4 PRACTICAL MANUAL @ Food Packaging Technology °*=°' B. Tech (Food Technology) Course No.: FPT-121 Course Credit: 3 (2+1) Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth Plait mR LtPrepared by Dr. DM. Shere, Prof. K.S. Gadhe and S.K. Sadawarte Department of Food Process Technology College of Food Technology, VNMKV, Parbhani Published by Associate Dean and Principal College of Food Technology ‘Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, ParbhaniDepartment of Food Science and Technology College of Food Technology VNMKYV, Parbhani Certificate This is to certify that Shri/ku.. a Reg. No. has completed the practical read book of Course No. FPT-121(Food Packaging) as per the syllabus for B. Tech. (Food Tech.) first year II semester as prescribed by MCAER, Pune and his attendance is __ percent. Date: Course Teacher Ae nee a te RN NE ne neem acumenINDEX x Name of the Experiment sore Te 4 Recents |_| To measure the thickness of paper and paper boards 1 2 | Measurement of basis weigh of the paper and paper board | 3 3 | Tomeasure water absorption capacity of paper 5 4 | Measurement of bursting stength of paper 7 | s- |tomessure the internal tearing resistance of a paper 8 [6 | Tomeasure the resistance ofa paper board and corrugated | 10 board to puncture. | 7 | determine the stati and dynamic tensile strength of paper | 12 8 | Determination of grease resistance of a paper 15 9 | Determination of gas transmission rate of packaging films. | 17 10. | Determination of water vapour permeability (WVTR) 19 of packaging material 11 | To find the amount of coating on a tin plate 21 | 12 | tdenication of plastic films 2B 13 | To find the chemical resistance of the package films 28 14 | Pre packaging of fruits and vegetables 30EXPERIMENT NO. 1 vemmarmer seme OFS Measurement of thickness of paper and paper boards Object: To measure the thickness of paper and paper boards Theory- The thickness as measured in this method is defined as the perpendicular distance between the plain surface of the paper or paper board. For many purposes itis important that thickness of paper and paper board be held toa minimum variation. The operations such as printing, use on high speed packaging machines ete, demand that the variation in sheet thickness be held to a minimum since it is very difficult to maintain the same thickness of shect across the entire width of a paper machine. It is necessary to measure thickness across the web of the paper and to take sufficient samples to get true average for that particular run of Paper Equipments— 1) Motor operated dial type micrometer 2) Spring loaded dial micrometer 3) Micrometer screw guage 4) Verniercaliper Conditioning — ‘Sample under measurement is conditioned at 27°C and 65% R.H. andall tests are performed. Procedure - ‘Take the specimen paper/paper board and measure the thickness of the sample using all the micrometers. Show all readings and calculations, Observations 01°EXPERIMENT NO. 1 Sr. No. Sample Micrometer reading Spring Screw guage micrometer Vernier caliper Results Report: a) Corrected values of average, maximum and minimum obtained on each specimen b) Paper results should be reported to be nearest value of 0.0025 mm and paper board results to Note: i) 2) 3) 4) 0.025 mm. Any large difference in readings on the sample. Any differences in the average thickness of the sample measured with dirrerent micrometers. Thickness measured are affected by Thickness of paper and paper board is measured is mms. of miles or points (1 mil=Ipoint=1/1000 inch) for flexible film the unit of measurement is gauge. (100 ‘gauge=Imil=0.001 inch=0.025 mm) ‘The distinction between paper and paper board is usually made on the basis of thickness. In general all fibrous materials of 0.012 inch (0.3mm) and thinner are called as paper Anything of 0.012 inch and above is called paper board.295 RE CR CNNSI RN SE MORN ROR Se er Measurement of basis weight of the paper and paper board Object: ‘To measure basis weight of paper and paper board Theory Since the paper and paper boards are generally bought and sold on a weight basis but used on area basis. Its important that the material should be of specified weight per unit area. Any divergence from the proper weight will result in more of less square footage than is desired, It may also result in a ‘material thatis too heavy or too light for the intended use, Apparatus — Balance with a sensitivity of 0.001 mg or better. A balance may be a specially constructed sheet weighing device that indicate that basis weight in gram per square meter when are sheet of a given size is weighted. Fors-nall sample, an analytical balance is essential to obtain the required accuracy. Equipments Analytical balance Graduated steel rule Paper cutter Procedure— 1) From cach test unit of the sample of paper, not less than two representative sheets each at least 500 sq.m. in area shall be selected. 2) From each test unit of the sample of paper board not less than five representative sheets each at least | sqft. in area shall be selected, 3) Cuta piece of paper or paper board of 10.cm x 1.emsize exactly. 