Egyptian Drilling Company

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Lifting and Slinging

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Index
Subjects Page
1. Objectives………………………………………………………….. 4
2. British & European Legislation………………………………….. 6
- UK: Criminal & Civil Law……………………………………... 6
- European Union law……………………………………………. 7
3. Health & Safety at Work Summary……………………………... 8
- Section 2 – Brief Outline……………………………………….. 8
- Section 6 – CE marking………………………………………… 9
- Section 7 & 8 - (Employees Duties)…………………………… 11
4. Lifting Equipment Definitions & Terminology………………… 12
5. PUWER ’98………………………………………………………. 14
- Regulation 3 – Application……………………………………. 14
- Regulation 4 – Suitability……………………………………... 16
- Regulation 5 – Maintenance…………………………………... 16
- Regulation 6 – Inspection…………………………………….. . 16
- Regulation 8 – Information & Instruction…………………….. 17
- Regulation 9 – Training……………………………………….. 17
6. LOLER ’98………………………………………………………. 18
- Regulation 2 – Interpretation…………………………………. 18
- Regulation 3 – Application…………………………………… 21
- Regulation 7 – Marking………………………………………. 22
- Regulation 8 – Organisation………………………………..… 23
- Regulation 9 - Thorough Examination……………………….. 23
- Regulation 10 - Reports & Defects…………………………… 25

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7. Requirements for a Pre Use Check……………………………... 27

8. Calculate the forces in slings…………………………………….. 29
- Uniform Load Method…………………………………………. 30
- Trigonometric Load Method…………………………………… 31
9. How to do Load Estimation? ..................................................... 32
- Examples for calculating load weight…………………………. . 36
- Calculating the Centre of Gravity……………………………… 39
10. Different types of slings and how to carry out a pre use check. 41
- Textile Materials & Slings……………………………………... 42
- Chain Slings……………………………………………………. 49
- Steel Wire Rope Slings……………………………………….... 53
- Sling Configurations………………………………………….... 63
- Advantages / Disadvantages of different Sling types………..… 65
11. Different types of lifting accessories and how to carry out a pre
use check………………………………………………………….. 67
- Shackles………………………………………………………... 68
- Eyebolts………………………………………………………… 71
- Shortening Clutches……………………………………………. 76
- Hooks…………………………………………………………... 77
- Rigging Screws………………………………………………… 79
- Wire Rope Grips……………………………………………….. 81
- Chain Hoist …………………………………………………… 85
- Beam Clamp…………………………………………………….86
- Plate Clamp………………………………………………………87
- Sheaves Block …………………………………………………..89
- Air winch ………………………………………………………90

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- Hydraulic Jack /Cylinder …………………………………… 92

12. Complete a Lift Plan…………………………………………… 93
13. Correct Crane Signals…………………………………………...100
14. Correct Selection of Lifting Equipment………………………..102
15. Complete a Safe Lifting Operation…………………………….. 103

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Course Objectives
 Demonstrate knowledge of the legislation,
regulations and standards governing the use of
lifting equipment.
 Demonstrate knowledge of Force Influences &
Rating Methods.
 Demonstrate how to do Load Estimation.
 Demonstrate knowledge of different types of slings
and how to carry out a pre use check.
 Demonstrate knowledge of different types of lifting
accessories and how to carry out a pre use check.
 Demonstrate knowledge of how to complete a lift
plan.
 Demonstrate knowledge of crane signals in
accordance with BS 7121.
 Practical Assessment.

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Legislations, regulations and

standards governing the use of
lifting equipment

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British & European Legislation

British law (Criminal Law & Civil Law)

Criminal Law

Intention of the Criminal Law

The intention of the criminal law is to ensure that every citizen knows the
boundaries of acceptable conduct in the UK, for example it is clearly
unacceptable conduct to steal from another individual – thereby it is
necessary to have the criminal law of theft under the Theft Act 1968.
This clearly applies to other criminal offences such as murder and rape.

Wrong against Society

A breach of the criminal laws imposed by society will be seen as a wrong
against society as a whole. Therefore if the boundaries of acceptable
conduct in the UK have been exceeded by an individual and that
individual has been caught they will face prosecution by the state and
will receive an adequate punishment such as a fine or in some cases
imprisonment or a community sentence.

Civil Law
Intention of the Civil Law
The main intention of the civil law is to protect individuals against one
another specifying the rights and duties of individuals. For example if we
look at individuals using the highway, road users have a duty of care to
other individuals using the road. If for example one individual road user
is driving in a poor manner and causes an accident which injures another,
a civil claim can be brought under the laws of negligence.
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In order for negligence to be established the following elements must be

present:
1. A duty of care
2. This duty of care must have been breached
3. The breach must have caused injury to another

Furthermore if we look at the employment sector we can see that all

employees have a right to be safe and work in a safe environment at
work. This means that their employers have a duty to protect their safety.
If an employer does not do this and an employee becomes injured this
will bring about a civil claim.

European Union law

Is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives,

which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union
member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary
law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary
law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources
include regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties. The
legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which
under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective
set out in the Treaties.

European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the
Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states
provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the
courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should
have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives,
the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state
under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Court of
Justice of the European Union is the highest court able to interpret
European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law

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include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general
principles of European Union law.

Health & Safety at Work Summary

Section 2

General duties of employers and self-employed to persons

other than their-employees.

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed

person to conduct his undertaking in such a manner as to ensure, so
far as is practicable, that he and other persons, not being his
employees, who may be affected thereby are not thereby exposed
to risks to their safety or health.
(2) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed
person, in the prescribed circumstances and in the prescribed
manner, to give to persons, not being his employees, who may be
affected by the manner in which he conducts his undertaking, the
prescribed information on such aspects of the manner in which he
conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or health.

What employers must do for you?

1. Decide what could harm you in your job and the precautions to stop it.
This is part of risk assessment.
2. In a way you can understand, explain how risks will be controlled and tell
you who is responsible for this.
3. Consult and work with you and your health and safety representatives in
protecting everyone from harm in the workplace.
4. Free of charge; give you the health and safety training you need to do
your job.
5. Free of charge, provide you with any equipment and protective clothing
you need, and ensure it is properly looked after.
6. Provide toilets, washing facilities and drinking water.
7. Provide adequate first-aid facilities.
8. Report major injuries and fatalities at work.
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9. Have insurance that covers you in case you get hurt at work or ill through
work. Display a hard copy or electronic copy of the current insurance
certificate where you can easily read it.
10. Work with any other employers or contractors sharing the workplace or
providing employees (such as agency workers), so that everyone’s health
and safety is protected.

Section 6

General duties of manufacturers etc. as regards articles and

substances for use at work.

(1) It shall be the duty of a person who formulates, manufactures,

imports or supplies any substance for use at work—
a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the substance is safe and without
risks to health when properly used;
b) to carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such testing and examination
as may be necessary for the performance of the duty imposed on him by
paragraph (a); and
c) to take such steps as are necessary to ensure that there will be available in
connection with the use of the substance at work adequate information
about the results of any relevant test which has been carried out on or in
connection with the substance and about any condition necessary to ensure
that it will be safe and without risks to health when properly used.

(2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the manufacture or

supply of any substance for use at work to carry out or arrange for
the carrying out of any necessary research with a view to the
discovery and, so far as is practicable, the elimination or
minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the substance
may give rise.

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CE M arking is the symbol as shown on the top of this page. The letters
"CE" are the abbreviation of French phrase "Conformité Européene"
which literally means "European Conformity". The term initially used was
"EC Mark" and it was officially replaced by "CE Marking" in the Directive
93/68/EEC in 1993. "CE Marking" is now used in all EU official documents.

