© Renauld Fulconis | ZSL

SMART: A Guide To Getting Started

 © Ola Jennersten | WWF-Sweden

Contents
What is SMART? 3
Intro to this Guide 4
SMART Partnership 5
Before You Start 6
Ensuring SMART Quality 7
Preparing for SMART 8
Implementation
SMART Approach for Adaptive 11
Management
Evaluating the SMART Approach 12
Overview of SMART Functionality 13
Law Enforcement Monitoring 14
Mobile Data Collection/ 15
CyberTracker
Ecological Records 16
Planning 17
Connect 18
Marine 20
Intelligence 22
SMART Support 23
© Julie Larsen Maher | WCS
 What is SMART?
The Spatial Monitoring and Reporting
Tool (SMART) is designed to improve
anti-poaching efforts and overall law
enforcement effectiveness in established
conservation areas and management
zones. SMART enables the collection,
storage, communication, and evaluation
of data on: patrol efforts (e.g., time
spent on patrols, areas visited, distances
covered), patrol results (e.g., snares
removed, arrests made), threat levels,
and other enforcement activities. The
“SMART Approach” combines the cutting
edge site based management tool with
capacity building and a set of protection
standards. When effectively employed
to create and sustain information flow
between ranger teams, analysts, and
conservation managers, the SMART
Approach can help to substantially
improve protection of wildlife and their
habitats.

3 © Tony Lynam | WCS

 This guide is written for site managers (e.g., protected area managers, community managers) and conservation (NGO)
partners who are considering introducing SMART in a conservation area. Successful implementation of SMART requires a
major commitment by the implementing agency and technical support agencies, and careful considerations should be made
before initiating this approach. This guide provides an overview of what is required to make SMART a success and describes
the main steps in the preparation and introduction of the SMART Approach in a conservation area. It is built on the collective
experience of SMART implementers and site-based protection staff. What follows is not a detailed training manual, as training
resources are available on the SMART website (smartconservationtools.org). Rather, you will find a checklist that will help:

a) determine whether your site is suitable for SMART (not all sites are, and it is better to recognize that up front);
b) identify key capacity, financial, and management needs for SMART implementation;
c) help plan a realistic program for SMART implementation at your site that will best ensure long term success.

The SMART Approach can be introduced to any conservation area that relies
on field patrol teams to protect wildlife and the natural ecosystems upon
which they depend. This approach has already demonstrated its effectiveness
in improving law enforcement efforts, improving morale of enforcement
teams, and reducing threats to wildlife and other natural resources across
various sites throughout the world. At present, SMART is being implemented
in more than 500 conservation areas in 47 countries worldwide, and has
rapidly become the global standard for wildlife law enforcement monitoring
and management in protected areas (terrestrial and marine), community-
managed lands, and conservancies. For an up-to-date list of the steadily
growing number of conservation areas where SMART has been introduced,
visit: smartconservationtools.org.

Using the SMART software and establishing a patrol database will not, on
its own, improve protection in a conservation area. In addition to the SMART
software and database, basic enforcement capacity and infrastructure must
be in place. Adaptive patrol management practices must be introduced that
require, among other things: additional resources; staff with management,
analytic, and computer skills; processing and evaluation of patrol data;
feedback mechanisms between managers and rangers; and appropriate
ranger performance-based incentives. This combination of monitoring law
enforcement effort, results, and threats to inform and adapt management
practices is what we call the SMART Approach. © WCS Guatemala

4
 © Diego Perez | WCS

SMART Partnership
The SMART Partnership was established in 2011
with the purpose of developing SMART protection
monitoring software and supporting tools for
improving protection management. The current
SMART Partnership members are: Frankfurt
Zoological Society, Global Wildlife Conservation,
North Carolina Zoological Park, Panthera, Peace
Parks Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS), Wildlife Protection Solutions (WPS), World
Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Zoological Society of
London (ZSL). For more information on how the
Partnership works visit:

smartconservationtools.org/partnership.

5 © Jonathan Baillie | ZSL

 Before you start:
In any given conservation area, SMART does not require successful pre-existing management practices, but it is
important that the basic building blocks for adaptive management are in place [see end of guide for a definition of
adaptive patrol management]. Without this basic framework, SMART is unlikely to succeed in improving management
effectiveness, and may result in wasted or diverted conservation resources. The following basic requirements will help
you decide if your conservation area is ready to begin introducing SMART:

A formal management structure must be in place in the

conservation area where an adaptive management approach can
Skills required from management include:
1) effective leadership;
operate. Without an accepted management authority to evaluate patrol
results and lead decision-making, it will be difficult to effect measurable 2) an understanding of patrol issues (including the main threats and
change in patrol practices. Such a management authority might include how rangers can address them); and,
a protected area agency, a wildlife management department, or a
3) analytical skills for evaluating patrol data and providing feedback
community-based management authority. In all cases, the relevant
to rangers. Staff with a strong technological proficiency are required
authority (Director, Deputy Director) needs to have decision-making
for database design, patrol data storage, and data management. IT
responsibilities.
experts should be available on standby, either at the conservation area
Endorsement for the SMART Approach from the relevant or remotely, to solve technical problems when they occur.
management authority. The level at which this endorsement is required
will depend upon the particular governance structure. For highly Commitment to improving management systems. Adaptive patrol
centralized governance structures, endorsement may be required at management with SMART implies a commitment to improve a site’s
national level; for decentralized governance structures, endorsement management practices. This level of commitment must come at minimum from
may be required only at the level of an individual protected area the responsible management authority. Managers should be willing to consider
manager. a change in protection strategies, management practices, or budget allocations
in order to improve enforcement. Managers must also be willing to enact these
Some level of active field patrolling at the site indicating there is a
changes by demonstrating strong leadership in mobilizing an effective and
commitment to put resources into protection and monitoring activities,
motivated ranger force.
and the collection of field observational data demonstrating patrol efforts
and results from patrolling. While many conservation areas may not Financial planning to ensure adequate resources are in place to operate
have sufficient resources or staff to patrol the entire conservation area patrols, including patrol mission costs and ranger salaries. Adequate resources
continuously, some basic level of patrolling is required at the outset. must also be allocated to secure the necessary field equipment for collecting
This will generate sufficient and meaningful data with which to inform and managing patrol data (e.g., computers, GPS units, batteries, battery
management decisions and identify resource gaps once the SMART chargers, power source). SMART is a spatial monitoring tool and requires at
Approach is fully implemented. minimum a GPS or spatial data logging device.

6
 © Rich Bergl | NCZ

Ensuring SMART Quality

Experienced site protection managers may be
able to introduce SMART without prior experience
and external technical assistance. However, it
is strongly recommended that site-based staff
attend training workshops approved by SMART
Partners on the use of SMART software and
application of the SMART Approach for adaptive
management. It is also highly recommended
to involve experienced SMART experts from
conservation agencies or conservation NGOs
in the introduction of the SMART Approach at
your site (e.g., invite them to assist in adaptive
management design and ranger trainings or
organize study tours to well-established SMART
sites). It is also recommended to take advantage
of the SMART Forum established for users to post
problems and share experiences and expertise.

7 © Julie Larsen Maher | WCS

 © Julie Larsen Maher | WCS

Preparing for SMART implementation

Once you are ready to begin implementation a number of preparatory steps for SMART introduction need to be
completed at the site level. The following checklist will help you to adequately plan for SMART implementation:

Conduct a threats analysis and define conservation Define reporting needs – Regular and standardized patrol reports
objectives and indicators – A threats analysis should be should be developed that summarize key data and performance
conducted for target species and their habitat to identify actions indicators in the form of clear, user-friendly tables and maps. A
that rangers can initiate to address these threats. This may include timetable for report production (e.g., weekly, monthly, quarterly,
gathering all available information on the status of the conservation annually), content of the report, and a distribution list should be
area, including wildlife distribution and habitat types, access points defined. These reports will form the basis for evaluating patrol efforts
and human settlements, and existing protection infrastructure. and results against patrolling and conservation objectives.
Objectives for patrol efforts and interventions, including threat-
reduction and recovering/maintaining habitat and target species Identify any additional intelligence gathering mechanisms
populations, should be formulated with as much detail as possible. that can be used to inform patrol planning and evaluation. SMART
This process will also define key indicators against which progress supports an intelligence-led patrolling approach. Intelligence is
will be measured and evaluated, and should be conducted at the actionable information originating either from patrols themselves or
site level and involve managers, patrol staff, and/or biologists who from third-party sources that can help inform patrol deployment.
are knowledgeable about the conservation area.
8
 Design the data model and collection protocols – The
Preparing a training plan - Training must be conducted for:
SMART data model will define what information rangers should be
collecting (and entered into the SMART database), and will form
a) rangers in data collection protocols, including excercises for data
the basis for all analysis and reporting. Therefore, it is critical to
collection, navigation with GPS units, and documenting patrol routes.
think carefully about this at the outset—typically during a workshop
led by the site manager and with senior protection staff present.
b) SMART operators in setting up, operating, and managing the
Data can be collected during patrols on a wide range of topics,
SMART database.
but it is recommended to focus on key threats and observations
that can be unambiguously identified by rangers in the field (e.g.,
c) analysts in interpreting results of patrol data in order to evaluate
snares, poached carcasses, sawn timber), actions that address
performance and in conducting trends analysis
threats (e.g., snares removed, guns confiscated, warnings issued),
and observations of key wildlife species (e.g., tracks, droppings,
d) managers who are learning how to make the most of SMART
vocalizations, or direct encounters). In our experience, data
information to improve anti-poaching efforts.
models typically start out too complex and need to be streamlined
through trial and error in the field. It is important to keep the
data model simple and collect only data that are useful for patrol
management as defined by the SMART indicators above. Data Consider a performance-based ranger evaluation system –
collection should not take so much time that rangers cannot remain SMART patrol monitoring enables accurate measures of effort and
focused on their main task: patrolling. The SMART data collection results of patrol teams and individual rangers. In some situations, it can
protocols will define how information is recorded by rangers be recommended to link ranger salaries, bonuses, evaluations, awards,
in the field. The protocols should be sufficiently detailed as to and promotions to patrol performance as measured — and verified by —
ensure standardization, avoid ambiguity in the field, and minimize SMART. Changes in reward and evaluation systems should be designed
any compromise in data quality. The data collection protocols and discussed with the rangers before the SMART Approach is launched. If
should be clearly defined in a ranger data collection manual. Data a performance-based ranger incentive scheme is implemented, resources
collection can be done on paper forms with a GPS or through also need to be allocated to sustain the scheme.
handheld GPS-enabled mobile devices. Paper and digital forms
need to be customized according to the data model designed Configuring the SMART database – SMART software must be
for your site. A default data model has been developed which is installed on a permanent computer at the site and a SMART database
available for users and can be altered to meet your site needs. configured for the conservation area. The configured database includes
the designed data model, GIS layers that determine the spatial boundaries
Identify appropriate mechanisms for adaptive
of the conservation area (e.g., conservation area limits, patrolling sectors,
management and regular feedback – Patrol reports should
administrative zones), key patrol parameters (e.g., patrol stations, staff,
be discussed with all rangers (or patrol team leaders) during regular
mandates, transport options), and standard queries and reports that
feedback meetings led by the site manager. Team leaders should
produce desired performance indicators. Database administration and data
be invited to comment on their patrol performance and patrol
management protocols should also be put in place to ensure data security
targets for the next period should be developed with the aim of
and regular backup.
9 improving performance.
 Defining responsibilities – The responsibilities of all staff
involved in the application of the SMART Approach for patrol
management should be defined, including who will: be responsible
for data collection during patrols, check patrol data handed in by
patrols (patrol debriefing), store information in a database, process
data, conduct analysis, and prepare patrol reports, evaluate the
patrol performance on the basis of these reports, and prepare and
conduct feedback meetings with rangers. (These last points are
typically, but not always, performed by the site manager). A SMART
point person should be identified whose role is to oversee and
ensure correct functioning of all these steps.

Monitoring program – A monitoring program should be in place

to evaluate performance against conservation objectives, such
as decreasing threats, increasing or maintaining populations of
target conservation species or improving habitat quality. The main
conservation target species populations should be monitored using
standardized and scientifically rigorous methods. While rangers
can be involved in such a scientific monitoring program, monitoring
during patrols should focus on no more than a few target species
and not detract from the primary responsibility of rangers, which
is law enforcement.

Developing a clear timetable for implementation –

The data model and protocols for data collection, storage,
management, and processing should be tested and evaluated
during an initial period of at least four weeks. During this time it
will become clear whether rangers understand the data collection
procedures and can consistently conduct data collection. Any
problems related to data collection protocols and the use of
software for data storage and processing should be resolved
during the test period. Following the first year of SMART
implementation, a full evaluation should be conducted to assess
progress in implementation of the SMART Approach.

10 © Emma Stokes | WCS

 © Tony Lynam | WCS

SMART Approach for Adaptive Management Ranger

RANGER PATROLS Patrol teams collect and record data on where they go and what they see while on Patrols
patrol, such as threats (e.g., poaching signs), patrol results (e.g., arrests, confiscations of weapons), and
wildlife observations.

DATA INPUT Patrols report their patrol activities, and patrol data and routes are checked and then stored
Strategic Data
Planning Input
in a SMART patrol database.

ANALYSIS AND REPORTING Data are processed into highly visual tables, charts, and maps showing
patrol effort, coverage, and results, forming the basis for patrol analysis and evaluation.

FEEDBACK AND EVALUATION Regular meetings with rangers are held to discuss patrol effort and Feedback & Analysis &
results to ensure all stakeholders are kept informed and to demonstrate the value of ranger efforts. Evaluation Reporting
STRATEGIC PLANNING Managers, rangers, and other stakeholders plan adaptive patrol strategies
11 based on analysis of previous results and set new patrol targets.
 Evaluating the SMART Approach
When SMART patrol monitoring and the adaptive patrol management cycle are operating, regular patrol reports
(usually monthly or quarterly) should be produced to evaluate patrol performance and provide feedback to
rangers. Less frequent (e.g. annually) and more in-depth data analyses, with an evaluation of various trends
in patrol performance and threat-levels, as well as an evaluation of the entire patrol management system, are
required. Useful questions to ask during these in-depth analyses and evaluations include:

Is the law enforcement presence being maintained at the Are any changes required in the SMART patrol monitoring and adaptive
site, and are patrols occurring throughout the reporting management practices? Related questions include:
period, or at least on a systematic or regular basis? Is the
manager responsive to information coming from patrol Are all patrol data used for patrol management, or is it possible
teams and are directives from management based at least to review and streamline the data model?
partly on this information?
Should patrol team composition, leadership, patrol priorities,
Are patrol targets and the conservation objectives being position of patrol stations, or patrol methods be changed?
met? What are the trends in threat levels?
Are the patrol data collection, storage, processing, evaluation,
Which kind of patrols are most effective in reducing reporting, and ranger feedback procedures satisfactory? Should the
threats and meeting targets? Compare the effectiveness content or frequency of patrol reports and feedback meetings be
of different patrol mandates, transport types, and whether changed?
patrols were intelligence-led, in order to determine their
impact on detecting illegal activities and patrol results (e.g., Are changes in the ranger salaries, bonuses, or evaluation
arrests). procedures required to increase ranger morale and patrol
performance?
Is intelligence effective and leading to improved
enforcement outcomes? Is the manager responsive to information on threats coming from
field patrol teams and is the manager correctly interpreting risk
Are patrols sufficiently focusing on areas with the highest
factors based on this information?
threat-levels and/or highest densities of conservation target
species? Are patrol routes predictable?

12
 © WWF-UK | Greg Armfield

SMART Functionality
LAW ENFORCEMENT MONITORING The world’s leading
solution for wildlife law enforcement monitoring and protected
area management.

MOBILE DATA COLLECTION-CYBERTRACKER The

best solution for capturing data and monitoring conservation
activities in protected areas.

ECOLOGICAL RECORDS A powerful and flexible tool for

the capture, management, mapping and analysis of ecological
monitoring data for conservation in protected areas.

PLANNING An adaptive, easy to use solution for managers

to enhance decision-making and help optimize deployment of
limited conservation resources.

INTELLIGENCE The only protected area-focused entity

management solution.

CONNECT A Cloud-based extension to the SMART suite of

tools for enhancing protected area management

MARINE The best solution for effective management of marine

protected area monitoring and enforcement activities.
13 © Julie Larsen Maher | WCS
 SMART Law Enforcement Monitoring
SMART is the the world’s leading tool for conservation law enforcement monitoring (LEM) and protected area
management. SMART LEM enables the collection, storage, communication, and evaluation of data on patrol efforts,
patrol results, and threat levels. Implementation of SMART LEM has enhanced law enforcement effectiveness, improved
morale of protection teams, and reduced threats to wildlife and other natural resources at numerous sites across the
world. When effectively employed to create and sustain information flow between rangers and conservation managers
as part of the SMART Approach, SMART LEM will help to substantially improve protection of wildlife and their habitats.

Key Benefits: Case Study: Kuku Group Ranch - Amboseli-Tsavo, Kenya

• Empower rangers by: Implementing SMART LEM in a Community Conservancy
• Motivating them in their day-to-day work by optimizing the • SMART LEM helped to
data collection process for patrol teams; expand patrol coverage and
• Using ranger data to demonstrate work effort and provide distance walked per patrol
from 9.6 km in January 2013
patrol teams with regular feedback and review, and to
to 37.7 km in December 2013.
improve patrol management;
• Ensuring accountability and good governance through
• During this time, the number
of cases of illegal activity
clear and standardized measures of law enforcement detected tripled, and arrests
performance for rangers and managers. doubled compared with 2012.

• Prioritize resources and plan patrols • Due to a change in patrol

• SMART is user-friendly to help managers strategically plan targets and implementing
and deploy their enforcement operations. more short patrols, distance
walked per patrol decreased
• Integration of patrol data with intelligence data provides a to ~ 12 km in 2015, while the
more complete picture of illegal activities and perpetrators rate of patrolling increased
from < 20 patrols/100 days in
• Demonstrate the impact of patrolling through 2013 to ~ 80 patrols/100 days
• Rapid, accurate, and impactful interpretations and in 2015.
reporting of patrol data and enforcement activities
• Tracking legal and administrative cases resulting from
patrols and enforcement actions © Chris Gordon | ZSL

Things to consider before implementation: Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements

• For a detailed discussion of what to consider before SMART LEM is part of the base SMART Installation. In order to implement it,
implementing SMART LEM at your site, see the “Before You you will need a Computer (laptop or desktop) with Windows OS with min 4GB
Start” and “Preparing for SMART Implementation” sections RAM (8 or higher recommended). SMART LEM requires that the basic SMART
14 above. software program is installed and configured for your site(s).
 SMART Mobile Data Collection - CyberTracker
SMART Mobile Data Collection with CyberTracker is the best solution for capturing data in protected areas. The mobile
data collection component of SMART uses CyberTracker, a third-party platform created to simplify the collection of
field data that has been successfully deployed in its own right in hundreds of sites around the world. SMART mobile
data collection leverages the functionality of CyberTracker to eliminate the need for field observations to be recorded
separately from GPS data. CyberTracker uses a GPS enabled mobile device (e.g., smartphone or PDA) to collect both
observations (text or icon based data entry and digital images) and GPS data in a single unit. After a patrol returns to
the office, observations and GPS data are transferred directly into the SMART database in a semi-automated process.