4) Weight the representative sample accurately on five digitbalance in grams. 5) Multiply the obtained weight with 100 to get the basis weight of a given paper. neEXPERIMENT NO.2 Observations Sr.No. | Sample/paper board Weight of 10x10 cm | Basis wt Results Basis weight of given 1) Paperis 2) Paper board is $040EXPERIMENT NO.3 ce es Measurement of water absorption of paper and paper board. Object: To measure water absorption capacity of paper cory- ‘This test intended to find the penetration of aqueous liquids in to paper and paper boards. This test will help in guessing the extent of sizing materials added in paper during manufacture, The test is particularly useful in assessing the suitability of corrugated and solid fiber boards to be used for shipping containers. Which are likely to be exposed to water sprays Equipments Cob test apparatus Measuring cylinder Stop watch Blotter, soft absorbent cloth, or bottling paper Procedure The specimen holder consist of metal cylinder of 10 cm inside diameter. The cylinder is clamped tightly over the specimen paper, which in turn is supported underneath by a rubber mat placed over a flat metal base. With this set up, by making use of measuring cylinder, a water column of 0.5 to 1 em height is allowed to stand on a specimen for a pre set time (2 minutes generally), The weight of the ‘water absorbed is found out by weighing the wet sample, from this reading weight of water in grams that will be absor‘ved by one square meter of the specimen sample is computed. Instruction 1) Inthis weighing should be made to an accuracy of 0.01 gm 2) During sclection of specimen for test printed area should be avoided as also deformed or racked surface. 3). The weigh mentioned above should be performed quickly since evaporation of water from the specimer may cause serious errors test result.EXPERIMENT NO.3 Sr.No. | Sample No. | Initial wt. | Final wt. | Area of paper] Wt. of wat/sq meter | — _ | Result Water absorptive capacity of a given paper is gm/sq.m Report 1) Give the test duration and number of tests conducted, 2) Report average weight of water absorbed in grams per square meter of the sample. If test is done on both sides of sample report the average cob values for two surfaces separately. Note 1) Incase of paper, the test is done on soft wire and felt side of paper. 2) Incase of solid fibre board the test is done, only on the kraft pasted side of the board. 3) In case of corrugated boards, the test is performed on both the surfaces of the board the information as to which surface is going to be used as the outer surface in box. 06+EXPERIMENT NO.4 A EST TE RCT SH METRO Fo PARENIE | ysuninlese ee cine Measurement of bursting strength of paper Object: To measure bursting strength of paper Theory- The bursting strength test (Mullen test) gives an indication of tensile strength and stretch capacity of paper. Itis one of the most widely used physical tests used in paper industry. Its simple and rapid. The bursting strength is resistance offered by paper to burst. The resistance or force applied is measured kg/cm’ or Ib/em®. It isalso used to specify strength of components for corrugated board. The test is subject to serious error if equipment is not properly calibrated clamping pressure of the test specimen also influence the results toa marked degree. Equipments Specimen paper/board Bursting strength machine Procedure Not less than ten specimens each at least 2.5x2.5 inch shall be obtained from each test unit sable, Sos to be « representative sample. Condition the sample according to IS:196/1950 and make all tests in the same standard temperature. Unless the approximate strength of the paper under test is known, make a preliminary test to determine the required capacity of the guage; to avoid overloading and possible damage to a guage Clamp the specimen paper property in position, apply hydrostatic of pneumatic pressure until the specimen raptures and record the maximum pressure registered in pressure guage. Watch carefully for any movement (buckling) of the clamp other specimen with increased pressure of clamp and repeat thetest. Make at least ten acceptable tests, applying on equal number of tests to each side of the paper. Make no tests on areas containing water marks, creases, imperfection or visible damage. After each test, return the indicator needle of the guage gently to zero. InstructionsEXPERIMENT NO.5 To measure the internal tearing resistance of a paper Object: To measure the force required to continue the tear in paper. Theory This test is designed to determine the force (in grams centimeter) required to continue a tear already started, fora fixed distance. It does not give the force required to starta tear. Internal tearing resistance of a paper is dependent upon grain direction, fibre length, degree of beating, density and surface treatment. This property is important for all types of paper products which will be subjected to tearing strains in use, The test is used widely in the packaging industry, in use. The test is used widely in the packaging industry, and tearing strength frequently written in to specification, Instructions 1) Test the samples supplied in accordance with the procedure. Try to distinguish wire and felt side. 2) Follows the procedure as per the instructions for use with the tear tester. 