- CE Marking on a product is a manufacturer's declaration that the product

complies with the essential requirements of the relevant European health,
safety and environmental protection legislation, in practice by many of the
so-called Product Directives.

- CE Marking on a product indicates to governmental officials that the

product may be legally placed on the market in their country.

- CE Marking on a product ensures the free movement of the product within

the EFTA & European Union (EU) single market (total 28 countries), and

- CE Marking on a product permits the withdrawal of the non-conforming

products by customs and enforcement/vigilance authorities.

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Section 7 & 8
(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work—
a) to take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other
persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work;
b) to co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any
duty or requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by this
Act or any regulation made thereunder;
c) to wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by
the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health;
and
d) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and
health instituted by his employer or any other person by or under this Act or
any regulation made thereunder.

(2) A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be

guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding three months or to both.

 Duty not to interfere with or misuse things provided

pursuant to certain provisions.
A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently interferes with or
misuses anything provided or done in the interests of safety, health and
welfare in pursuance of this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall,
on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand ringgit
or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.

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Lifting Equipment Definitions & Terminology

Lifting Operation
Regulation 8(2) of LOLER defines a lifting operation as '… an operation
concerned with the lifting or lowering of a load'. A 'load' is the item or items
being lifted, which includes a person or people.

Lifting Equipment
Lifting equipment is any work equipment for lifting and lowering loads.

Lifting Accessories
Pieces of equipment that are used to attach the load to lifting equipment,
providing a link between the two. Any lifting accessories used between
lifting equipment and the load may need to be taken into account in
determining the overall weight of the load.
Lifting Machine
an assembly, fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system other
than directly applied human or animal effort, consisting of linked parts or
components, at least one of which moves, and which are joined together for
a specific application
Thorough Examination
Lifting equipment must be thoroughly examined in a number of situations,
including:
o Before first use (unless there is a valid Declaration of Conformity
made less than 6/12 months earlier).
o Where it depends on installation, or re-installation / assembly at
another site.
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o Where it is exposed to conditions causing deterioration, liable to

result in danger.

 Records of thorough examinations should be made and, where

defects are identified, they should be reported to both the person
using the equipment (and to any person from whom it has been hired
or leased), and the relevant enforcing authority (HSE for industrial
workplaces; local authorities for most other workplaces).

In Service Inspection / Pre Use Check

Outwith testing/examination which is carried out by a competent person, it is
your responsibility (an employee) to visually examine any item of lifting
equipment immediately prior to use.

Working Load Limit (WLL)

Is the maximum working load designed by the manufacturer this load
represents a force that is much less than that required making the lifting
equipment fail or yield.

Safe Working Load (SWL)

The maximum load (determine by a competent person) which an item of
lifting equipment may raise, lower or suspend under particular service
conditions
Note: normally, the SWL equals the WLL (unless the lifting equipment has
been de-rated).

Factor of Safety
The factor of safety is the ratio between the minimum breaking load and the
working load limit.
Mode Factor

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SWL and WLL of lifting equipment will depends on slinging mode factor,
i.e. the angle between slings, how many slings being used, number of lifting
appliances involved in the lifting operation.

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998

(PUWER ’98)
- These regulations are aimed at safeguarding the health and safety of
employees from hazards arising from the provision and use of work
equipment. They contain general requirements covering all hazards
and specific minimum requirements on selected hazards.
- There is also some overlap between PUWER and other sets of
regulations, for example:
 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 19981
(LOLER) applies over and above the general requirements of
PUWER in dealing with specific hazards/risks associated with lifting
equipment and lifting operations;
 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
(workplace risks to pedestrians from vehicles);
 The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992
(for example, on lighting);
 The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE)
(for example, on maintenance);
 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007
(CDM);
 The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986;
 The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (relating to inspection of work
equipment for use when working at height);
 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
(the Management Regulations) (relating to risk assessments).

Regulation 3 – Application
1) These Regulations shall apply –
(a) In Great Britain; and
(b) Outside Great Britain as sections 1 to 59 and 80 to 82 of the 1974 Act
apply by virtue of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
(Application outside Great Britain) Order 1995(a) (“the 1995 Order”).
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2) The requirements imposed by these Regulations on an

employer in respect of work equipment shall apply to such
equipment provided for use or used by an employee of his at
work.
3) The requirements imposed by these Regulations on an
employer shall also apply –
(a) To a self-employed person, in respect of work equipment he uses at
work;
(b) subject to paragraph (5), to a person who has control to any extent of
(i) work equipment;
(ii) A person at work who uses or supervises or manages the use
of work equipment; or
(iii) The way in which work equipment is used at work, and to
the extent of his control.
4) Any reference in paragraph (3)(b) to a person having control is
a reference to a person having control in connection with the
carrying on by him of a trade, business or other undertaking
(whether for profit or not).
5) The requirements imposed by these Regulations shall not apply
to a person in respect of work equipment supplied by him by
way of sale, agreement for sale or hire-purchase agreement.
6) Subject to paragraphs (7) to (10), these Regulations shall not
impose any obligation in relation to a ship’s work equipment
(whether that equipment is used on or off the ship).
7) Where merchant shipping requirements are applicable to a
ship’s work equipment, paragraph shall relieve the shore
employer of his obligations under these Regulations in respect
of that equipment only where he has taken all reasonable steps
to satisfy himself that the merchant shipping requirements are
being complied with in respect of that equipment.
8) In a case where the merchant shipping requirements are not
applicable to the ship’s work equipment by reason only that for
the time being there is no master, crew or watchman on the
ship, those requirements shall nevertheless be treated for the
purpose of paragraph as if they were applicable.

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9) Where the ship’s work equipment is used in a specified

operation paragraph (6) shall not apply to regulations 7 to 9, 11
to 13, 20 to 22 and 30 (each as applied by regulation 3).

10) Paragraph (6) does not apply to a ship’s work equipment

provided for use or used in an activity (whether carried on in or
outside Great Britain) specified in the 1995 Order* save that it
does apply to –
(a) The loading, unloading, fuelling or provisioning of the ship; or
(b) The construction, reconstruction, finishing, refitting, repair,
maintenance, cleaning or breaking up of the ship.

Regulation 4 – Suitability
(1) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is so constructed
or adapted as to be suitable for the purpose for which it is used or
provided.
(2) In selecting work equipment, every employer shall have regard to
the working conditions and to the risks to the health and safety of
persons which exist in the premises or undertaking in which that
work equipment is to be used and any additional risk posed by the
use of that work equipment.

Regulation 5 – Maintenance
(1) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is maintained in
an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.
(2) Every employer shall ensure that where any machinery has a
maintenance log, the log is kept up to date.

Regulation 6 – Inspection
(1) Every employer shall ensure that, where the safety of work
equipment depends on the installation conditions, it is
inspected –
(a) After installation and before being put into service for the first time; o
(b) After assembly at a new site or in a new location, to ensure that it has
been installed correctly and is safe to operate.

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(2) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment exposed

to conditions causing deterioration which is liable to result in
dangerous situations is inspected –
(a) At suitable intervals; and
(b) Each time that exceptional circumstances which are liable to
jeopardise the safety of the work equipment have occurred, to ensure that
health and safety conditions are maintained and that any deterioration can
be detected and remedied in good time.
Regulation 8 – Information & Instruction
(1) Every employer shall ensure that all persons who use work
equipment have available to them adequate health and
safety information and, where appropriate, written
instructions pertaining to the use of the work equipment.
(2) Every employer shall ensure that any of his employees who
supervises or manages the use of work equipment has
available to him adequate health and safety information and,
where appropriate, written instructions pertaining to the use
of the work equipment.
(3) Without prejudice to the generality of paragraphs (1) or (2),
the information and instructions required by either of those
paragraphs shall include information and, where appropriate,
written instructions on –
(a) The conditions in which and the methods by which the work
equipment may be used;
(b) Foreseeable abnormal situations and the action to be taken if such a
situation were to occur; and
(c) Any conclusions to be drawn from experience in using the work
equipment.
(4) Information and instructions required by this regulation shall
be readily comprehensible to those concerned.

