SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

RDA and EAR - A SHORT REPORT

REFERENCE BODY WEIGHT

Earlier Expert Committee on RDA used data generated during 1989 on body weights and
heights of well-to-do Indian children and adolescents, which was based only on a segment of Indian
population and did not have an all India character. The reference weights for man and woman were
60 kg and 50 kg respectively.
The earlier committee (2010) has considered data on anthropometry collected by NNMB/ India
nutrition profile from 10 states of India for computing reference body weights. Since the data
collected was from rural India, the committee decided to use the 95th centile values of heights and
weights for a given age and gender which will be representative of well-nourished population of
India. For computing RDA for children (0-3y), WHO growth standards for infants and preschool
children were considered.
The present committee has considered the more recent, nationally representative datasets such
as the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB, 2015-16), National Family Health Survey - 4
(NFHS-4, 2015-16), the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006-07) and the Indian Academy of
Paediatrics (IAP 2015) to derive acceptable reference body weight values through the lifespan. The
95th centile of height was taken, for adult male and female, as it represents full growth potential. The
reference body weight for male and female were derived from the median weight of male and female
population whose height and BMI (18.5-22.9kg/m2) were in the proposed range.
The definition for reference Indian adult man and woman were modified with regard to age (19-
39y instead of 20-39y), and a body weight of 65 kg and 55 kg respectively were fixed for a normal
BMI.

ENERGY
The factorial approach used for adults in computation of energy requirement by the earlier
committee is retained. Additionally, the current committee has used Doubly Labelled Water (DLW)
and heart rate monitoring methods for computation of total energy expenditure for deriving
requirements as done in the previous recommendations.
The earlier committee used 5% reduction in BMR from FAO/WHO/UNU equations and higher
PAL values for deriving energy requirements for adults. While the present committee reviewed the
literature on BMR and PAL based on the evidence, a reduction in the BMR to 10% and 9% for males
and females respectively with simultaneous reduction in PAL values is proposed. The current
committee uses the lower ranges of PAL reported by FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004 report. The energy
requirement for the population >60y of age has been provided as requirements decrease due to a
reduction in BMR. Because of change in body weight, a proportionate increase in requirement has
been suggested in pregnancy. As data on pregnant Indian women is unavailable the present committee
has retained the additional energy requirement proposed by ICMR 2010. In the case of lactation, the
average energy utilization for milk production based on actual observation is taken into consideration
and an increase has been suggested. No changes from the previous recommendations have been made
in the additional requirements of lactating women.
The earlier committee had adopted the FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004 equations for deriving the
energy requirement of infants and children since there was an absence of Indian data and also used
1
the body weights reported in the above-mentioned document. However, the present committee has
used the WHO child growth standard data for body weight of children and re-analyzed the energy
requirement for infants and children. With the use of these values, a minor difference in the
requirements of infants and children upto 6y of age, of 1-2 kcal/kg body weight/d is reported when
compared to the previous recommendations. Otherwise the requirement for children above 6 years of
age remains the same as suggested by the previous committee. Both the previous and the present
committee, have emphasized the importance of physical activity among children. It is recommended
that children should be engaged in moderate physical activity. This approach has led to a decrease in
energy requirement of children. Among children of 13-17 years, there was an increase in requirements
on account of using same quadratic equation generated from FAO/ WHO/ UNU 2004 to which a
higher PAL value was used based on a higher physical activity level of Indian children of that age
group in ICMR, 2010. The same has been retained by the present committee.

PROTEIN
The present Expert Group of the ICMR adopted the following approaches to define the protein
requirements for Indians of different age groups. A median obligatory nitrogen loss of 48 mg/kg
(WHO, 2007) has been used to compute mean (0.66 g/kg/day) and safe protein requirements (0.83
g/kg/day) for healthy Indian adults. Considering high quality protein sources as the premise for
defining requirements, the present committee has removed the protein digestibility corrections
(PDCAAS) applied on safe intakes for all age groups.

A newer protein quality index, digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), which is
based on true ileal digestibility of individual amino acids has been introduced in the current document.
Data on true ileal amino acid digestibility values of both high and low quality proteins in Indian adults
and children, obtained using dual tracer method has been included in the present document.

