Integrated Math Notes

Module 1 Foundation of Mathematics

 Topic 1 – Numbers

1.1) A Complex Number is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary Number e.g. (real)
7 + 3i (imaginary)

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Real numbers include whole numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Rational number ( , 1.1, 0.33, 0.25) and
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Irrational numbers (π, √ 2)

An Imaginary Number, when squared, gives a negative result. (I = √ 1¿, I = -1

1.2) A conjugate is where we change the sign in the middle like this:
a+´ bi= a – bi

Adding complex numbers: (3 + 2i) + (1 + 7i) = 3 + 1 + 2i + 7i = 4 + 9i

Multiply complex numbers: (3 + 2i) (1 + 7i) = (3×1) + (3×7i) + (2i×1) + (2i×7i)

= 3 + 21i + 2i + 14 i 2
(because of i 2 = -1) = 3 + 21i + 2i – 14
= −11 + 23i

Dividing complex numbers: multiply both top and bottom by the conjugate of the bottom.
i 2=-1
2+3 i 2+3 i 4+ 5i 8+10+12i+15 i 2 8+10+12 i−15 −7+22 i −7
= × = 2 = = = +
4−5 i 4−5 i 4+ 5i 16+20 i−20 i−25 i 16+20 i−2 0i+25 41 41
22
I
41

Subtract complex numbers: (2 - 3i) – (6 – 8i) = 2 – 3i – 6 + 18i

= 2 – 6 - 3i + 18i
= -4 + 15
Modulus of a complex number: 3 – 4i
1. Square the real and imaginary numbers then find the square root |3−4 i| =
√ 32+¿ ¿ ¿ = √ 9+16 = √ 25 = 5
2. Multiply by the conjugate then find the square root
|3−4 i| = (3 – 4i) × (3 + 4i)
= √ 9+12 i – 12 i – 16
= √ 9+16

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=√ 25
=5
Argument of a complex numbers: calculate the angle between the x axis and the line
3
segment. 4 + 3i = tanθ =
4
3
= θ=tan −1
4
= 36.97
Equality of a complex numbers; the real parts must be equal and the imaginary parts must
be equal. (If a +bi = c + di then a = c and b = d) x +iy + 6 – 9i = 6 – 10i
x + 6 = 6, iy – 9i = - 10i , iy = -10 + 9i, iy = I, x = 0 & y = -1

1.3) Represent complex numbers using an Argand diagram; x axis = real numbers & y axis =
Imaginary numbers

Represent the sum of two complex numbers using an Argand diagram;

z1 = 3 + 2i, z2 = - 4 + I, z1 + z2 = -1 + 3i
Represent the difference of two complex numbers using an Argand diagram;
z1 = 3 + 2i, z2 = - 4 + I, z1 – z2 =7 + i
−b ± √(b2−4 ac )
1.4) Solving quadratic equations where the discriminant is negative; =×
2a
2
5 x + 2x + 1 = 0
a=5 , b=2 , c=1 (√ −16 = 4i)
−2± √ (4−20) −2± √ −16 −2± 4 i −2 4i
−2 ± √¿ ¿ ¿ = = = = +
10 10 10 10 10
= -0.2 ± 0.4i

 Topic 2 – Coordinate Geometry

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x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
2.1) Midpoint of a straight line: midpoint = ( 2
, 2 );
−3+8 5−1 5 4
(3, 5), (8, -1) = ( 2, ¿ = ( , ¿ = (2.5, 2)
2 2 2

Length (distance) of a straight line: Distance = √ (x 1−x 2)2 +( y 1− y 2)2;

(9, 7), (3, 2) = √ (9−3)2 + √ (7−2)2
= √¿ ¿
= √ 36+25
= √ 61
= 7.8102

y 2− y 1 17−5 12
Gradient of a straight line: m = ; (4, 5), (4, 17) m = = = 1.5
x 2−x 1 4−(−4) 8
Equation of a straight line: y = mx + c; m = gradient, c = y intercept

2.2 Find the angle of straight line using its gradient: m = 2, tan−1 (2) = 63.43

 Topic 3 - Functions, Graphs, Equations and Inequalities

3.1 (Linear and Quadratic Equations) Graphing Minimum and Maximum points (vertex); h and k
show us the very lowest or very highest points, negative coefficient of a flip it upside down,
−b
f(x) = a( x−h)2 +k ,h = , k = f(h) 2 x2 – 12x + 16, a = 2, b = -12, c = 16;
2a
−12 −12
h= = = 3,
2x 2 4
k = f (3) = 2(3)2 – 12(3) + 16 = 18 – 36 + 16 = -2
Ans = (3, -2)