3) Condition the sample at 270C and 65% RH. 4) Use sufficient number of sheets in a specimen to get the readings between 25 and 75 on the tester. Equipments The instrument used to carry the tour testis Elmendorf tearing tester. Procedure — take a piece of paper of 64mmx74mm size. Cut the paper slightly at one comer and clamp the paper in two jaws of a machine. Apply force in opposite direction so that tear is propagated. Note the reading on dial at the point at which tearstart propagating. Report 1) Foreach principal direction the average, maximum and minimum of accepted test values of the force required to teara single play. 2) Number ofplies format one time. 3) Makeand model No.7 iEXPERIMENT NO. 5 Sr.No. ‘Sample No. Gram force Results — Average grame force required to continue the tear is _EXPERIMENT NO.6 TER NE ENN EROS REA 0 RE EN RL 3c A To measure the resistance of a paper board and corrugated board to puncture. ‘Object: To measure puncture resistance of paper and paper board Theory- The resistance of paper board is one of the importance in manufacturing shipping containers and to a lesser extent in the manufacture of consumer package. The packages during transportation, storage and handling are bound to get exposed to various handling hazards, Therefore, puncture test gives an indication of the ability of container to resist the hazards during transportation. The puncture resistance is now gaining importance as a standard test for specification purpose (in particular for 7 ply corrugated boards) because of its relative advantages over burst. The puncture test gives much better assessment of the combined board strength than the burst strength and also appears to have better correlation with package performance against impact, Conditioning Condition the provided sample at 270C and RH 65% and then perform the tests in the same atmospheric condition. Equipments - ‘TMI beach puncture tester. Instruction and Procedure 1) The machine has four scales, which enable the operator to obtain values for a wide variety of ‘materials. To scale 1 No. weights are used; the weight supporting stud is removed. To use scale 2 the stud and weight A isused, To use scale 3- weight A and B are used. To use scale 4- weights A-BandCareused 2) Neverrelease the pendulum unless. sampleisin place 3) Nevertest on unknown sample with the weights on. 4) Failure to observe 2 and 3may result in damage to the machine. 5) Toteston unknown sample proceeds follows.EXPERIMENT NO.6 a) b) °) d) °) f) 8) Raise pendium and lock in place by means of latch. Place collar on puncture points. Removeall weights and the stud. Use always samples of size not less than 30 emx 30cm Place the sample in clamping jaw. Release the pendulum, if the pointer fails to go through the sample for enough to make clear tom, then add the stud and weight A continue this procedure until pointer produce a clear torn in sample, Before cach test, keep the pointer one inch away (on the positive side) from the expected reading Observations Sr.No. Sample No. | Weight added — | Clear puncture noted Yes/No _| Seale reading Result- Report also as Puncture ‘est for given sample is in/sqinch Puncture test results are reported as inch-ounces per inch of the tear as shown on the scale and joules per meter (1 in 02/in, tear=0.2785 J/m) the report for puncture test shall include the following 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 9) Test conditions. Instruments scale used. No. of ests made in each orientation. Average result for test made in each orientation. Over allaverage results and. Maximum and minimum values obtained oneTo determine the static and dynamic tensile strength of paper Object: To find resistance of paper offered to rupture under pull gforce IStatic tensile strength The tensile test gives an indication of the resistance of a paper to rupture when subjected to a puling force applied parallel to the plane of the sample. This property is important in case of many packaging materials which are subjected to direct tensile stresses, for ex. Tapes, wrapping paper, bags tc, It is important to consider in any operation where paper is being fed directly from the roll to some other equipment, such as, certain type of printing, coating, laminating etc. ‘The strength of paper (elongation) refers to increase in length parallel to the direction of force applied, when papers subjected to tensile stresses. Conditioning- Condition the sable at 27'C and 65% RS and perform all the tasts in the same atmosphere. Equipments - Good brand tensile testerand Vender korpat barn tensile tester. Procedure 1) Foreach principle direction to be tested, cut at least 10 specimens with clean and parallel edges toawidth ISMMx1Sem. 2) Avoid abnormalities, water marks and wrinkles. 