Diets for sedentary and moderate active man and woman, and pregnant woman have been
modified based on the revised energy requirements. The nutritive values of each food are taken from
recently published food composition tables (IFCT, 2017). In addition, the protein contents of each
food group have been corrected for true fecal digestibility values (WHO, 2007) to ensure safe protein
intakes. The cereal-legume-milk composition of the diet has been improved to 3:1:2.5 as compared
to the earlier 11:1:3 (ICMR 2010) within a given low cost window to meet daily protein requirements.

FATS AND OILS

The FAO/WHO recommendations on fat were taken into account for (i) total fat, individual
fatty acids and health promoting non-glyceride components (ii) sources of dietary fats in Indians (iii)
availability of fat and (iv) energy requirements set on the basis of age, physiological status and
physical activity. The recommendations are directed towards meeting the requirements for optimal
foetal and infant growth and development, maternal health and combating chronic energy deficiency
(children and adults) and Diet Related Non-Communicable Diseases (DR-NCD) in adults. There was
a conscious effort to provide physical activity-based recommendations. Consequently, the visible fat
intake for sedentary, moderate and heavy activity has been set at 25, 30 and 40 g/d for adult man and
20, 25 and 30 g/d for adult women as against the single level recommended earlier. To achieve intakes
of individual fatty acids in Indians that are consistent with FAO/WHO 2008 recommendations the
types of visible fats and correct combination of vegetable oils to be used for different food
applications has been also emphasized. There is a realization that efforts to increase the dietary levels
of total fat and n-3 PUFAs would contribute to lifelong health and well-being. Inclusion of foods
which provide LCn-3 PUFAs is also recommended for the prevention of DR-NCD.

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DIETARY FIBER
For the first time committee considered recommendations for fiber based on energy intake and
the level of about 40 g/2000 kcal has been considered as safe intake.

CARBOHYDRATES
The quantity and quality of CHO are important to maintain good health and have been indicated
substantially to impact nutrition related chronic disorders/non-communicable diseases (NCDs). For
the first time recommendations have been made for the dietary intakes of carbohydrates. The EAR
for CHO has been set at 100 g/day for ages 1 year and above with a RDA of 130 g/day, assuming a
coefficient of variance (CV) of 15% based on variation in brain glucose utilization.

MINERALS
The present committee has done extensive deliberations on recommendations for minerals like
calcium, phosphorus, zinc, selenium and iodine and have been included as separate chapters in the
new document.
Calcium and Phosphorus: Calcium requirement proposed as RDA for adult man and adult woman
is 1000 mg/d and is 1.5 times the value proposed by earlier expert group i.e., 600 mg/d for adult man
and woman. For pregnant women, the calcium values proposed is similar to the value proposed for
adult woman i.e., 1000 mg/d. For lactating woman, an additional amount of 200 mg is added to EAR
of 800 mg and a total of 1000 mg has been set as EAR and adding 10% CV, the RDA is set at 1200
mg. For post-menopausal women the recommendation is 1200 mg/d.
The recommended values for phosphorus for all age groups except for infants are 1:1 ratio with
calcium. For infants, it is 1.5 times the value recommended for calcium.
Magnesium: EAR was calculated by extrapolating the regression equation from the absorbed intake
(intake - faecal loss) against the balance (intake – faecal loss- urinary loss), and further adjusted for
intestinal absorption. The RDAs were calculated from EARs with 10% coefficient of variation.
Requirements of other physiological groups were adjusted to weight. The recommended EAR and
RDA are 370 mg and 440 mg per day, respectively for adult males.
Sodium and Potassium: Specific recommendations have been made on adequate intakes for sodium
and potassium for adult man and woman based on WHO (2012) recommendation. With regard to
sodium due to emerging concerns on prevalence of hypertension a safe intake of 2000 mg/day which
amounts to 5 g/day of salt is recommended; while an intake of 3510 mg/day is recommended for
potassium. The desirable sodium:potassium ratio in mmol from the diet was fixed at 1:1.
Iron: The basis for the recommendations of iron (factorial approach) is similar to what was adopted
by the previous committee. Unlike the earlier Committee which used three tier absorption for
adjustment of dietary iron 3% for men, 5% for women and 8% for pregnant women, the present
Committee recommends the use of only two tiers 5% (men and children) and 8% (all women), which
is in conformity with the suggestion made by FAO/WHO, for developing countries and is also based
on absorption data generated in India using stable isotopes. Consequently, the average requirement
RDA for iron has been reduced significantly among all physiological groups. To achieve this, the
committee recommended that the density of ascorbic acid in the daily diet should be at least 20 mg/
1000 kcal.
Zinc: Computation of zinc requirements was done considering all the average losses of zinc through
bodily fluids and additional requirements due to growth (tissue and blood volume expansion),
lactation, pregnancy needs. The absolute requirements were then adjusted for bioavailability to derive

