5%/min. watch ok
Standard gents watch: =< -1.0%/min.
watch ok

Zero deformation (very hard case) watch ok

Continuous +deformation during test cycle:

= high elasticity of the case material, i.e. plastic.
Test result: +0.1%/min. to +x%/min.
watch ok

Vacuum build-up Stab. time Measuring time, e.g. 60s

Watch deformation

Vacuum curve

Watch case deformation under vacuum

Page 44/55
Tightness Tests Test Methods

Methods Desrciption

Test under pressure Tightness test under pressure

According to the manufactures specifications.
+0.2 to +10 bar

Test under vacuum Tightness test under vacuum

The vacuum test is primarily designed for detecting
small leaks and faulty assembly of case parts. The
vacuum test corresponds to normal strain on the
watch (swimming, snorkeling etc.).

The tightness limit of 50µg of air penetration per

minute correspond approximately to a 1% of resi-
50 µg air penetration per lience per minute of the watch case.
minute, without taking into
account the volume of the Parameter for the tightness limit
watch Watch size smaller than 20 mm: -2.0% /min.
Watch size 20 - 40 mm: -1.0% /min.
Watch size larger than 40 mm: -0.5% /min.

Measuring time The measuring time can be set manually from

15 to 600 seconds or on automatic. Witschi
recommends the automatic setting.

Case material and case design influence the

deformation.
In consideration of the For this reason the Proofmaster S provides 3 diffe-
watch design and the rent case-parameter settings.
case substance
Soft for plastic cases and thin-walled metal
cases.
Stnd for normal and robust watches with metal
case.
Hard for watches with hard case (hard metal,
ceramics) and for diver watches.

Page 45/55
Tightness Tests Proofmaster S

Operating Elements and Display

print Button for printing the measurement log or transferring test results to a PC.
escape Button to stop a running test or:
- back to the program P1 Safe Test
- back to the main menu, if you edit a program.
select Cursor button. Selects a test program or changes a selected parameter by
pressing the button up or down.
Pressing the button to the left or right selects a parameter in the program-
ming mode, and the Leakfinder program in test and result mode.
enter Pressing the cursor button vertically confirms the selection and conitues to the
next input step.
LED signal Glows yellow as soon as the sensor has been correctly lowerde onto the
watch.
LED I Test 1 good (green), poor (red).
LED II Test 2 good (green), poor (red).

For more details please consult the instruction manual Proofmaster S.

Page 46/55
Tightness Tests Operating Proofmaster S

Witschi’s Proofmaster S has been designed to be a very accurate and professional test instrument. The
multi-adjustable parameters make it possible, that almost all available watches can be tested. It provides
18 different test programs, such as:
- 8 predefined programs whose fixed parameters are optimised for different watch types.
- 10 customer-specific programs. The parameters can be adapted in accordance to the requirements.

The predifiend and customer-specific test programs can be selected by pressing the cursor button up or
down.

Below is an example - Editing a test program. Easy to handle with the Cursor Button.

Page 47/55
Tightness Tests Operating Proofmaster S

Leak Finder
The special Leak Finder Program opens a new dimension for the localisation of watch leakages in
water. Watches with or without bracelet can be tested.

How does the Leak Finder Program works?

The watch is set under pressure for a significant amount of time. Let us suppose that the watch is not
water-resistant. In this case, the air penetrating into it causes an excess pressure.
When the watch isn’t under pressure anymore, the incoming air escapes again through the leak. Bubbles
arising when the watch is under water and indicate the position of the leak.

Selecting the Leakfinder Program

The Proofmaster S has two possibilities for selecting and using the Leakfinder Program:
The information for using the Leakfinder Program automatically appears on the display once a watch has
completed the previous test with a poor result (leaking).
The customer now has the choice to prepare the watch for locating the leakage in water by means of the
Leakfinder Program or not.
The Leakfinder Program may be used as an independent test unrelated to other programs, i.e. without
previous test in another test program.
The Leakfinder Program is selected by pushing the cursor to the left or to the right.

Water Test - Procedure

If at the end of the test cycle the message
CONTINUE WATER TEST
appears, then extract immediately the watch from the instrument and place it in a transparent bowl
filled with water.

If the watch has a leak, bubbles appear at the position of

the leak. If the leak is small, the bubbles form very slowly.
It may take several minutes to identify the position of the
leak. If possible, use distilled water for the test. It avoids
the formation of limestone deposits on the watch.

Caution!
Remove the watch from the water if the formation of bub-
bles slows down in the case of a bigger leak. Water might
penetrate into the watch if the excess pressure in the
watch has entirely vanished.

Page 48/55
Tightness Tests Operating Proofmaster S

Preset Programs
Below the table of the 8 preset programs, that can not be modified. The pre-set universal programs are
optimised for different types of watches.