Gradient

(Linear and Quadratic Equations) Graphing the root form; y = 5 x 2 – 20 + 15

5 x 2 20 x 15 0
- + = = x 2 – 4x + 3 = 0
5 5 5 5
(x – 3) (x – 1) = 0
x = 3 & x =1

(Linear and Quadratic Equations) Graphing the intercepts, to get the liner equation first
−b
calculate to central x, x =
2a
2
y = x – 4x + 5, y = x + 2, a = 1, b= -4, c =5
−(−4) 4
central x = = 2 =2
2x 1
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x Quadratic Linear

x x 2−4 x+5 X+2

0 5 2

1 2 3

2 1 4

3 2 5

4 5 6

5 10 7

x = 0.7 and x = 4.3

Let us do the calculations for those values:

Quadratic Linear
x x2 − 4x + 5 x+2
0.7 2.69 2.8
4.3 6.29 6.2
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Intercepts; x = (0.7, 2.8) & (4.3, 6.2)

3.2 ) Simultaneous equations where one is linear and the other is nonlinear

Simultaneous linear equations (algebraic solution);

B.1 Substitution; x + 2y =9, 3x + 5y = 20
X + 2y – 2y = 9 – 2y
x = 9 – 2y
3(9 – 2y) + 5y = 20;
27 – 6y + 5y = 20
27 – y = 20
27 – 27 – y = 20 – 7
-y = -7,
y=7
X = 9 -2(7) = 9 -14
X = -5

B.2 Elimination; x – 4y = -18 & -x + 3y = 11

x – 4y = -18 + -x + 3y = 11
-y = -7
Y=7
X – 4(7) = -18; x – 28 = -18
X – 28 + 28 = - 18 + 28
X = 10

Simultaneous linear equations (graphically solution);

Simultaneous Nonlinear equation (algebraic solution);

Simultaneous Nonlinear equation (graphically solution);

3.3 Worded problems including the equations of motion in a straight line;

Worded problems including demand and supply function;

Worded problems including quadratic equation;

3.4 Linear inequalities graphically solution; 2y − x ≤ 6;

2y − x ≤ 6
2y ≤ 6 + x
2y 6 x
≤ +
2 2 2

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x
Y=3+ 2

Shade the area below (because y is less than or equal to)

Linear inequalities algebraic solution; 3x – 6 ≥ 8,

3x + 6 – 6 ≥ 8 + 6
3x ≥ 14
3 x 14
≥
3 3
14
x= 3

Quadratic inequalities algebraic solution;

x 2 + 3x > 10 x2
+ 3x – 10 > 10 – 10
x 2 + 3x – 10 > 0
(x + 5) (x – 2) ¿ 0
x = - 5 or x = 2

Quadratic inequalities graphically solution;

3.5 Equations involving absolute value;

| X+ 2| = 6
x +2=6∨x+ 2=−6
X=4&x=-8

Inequalities involving absolute value

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|x|< 12
x > -12 and x <12
(−12 , 12) -12 < x < 12
-6
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3.6 Determine an invertible section of a function; if some of the ranges share the
same 3 domain then the function is not invertible

X A B C D E
F(X) -6 3 -6 2 -6

Domain Range

A
B
C
D
E

F is not invertible

3.7 Evaluate the composition of functions;

g(x) = x 2 + 5x – 3 and h(y) = 3( y−1)2 – 5
(h · g) (-6) = h (g (-6))
G(−6)2+ 5(-6)
36 – 30 – 3 = 3
H (3) = 3(3−1)2 – 5
3 · 22 – 5
3 · 4 – 5 = 12 -5 = 7

Adding Functions; (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x 2
(f + g) (x) = (2x + 3) + ( x 2)
x 2+ 2x + 3

Dividing Functions; (f/g) (x) = f(x) / g(x)

f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x 2
(f/g) (x) = (2x + 3)/ x 2

Subtracting Functions; (f-g) (x) = f(x) − g(x)

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f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x 2
(f-g) (x) = (2x + 3) − ( x 2)

Multiplication of Functions; (f · g) (x) = f(x) · g(x)

f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x 2
(f · g) (x) = (2x + 3) ( x 2)
2 x3 + 3 x 2