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EAR. From the EAR, RDA for adult man and woman is set at 17 and 13 mg/day respectively and
specific recommendations for all physiological groups are included in this report.
Copper, Chromium and Manganese: The RDA for Cu, Cr and Mn have been considered separately
in view of their importance and a brief account of relevant information on the nutritional significance
and suggested adequate dietary intakes for adults are provided in this report.
Selenium: The present Committee recommended 40 µg/day as adequate intake of selenium.
Iodine: Based on intake of Iodine in the diet through food and as fortified salt, the recommendation
of 150 µg/day is retained for adults.

VITAMINS
Water Soluble Vitamins
Thiamine and Riboflavin: The daily intake of these vitamins is related to the energy requirements.
In the absence of direct studies, the committee recommends the requirements based on ETK-AC
(1.15) and EGR-AC cut-off values (1.2) respectively for thiamine and riboflavin.
Niacin: Diet surveys from India show that the average intake of niacin is around 10 mg daily. Based
on the EAR of 5.6 mg/1000 Kcals for adults, which was derived by urinary metabolite studies of
niacin, 10% CV (20% 2SD) was added to EAR to derive the RDA. Individual requirements were
computed based on energy requirements. The EAR (RDA) was set at 12 mg/day (14 mg/day) and 9
mg/day (11 mg/day) for sedentary men and women respectively.
Vitamin B6: Due to paucity of reference data for different age groups in Indian scenario, expert
committee 2020 calculated the vitamin B6 EAR and RDA based on EAST-AC values for adults. For
this the EAST-AC cut-off of 1.8 was considered as suggested by EFSA and the requirements were
calculated based on regression analysis in relation to B6 intakes. Based on this approach the
requirement (EAR) of vitamin B6 for 1000 kcal works out to be 0.616 mg and this was used to
extrapolate to other age groups based on the energy requirements. The RDA was set at 2.1 and 1.6
for moderate active men and women respectively.
Folate: The present committee revised the requirements of folate based on some recent Indian data,
which includes dietary intakes, and plasma folate and homocysteine levels as functional marker.
Based on the available data on serum/plasma folate and the dietary folate intake among healthy Indian
adults, the EAR was derived. The requirement to maintain normal plasma folate levels of >10=;
nmol/L was considered and the RDA was calculated as 300 µg for adult men and 220 µg for adult
women. Additional requirements of 300 µg/day and 100 µg/day were added respectively during
pregnancy and lactation for meeting the factorial extra needs.
Vitamin B12: Factorial approach was used for deriving Vitamin B12 requirements and the mean daily
excretion used in the previous ICMR 2010 recommendation, of 1 μg/d, was considered. Using mean
bioavailability of 50% based on stable isotope kinetic studies done at St. John’s Research Institute,
an EAR of 2 μg/d for adults is recommended. Distribution of the requirement was calculated based
on distribution of bioavailability, and the 97.5th percentile of this distribution was used to define RDA
of 2.2 μg/d. For young children, as no specific data is available, an intake of 1 μg/day is suggested
keeping in view of low prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency observed in 1-4y old children in the
Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS); and for school children and adolescents the adult
requirement is suggested. For pregnant women, since studies have shown that the human foetus
accumulates 0.1 μg/d and is required for maintaining adequate foetal growth, an additional EAR of
0.2 μg B12/d is suggested adjusting for 50% absorption. With regards to lactating women the B12