Regulation 9 – Training
(1) Every employer shall ensure that all persons who use work
equipment have received adequate training for purposes of health
and safety, including training in the methods which may be

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adopted when using the work equipment, any risks which such use
may entail and precautions to be taken.
(2) Every employer shall ensure that any of his employees who
supervises or manages the use of work equipment has received
adequate training for purposes of health and safety.
Lifting Operation & Lifting Equipment Regulations
LOLER ‘98
 These Regulations (often abbreviated to LOLER) place duties on
people and companies who own, operate or have control over lifting
equipment. This includes all businesses and organisations whose
employees use lifting equipment, whether owned by them or not. In
most cases, lifting equipment is also work equipment so the
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) will
also apply (including inspection and maintenance). All lifting
operations involving lifting equipment must be properly planned by a
competent person, appropriately supervised and carried out in a safe
manner.
 LOLER also requires that all equipment used for lifting is fit for
purpose, appropriate for the task, suitably marked and, in many cases,
subject to statutory periodic 'thorough examination'. Records must be
kept of all thorough examinations and any defects found must be
reported to both the person responsible for the equipment and the
relevant enforcing authority.
 LOLER is supported by the Safe use of lifting equipment: Approved
Code of Practice (ACOP) and additional free guidance from HSE.
 While the ACOP is not law, this has been produced under section 16
of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSW Act) and has a special
status, This supports not only LOLER but also the general provisions
of section 2 of the HSW Act and other regulations, including the
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations and PUWER,
in relation to lifting equipment and lifting operations.

Regulation 2 – Interpretation
Regulation 2 clarifies the meaning of terms used in LOLER.
- “The 1974 Act”: means the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974;
- “accessory for lifting”: means work equipment for attaching loads to
machinery for lifting;
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- “EC declaration of conformity”: means a declaration which complies

with:
(a) Section A of part 1 of Part 2 of Schedule 2 to the Supply of
Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008;
(b) Article 12.1 of Council Directive 89/686/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to personal
protective equipment;
(c) Regulation 8(2) (d) of the Lifts Regulations 1997.
- “Employer”: except in regulation 3(2) and (3) includes a person to
whom the requirements imposed by these Regulations apply by virtue
of regulation 3(3)(a) and (b);
- “essential requirements”: has the same meaning as in the Provision
and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998;
- “examination scheme”: means a suitable scheme drawn up by a
competent person for such thorough examinations of lifting equipment
at such intervals as may be appropriate for the purpose described in
regulation 9(3);
- “the Executive”: means the Health and Safety Executive;

- “lifting equipment”: means work equipment for lifting or lowering

loads and includes its attachments used for anchoring, fixing or
supporting it;
- “lifting operation”: has the meaning given in regulation 8(2);

- “load”: includes a person;

- “thorough examination”: in relation to a thorough examination under

paragraph (1), (2) or (3) of regulation 9 —
(a) means a thorough examination by a competent person;
(b) Where it is appropriate to carry out testing for the purpose
described in the paragraph, includes such testing by a competent
person as is appropriate for the purpose,

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Regulation 3 – Application

(1) These Regulations shall apply —

(a) In Great Britain; and
(b) Outside Great Britain as sections 1 to 59 and 80 to 82 of the 1974
Act apply by virtue of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
(Application outside Great Britain) Order 1995 (“the 1995 Order”).
(2) The requirements imposed by these Regulations on an
employer in respect of lifting equipment shall apply in relation
to lifting equipment provided for use or used by an employee
of his at work.
(3) The requirements imposed by these Regulations on an
employer shall also apply —
(a) To a self-employed person, in respect of lifting equipment he uses
at work;
(b) subject to paragraph (5), to a person who has control to any extent
of —
(i) Lifting equipment;
(ii) A person at work who uses or supervises or manages the use of lifting
equipment; or
(iii) The way in which lifting equipment is used, and to the extent of his
control.

(4) Any reference in paragraph (3)(b) to a person having control is

a reference to a person having control in connection with the
carrying on by him of a trade, business or other undertaking
(whether for profit or not).
(5) The requirements imposed by these Regulations on an
employer shall not apply to a person in respect of lifting
equipment supplied by him by way of sale, agreement for sale
or hire-purchase agreement.

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(6) Subject to paragraphs (7) to (10), these Regulations shall not

impose any obligation in relation to a ship’s work equipment
(whether that equipment is used on or off the ship).

(7) Where merchant shipping requirements are applicable to a

ship’s work equipment, paragraph (6) shall relieve the shore
employer of his obligations under these Regulations in respect
of that equipment only where he has taken all reasonable
steps to satisfy himself that the merchant shipping
requirements are being complied with in respect of that
equipment.
(8) In a case where the merchant shipping requirements are not
applicable to the ship’s work equipment by reason only that for
the time being there is no master, crew or watchman on the
ship, those requirements shall nevertheless be treated for the
purpose of paragraph (7) as if they were applicable.
(9) Where the ship’s work equipment is used in a specified
operation paragraph (6) shall not apply to regulations 6 and 8
(each as applied by regulation 3).
(10) Paragraph (6) does not apply to a ship’s work equipment
provided for use or used in an activity (whether carried on in or
outside Great Britain) specified in the 1995 Order* save that it
does apply to:-
(a) The loading, unloading, fuelling or provisioning of the ship; or
(b) The construction, reconstruction, finishing, refitting, repair,
maintenance, cleaning or breaking up of the ship.

Regulation 7 – Marking of lifting equipment

 Regulation 7 details the requirements for clearly labelling or,

otherwise making available, details of the safe working load
of each piece of lifting equipment or accessory.
 Every employer shall ensure that —
(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), machinery and accessories for lifting
loads are clearly marked to indicate their safe working loads;

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(b) Where the safe working load of machinery for lifting loads
depends on its configuration —
(i) The machinery is clearly marked to indicate its safe working load for
each configuration; or
(ii) Information which clearly indicates its safe working load for each
configuration is kept with the machinery;
(c) Accessories for lifting are also marked in such a way that it is
possible to identify the characteristics necessary for their safe use;
(d) Lifting equipment which is designed for lifting persons is
appropriately and clearly marked to this effect; and
(e) Lifting equipment which is not designed for lifting persons but
which might be so used in error is appropriately and clearly marked to
the effect that it is not designed for lifting persons.

Regulation 8 – Organisation of lifting operations

 Regulation 8(1) clarifies that each lifting operation needs to
be planned, supervised and carried out safely.
 Regulation 8(2) defines a lifting operation.
(1) Every employer shall ensure that every lifting operation involving
lifting equipment is —
(a) Properly planned by a competent person;
(b) Appropriately supervised; and
(c) Carried out in a safe manner.
(2) In this regulation “lifting operation” means an operation concerned
with the lifting or lowering of a load.

Regulation 9 - Thorough examination and inspection

 Regulation 9 puts in place requirements for all lifting
equipment to be subject to ‘thorough examination’ at various
points.
 Regulation 9(3) requires periodic thorough examination
where equipment is subject to deterioration due to use and
where this deterioration could lead to a dangerous situation.
The frequency depends on the type of equipment and the
purposes for which it is used, e.g. equipment used for lifting
people requires more frequent examination. The periods

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stated are the maximum periods between each examination

unless there is an examination scheme produced by a
competent person in place, which can specify longer or
shorter periods depending on the risk of defects arising.