Key Benefits: Mobile Data Collection with CyberTracker has been implemented
• Quickly record georeferenced field data without the need for successfully in hundreds of sites globally.
additional data entry steps.
Belize Nigeria
• Capture georeference photos to validate field observations
• Leverage SMART Connect, an online extension to SMART that
allows real-time data transfer, to ‘connect’ rangers in the field
to central command centers enabling more rapid and effective
operational responses

Things to consider before implementation: © Rich Bergl | NCZ

• Are there sufficient financial and technical resources at your

Cambodia
site to implement data collection protocols utilizing mobile
handheld devices?
• What are your patrol objectives (e.g., target species)?
• How should you structure your configurable data model to
ensure data can be easily and unambiguously collected by
rangers, while still effectively meeting your patrol objectives? © Julio Maaz | WCS © Marianne Teoh | FFI

• Is there sufficient ranger capacity to collect data on a mobile

handheld device? If not, have you developed a training plan? Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
To use SMART Mobile Data Collection, you will need a Computer (laptop or
• Have you developed hardware maintenance (e.g., routine care) desktop) with Windows OS (min 4GB RAM; 8 or higher recommended), the
and security protocols (e.g., lost/misplaced devices) to ensure basic SMART and CyberTracker software programs installed and configured
accountability and lengthen the life of the devices? for your site(s). You will also need handheld mobile smartphone/tablet
device(s) running either Windows Mobile or Android OS. Ideally, your devices
• Is there wifi/cellular coverage at your site that could facilitate should be ruggedized and have a waterproofing solution. Consider also, an
use of SMART Connect? If so, have you considered the external power solution (battery packs or battery plus solar panel combination)
15 benefits of Connect use at your site? for your devices.
 SMART Ecological Records
SMART Ecological Records (ER) is an optional plug-in that allows SMART users to capture, manage, map, and analyze
data from systematic surveys of species, their habitats, and disturbances in a framework that closely resembles the
SMART patrol framework. With standardized ecological monitoring, institutionalized with well-trained staff, SMART ER
can provide information on species and habitat changes over space and time as well as providing an understanding
of factors responsible for the changes. When effectively employed with other routine protected area activities, SMART
ER enables integration of ecological and law enforcement monitoring data, providing protected area managers with a
holistic status of their protected area and effectiveness of their conservation activities.