4
requirement was arrived by considering the B12 content of milk and the output in first 6 months, which
is around 0.4 μg/d. Adjusting for absorption an additional EAR of 0.8 μg/d is suggested.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): The committee has evaluated all the available evidence on this subject
and estimated the EAR and RDA based on replacement levels of body pool saturation of 900 mg, for
a metabolic loss of 2.9% per day, compensated for the urinary loss (25% per day), taking absorption
efficiency in Indian foods also into consideration. The EAR was set at 65mg per day and RDA at 80
mg per day for adult males. Due importance of ascorbic acid in a meal to improve iron absorption
among Indians on a vegetarian diet is also emphasized while making the recommendations.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A: The present Committee revised the carotene conversion ratio to account for tissue
conversion, based on recent knowledge, and a general conversion factor of 6:1 is recommended for
all carotenoids except β-cryptoxanthine and α-carotene where a CF of 12:1 is recommended. Vitamin
A requirements (RDA) for all groups were also revised upwards using factorial computation method.
Considering the recent studies on vitamin A status carried out in India, an upward revision of
retinol to 900 µg is recommended during pregnancy. To ensure adequacy at least in vulnerable groups
like pregnant and lactating women, the Committee has recommended that a minimum of 50% RE be
drawn from animal sources.
Vitamin D: The Committee after considering the available evidence of vitamin D status decided to
increase recommended intakes for vitamin D compared to earlier revision of 2010. Accordingly, an
EAR of 400 IU and an RDA of 600 IU is recommended while emphasizing the importance of outdoor
physical activity as a means of achieving adequate vitamin D status in a tropical country like India.
Vitamin E & K: The requirement of alpha tocopherol suggested is 0.8 mg/ g of dietary essential fatty
acids. This roughly works out to 7.5-10 mg tocopherol per day, similar to FAO/WHO
recommendations depending on the edible oil used. The recommendation for vitamin K is 55 μg for
adults and is in tune with recommendations of FAO/WHO.

WATER
The requirement of water was estimated based on a factorial approach, utilising the existing
literature of the fluid guidelines, with corrections made for body mass and energy requirement to suit
the Indian context. The water required from beverages for adult man ranges from 32-58 ml per kg
body mass and for woman, it ranges from 27-52 ml per kg body mass, with sedentary working group
at lower end and the heavy working group at higher end of the range. For children, the requirement
is greater than 60 ml per kg body mass and for adolescent boys it ranges from 47-60 ml per kg body
mass, while, for girls it is 39-49 ml per kg body mass. For pregnant woman, based on the working
intensity, the water required from beverages ranges from 2.1 to 3.2 litres per day. For old-age,
irrespective of gender, the present consensus for water requirement from beverages is 33 ml per kg
body mass for sedentary activity and 38 ml per kg body mass for moderate activity.

ANTIOXIDANTS
Realising the importance of dietary antioxidants, the committee deliberated on the information
on consumption of antioxidants and recommended a minimum of 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables
to obtain sufficient amounts of antioxidant nutrients such as beta-carotene, vitamin C and certain non-
nutrients like polyphenols and flavonoids which may protect against chronic diseases. This should be
complemented with sufficient amount of vegetable oil so as to obtain vitamin E.

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 SUMMARY OF RDA FOR INDIANS – 2020