 Regulation 9(4) requires that no lifting equipment leaves a

business and/or is used, including when received from a
third party, unless there is physical evidence that the
required thorough examination has been completed.
(1) Every employer shall ensure that before lifting equipment is
put into service for the first time by him it is thoroughly
examined for any defect unless either —
(a) The lifting equipment has not been used before; and
(b) In the case of lifting equipment for which an EC declaration of
conformity could or (in the case of a declaration under the Lifts
Regulations 1997) should have been drawn up, the employer has
received such declaration made not more than 12 months before the
lifting equipment is put into service;
(2) Every employer shall ensure that, where the safety of lifting
equipment depends on the installation conditions, it is
thoroughly examined —
(a) After installation and before being put into service for the first
time; and
(b) After assembly and before being put into service at a new site or in
a new location, to ensure that it has been installed correctly and is safe
to operate.
(3) Subject to paragraph (6), every employer shall ensure that
lifting equipment which is exposed to conditions causing
deterioration which is liable to result in dangerous situations
is —
(a) Thoroughly examined —
(i) In the case of lifting equipment for lifting persons or an accessory for
lifting, at least every 6 months;
(ii) In the case of other lifting equipment, at least every 12 months; or
(iii) In either case, in accordance with an examination scheme; and
(iv) Each time that exceptional circumstances which are liable to
jeopardise the safety of the lifting equipment have occurred; and,

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(b) If appropriate for the purpose, is inspected by a competent person

at suitable intervals between thorough examinations, to ensure that
health and safety conditions are maintained and that any deterioration
can be detected and remedied in good time.

(4) Every employer shall ensure that no lifting equipment —

(a) Leaves his undertaking; or
(b) If obtained from the undertaking of another person, is used in his
undertaking, unless it is accompanied by physical evidence that the last
thorough examination required to be carried out under this regulation has
been carried out.
(5) This regulation does not apply to winding apparatus to
which the Mines (Shafts and Winding) Regulations 1993
apply.
(6) Where lifting equipment was before the coming into force of
these Regulations required to be thoroughly examined by a
provision specified in paragraph (7), the first thorough
examination under paragraph (3) shall be made before the
date by which a thorough examination would have been
required by that provision had it remained in force.
(7) The provisions referred to in paragraph (6) are —
(a) Section 22(2), 25(2), 26(1)(d) and 27(2) of the Factories Act 1961;
(b) [Revoked by SI 2013/448.]
(c) Regulations 28(3), 40 and 46(1) of the Construction (Lifting
Operations) Regulations 1961;
(d) Regulations 3(1) and (2) and 6(1) of the Offices, Shops and
Railway Premises (Hoists and Lifts) Regulations 1968;
(e) regulation 6(1)(c) of and Part III of Schedule 1 to the Offshore
Installations (Operational Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations
1976;
(f) [Revoked by SI 2013/1512.]

Regulation 10 - Reports & Defects

 Regulation 10 places responsibilities on the competent
person carrying out thorough examinations to produce a
report containing, as a minimum, the information specified
in Schedule 1 to these Regulations.
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 Regulation 10(1) (c) requires, where a defect presents

immediate or imminent risk of serious personal injury, a
copy of the report be sent to the relevant enforcement
authority defined in 10(4).

 Regulation 10(3) stipulates that the employer should not

use a piece of equipment where a defect has been
identified for immediate rectification, until that defect has
been rectified. Where other defects are identified a date for
their rectification should be identified in the report and the
equipment should not be used after that date unless the
defects have been rectified.
(1) A person making a thorough examination for an employer
under regulation 9 shall —
(a) Notify the employer forthwith of any defect in the lifting
equipment which in his opinion is or could become a danger to
persons;
(b) as soon as is practicable make a report of the thorough
examination in writing authenticated by him or on his behalf by
signature or equally secure means and containing the information
specified in Schedule 1 to —
(i) The employer; and
(ii) Any person from whom the lifting equipment has been hired or leased;
(c) Where there is in his opinion a defect in the lifting equipment
involving an existing or imminent risk of serious personal injury send
a copy of the report as soon as is practicable to the relevant enforcing
authority.
(2) A person making an inspection for an employer under
regulation 9 shall —
(a) Notify the employer forthwith of any defect in the lifting
equipment which in his opinion is or could become a danger to
persons;
(b) as soon as is practicable make a record of the inspection in writing.
(3) Every employer who has been notified under paragraph (1)
shall ensure that the lifting equipment is not used —
(a) Before the defect is rectified; or

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(b) In a case to which sub-paragraph (c) of paragraph 8 of Schedule 1

applies, after a time specified under that sub-paragraph and before the
defect is rectified.
(4) In this regulation “relevant enforcing authority” means
Where the defective equipment has been hired or leased by the
employer, the Executive.
Requirements for a Pre Use Check
 Pre-use inspections are required before use of any equipment or
work process that has a potential to result in a severe loss. This
inspection must be recorded in a log that is kept on the
equipment or near the process and be available for review.
Individual departments are responsible for identifying and
completing the pre use checklist.
 Who conducts the inspection?
These inspections are conducted prior to use for the first time that day,
the employee using the equipment must check the inspection log and
determine if it has been inspected. Many pieces of equipment are used
several times a day and they will only require the pre use inspections
once on any given day. In cases where equipment is not used daily, a
pre use inspection is not necessary until the day it is used.
The employee conducting the pre use inspection completes the
inspection and then dates and signs the checklist and returns it to the
appropriate location.
 Corrective action
If during the course of the pre use inspection the employee determines
that there is a deficiency this must be corrected before use. If it is a
minor issue that the employee can correct then the equipment can be
used. If the deficiency is of a nature that the employee cannot correct
to make the equipment safe to use then the equipment must be taken
out of service and the supervisor must be immediately contacted.

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Force Influences & Rating

Methods

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Calculate the forces in slings

 Calculate the forces in slings assist you in selecting the
appropriate size slings for your lifting applications.
 Factors you must consider include:
- Type of hitch/method of rigging.
- Effect of angle on capacity.
- Chemical environment compatibility.
- Protection from load edges.
- Temperature of load and lift environment.
- Condition of sling - passes all inspection criteria.

There are 2 methods to calculate the forces in slings

Uniform Load Method Trigonometric Load Method

 The trigonometric method is one which has been traditionally used

and it allows the working load limit or decrease according to the angle
between the sling legs.
 The uniform load method simplifies matters by removing the need for
tables and reducing the need for the operator to estimate angles.

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 Both of these methods do, however, assume that certain conditions of

use are imposed to ensure that no part of the sling can become
overloaded. It is important to understand that although the weight to
be lifted may be within the maximum lifting capacity of the sling,
lifting in the wrong way can place an excess of load onto one part of
the sling.
 Whichever rating method is used, multi-leg slings MUST NOT be
used at an included angle greater than 120°.

Uniform Load Method :

When a multi-leg sling is used with the sling legs at an angle, the load in the
individual sling leg s will increase as the angle between the legs becomes
greater.

 Angles greater than 120° are not accepted. The area below the dashed
line shows excessive load in sling legs at extreme angles.

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 The uniform load method proposes a fixed relationship between the

WLLs of single-leg and multi-leg slings according to the following
table:

Trigonometric Load Method

 This is the traditional method used; its advantage is its familiarity.
 Most slingers will be acquainted with the load charts, which are an
essential part of this Method.
 The theory behind this method is mathematical. The WLL of a multi-
leg sling is calculated from the force induced into the legs of the sling
by virtue of the mass of the load and the angle of the legs to the
vertical.

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How to do Load Estimation

Calculating Load Weight(s)

Importance: The most important slinging precaution is to determine the

weight of all loads before attempting to lift them, to make ample allowances
for unknown factors, and to determine the available capacity of the
equipment being used, in cases where the assessment of load weight is
difficult, safe load indicators or weighing devices should be fitted.