3) Avoid touching the portion of the specimen that shall be clamped between jaws. 4) Tightly clamp one end of the specimen in the fixed jaw and other end ir other jaw, after checking its alignment, tighten the latter and apply the load. 5) Reject the readings for individual specimen if the specimen slips, or breaks at the edge of the clamp. 6) Record the results of each inclividual breaking load to the nearest three significant figures. 7) Compute the average breaking load and preferably also the standard deviation for each direction tested, 8) Testat least 10 specimens, cut in both principal directions of paper, enters the strength in only one direction is required. 2128EXPERIMENT NO.7 Observation Sr.No. ‘Sample No. reading Tensile strength | Report- Report the average of the breaking load calculated either in kg/15 mm of Ibs/inch also record the % of elongation in each care. Note~ 1) Tensile strength is influenced by kind, quality and treatment of fibre constituents and also by the way the sheet of paper is formed as the paper machine. 2) The strength if influenced by A) Composition B) Formation on machine C) Moisture content D) other operations like coating, creping etc. 3) One advantage of tensile strength over burst test is that the tensile strength property can be ‘measured in both the principle directions so that any abnormality can be easily located. I1Dynamic tensile test This test measures the energy required to break a specimen of specified dimentsions by subjecting it to an impact strength. This test is useful for papers used in the construction of multi wall paper bags. atit givesan index to the capacity of the sample to absorb impact shocks, Conditioning-Condition the paper as above Equipments—Vender korput barn tensile tester. Procedure— 1) This testis performed a pendulum type of tensile tester. 2) Specimens are prepared in the same way as for static tensile test and test length of sample should be preferably 18 cm. 3) Before commencement of the test, the instrument is corrected to zero error. 4) The pendulum is released to swing freely with the pointer on its initial mark. It the pointer does not come to zero, ther friction on pointer or the position of appropriate nut on the pendulum is adjusted to attain the zero coincidence. 136EXPERIMENT NO.7 5) The sample specimen is then clamped between the grips. 6) Pendulum is raised and kept on its starting position. 7) Thetest sample now takea" shape" 8) On releasing the pendulum the sample breaks and the pointer registers the energy spent in breaking the sample. The procedure is repeated for other samples also. Observations: St. No, ‘Sample No. Readings of dynamic tensile strength cm kg. Report- 1) The testresultsinemkg 2) Valuesare reported separately for two principal directions. 3) Maximum, minimum and average values in each care should be represented, 4) The conditions should be mentioned. 2140EXPERIMENT NO.8 See AALS MNES SN WG RNR SE ANE RETYPE MTS ERAS ow Determination of grease re: tance of a paper Obje fo find the resistance of a paper and other packaging materials for its grease resistance. This method covers the determination of the grease resistance of a paper by turpentine test. It gives accelerated comparison of the relative rates at which ordinary oils or greases such as commonly found in food stuffs may be expected to penetrate papers like uncoated or unimpregnated greaseproof, glassine and vegetable parchment paper. Equipments— 1) Tube- A tube of metal or glass, 1” inside diameter and not less than 1: in length with smooth ends. 2) Pipette-A pipette calibrated to deliver 1.1ml solution. 3) Sand- Around grained, natural silica sand and graded to pan a No. 20 sieve 4) Brook paper ~ Sheets of 80 Ib paper. 5) Stop watch- Thirty samples which are representative of the specimen paper are to be tested. 15 Papers on felt side up and 15 on the wire side up. The test specimen should be conditioned for 27°C and 65% RH. Procedure— Determine the felt and wire side of the paper sample. Place each specimen on a sheet of the book paper which rests on a smooth plain glans surface, below which is an adjustable mirror is placed. Place | tube on a specimen and put 5 gm of sand in the tube. The purpose of the tube is solely to assure a uniform area of the sand pile. Using the dropping pipette, pour 1.1 ml of the coloured turpentine (a suitable dye is sudan TV) to the sand note the time required and observe the coloured stain of turpentine on paper Adjust the mirrorand the eye level from wh under layer (part) of the paperis clearly viewed. As soonas the firststain appears on the book paper, work the time. Record the elapsed time in seconds, between the application of the turpentine and the appearance of the first definite red stain, as the transudation time. 2156EXPERIMENT NO.8 [ SeNo. Paper sample Felt side Wire side ‘Time in seconds | PO Report— The report shall include the following 1) Thenumber ofspecimen tested 2) The maximum, minimum and average time in seconds required to transudation of turpentine through paper. 