P1 - Safe Test This program can be used with all types of water-resistant watches with-
Test 1 - 0.2 bar out risk of damages.
Test 2 + 2.0 bar This programme gives unreliable results with hard watches.

P2 - Men Standard
Test 1 - 0.4 bar Standard program for gent’s watches, plastic or metal.
Test 2 + 3.0 bar

P3 - Ladies
Test 1 - 0.4 bar Program for small watches (lady’s watches).
Test 2 + 2.0 bar

P4 - Hard Case
Test 1 - 0.7 bar Program for hard, stable watches with ceramic case and mineral glass
Test 2 + 3.0 bar

P5 - Jewelery
Test 1 - 0.2 bar Program for jewellery watches and other watches with less stable cases.
Test 2 + 1.0 bar

P6 - Diver 100m
Test 1 - 0.7 bar Test for divers watches that are specified for at least 100m water depth.
Test 2 + 10.0 bar

P7 - Pressure only Pressure only, for quick test.

Test 1 + 2.0 bar

P8 - Two pressures
Test 1 + 0.5 bar Double pressure test with one low pressure and a higher pressure. For
Test 2 + 3.0 bar watches that should not be vacuum tested.

Page 49/55
 Program Size Vacuum Pressure Stabilisation Measuring Tolerance -% Watch case
Dial diameter (bar) (bar) time time resilience

C1 Big size standard > 40mm -0.4 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -0.5% Standard

C2 Big size diver > 40mm -0.6 to -0.7 +10.0 Auts Auts -0.5% Standard
Tightness Tests

C3 Big size hard > 40 mm -0.5 to -0.6 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -0.5% Hard

C4 Gents standard 20 - 40mm -0.4 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -1.0% Standard

C5 Gents diver 20 - 40mm -0.6 to -0.7 +10.0 Auts Auts -1.0% Standard
Customer-Specific Programs

C6 Gents hard 20 - 40 mm -0.5 to -0.6 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -1.0% Hard

C7 Ladies standard < 20mm -0.4 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -1.0% to -2.0% Standard

C8 Ladies diver < 20mm -0.6 to -0.7 +10.0 Auts Auts -1.0% to -2.0% Standard

C9 Ladies hard < 20mm -0.5 to -0.6 +3.0 to +5.0 Auts Auts -1.0% to -2.0% Hard

Page 50/55
C10 Gents soft 20-40 mm -0.4 +2.0 to +3.0 Auts Auts -1.0% Soft
Flat Gents soft 20 – 40mm -0.4 +1.0 to +2.0 Auts Auts -1.0% Soft
Ladies soft < 20mm -0.4 +2.0 to +3.0 Auts Auts -1.5% to -2.0% Soft

Too high pressure or vacuum may damage the watch being tested.
Refer to manufacturer’s specification.
Operating Proofmaster S

Watch case:
Standard for normal and robust watches with metal case
Hard for watches with hard case (hard metal, ceramics) and for diver watches.
Soft for plastic cases and thin metal cases
The customer-specific programs C01 to C10 can be adapted according to your the needs, to take into
account the specific characteristics of different watches. Some examples are specified in following table.
Tightness Test

Table - Forces on Watches’ Glass and Bottom

The table contains the internal (vacuum) and external (pressure) force in Kilograms, which acts on
the glass and bottom of the watch case.
Force = P x 1.02 x r2 X 3.1416

Vacuum Internal force on Vacuum Internal force on Vacuum Internal force on

test bottom and glass test bottom and glass test bottom and glass
(bar) Ø 30 mm (bar) Ø 25 mm (bar) Ø 20 mm
-0.2 1.44 -0.2 1.00 -0.2 0.64
-0.3 2.16 -0.3 1.50 -0.3 0.96
-0.4 2.88 -0.4 2.00 -0.4 1.28
-0.5 3.60 -0.5 2.50 -0.5 1.60
-0.6 4.33 -0.6 3.00 -0.6 1.92
-0.7 5.05 -0.7 3.50 -0.7 2.24
-0.8 5.77 -0.8 4.01 -0.8 2.56

Pressure External force on Pressure External force on Pressure External force on

test bottom and glass test bottom and glass test bottom and glass
(bar) Ø 30 mm (bar) Ø 25 mm (bar) Ø 20 mm
0.5 3.60 0.5 2.50 0.5 1.60
1.0 7.21 1.0 5.01 1.0 3.20
1.5 10.81 1.5 7.51 1.5 4.81
2.0 14.42 2.0 10.01 2.0 6.41
2.5 18.02 2.5 15.52 2.5 8.10
3.0 21.55 3.0 15.02 3.0 9.61
3.5 25.23 3.5 17.52 3.5 11.22
4.0 28.84 4.0 20.03 4.0 12.82
4.5 32.44 4.5 22.55 4.5 14.42
5.0 36.05 5.0 25.03 5.0 16.02
6.0 43.26 6.0 30.04 6.0 19.26
7.0 50.47 7.0 35.05 7.0 22.46
8.0 57.68 8.0 40.06 8.0 25.64
9.0 64.29 9.0 45.06 9.0 28.84
10.0 72.10 10.0 50.07 10.0 31.40