Step 1: Determine volume

 Measure the object to get dimensions (length, width, and height) and
determine volume.
Volume formulas:
 Rectangle/square: Volume = Length x Width x Height
 Hollow cylinder: Volume = 3.14 x Length x Wall thickness x
(Diameter wall thickness)
 Complex shapes:
- In some cases, it’s best to imagine that the whole object is enclosed by
a rectangle and calculate the volume of that rectangle.
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- In other cases, break the object into two or more smaller rectangles,
Calculate the weight of each part and add them.
 Pipe
- Pipe calculations require actual measurements of diameter and wall
thickness for accuracy.
– Pipe sizes below 14 inches are given as nominal dimensions.
• Example: 6-inch pipe is actually 6.75 inches in diameter.
– Need to know actual wall thickness dimension.
- Recommendation: use a table instead of calculations.

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Step 2: Determine what material the object is made of

 Look up the weight per unit volume for that material.

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Step 3: Determine weight of object

 Multiply the weight per unit volume times the calculated volume to
get the calculated weight of the object.

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Examples for calculating load weight

Example #1: Rectangular Load
Object to be lifted: Concrete block, 8 feet long x 4 feet wide x 6 feet high.

• Volume of a rectangle is its length times its width times its height:
V = L x W x H = 8 ft x 4 ft x 6 ft = 192 cu ft

• Since concrete weighs 150 pounds per cu ft (see the table), the load will
weigh approximately:

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Block weight = 192 cu ft x 150 lbs/cu ft = 28,800 lbs

Example #2: Pipe

Object to be lifted: Hollow steel pipe, 8 ft. long x 3 ft outside diameter; wall
thickness is 1.5 inches.

• Using the formula:

V = 3.14 x L x T x (D - T) = 3.14 x 8 ft x 1.5 in x (3 ft - 1.5 in)

Caution: Units not all the same: Need to convert inches to feet

V = 3.14 x 8 ft x 0.125 ft x (3 ft - 0.125 ft) = 9.03 cu ft

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• From the table, steel weighs 490 lbs/cu ft

Tube weight = 9.03 cu ft x 490 lbs/cu ft = 4,425 lbs

Example #3: Complex Shapes

Object to be lifted: Concrete widget as shown.

• Cutthe object into rectangles, and then calculate the weight of each section,
as shown below.

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• Top section
Vtop = 2 ft x 3 ft x 4 ft = 24 cu ft If this object were made of
• Bottom section concrete, could it be safely
Vbottom = 2 ft x 3 ft x 9 ft = 54 cu ft lifted by a 5-ton hoist?!!
• Total volume
Vtotal= 24+54 = 78 cu ft

Calculating the Centre of

Gravity

A. Symmetrical loads
• The centre of gravity of a rectangular, symmetrical load can be found by
inspection.
• Measure each side of the rectangle.
• Divide each side in half to locate the centre of gravity for that side.
• After, combine the results to determine the overall centre of gravity.

B. Asymmetric loads

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• The easiest method for finding the centre of gravity of an asymmetrical

load is to divide the object into rectangles and determine the centre of
gravity for each first, as shown.

• For the example here, the left rectangle measures 5 feet by 5 feet, while the
right-side rectangle measures 5 feet by 10 feet.

• Since the right-hand rectangle is twice as large as the smaller on the left,
and since both are made of the same material, we can tell that 1/3 of the
object's weight is concentrated at the left centre of gravity (labelled "A"),
while 2/3 is concentrated at the right (labelled "B").

• Draw a line connecting the two centres of gravity a shown and measure 2/3
of the way from centre of gravity A to centre of gravity B, as shown by the
red line at right. That is the location of the final, combined centre of gravity
for the block.

C. Other shapes
• To find the centre of gravity of a triangle, measure 1/3 the height from the
base as well as 1/3 of the base from the steepest angle, as shown at right.

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• The centre of gravity of a circle of uniform weight is located exactly at the

centre.

Different types of slings

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Textile Materials & Slings

 Flexible sling consisting of sewn webbing component for attaching loads

to a hook of a crane or other lifting machine.

 Different Materials

The webbing shall be woven wholly from industrial yarns and certified by the
manufacturer as being fast to light and heat-stabilized with a tenacity of not
less than 60 cN/tex, from one of the following materials:

- Polyamide (PA), high tenacity multifilament;

- Polyester (PES), high tenacity multifilament;
- Polypropylene (PP), high tenacity multifilament.

Disposable flat woven webbing slings are suitable for use and storage at
temperatures within the following ranges:

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a) Polyester: -40 °C to 100 °C;

b) Polyamide: -40 °C to 100 °C;

c) Polypropylene: - 40 °C to 80 °C.

Effects of Acids & Alkalis

 Inorganic and Organic Acids

From a chemical point of view, polyester fibre

is liable to hydrolysis. If one discounts extreme

conditions, the rate of acidic hydrolysis is

unexpectedly low, due to polyester having a

characteristically good resistance to the majority

of organic and inorganic acids.

Certain chlorine-containing organic acids have the effect of dissolving

Polyester. Mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acid dissolve all polyesters at
temperatures in excess of their fusion points, respectively 63°, 10° and 55°.
The solution occurs rapidly at 100°C and in the case of dichloroacetic acid,
this occurs even at normal room temperature.

The acidic hydrolysis of polyester is not a surface reaction, but continues to

act upon the molecules throughout the entire fibre. It is followed by a
reduction in the strength of the fibre and of the strain.

The reduction in the strength of the fibre varies widely depending upon the
nature, the concentration and the temperature of the acid.

Residual Strength after 1-12 Months Exposure (% )

Substance pH 1 Mth 3 Mths 6 Mths 12 Mths
Concentrated Formic Acid 0.1 100 100 100 100

Malic Acid 25% 0.1 100 100 100 100

Benzoic Acid - 100 100 100 100

Boric Acid 3.5 100 100 100 100

Chlorosulphate Acid - 0 0 0 0
Acetic Acid 0.1 100 100 100 100

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Acetic Acid 15% 2.0 100 100 100 100

Acetic Anhydride - 100 100 100 100
Hydrofluoric Acid 38-40% - 97 86 70 48
Concentrated Lactic Acid 0.7 100 100 100 100
Oxalic Acid - 100 100 100 100
Phosphoric Acid 85% 0.1 100 100 100 100
Nitric Acid 15% 0.1 100 100 100 100
Nitric Acid 65% 0.1 7 0 0 0
Hydrochloric Acid 15% 0.1 100 100 100 100
Hydrochloric Acid 37% 0.1 43.5 20 0 0

Sulphuric Acid 15% 0.1 100 100 100 100

Sulphuric Acid 38% 0.1 100 100 100 100
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid 0.1 0 0 0 0
Stearic Acid - 100 100 100 100
Citric Acid 15% 1.5 100 100 100 100
Citric Acid 25% 1.2 100 100 100 100

The Effects of Inorganic and Organic Acids

Breaking Strength
Substance Temp 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
C°
20 100 100 100 99 97 96
Nitric Acid 60 96 89 66 30 0
pH 0.5 75 70 50 0
100 60 0

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Sulphuric
Acid 50 100 100 100 100 100 97 92
pH 0.5 75 100 100 98 90 72 0
100 99 96 81 42
Concentration (%) of
Substance Temp 2.5 5 10 20 30
C°
20 100 100 100 100 100
Hydrochloric
Acid 50 100 100 100 98 78
pH 0.5 75 100 00 98 66 40
100 100 91 54 5 0
Concentration (%) of
Substance Temp 10 20 30 50 70
C°
20 100 100 100 100 100
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Formic Acid 50 100 100 100 100 100

pH 1.6
70 100 100 100 100 100

 The Effects of Alkalis

Alkalis, acids or simply water can all cause the hydrolysis of polyester such
as, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, but the cause of the reaction and
its effect on the fibre is not the same in each case.