Key Benefits: Case Study: Noubalé Ndoki National Park (NNNP) - Congo
• Streamline collection of ecological data with a customizable SMART ER was used for an extensive large mammal survey in NNNP.
data model that can be used for a variety of commonly • A systematic line transect
applied field survey methods. sampling strategy was designed
• Organize, map, and summarize ecological data and easily for the NNNP landscape using
SMART ER (below).
export for external analysis.
• Compile ecological and patrol data from your site(s) to create • Data were collected and
analyzed on target species (e.g.,
a holistic protected area management strategy.
elephants) and threat indicators
(e.g., hunting camps).
Things to consider before implementation:
• What are your monitoring objectives?
• What variables should you collect data on to effectively
monitor your conservation targets? Are these data able to be
collected unambiguously by field staff?
• What is the appropriate sampling design and data collection
protocol for your site, given your objectives and resources?
• Who will collect your ecological monitoring data, and are they
appropriately trained in your data collection protocol?
• How will the data be analyzed, and how will the results be
presented? Will the analyses effectively answer your initial
questions about your target species and/or their habitats?
Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
• Is there a mechanism in place to leverage your results for In order to install SMART ER, you will need a computer (laptop or desktop)
adaptive management or further conservation activities? with Windows OS with min 4GB RAM (8 or higher recommended). SMART ER
requires that the basic SMART software program is installed and configured
16 for your site(s).
 SMART Planning
Managers need to monitor staff performance and make constant adjustments to the allocation of human resources
and equipment in order to maximize patrol efficiency. In order to accomplish this, SMART has an easy to use Planning
function to support protected area managers with understanding whether patrol teams are achieving their targets on
a periodic basis (per patrol, monthly, quarterly, etc.). The targets (numeric, spatial or administrative) are inputted into
the Planning function, and can be defined for the entire conservation area, stations, teams or individual patrols. Plans
can be associated with a patrol or series of patrols, which then uses GPS track information to calculate the success
or failure of defined targets. When implemented effectively, SMART Planning can enhance decision-making and help
optimize deployment of limited resources for conservation.
Key Benefits: Case Study: Seima Protection Forest - Cambodia
• Set objective and user-defined conservation targets (numeric, Improving patrol performance through setting SMART patrol targets
spatial or administrative) for the entire conservation area,
stations, teams or individual patrols. • Setting of numeric and spatial targets
using SMART demonstrated the power
• Monitor temporal performance of patrols and leadership of decision-making informed by patrol
• Improve data-driven decision-making and resource allocation data and provided guidance for patrol
management.
• Evaluate and track patrol and leadership performance on
patrols and over time. • Example: Monthly spatial patrol targets
are depicted by the red circles (at right).
Things to consider before implementation: The patrols in the top figure failed to
meet the targets; the patrols (blue
• What are your patrol, enforcement, and monitoring objectives tracklogs) focused almost entirely on
(e.g., kilometers walked, arrests, transects walked, etc.)? an access road. In contrast, the patrols
in the bottom figure reached all their
• What variables should you collect data on to effectively meet/ spatial targets.
monitor conservation targets? Are these data able to be
collected unambiguously by field staff? • SMART Planning is now routinely used
at Seima to evaluate progress of patrol
• Targets should be achievable and realistic for the rangers, teams towards monthly targets, and to
meaning that failure to meet the targets indicates a problem assess the performance of patrol team
with performance levels. leaders.
• Targets can, in some situations, work well if linked to an
incentive system - there needs to be both a reward for
achieving the targets and a disincentive for underperformance.
• Targets should be adaptable and/or evolve over time, based Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
SMART Planning is part of the basic SMART installation, requiring a Computer
on changing conditions within the conservation area.
(laptop or desktop) with Windows OS with min 4GB RAM (8 or higher recom-
• Is there a mechanism in place to leverage results and analyses mended) and the basic SMART software program installed and configured for
17 for adaptive management or further conservation activities? your site(s).
 SMART Connect
Connect is an online extension to SMART which can the greatly enhance the ease and quickness with which users
can translate patrol efforts in the field into actionable data for improving conservation practice at their site(s). Connect
facilitates data capture in as close to real time as a site’s infrastructure allows, making it possible for rangers to manage
and respond to real time threats, and integration of SMART data with data from other sources (e.g., Global Forest
Watch) and other commonly used field sensors, such as remote camera traps. Connect also allows for centralized
management of SMART deployments, facilitating information sharing of data, maps, and reports across entire
protected area or landscape networks, and enabling access to SMART reporting from non-SMART users. These
added functionalities make SMART Connect an unparalleled tactical, operational, and analytical tool for conservation
management.
Key Benefits: Case Study: Getting SMART with forest protection - Philippines
• Collect and share field data in real time; manage and SMART enables data-driven management decisions at a national scale
respond to real time alerts to enable more effective and rapid
operational responses
• With over 3,000 data collectors spread across

© USAID | B+WISER
the 7,000 islands of the Philippines, the
• Centrally manage SMART deployments at multiple site Philippines Dept. of Environment and Natural
• Enhance analysis, visualization, and impact of SMART data for Resources required a centralized solution that
decision-making by integrating with other systems made management of forest sectors more
effective and efficient.
Things to consider before implementation: • SMART Connect now allows seamless
• What are the threats, challenges, and high-level goals for your aggregation of patrol data from over 200 sites
site? Will a technology solution (i.e., SMART Connect) help (see coverage map at left) across provincial,
address these, or are there more systemic issues at your site? regional and national levels, which provides
faster access to updated information at all
• Is there reasonably reliable internet connectivity at your site? decision-making levels.
• Is there adequate IT expertise at your site to configure, deploy,
and administer a SMART Connect installation? If not, will you
be able to recruit/train staff before implementing Connect?
• Do you have data security protocols in place? Or, are you
capable of reliably implementing them at your site?
Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
• Is there endorsement for SMART and Connect from higher SMART Connect is an online extension to your existing SMART installation
level or central management (e.g., regional or national), that requiring that the basic SMART software is installed and configured for your
will manage the deployments as a group? site(s). In order to implement Connect, you will also need: 1) basic, but reli-
• Are you already implementing SMART desktop at your site(s), able internet connectivity, with a minimum speed of approximately 1 Mbps up
or will you need to configure and define a desktop application and down, 2) cloud-based server space (e.g., from AWS) or a single, secure
before implementing Connect? If not already implementing and reliable connected server onsite, 3) IT and information security expertise
SMART, we recommend reviewing the “Before You Start” and required to set-up server, troubleshoot, backup and recover data, and manage
18 “Preparing for SMART Implementation” sections above.
networks.
 SMART Connect Sustainability SMART Connect: An Example
It is important to plan for the long-term sustainability of your SMART
Connect implementation by carefully considering your options for
deployment and ensuring ahead of time that you have sufficient finances
and/or infrastructure to effectively deploy SMART Connect at your site.
Deploying SMART Connect in the Cloud
• EC2 using a custom Linux AMI on a
Using the ‘default’ settings (at right), the t2.medium instance with a 24GB EBS
Amazon Web Services cost estimator suggests volume
a monthly recurring cost of around $100. • RDS using Postgres on a db.t2.medium
instance with 20GB of storage
Based on pilot implementations, and taking
• S3 bucket for file storage
into account increased usage over time, we • One encrypted keypair for access to EC2
recommend budgeting approximately $200- • One Elastic IP address
250 per month.