3) Allthe reports over 1800 seconds should be reported as 1800+seEXPERIMENT NO.9 2 RE TN ETNA OREO SOR RENE SEL TH Determination of gas transmission rate of packaging films Object: To find the gas transmission rate through package material. Theory The permeability of packaging materials to gases such as O,, CO,, N, ete an important parameter in deciding the suitability of the materials for a particular package. The self life of consumer package for frozen foods, instant coffee, fresh produce, fat and oily foods, meat and meat products, fish and fish products etc is dependent on the gas permeability rates of the package material used. The gas transmission rate of a packaging material is defined as the volume of gas flowing through two parallel surfaces at a steady state condition, through unit area of the material in unit time under unit pressure, under the condition of the test. The gas transmission rate (GTR) is usually expressed as CC'24hrs/sq. meter/atmospheric pressure. Procedure— The permeability cell consist of two stainless steel discs and machined depression in each dish form a cylindrical cavity when the dise are superimposed. The packaging material to be tested is clamped tightly between two dises by means of fix equally spaced bolts. The bolts are tightened after placing three rubber gaskets (as a support and to prevent any gas leakage from other side). The cell also consists of a glass capillary connected is a vertical position to an opening in the centre of the upper disc. Suitable gas inlet and vent lines are also provided on both sides of the cell. The gas is supplied at constant over a atmospheric pressure to the bottom of the cell and the permeated gas is allowed to expand on the opposite side against atmospheric pressure. A short plug of ‘mercury contained in capillary is displaced upward by the permeating gas. The movement of this mercury plug offers a direct measure of the rate of permeation of the gas through the packaging material. To avoid friction to the movement of the plug, the capillary is vibrated during measurement by means of on electromechanical vibrator. The change in volume of the permeate is measured as a function of time. Plot the displacement of mercury v/s the time on a graph and draw the line through the points obtained and measure the slope ofline, “175EXPERIMENT NO.9 Observations ‘Sr.No. [Sample No. | Area | Displacement mercury Time | Slope of graph Calculations - ‘The gas transmission rate of the transmitted gas is calculated from the formula GTR=Vx6.566x10" CC/24hr/m’/atmosphere AP Where A- Area of the specimen is cm’ (9cm fixed diameter of the equipment) P- Test gas pressure differential com. Hg, V- Volume of gas transmitted through specimen = slpoe xa. Slope=rate of rise of capilaly plug em/second Cross sectional area of capillary cm (capillary dia meter is 0.12cm) 18°% | sl ft EXPERIMENT NO. 10 Do 6 ema ae Raat URE a RO RAIN Determination of water vapour permeability (water vapour transmission rate) of packaging material Object: To find the WVTR of a package film Theory— The permeability of a packaging materials to water vapour is an important property to decide is. suitability for food packaging. The self life of consumer packages for frozen foods, baked goods, instant coffee, dehydrated foods, and fresh produce etc is dependent directly on the moisture permeability rate of the material used. Also the ability of many military packages to protect their contents from yeast and mold is directly dependant on the ability of package to keep water vapour out side the package Method— Certain quantity of desiccant enclosed in a aluminium dish sealed by specimen of the material is placed under constant temperature and humidity condition and rate of water vapour transmission is computer from the rate of increase in weight of the dish assembly. Procedure Fill the aluminum dish with desiccant to within 6 mm of the specimen. Leave enough space, so that shaking of the dish which must be done at each weighing of the dish in the upright position, is to be carried out. Seal the specimen film to the opening of the dish in such a manner the leakage of water vapour atand through the edges is prevented. ‘Weight the assembly on analytical balance. Then place the assembly on a rack in a test chamber maintained at 37.8'C and 92% relative humidity. ‘The specimen may be placed in either the upright position or inverted position so that the desiccant is in direct contact with specimen. This latter position is preferred for specimens having a high rate of water vapour transmission, but care must be taken to ensure that the seal is not broken of the surface the specimen is not damaged. 