The effect of alkalis in an aqueous solution, with the exception of ammonia

and its derivatives, is quite different, producing the progressive dissolution of
the fibre, whilst water, acids, ammonia and its derivatives, e.g. quaternary
ammonium bases and amines break down the fibre without dissolving it.

Calcium Hydroxide (lime)

In spite of the fact that it is possible to obtain only weak solutions of lime, its
effect still seems to be 13 times more rapid than that of caustic soda under
similar conditions, its effect on polyester is considerable and the loss of
strength is significant.

Sodium Hyper chlorite

The resistance of polyester to sodium hyper chlorite under the conditions, to
which textiles are normally exposed to it, is excellent.

Sodium Chlorite
Boiling for one hour in a 0.2% solution of sodium chlorite at pH 2-3 has no
effect on the tensile strength of polyester.

Sodium Hydrosulphite
Those reducing agents which are normally used in textile processes have no
noticeable effect on polyester. Treatment for 72 hours at 80°C in a saturated
solution of sodium hydrosulphite causes no reduction in the strength of the
fibre.

Potassium Dichromate
Polyester which has been treated for 3 days at 80°C in a saturated solution of
potassium dichromate to which has been added 1% (weight/volume) of
sulphuric acid exhibits a very insignificant change in its properties, the loss of
strength being, for example, less than 5%.

The Effects of Alkalis

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Residual strength in %
at a concentration of

Substance Time in Temp 1% 3% 5%

Hours C°

pH 12.7 pH 12.6 pH12.5

50 20 98 94 80
Caustic
Soda 50 50 93 91 71
NaOH
50 75 85 52 12

50 100 62 - -
Concentration (%) of

Substance Time in Temp 1 2.5 5 10 20 25

Hours C°

50 20 100 100 100 100 100 100

Ammonia
HNO3 50 50 100 100 98 95 60 55

50 75 100 70 0 50 0 0

Colour Code (Label & Material)

Different Sling Types

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Pre Use Check

Before use, visually inspect slings and all attachments for defects. Do not use
damaged or defective slings or slings that do not have a manufacturer’s tag with
ID No. and/or SWL.

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Inspect slings daily before use and frequently during use. Slings must be
removed from service when any of the following substandard conditions exist.

• Knots, snags, holes, tears, or cuts.

• Extensive abrasive wear.

• Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface.

• Visible red yarns or threads indicate excessive wear.

• Broken or worn stitches.

• Chemical damage including acid or caustic burns, brittle or stiff areas, and
discoloration of any kind.

• Corrosive discoloration or other damage to fittings.

• Missing, illegible, or incomplete sling identification.

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Chain Slings

Types of Slings

Chain slings can be manufactured using permanent, welded coupling links, or

if preferred, mechanical coupling links for quicker "in the field" assemblies.
Either way, the sling must have an attached identification tag providing the grade,
size, reach, type of sling, working load limit at a specific angle of lift, and serial
number. Relative to other types of slings, chain slings have the poorest
strength/weight ratio, best abrasion and cut resistant, average elongation and
shock resistance, best flexibility, and best resistance to high temperatures.

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Welded coupling links mechanical coupling links

Materials

 Two main kinds of chain sling material (HTS & Alloy)

 Alloy steel chains are often used because of their strength, durability,
abrasion resistance and ability to conform to the shape of the loads on
which they are used. In addition, these slings are able to lift hot
materials.

Grade marks

 New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

Size, Grade, The rated load, and Length (reach).
 In addition, slings may be marked to show:
Number of legs, individual sling identification (i.e., serial number), and
the name or trademark of the manufacturer.
 Alloy steel chain slings are made from various grades of alloy, but the
most common grades in use are grades 80 and 100. These chains are
manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM (American Society
for Testing and Materials) guidelines. If other grades of chain are
used, use them in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations and guidance.

Effects of Acids

 Chemically Active Environments can have detrimental effects on the

performance of chain. The effects can be both visible loss of material

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and undetectable material degradation causing significant loss of

strength.
• Usage Exposure – Exposure to chemically active environments such
as acids or corrosive liquids or fumes can reduce the performance of
the chain.
• Special Surface Coating/Plating/Galvanizing – Chain should not be
subjected to galvanizing, or any plating process.
• If it is suspected that the chain has been exposed to chemically active
environment, remove from service.

Different Types

To identify the type of the chain sling we should know the main
component of the chain sling which are (Construction, Master Link and
Hook)
First Character (Basic Type of Construction):
S = Single leg sling
SB = Single basket
D = Double leg sling
DB = Double basket
T = Triple leg sling
SE = Single endless basket
Q = Quadruple leg sling
DE = Double endless basket
C = Single leg sling with master link at each end
Second Character (Type of Master Link or End Link):
O = Oblong master link (recommended for all assemblies)
P = Pear shaped master link (upon request only)
Third Character (Type of Hook):
S = Sling hook
G = Grab hook
F = Foundry hook

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Pre Use Check

Designate a qualified person to inspect slings and all fastenings and attachments
each day before use for damage or defects.

Items to look for include:

◾The identification tag is missing or unreadable

◾Wear;
◾Defective welds,
◾Nicks, cracks, breaks, gouges, stretch, bends, discoloration due to
excessive heat,
◾Excessive pitting or corrosion,
◾Throat opening of hooks,
◾Missing or illegible sling identifications, and
◾Other conditions that cause doubt as to continued safe use of the
sling.

Make a link-by-link inspection and discard if:

a) Wear exceeds 15% of a link diameter.

b) Cut, nicked, cracked, gouged, burned, or corrosion pitted.

c) Twisted or bent.

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d) Stretched. Links tend to close up and get longer.

 Check master link, load pins and hooks for any of the above faults.
Hooks should be removed from service if they have been opened more
than 15% of the normal throat opening, measured at the narrowest
point, or twisted more than 10° from the plane of the unbent hook.

Steel Wire Rope Slings

Wire rope is a type of cable which consists of several strands of metal wire laid
(twisted) into a helix. The term cable is often used interchangeably with wire
rope. However, in general, "wire rope" refers to diameters larger than 3/8 inch
(3.6 mm). Sizes smaller than this are designated cable or cords.[1] Initially
wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire
ropes.

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Manufacture

Wires

Steel wires for wire ropes are normally made of non-alloy carbon steel with a
carbon content of 0.4 to 0.95%. The very high strength of the rope wires enables
wire ropes to support large tensile forces and to run over sheaves with relatively
small diameters.

Strands

In the so-called cross lay strands, the wires of the different layers cross each
other.

Spiral ropes

In principle, spiral ropes are round strands as they have an assembly of layers of
wires laid helically over a centre with at least one layer of wires being laid in the
opposite direction to that of the outer layer. Spiral ropes can be dimensioned in
such a way that they are non-rotating which means that under tension the rope
torque is nearly zero. The open spiral rope consists only of round wires. The half-
locked coil rope and the full-locked coil rope always have a centre made of round
wires. The locked coil ropes have one or more outer layers of profile wires. They
have the advantage that their construction prevents the penetration of dirt and
water to a greater extent and it also protects them from loss of lubricant. In
addition, they have one further very important advantage as the ends of a broken
outer wire cannot leave the rope if it has the proper dimensions.

Stranded ropes

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Stranded ropes are an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more
layers around a core. This core can be one of three types. The first is a fiber
core, made up of synthetic material. Fiber cores are the most flexible and elastic,
but have the downside of getting crushed easily. The second type, wire strand
core, is made up of one additional strand of wire, and is typically used for
suspension. The third type is independent wire rope core (IWRC), which is the
most durable in all types of environments.