Body Cal Magnes Ribo Vit Vit Vit Vit Vit

Wt Protein Iron Zinc Iodine Thiamine Niacin Folate
Age Category cium ium flavin B6 B12 C A D
Group of work
(mg/ (mg (mg (µg/ (mg (mg (mg (mg/ (µg (µg/ (mg/ (µg/
(kg) (g/d) (mg/ d) (IU/ d)
d) /d) /d) day) /d) /d) /d) d) /d) d) d) d)
Sedentary 1.4 2.0 14 1.9
Men Moderate 65 54.0 1000 440 19 17 150 1.8 2.5 18 2.4 300 2.5 80 1000 600
Heavy 2.3 3.2 23 3.1
Sedentary 1.4 1.9 11 1.9
Moderate 55 45.7 1000 370 29 13.2 150 1.7 2.4 14 1.9 220 2.5 65 840 600
Heavy 2.2 3.1 18 2.4
+9.5
(2nd
55
Pregnant trimester)
Women + 1000 440 40 14.5 250 2.0 2.7 +2.5 2.3 570 +0.25 +15 900 600
woman +22.0
10
(3rd
trimester)
Lactation
+16.9 2.1 3.0 +5 +0.26 330
0-6m
1200 400 23 14 280 +1.0 +50 950 600
+13.2 2.1 2.9 +5 +0.17 330
7-12m
0-6 m* 5.8 8.1 300 30 - - 100 0.2 0.4 2 0.1 25 1.2 20 350 400
Infants
6-12m 8.5 10.5 300 75 3 2.5 130 0.4 0.6 5 0.6 85 1.2 30 350 400
1-3y 12.9 12.5 500 90 8 3.3 90 0.7 1.1 7 0.9 120 1.2 30 390
Children 4-6y 18.3 15.9 550 125 11 4.5 120 0.9 1.3 9 1.2 135 1.2 35 510 600
7-9 y 25.3 23.3 650 175 15 5.9 120 1.1 1.6 11 1.5 170 2.2 45 630
Boys 10-12y 34.9 31.8 850 240 16 8.5 150 1.5 2.1 15 2.0 220 2.2 55 770 600
Girls 10-12y 36.4 32.8 850 250 28 8.5 150 1.4 1.9 14 1.9 225 2.2 50 790 600
Boys 13-15y 50.5 44.9 1000 345 22 14.3 150 1.9 2.7 19 2.6 285 2.2 70 930 600
Girls 13-15y 49.6 43.2 1000 340 30 12.8 150 1.6 2.2 16 2.2 245 2.2 65 890 600
Boys 16-18y 64.4 55.4 1050 440 26 17.6 150 2.2 3.1 22 3.0 340 2.2 85 1000 600
Girls 16-18y 55.7 46.2 1050 380 32 14.2 150 1.7 2.3 17 2.3 270 2.2 70 860 600

* Adequate Intake (AI)

 SUMMARY OF EAR FOR INDIANS - 2020
Body Energy Cal Magnes Ribo Vit Vit Vit Vit Vit
Protein Iron Zinc Iodine Thiamine Niacin Folate
Category Wt (**) cium ium flavin B6 B12 C A D
Age Group
of work (Kcal/ (mg (mg/ (mg/ (µg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg (µg (IU
(kg) (g/d) (mg/ d) (mg/ d) (µg/ d) (mg/ d) (µg/ d)
d) /d) d) d) day) d) d) /d) /d) /d)
Sedentary 2110 1.2 1.6 12 1.6
65
Men Moderate 2710 42.9 800 370 11 14.0 95 1.5 2.1 15 2.1 250 2 65 460 400
Heavy 3470 1.9 2.7 19 2.6
Sedentary 1660 1.1 1.6 9 1.6
Moderate 55 2130 36.3 800 310 15 11.0 95 1.4 2.0 12 1.6 180 2 55 390 400
Heavy 2720 1.8 2.6 15 2.1
+7.6
(2nd
55
Pregnant trimester)
Women + + 350 800 370 32 12.0 180 1.6 2.3 +2 1.9 480 +0.2 +10 406 400
woman +17.6
10
(3rd
trimester)
Lactation
+600 +13.6 1.7 2.5 +4 +0.22 280
0-6m
- 1000 335 16 12.0 200 +0.8 +40 720 400
+520 +10.6 1.7 2.4 +4 +0.16 280
7-12m
0-6 m* 5.8 550 6.7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Infants
6-12m 8.5 670 8.8 - - 2 2.0 130 - - - 0.5 71 1 - 170 -
1-3y 12.9 1110 10.2 400 73 6 2.8 65 0.6 0.8 6 0.8 97 1 24 180
Children 4-6y 18.3 1360 12.8 450 104 8 3.7 80 0.8 1.1 8 1.0 111 1 27 240 400
7-9 y 25.3 1700 19.0 500 144 10 4.9 80 1.0 1.3 10 1.3 142 2 36 290
Boys 10-12y 34.9 2220 26.2 650 199 12 7.0 100 1.3 1.7 12 1.7 180 2 45 360 400
Girls 10-12y 36.4 2060 26.6 650 207 16 7.1 100 1.2 1.6 12 1.6 186 2 44 370 400
Boys 13-15y 50.5 2860 36.4 800 287 15 11.9 100 1.6 2.2 16 2.2 238 2 60 430 400
Girls 13-15y 49.6 2400 34.7 800 282 17 10.7 100 1.3 1.9 13 1.8 204 2 55 420 400
Boys 16-18y 64.4 3320 45.1 850 367 18 14.7 100 1.9 2.5 19 2.5 286 2 70 480 400
Girls 16-18y 55.7 2500 37.3 850 317 18 11.8 100 1.4 1.9 14 1.9 223 2 57 400 400