2196EXPERIMENT NO. 10 Make successive weighing ofthe assembly at suitable intervals until a constant rate of gain isattained. Weighting should be accomplished without removal of test dishes from the controlled ‘atmosphere, it removal is necessary, the specimen must be tightly covered and weighting should be made immediately after removal of the assembly and then returned to the test cham>er immediately after each weighing Plot the results against time, terminate the rest of change the desiccant before the moisture pickup by the desiccant exceeds 10% of its starting weight. Instructions— Test shall be made on the given material following the above procedure with the details below. a) Whenall dishes are ready, weight to four decimal places on electric balance. b) All dishes must be weighed periodically during the next few days. At least three additional weighing must be taken, space weighing interval as evenly as possible. ©) Plot the graph in weight gain (gm) V/s time (days) and calculate WVTR fiom the slope of graph, as grams per sq.m per 24 hrs. Sr.No. | Sample No. Weight gain (gm) Time (Days) _| Slope of graphEXPERIMENT NO. 11 Sk AA A OARS IT A A Ad A A EM REE LD Determination of tin coating by clarke's test Object: To find the amount of coating on atin plate. Clark's test has been slightly modified to determine the thickness of tin coating on a tin plate, Tin coating weigton both sides can be determined separately by this method. Procedure— Tin plate specimen with suitable area of 35 cm’ to 100 em’ is first degreased with carbon tetra chloride dried and weighed accurately on a sensitive balance, One surface for the specimen is coated with bees wax. The firs coating is applied at about 90'C both vertically and horizontally to ensure perfect coating an second coating is applied at 75°C in the same way with the help of cotton swab. ‘The other surface of the specimen is degreased with a piece of cotton deeped in carbon tetrachloride. The specimen is immersed in antimony tri chloride solution in such a way that the wax coated surface is at the bottom and tin surface facing upwards until about 1 minute. Afterall gas evaluation has ceased The specimen is then removed from solution, washed immediately in running water and loosely adhering deposit of antimony removed by soft cotton wool swab, The was coating is removed by melting and rubbing with cotton and thoroughly degreased with carbon tetrachloride The specimen is dried and weighed again. The difference in weight of initial and final is calculated and expressed as g/m’ or Ibs/bax. correlation is made for the amount of iron tin alloy layer. The correlation is minus 0.35g/m’ or 0.0156 Ibs/base box on each side. To find coating thickness on other side of box wax is coated to the surface on which tin coating has been removed and above procedure is repeated and weight of tin on other side is also expressed as g/m’ or Ibs/bas box. It the tin can is lithographed or lacquered, the tin coating weight is determined on the plane surface by coating wax to the lithographed of lacquered side first. Subsequently the lithograph or 22°EXPERIMENT NO. 11 lacquer is removed by following procedure and tin coating weight on that surface is determined in similar way. Removal of lithograph or lacquer my quickly be done by dipping and shaking in the boiling solution ofa mixture of 1 part of aniline and 10 parts of 12% ammonia for | to2 minutes. Observations SrNo. | Tin plate No. | Area of plate | Initial Final Different | Gm Tink weight | weight _| in weight Results:~ The amount of tin on each side is emi?EXPERIMENT NO. 12 Ee SR NS RR RTRs ES RTS Identification of plastic films Object: o find the origine of package material Purpose— To familar with characteristics of various packaging films and to provide a method of identification. Equipments Tong, Bunsen burner, small beakers, solvents like, acetone, toulene ethyl alcohol, water, carbon tetrachloride etc. copper wire, (preferably with wooden handle) and various types of plastic filmes. Procedure ~ There are several methods to identify the plastic film of unknown origine. 1) By visual examination — By using the sense of touch, smell and hearing the noice of film one can identify the film to some extent. But this type of test require great knowledge of sense of experience. However these tests can narrow the further tests, a. By folding the film- By the film in to several folds make a number of layers and observe the colour and clarity of the film whether it is crystal clear, hazy of yellowish in nature accordingly by referring to the table film can be categorized in one of the group. (refer table 1) b. By tearing the film- The toughness of the film and the way in which the film tear propagate is to be carefully observed. Then fold the film, make a crease on film and try to tear the film on fold. This may be difficult for the films having high tensile strength, Some films may tear on nick very easily, some films may be difficult to tear initially but once the tear propogate then they tear very easily. This is a characteristics of