 Topic – Logarithms and Exponents

4.1 Laws of indices

Law Example
x1 = x 61 = 6
x0 = 1 70 = 1
x−1 1
4 −1 =
4
x m x n = x m+ n x x x 2+3=x 5
2 3
=
xm m+ n x6 6−2
n = x 2 = x = x4
x x
( x m ¿n = x mn ( x 2 ¿ 3 = x 2 x 3= x 6
( xy )n = x n y n ( xy )3 = x 3 y 3
x n xn x 2 x2
(y¿ = n ( ¿ = 2
y
y y
1 1
x−n = n x−3 = 3
x x
m n m 2 3 2
xn = √x x3 = √ x

Use laws of indices to solve exponential equations in one unknown;

53 x - 57 x−2
3x = 7x – 2
2 = 4x
1
=x
2

Linear polynomials;

Quadratic polynomials;

4.2 Exponential functions;

logarithmic functions;

Sketch Graph logarithmic function;

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Sketch Graph exponential function; f(x) = 2(x−2)
Find domain of f; 2 x> 0
Find range of f; 2 x 2−2 > 0
Find the x intercept; f(x) = 0 & 2(x−2)
Find the y intercept; (0 , f(0)) = (0,2(0 - 2)) = (0 , 1/4).
(4 , f(4)) = (4, 2(4 - 2)) = (4 , 22) = (4 , 4)
(-1 , f(-2)) = (-1, 2(-1 - 2)) = (-1 , 2-3) = (-1 , 1/8)

4.3 Simplify logarithmic expressions using the laws of logarithm; 2log 3 (x) = log 3(x 2)

Laws of logarithm

Exponents Logarithms
b m x b n = b m+n log bxy = log bx + log by
b m / b n = b m−n x
log b( ) = log bx - log by
y
(b m ¿ n = b mn log b( x n) = nlog bx
b 1=b log b(b) = 1
b0 = 1 log b(1) = 0

4.4 The relationship between exponents and logarithms; 100 =102 log 10 (100) = 2
1 1
4.5 Convert between the exponential and logarithmic equations; log 36 6 = 2 6 = 36 2

4.6 Use the laws of logarithms to solve equations involving logarithmic expressions;
log 2 (x + 2) + log 2(3) = log 2 (27)
log 2 ¿(x + 3) (3)] = log 2(27)
log 2 [3x + 6] = log 2(27)
3x + 6 = 27
3x = 21
X = 21

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4.7 Solve problems involving both exponents and logarithms;

Topic – 5 Remainder and Factor Theorem

5.1 Remainder Theorem; f(x) = (x – c)·q(x) + r(x)
f(x) = (x - c)·q(x) + r
f(c) = (c - c)·q(c) + r
f(c) = (0)·q(c) + r
f(c) = r
2x2-5x-1 / x-3
(x-3) = f(3)
2(3¿2 -5(3) -1 = 2 x 9 -5 x 3 -1 = 18 -15 -1 = 2

Factor Theorem; x 2 -3x -4

F(4) = (4¿2 -3(4) -4 = 16 -12 -4 = 0

5.2 Divide polynomials up to the third degree by linear expressions;

5.3 Solve problems involving the factor and remainder theorems

 Topic – 6 Sequences and series

6.1 binomial expansion;

6.2 Identify arithmetic progressions

Identify geometric progressions

Common ratio

Common difference

6.3 Simple interest

 Annually

 Quarterly

Compound interest
 Annually

 Quarterly

Evaluate a term or the sum of a finite arithmetic series

Evaluate a term or the sum of a finite geometric series

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6.4 Determine the sum to infinity for geometric series

 Topic – 7 Matrices and Systems of equations

7.1 Matrices Addition

Matrices Subtraction

Matrices Multiplication

Matrices Division

Equality of Matrices

Matrices scalar multiple

7.2 Augmented matrix

Represent data in matrix

System of equations

7.3 Find the determinant of a 3x3 matrix

7.4 Cramer’s rule

 Topic – 8 Trigonometry

8.1 Converting between degrees and radian measure of an angle

Evaluate a Sine of an angle give in radians

Evaluate a Cosine of an angle give in radians

Evaluate a Tangent of an angle give in radians

8.2 Solve equations involving trigonometric functions

8.3 Graph of Sine function

Graph of Cosine function

Graph of Tangent function

8.4 Locate intercepts for a domain of trigonometric function graph

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Locate minimum and maximum values for a domain of trigonometric function graph

Locate roots for a domain of trigonometric function graph

Module 2 Statistics
 Topic – 1 Data and Sampling

1.1 Sample survey

Population census

Statistics: Mean (x́)

Statistics: Variance ( s2)

Parameters: Mean (µ)

Parameter: Variance (σ 2)