* Adequate Intake (AI)

** There is no RDA for energy, the EAR for energy is equivalent to the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
 ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED INTAKES FOR
RANGE (AMDR) BY AGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OTHER MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
GROUPS AS PERCENT OF ENERGY (%E)

Age group Pregnant and Recommended intake

1-2 3-18 SNo. Minerals/ Trace Element
Adults lactating (per day)
years years
Nutrients women 1 Phosphorous 1000 mg

Protein* 5-15 5-15 10-15 10-15 2 Sodium 2000 mg

Total Fat 30-40 25-35 20-35 20-35 3 Potassium 3500 mg

4 Copper 2 mg
n-6 PUFA# 4-10 4-10 4-10 4-10
5 Manganese 4 mg
n-3-PUFA 0.5-1 0.5-1 0.5-1 0.5-1
6 Chromium 50 µg
Carbohydrate 55-60 55-60 55-60 55-60 7 Selenium 40 µg
*Depends on protein quality and total energy intake
#
n-6 to n-3 ratio should be between 5-10:1
 TOLERABLE UPPER LIMIT (TUL) FOR NUTRIENTS

Cal Magne
Protein Iron Zinc Iodine Niacin Vit. B6 Folate Vit. C Vit. A Vit. D
Age Category cium sium*
Group of work (PE (mg/ (mg (mg/ (mg (µg/
(mg/d) (mg/ d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (IU/d)
ratio) d) /d) d) /d) day)
Sedentary
Men Moderate <40% 2500 350 45 40 1100 1000 2000 3000
Heavy
35 100 4000
Sedentary
Moderate <40% 2500 350 45 40 1100 1000 2000 3000
Heavy
Pregnant
Women <30% 2500 350 45 40 1100 - - 1000 2000 3000 4000
woman
Lactation
0-6m <40% 2500 350 45 40 1100 - - 1000 2000 3000 4000
7-12m
0-6 m <15% – - 40 4 - - - - - 600 1000
Infants
6-12m <15% – - 40 5 - - - - - 600 1500
1-3y <15% 1500 65 40 7 200 - 350 600 2500
Children 4-6y <15% 2500 110 40 12 300 - - - 550 900 3000
7-9 y <15% 2500 110 40 12 400 300 800 900 3000
600-800
Boys 10-12y <15% 3000 350 40 23 600 - - 1050 1700 4000
(9-17y)
Girls 10-12y <15% 3000 350 40 23 600 - - - 1300 1700 4000
Boys 13-15y <15% 3000 350 45 34 900 - - - 1550 2800 4000
Girls 13-15y <15% 3000 350 45 34 900 - - - 1800 2800 4000
Boys 16-18y <15% 3000 350 45 34 1100 - - - 1950 2800 4000
Girls 16-18y <15% 3000 350 45 34 1100 - - - 2000 2800 4000

The TUL is the maximum level of habitual intake from all sources of a nutrient or related substance judged to be unlikely to lead to adverse health effects in humans
*note: TUL values are only for non-dietary pharmacological doses.