Deploying SMART Connect on an on-premise server

Costs for an on-premise Connect deployment vary widely due to access to hardware,
IT configuration and maintenance capacity, and local cost variability. As a result, we
recommend deploying Connect to the cloud due to the high value proposition (i.e.,
relatively simple configuration and maintenance and low-costs); however, if you are
interested in an on-site deployment, please contact [email protected]
for more information.

SMART Connect Framework

19
 SMART Marine
SMART can be readily and flexibly applied to marine conservation and marine protected area (MPA) management. For
marine sites, SMART enables the collection, storage, communication, and evaluation of data on marine patrol efforts
and results, as well as threat levels. SMART can also collect data on monitoring of marine species and fisheries, such
as local and commercial landing data in ports. When effectively employed in marine conservation areas, SMART helps
improve management and deployment of patrols and resources, as well as the protection of marine wildlife and their
habitats. For more information on SMART Marine, see the dedicated Getting Started with SMART Marine Guide.

Key Benefits: Case Study: Koh Rong Archipelago, Cambodia

• Empower rangers and community patrols by: SMART community patrols in Cambodia’s first Marine Protected Area.

• Motivating them in their day-to-day work by optimizing the • SMART marine patrols allowed
data collection process; for identification of illegal
• Using patrol data to provide patrol teams with regular activity hotspots, but were
feedback and review, and to improve patrol management; restricted to their detection of
activities in patrolled areas. Gaps
• Ensuring accountability and good governance through highlighted by SMART patrol
clear and standardized performance indicators. data were cross-referenced
• Prioritize resources and plan patrols: with data interviews with local
communities, allowing for
• SMART is user-friendly to help managers strategically plan improved patrol planning.
and deploy their patrol operations.
• Demonstrate the impact of patrolling through:
• When compared to interview
• Rapid, accurate, and impactful interpretations and data, SMART patrol data
reporting of patrol data and enforcement activities indicated that patrols were not
• Tracking legal and administrative cases resulting from occurring at night, the peak time
patrols and enforcement actions for illegal activities.

Things to consider before SMART marine

implementation:
• Many considerations for marine applications are similar to the
general considerations detailed in the the “Before You Start”
and “Preparing for SMART Implementation” sections above,
but additional marine-specific considerations are included Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
below. SMART Marine utilizes the base SMART Installation. You will need a computer
(laptop or desktop) with Windows OS (min 4GB RAM; 8 or higher recommend-
• Are there sufficient financial and technical resources at your
ed), with the basic SMART software program is installed and configured for
site to implement marine patrols?
your site(s).
20
 SMART marine considerations (continued): Case Study: Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh
• Do you have safe boat for patrolling? SMART patrols improve management and enforcement effectiveness.
• Who are you sending out on patrols, and what additional
training and/or equipment might they need in order to ensure • SMART helped the Bangladesh
their safety, e.g., life jackets, flares, lights etc.? Forest Department to organize
patrols, set standards for patrol
• How will communication with headquarters be maintained performance, and demonstrate
(e.g., cell phone or other communication devices such as VHF efforts made by frontline staff to
radio or walkie-talkie for areas outside of cell phone network)? patrol and monitor illegal entry,
• What are your patrol objectives (e.g., enforcement targets, poaching, illegal fishing, harvesting
target species, etc.)? of non-timber forest products,
and other illegal activities in the
• How should you structure your configurable data model to Sundarbans.
ensure data can be easily and unambiguously collected by
rangers, while still effectively meeting your patrol objectives?
• What size is your site: can SMART be used in conjunction • Based on initial successes, the
Bangladeshi Government officially
with other tools in order to make patrols more effective and to adopted SMART for deployment of
increase detection? all patrols as of September 2017.
• Equipment availability, Do you have the necessary computers,
handheld devices, software and applications? Plan for
additional equipment
• Do you plan to implement mobile handheld units for data
collection? Is there sufficient ranger capacity to collect data © Zahangir Alom | WCS