 These slings with an independent wire rope core (IWRC) can withstand
contact and exposure temperatures up to 400 degrees (F). Wire cable
slings with fibre cores should never be exposed to temperatures in
excess of 180 degrees (F). Wire rope slings of all types should never
be used at temperatures below -40 degrees (F). Wire rope rigging
slings with fibre cores (FC) are rated at reduced capacities when
compared with an equivalent size, wire choker with an independent
wire rope core (IWRC). Wire Rope Slings are generally fabricated from
6 x 19 or 6 x 37 construction wire cable. The constructional numbers
refer to the number of strands (6) that are helically wound around a
core. The core supports the strands of the wire rope lifting sling and
can either be an independent wire rope core (IWRC) or a fibre core
(FC) made from hemp or sisal. Smaller diameter wire rope slings
feature 6 strands with 19 wires in each strand. Larger diameter
industrial lifting slings will generally feature 6 strands with 37 individual
wires in each strand. The 6 x 37 construction is more flexible than the
6 x 19 construction, but not as abrasion resistant. Wire cable lifting
slings used by the crane, rigging and material handling industries are
available in many different styles and constructions to meet your
needs. Custom made slings and special order slings are shipped daily
from our factory. The most popular wire lifting slings are Single Body
slings featuring a 6 x 19 or 6 x 37 Construction, Extra Improved Plow
Steel (EIPS) Wire Rope with an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC).

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Lays (Ordinary & Lang’s)

Most types of stranded ropes only have one strand layer over the core (fibre core
or steel core). The lay direction of the strands in the rope can be right (symbol Z)
or left (symbol S) and the lay direction of the wires can be right (symbol z) or left
(symbol s). This kind of rope is called ordinary lay rope if the lay direction of the
wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the outer
strands themselves. If both the wires in the outer strands and the outer strands
themselves have the same lay direction, the rope is called a Lang lay rope
(formerly Albert’s lay or Lang’s lay). Multi-strand ropes are all more or less
resistant to rotation and have at least two layers of strands lay helically around a
centre. The direction of the outer strands is opposite to that of the underlying
strand layers. Ropes with three strand layers can be nearly non-rotating. Ropes
with two strand layers are mostly only low-rotating.

Different Terminations

The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to
plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes
to prevent fraying. The most common and useful type of end fitting for a wire
rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then fixed back on
the wire rope. Termination efficiencies vary from about 70% for a Flemish eye
alone; to nearly 90% for a Flemish eye and splice; to 100% for potted ends and
swaging.

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Thimbles
When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too
tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that spreads the load
over a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve
the natural shape of the loop, and protect the cable from pinching and abrading
on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry best practice.
The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires.

Wire rope clamps/clips

A wire rope clamp, also called a clip, is used to fix the loose end of the loop back
to the wire rope. It usually consists of a U-shaped bolt, a forged saddle and two
nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the U-bolt. The saddle is then
fitted over the ropes on to the bolt (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the U-
bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Three or more clamps are
usually used to terminate a wire rope. As many as eight may be needed for a 2 in
(50.8 mm) diameter rope. There is an old adage; be sure not to "saddle a dead
horse." This means that when installing clamps, the saddle portion of the clamp
assembly is placed on the load-bearing or "live" side, not on the non-load-bearing
or "dead" side of the cable. According to the US Navy Manual S9086-UU-STM-
010, Chapter 613R3, Wire and Fiber rope and Rigging, "This is to protect the live
or stress-bearing end of the rope against crushing and abuse. The flat bearing
seat and extended prongs of the body (saddle) are designed to protect the rope
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and are always placed against the live end."[13] The US Navy and most
regulatory bodies do not recommend the use of such clips as permanent
terminations.

Swaged terminations
Swaging is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation
technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope
ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else.
A mechanical or hydraulic swagger is used to compress and deform the fitting,
creating a permanent connection. There are many types of swaged fittings.
Threaded Studs, Ferrules, Sockets, and Sleeves are a few examples. Swaging
ropes with fiber cores is not recommended.

Wedge sockets
A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced
frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the
rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be
removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag ropes on a
dragline. The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in the socket,
wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is
knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases
on the wire rope, the wedge becomes more secure, gripping the rope tighter.

Potted ends or poured sockets

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Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent termination; they
are created by inserting the wire rope into the narrow end of a conical cavity
which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires
are splayed out inside the cone, and the cone is then filled with molten zinc, or
now more commonly, an epoxy resin compound.

Eye splice or Flemish eye

An eye splice may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when
forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain
distance, and plaited back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called
an eye splice. When this type of rope splice is used specifically on wire rope, it is
called a "Molly Hogan", and, by some, a "Dutch" eye instead of a "Flemish" eye.

Different Types of Steel Wire Rope Slings

•Mechanical Straight Slings.

•Hand spliced slings.

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•Single Leg Slings.

•Multi-leg Slings.

• Braided Slings.

•Basket Hitch Slings.

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•Swaged Socket Slings.

•Endless Slings / Round Slings.

Pre Use Check

The goal of a sling inspection is to evaluate remaining strength in a sling which

has been used previously to determine if it is suitable for continued use.

A wire rope sling shall be removed from service immediately if ANY of the
following conditions are present:

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Broken Wires: For sing part slings, 10 randomly distributed broken wires in one
rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand of one rope lay. For multi part slings
these same criteria apply to each of the component ropes. For this inspection, a
broken wire shall only be counted once that is, each break should have two ends.

Metal Loss: Wear or scraping of one third the original diameter of outside
individual wires. This is quite difficult to determine on slings an experience
should be gained by the inspector by taking apart old slings and actually
measuring wire diameters.

Distortion: Kinking, crushing, bird caging or other damage which distorts the
rope structure. The main thing to look for is wires or strands that are pushed out
of their original positions in the rope. Slight bends in a rope where wires or
strands are still relatively in their original positions would not be considered
serious damage. But good judgment is indicated.

Metal Corrosion: Severe Corrosion of the rope or end attachments which has
caused pitting or binding of wires should be cause for replacing the sling. Light
rusting usually does not affect strength of a sling, however

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Bad End Attachments: Cracked, bent or broken end fit tings caused by abuse,
wear or accident.

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Bent hooks: No more than 15 percent over the normal throat openings,
measured at the narrowest point, or twisting more than 10 degrees is
permissible.

Sling Configurations

How wire rope slings are configured to lift a load is called a hitch. Most lifts use
one of three basic hitches.

Straight Pull (Vertical Eye and Eye Hitch):

If one eye of the sling is attached to the lifting hook and the other eye is attached
to the load, this is called a vertical eye and eye, or straight, hitch. A tagline
should be used to prevent load rotation that may damage the sling.

When two or more slings are attached to the same lifting hook, the total hitch
becomes, in effect, a lifting bridle and the load is distributed equally among the
individual slings.

Choker Hitch

In the choker hitch, one eye of the sling is attached to the lifting hook, while the
sling itself is drawn through the other eye. The load is placed inside the “choke”
that is created while the sling is drawn tight over the load through the eye.

Choker hitches reduce the lifting capability of a sling since the wire rope
component’s ability to adjust during the lift is affected.

Basket Hitch

A basket hitch is formed when both eyes of the sling are placed on the lifting
hook, thereby forming a circular basket of the sling. This type of hitch distributes
the load equally between the two legs of the sling, within limitations.

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Single & Double Wrap

The single Wrap hitch is used to support a load by attaching one end of the sling
to the hook, then passing the other end under the load and attaching it to the
hook. One shall ensure that the load does not slide along the sling during lifting.