some film, accordingly classify the film in accordance with table (refer tableNo.1) ¢. Burning the film - Then bum the film, the way in which it bums will give the clue to its origine observe very carefully whether the film burns rapidly like a paper, burns poorly, or do not burn at all. Then also observe the edge of the film as it burns whether formation of bad at the edge is there or not. Then sniff the vapours carefully and also notice the colour of the smoke. Each type of the plastic will burn with differentsmell. (refer to the table 1) and classify the film accordingly.EXPERIMENT NO. 12 d. Copper wire test- Some films particularly venyl and rubber films give characterstie green colour with copper wire. A clean copper wire is heated red hot and touched to the unknown film and then again put the copper wire on flame. A green shooty flame indicate the positive test to venyl or rubber hydrochloride (refer table 1) 2) By finding specific gravity of the film - A more precise method for identifying an unknown film, but require some equipment and little more time is the measurement of specific gravity of the film several techniques can be used, but the simplest is to weigh a small amount of the material and put it in to a narrow neck flask. Ifnecessary, cut is to small pieces, Add water up to the raark on the neck. Make sure that there are no air bubbles, trapped with the film. Use vacuum to draw air bubbles form bottle, if they are present. Weigh the filled flask, then weigh it filled only with water at the same temperature. Ifitis done very carefully, the difference in weight can be converted to specific gravity and compared with standard table to identify the film. (refer table no.2). A 25 ec pyenometer is designed for this type of work and is much more accurate than flask. Other methods of determining the specific gravity include floating the film in various liquids of different densities, until it sinks. For example, 50% methyl alcohol has a specific gravity of 0.92;44% is 0.93;38% is 0.94 and so an. 3) By finding solubility of the film in different chemicals - Another method requiring still more elaborate preparation, but yielding more accurate results isa chemical analysis based on solubility's of various film materials. Some care is necessary to avoid the hazards of fire, explosion and toxicity associated with solvents. The film is cut in to small strips of 1.5x6 em size. The amount of solvent should be at least 10 times the volume of the material. The different solvents such as acetone, amyformamate, carbon tetra chloride, cresylic acid, cyclohexantone, diethyl formamlde, ethyl alcohol, formic cid, methyl alcohol, water and toluene are taken separately in small bakers and the separate strip is dipped in each respective solvent for few seconds. Remove the test strip from the solvent and observed the immersed portion whether the film is soluble or insoluble. (refertable 3), Note— Thicker film may take longer time to dissolve. Donotuse any one strip forsuccessive testing 4) Identification by infra-red spectroscopy — Probably the most sophisticated technique for identifying the plastic films is with infrared spectroscopy. This permits an examination of the molecular structure by means of light absorption at various wave lengths. The resulting curve can be compared with the charts of known material and in case of pure form of plastic, it will give reasonably accurate identification. The results can be however, confused by any additive, waiting, orblending materials that might have used during orienting the film.EXPERIMENT NO. 12 Table-I Identification tests for plastic films Visual Tear test Burning test Burns slows with a bead at the edge Types of films Yellowish clear Stretches before tearing Bums like wash drip wash odor Burns like wash without dripping white smoke Odor Marigold odor like smoke Resist s tearing Burs exploides Vinegar odor Sweet odor >| Burns the papers Cellophone >| >) Crystal clean ><] >! Easy to tear (notified) Ps Cellulose acetate * * * Cellulose acetate- butyrate Cellulose x mp x nitrate Nylon x x Polyester | X x Polyethylene X x x Polypropylene x Xx x Polysryrene | X x |- x Polyvinyl x x chloride Rubber x] x hydrochloride | Saran x 225+EXPERIMENT NO. 12 Table -II Solubil es of plastic ims for identification Films Acetone Amyl formate Carbon tetrachloride Cresylic acid Cryclohexanone Dimethyl formamide Ethyl alcohol Formic acid Water re | Ethyl acetate | Methyl alcohol llophane 1 a Cellulose acetate o Cellulose butyrate Cellulose nitrate ala Cellulose propionate Nylon’ I Polycarbonate Ss Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene a Polystyrene Polyvinyl | alcohol Polyvinyl Ss I | chloride Rubber S | hydrochloride [ Saran s I ‘Table- III Densities of plastic films Film Density Film Density | Polypropylene 0.90 Cellulose propionate 121 Polyethylene [0.93 Polyurethane 124 | Polystyrene 1.07 Polyvinyl alcohol 1.25 Rubber hydrochloride 1. Cellulose acetate 130 [ Nylon 676 i 14 Cellulose nitrate 