1.2 Random number generators

Random number table

Simple random

Stratified

Systematic

Cluster

1.3 Population Characteristics

 Topic – 2 Presentation of Data

a.1 Tally tables

Frequency tables

Cumulative frequency table

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a.2 Pie chart

Bar chart

Line graph

Histogram

Cumulative frequency graph

Stem and leaf

Box and whiskers plots

Cross tabulations of nominal/categorical data

a.3 Symmetric shape of a distribution

Positively skewed shape of a distribution

Negatively skewed shape of a distribution

 Topic – 3 Measures of location and Spread

B.1 Measure of central tendencies

 Mean

 Mode

 Median
Advantages and Disadvantages of different measures of location
Discrete and continuous variable
Suitability of measures of location to nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales of data

B.2 Determine measures of location for ungrouped data

B.3 Determine estimates for measures of location for grouped data median and mode

B.4 Measures of Dispersion

 Range
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 Standard deviation

 Interquartile range

Advantages and disadvantages of different measures of spread.

The empirical rule for the standard deviation in relation to the mean

B.5 Determine measures of spread for ungrouped data

 Range
 Variance

 Deviation

B.6 Determine estimates for measures of spread for grouped data

 Topic – 4 Permutations and Combinations

4.1 Calculate permutations of numbers nPr

4.2 Calculate combinations of numbers nCr

4.3

 Topic – 5 Probability, Probability Distributions and Regression

5.1Sum of probabilities

Complementary events

Sample space

Concept of probability

Outcome

Experiment

5.2 Basic rules of probability

Types of events
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 Mutually exclusive

 Mutually exhaustive

 Independent

 Dependent

Conditional probability
 Contingency tables

 Probability tree diagram

Probability formulae
 Addition

 Multiplication

 Subtraction

 Division

5.3 Meaning of calculated probability values

Theoretical vs. experimental probability

Percentages and relative frequencies

5.4 Concept of a random variable

Discrete random variable

Distribution table of a random variable

Expectation

Variance

Standard Deviation

5.5 Calculate probabilities from discrete probability distribution table

5.6 Binomial formula

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Binomial table of probabilities

Binomial distribution

5.7 Characteristics of a Normal distribution

5.8 Finding probabilities and z-values using the normal table

5.9 Linear regression

Concept of correlation

Regression line

5.10 Evaluate correlation coefficient given summary statistics

5.11 Interpret the value of the correlation coefficient (Negative, positive

and no correlation. Strong, moderate and weak correlation)

5.12 Draw an estimated regression line on a scatter plot

5.13 Determine the equation of a regression line using summary statistics

5.14 Case studies

5.15 Interpret results of statistical calculations

Module 3 Calculus
 Topic – 1 Limits and Continuity

1.1 Limits behaviour of a function of x

1.2 Use limits notation

1.3 Evaluate limits using simple limit theorems

1.4 Indeterminate forms

Apply factorisation to expressions whose limits are indeterminate

1.5 Definition of continuity

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Graphs of continuous functions

The concept of left and right handed limits

Apply the concept of left and right handed limits to continuity

1.6 Discontinuous Graph

Piece wise function

Identify the points for which a function is discontinuous

 Topic – 2 Differentiation

2.1 Relate the derivative of a function with the gradient at a point on that function

2.2 Use notations for the first derivative of a function

2.3 Differentiate polynomials

2.4 Differentiate expressions involving Sine Function

Differentiate expressions involving Cosine Function

2.5 Powers of a function

Functions of a function

Chain rule

Apply the chain rule in the differentiation of composite functions

2.6 Differentiate exponential

Logarithmic functions

2.7 Differentiate products and quotients

2.8 Point of inflexion

Determine the stationary point(s) of a given function

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Minimum and maximum points

2.9 Obtain the second derivative of a function

2.10 Nature of the stationary points

 Topic – 3 Application of Differentiation

3.1 Apply the concept of the derivative to rate of change

Cost function
Revenue functions

Profit Functions

3.2 Rates of change

3.3 Use the sign of the derivative to find where a function is decreasing or increasing

3.4 Stationary points

3.5 Concept of stationary points

Polynomials of degree 3

Curve sketching

3.6 Find the first partial derivative of a function of two variables

Interpret partial derivatives
3.7 Differentiation problems

 Topic – 4 Integration

4.1 Define integration

Derivative – integral relationship

4.2 Compute indefinite integrals of polynomials

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4.3 Integrate expressions that involve trigonometric functions

4.4 integrate functions of the form 1 𝑝/(𝑥)

4.5 Integrate composite functions by substitution;

4.6 Compute definite integrals

4.7 Apply integration to determine the area between a curve and a straight
line;

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