on a mobile handheld device? If not, have you developed a

training plan? Case Study: Marine Protected Area System, Belize
• Have you developed hardware maintenance (e.g., routine care) SMART adoption throughout Belize marine protected area system.
and security protocols (e.g., lost/misplaced devices) to ensure
accountability and lengthen the life of the devices? • SMART is implemented by the Belize
Fisheries Department and NGO co-
• Is there wifi/cellular coverage at your site that could facilitate managers throughout the Belize
use of SMART Connect? If so, have you considered the Marine Protected Areas (MPA) for
benefits of Connect use at your site? monitoring and MPA management.
• Consider what data can be used for prosecution: check local
laws and what information is needed in order to build a case • SMART use has resulted in the
and ensure this is captured within your data model, e.g., identification of patrol priority zones,
vessel number, captain’s name and registration, photos, etc. more effective management and
Use this information from outset. deployment of patrols and resources,
and has led to an overall decrease in
• If doing joint patrols, who has authority to collect data and the number of fisheries infractions in
what data can you document?
MPAs.
• Who processes data and reports: ensure there is a good
feedback loop between data analysis and reporting and those
on the ground otherwise this risks undermining efforts.
21
 SMART Intelligence
Offenders thrive in anonymity, but SMART Intelligence deprives them of this, by providing conservation law enforcement
officials with a robust platform for management of intelligence data. SMART Intelligence is a secure and highly queryable
repository of sensitive multi-source information on individuals engaging in illegal activities within protected areas that
can fulfill the needs of a protected area’s intelligence operations, and which, can readily be used in conjunction with
powerful, compatible 3rd-party network analysis tools (e.g., Cytoscape, Gephi). Improving understanding of the
offenders and their patterns of behavior enables enforcement officials to craft far more targeted strategies aimed at
preventing the crimes before they occur in protected areas.
Key Benefits: how intelligence will flow from where it is collected, to analysts,
• Robustly and securely manage data from a range of possible sources, then to managers, and back to the front-line where decisions are
such as hotlines, interviews, reconnaissance, patrols, etc., to develop a acted-upon.
comprehensive, temporal database of known and potential offenders • Intelligence systems are only as good as the quality of the
• Focus law enforcement monitoring efforts through patrol planning informed intelligence data stored within them. Staff that engage with
by comprehensive intelligence information, improving efficiency and intelligence operations will benefit from extra training focused on
reducing threats faced by enforcement officials through improper planning best-practice intelligence gathering and handling techniques.

• Export data and relationships as .csv files compatible with freely available, • Consider the human capacity for collection and management of
advanced intelligence analysis tools for network visualization and nodal intelligence data at your site. You should plan to have established
analysis a number of capable individuals, including, at minimum, an:
• Operational Manager. Responsible for directing information
Things to consider before implementation: collection actions, acting as point of contact for access to
• Before you deploy SMART Intelligence, ensure that you are familiar with information and liaising with other agencies.
national laws and the legality of maintaining a database of personal • Analyst. Responsible for analyzing and reporting on the
information. information in the database.
• Information collectors. Individuals responsible for gathering
• The SMART Intelligence module should be set up in collaboration with a information and inputting this into the platform.
trainer experienced in intelligence information collection and management.
Mistakes and haste in the initial system setup can cause unfortunate • SMART Intelligence is designed to handle information from
downstream limitations to the work. diverse source types, e.g., identifying repeat offenders on patrol,
gathering information from community contacts. We do not
• Security of intelligence is very important and staff that handle intelligence provide guidelines on how to collect information, but we strongly
need to be well-trusted. Before live intelligence is loaded into your system,
advise against initiating collecting beyond the field skills and
agree a set of protocols regarding who has access to SMART intelligence
requirement of your team.
data and which computers the data will be stored on. Make sure that
these computers, and the SMART database itself, are protected by strong Minimum Software/Hardware Requirements
passwords, and that computers are located in secure locations. To install SMART Intelligence, you will need a Computer (laptop or
desktop) with Windows OS with min 4GB RAM (8 or higher rec-
• Consider how the intelligence cycle (collection - processing - analysis - ommended). SMART Intelligence requires that the basic SMART
22 dissemination - planning) will work in your organization and plan, in detail, software program is installed and configured for your site(s).
 © Emma Stokesl | WCS Congo

SMART Support
Visit the SMART website (smartconservationtools.org)
for more detailed information and additional support
materials. Contact the SMART Program Manager at
[email protected] if you have any
questions.
MATERIALS DOWNLOAD
• Brochures • Current production version
• Case Studies download
• Videos • Legacy version software
• Annual Reports downloads

SUPPORT FORUM
• Current & legacy version • Google forum of SMART
training manuals users
• Additional support & • > 280 members
training materials • > 90% response within 1
• Demo database & data week
model • Best place for feedback &
user community engagement
23 © Ranjan Ramchandani | WWF
smartconservationtools.org
[email protected]
@SMARTCnsvTools
@SMARTCnsvTools © Julie Larsen Maher | WCS