138 Polyester _ i 15 Polyvinyl chloride 1.40. [ Cellulose butyrate i 18 Cellophane 144 | Acrylic i 19 Saran 1.68 | Polycarbonate i 20 26°EXPERIMENT NO. 13 To find the chemical resistance of the package films Object: (1) To find chemical resistance ofa package film (2) To a quant the student with the behavior of the selected packaging material in presence of'some of the food simulating solutions (3) Asecondary purpose isto a quant the compatibility of different packaging ‘material with food Material Required 30 test tubes with cork | Various plastic films such as Sample stand Cutting knife Polyethylene 1% soap solution Polyvinyl chloride 10% citric acid Saran (PVDC) 10% sodium hydroxide Cellophane Vegetable oil Carboxyl methylcellulose | Hydrogen peroxide Procedure- Cut 6 identical 1.5 x 10 om strips of plastic film of each specimen. Place these samples in position on the sample holder after making the materials designation. Keep the sample holders in conditioning room and weigh each specimen precisely on the gramatic balance. Record the weight and return the specimen to its proper position in the holder. The weight recorded is called as original weight. Leave the materials completely immersed in above solutions unit proper time say 30 min. 1 hr, 11/2 hr, S hr. 10 hr, 20 hr, 24 hr. etc. Then remove the specimen from the reagents one by one at atime. 2276EXPERIMENT NO. 13 Very carefully dry each specimen, with a filter paper, see carefully that all liquid and greasy material is completely removed from the surface of each specimen, Specimen taken from volatile solvents need not be rinsed. Specimens taken from soap solution, citric acid and sodium hydroxide should be thoroughly rinsed in water before drying, drying, Specimens taken from non volatile oils should be rinsed in a solvent such as ethanol before When all specimens have been properly dried, weight them precisely on the balance and record the final weights. y After weighing note carefully any signs of deterioration which the specimen amy exhibit. Make following observations in each care. Original weight of the film | 2) The final weight of film after drying 3) The weight loss of gain 4) The % weightloss of gain 5) Any deterioration, spots, or breakage in the film, 6) Infer from the above observations the suitability of the film for packaging. suitable type of product. Observations St. | FilmNo. | Chemical | Initial Final Weight ‘Any No. weight | weight | gain/loss | deterioration * 28+EXPERIMENT NO. 14 Pre packaging of fruits and vegetables Object: To study the effect of pre packaging on quality of fruits and vegetables. Theory- For selecting the proper packaging material for packaging, the following things should be considered. 1) Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability ~ The selected material should be sufficient enough to allow the respiration process to continue to keep the produce alive. It should not ereat the conditions for an aerobiosis. 2) Water vapour transmission rate to check the transmission losses to minimize the wilting loss of bloomete. 3) Transparency is necessary to increase consumer appeal, 4) The package should have good impact resistancy to with stand the abuses of transportation and handling, 5) Many of the commercially plastic films have got loss permeability to oxygen than required —hence to avoid anaerobic conditions aeration ventilations should be provided. Procedure -- 1) 100 guage and 200 guage low density polyethylene bags of the size 25x30 cmare selected for the experiment 2) 10aeration vents are provided to give about 0.3% aeration to one set of low density polyethylene (100 guage bags— 6 numbers) 3) Select good quality brinjal, snap beans and carrots for the prepackaging study. 4) What the vegetables under tap water and spread in tray and keep under fantoremove excess of water. 5) Take 6 bags of ventilated low density poly ethylene (100gm) and_ 6 bags of ventilated (200 gm) bags. 6) Weigh about 0.5 kg of vegetable to each bag 7) Tie the bags tightly with twin and keep the bags at room temperature and at refrigerated conditions. $290EXPERIMENT NO. 14 8) 9) 10) 1) 12) 13) 14) Weigh each bag after 2 days also observe the bloom, wilting, microbial infection, or any other defects and record i Continue the observations at every alternate day tll the product is no more acceptable. ‘Take 6 bags each of unventilated LDPE 100 guage and 200guage bags. Tie the neck of the bag along with rubber tubing tightly with atwin, Weigh the content every alternate day and record the observations as above and also measure CO, builtup inside the bag using Hartman and Brown CO, meter, Continue the records until any spoilage, off flavour is observed inside the bag. Caleulate the % physiological loss of weight (PLW)at each weighing and plot PLW v/s time in day and CO, concentration v/s time in days and indicate the shelf life at two storage conditions. Sample name | Storage (days) 100 guage 200 guage Any other CO2 PLW | CO, PLW observation *30°