Page 51/55
Measuring Tips

Witschi’s
Measuring Tips

Page 52/55
Witschi’s Measuring Tips Mechanical watches

Test and Check Explanations

Procedure

Wind up the watch by turning The measured rate values become stable.
10-15x the crown. Before testing A regular diagram tracing is displayed.
the watch should run for
approximately 20 minutes.

Check that the hands are The date changing may momentary
not in the position just influence and falsify the measurement
before midnight (date changing) of the rate accuracy.

Push Crown to “O” (inside) position. Movement may stop in pulled position.

If possible, the watch should be A greater number of steel components

demagnetised with a suitable can be magnetised and can disturb the
device, e.g. Witschi’s Teslascope. rate accuracy significantly.

Start the rate measurements in The stabilisation time within the

vertical positions - 6h, 9h, 12h vertical and horizontal positions is short-
and 9h. Then in horizontal positions er as from a vertical to a horizontal posi-
dial upwards and downwards. tion and vice versa.

Set a stabilisation time of ~15 s For longer stabilisation and measuring

and measuring time of min. 20 s times follow a more stable rate result.
per test position.
Start the measurement.

Check the date mechanism

and the watches’ power Functional test.
reserve.

Check self-winding mechanism

of automatic watches with Functional test.
a simulator.

Check the watch after 24 hours,

rate accuracy, time & date display, Functional test after 24 hours.
etc.

Page 53/55
Witschi’s Measuring Tips Quartz Watches

Test and Check Explanations

Procedure

Visual inspection of the watch movement Remove any impurity, metal particles etc.
regarding cleanness, in particular the Those may block the gear train or the
rotor and the mechanical parts. step motor.

Check the battery voltage. The battery tests should occur with a
Nominal and voltage under suitable tester.
load must correspond to Tests with an ordinary multimeter are not
manufacturers specification. reliable and not recommended.

Clean the battery contacts, Running out acids and salt crystals can
especially the -contact and oxidice and destroy the contacts and
the battery emplacement. other parts.

Test time and date (quick date) When the hand setting shaft is pulled,
setting, the reset function as well the power saving function is activated
as the different crown positions. (motor pulses are disabled). Almost all
watches are provided with the reset
function.
Check the hands setting
in watches’ dial down The upper hand may touch the glass, or a
position. hand can affect another hand.

Place the watch on the sensor and If no signal is detected means that one
check if the signal of the quartz of the moduls’ component is defective
oscillator and/or motor pulses are (IC, quartz, etc.).
present.

Analogue quartz watches

Place the watch on the sensor. No pulses: defective coil or PCB.
Start the rate measurement if Pulses are ok, but hands don’t move:
motor pulses are present. check motor, gear train and hand train.

Digital quartz watches

Place the watch on the sensor. No signal and no display.
Start the rate measurement if Replace electronic module.
the signal is present (quartz or LCD).

Page 54/55
Witschi’s Measuring Tips Tightness Test

Test and Check Explanations

Procedure

Visual inspection of the watch case, Watches with a cracked glass should not
glass, crown, pushers, gasket seals etc. be tested - a breakup of the glass may
on damage and dirt. damage hands and dial.

Crown must be in position “O” Pay special attention to the position of

position. If necessary push or screw screwed crows.
it to this position.

A watch carried at the wrist should

not be examined immediately. Also Temperature fluctuations whilst the test
before testing, a watch should be cycle is running may falsify the test
kept only for a very short time in the result.
hand. It must have the same ambient
temperature as the test device.

Remove any adhesive label/protection Embedded air in labels falsifies the test
from the watches’ glass and/or bottom. results.

Test program Vacuum test: fast location of small

The test parameter setting must leakages (seals etc.).
correspond to manufacturers Pressure test: indicates the state of the
specification. A twofold test (pressure case.
and vacuum) is beneficial.

Placing the watch on sensor

- Dial upwards for watches with passably flat glass.
- Dial downwards for watches with strongly curved glass
(cambered case).

If the test result is negative, it is recommended to perform Before starting a re-test we recommend
a second test. But not immediately after the first test to pull and to rotate a few turns the
cycle. It may take up to 30 minutes or more until the case is crown, then push it back.
re-stabilised after it has been deformed.

If possible, printout the test results. Quality assurance, traceability etc.

Page 55/55