The double wrap basket hitch is a basket hitch wrapped completely around the
load and compressing it rather than merely supporting it, as done by the ordinary
basket hitch. The double wrap basket hitch can be used in pairs like the double
basket hitch. This arrangement is used for handling loose material, pipes, rods,
or a smooth cylindrical load because the sling is in full 360º contact with the load
and tends to draw it together.

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Advantages / Disadvantages of different Sling types

The most commonly used slings used for overhead lifting applications are:
1. Wire Rope Slings
2. Chain Slings
3. Nylon Slings
4. Polyester Slings
Each sling has its advantage and disadvantages. Provided below is a
quick overview of these differences:

1. Wire Rope Slings

Advantages: Compared to chain slings these slings are lighter and much
cheaper. Wire rope slings are available in longer lengths than any other
type of sling listed here. They utilize multiple strands of wire which are
twisted together to form a thicker wire rope. There can be as many as 150
individual strands which all help to carry weight within the sling. So just in
case one individual strand is damaged, the other 149 will continue to hold
the load secure.

Disadvantages: Wire rope slings are flexible only to some degree. While
these slings do curve, these slings will deform if bent too far. If a wire rope
snaps it can take on the characteristics of a whip and injure or kill an
operator. Wire ropes are more lightweight than chain slings but are much
heavier than synthetic slings like nylon or polyester. Wire rope slings
require more work for the operator to carry and install.

2. Chain slings

Advantages: Compared to any other sling listed here chain slings are the
most durable slings. Because of their extreme durability, they tend to last
much longer than other types of slings. They are flexible and are available
with a variety of fittings and configuration set-ups.

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Disadvantages: Compared to any other sling listed here, chain slings are
much more expensive on a capacity and per foot basis. The slings are
also much heavier than any other sling. These slings are extremely heavy
to carry, transport and install.

3. Nylon Slings

Advantages: Nylon slings are very flexible and do not scratch loads.
Compared to chain or wire rope, the slings can be used in a choker hitch
with relative ease. Nylon is an extremely cheap raw material. If a nylon
sling snaps and breaks, it generally does not whip with the same force as
a traditional sling and the slings are consequently safest to operators and
bystanders.

Disadvantages: Nylon slings are subject to abrasions and get cut easily.
Consequently nylon slings have a short life if used frequently.

4. Polyester Slings
Advantages: Polyester slings have the same advantages as Nylon slings.
In addition polyester slings are even softer and more flexible. The price of
polyester slings is approximately the same as nylon slings on a capacity
and per foot basis.
Disadvantages: Polyester slings have the same disadvantages as nylon
slings.

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Different types of lifting

accessories

Shackles
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 Dee & Bow

Shackle plays an important role in nearly all types of rigging. The basic
formation consists of a thick piece of metal that has been curved into a
precise shape with some kind of pin or bolt across the opening. While
there are a variety of different types of shackles, two very common
choices would be bow shackles and D shackles. It is important to
understand the differences between the two and the advantages of each
in specific situations so that the proper instrument can be used.

A bow shackle looks similar to an anchor shackle except that the bowed
part of the shackle is much larger than an anchor shackle. Some,
however, will use the names interchangeably. These shackles have an
almost rounded U – shape to them. The D shackle, on the other hand has
straight legs with a rounded top.

 Uses

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Each type of shackle has specific uses where it works best. The way that
the bow shackle is designed, it is able to handle a variety of types of loads
in most directions without too much difficulty. Each shackle is typically
rated with a weight limit, and different angled loads will have different ratio
of that capacity. For a bow shackle, if they are going to be used intensively
it is important to verify that the item has been forged so it is as reliable as
possible. Some variations of this shape are simply cast from stainless
steel, making them unsuitable for many types of rigging. Bow shackles are
often made of stainless steel or titanium. It is important to note that the
larger loop does D Shackles weaken the strength of the overall shackle,
but the size also allows for a larger strap.
The D shackle is limited a bit in the way it can handle a load. The small
loop at the top can typically handle something heavy, but side loads or
racking loads may bend D shackles. For this reason, they are most
typically used in bidirectional load situations. Since the loop at the top of
the shackle is rather small, the pieces is typically capable of handling a
significant weight, but always verify restrictions on a particular piece
before use.

 Pre Use Check

•Inspect shackles regularly.
•Inspect the shackle eye and pin holes for stretching (elongation) and
wear. Elongation means the metal is being overloaded.
•Inspect the shackle body for bending. A bent shackle indicates excessive
side-loading.
•Inspect all shackle pins for distortion, surface blemishes, wear and
fractures.
•All pins must be straight and all screw pins must be completely seated.
•Replace shackles that are bent, show excessive wear by more than 10%
of the original diameter, or have an elongated eye or shackle pin holes.

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•Do not replace the shackle pin with a bolt or unidentified pins. A load will bend
the bolt.

•Do not allow a shackle to be pulled at an angle. The legs will open. Pack the pin
with washers to center the shackle.

•Do not use screw pin shackles or fit pins in contact with moving parts if the pin
can roll and unscrew. If the load shifts, the sling will unscrew the shackle pin.

•Do not use round pin shackles restrained only by a cotter pin for overhead lifting.

•Do not use shackles with bent pins or deformed bodies.

•Do not force, hammer or wedge shackles into position.

•Do not exceed 120 degrees for the angle when using multiple leg slings.

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Eyebolts

 Uses & Restrictions

Eye bolts are marked with their thread size NOT with their rated capacities. Make
sure you select the correct eyebolt based on its type and capacity for the lift you
are conducting.

•Use plain or regular eye bolts (non-shoulder) or ring bolts for vertical loading
only. Angle loading on non-shoulder bolts will bend or break them.

•Use shoulder eye bolts for vertical or angle loading. Be aware that lifting eye
bolts at an angle reduces the safe load.

•Follow the manufacturer's recommended method for angle loading.

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Incorrect use of shoulder bolt Shoulder eye bolt with load correctly
applied

How to use eye bolt safely?

•Orient the eye bolt in line with the slings. If the load is applied sideways, the eye
bolt may bend.

•Pack washers between the shoulder and the load surface to ensure that the eye
bolt firmly contacts the surface. Ensure that the nut is properly torqued.

•Engage at least 90% of threads in a receiving hole when using shims or

washers.

•Attach only one sling leg to each eye bolt.

•Inspect and clean the eye bolt threads and the hole.

•Screw the eye bolt on all the way down and properly seat.

•Ensure the tapped hole for a screw eye bolt (body bolts) has a minimum depth
of one-and-a-half times the bolt diameter.

•Install the shoulder at right angles to the axis of the hole. The shoulder should
be in full contact with the surface of the object being lifted.
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•Use a spreader bar with regular (non-shoulder) eye bolts to keep the lift angle at
90° to the horizontal.

◦Use eye bolts at a horizontal angle greater than 45°. Sling strength at 45° is
71% of vertical sling capacity, eye bolt strength at 45° horizontal angle drops
down to 30% of vertical lifting capacity.

◦ Use a swivel hoist ring for angled lifts. The swivel hoist ring will adjust to any
sling angle by rotating around the bolt and the hoisting eye pivots 180°.

What should you avoid when using eye bolts?

•Do not run a sling through a pair of eye bolts: this will reduce the effective angle
of lift and will put more strain on the rigging.

•Do not force the slings through eye bolts. This force may alter the load and the
angle of loading.

•Do not use eye bolts that have been ground, machined or stamped.

•Do not use bars, grips or wrenches to tighten eye bolts.

•Do not paint an eye bolt. The paint could cover up flaws.

•Do not force hooks or other fittings into the eye; they must fit freely.

•Do not shock load eye bolts.

•Do not use a single eye bolt to lift a load that is free to rotate.

•Do not use eye bolts that have worn threads or other flaws.

•Do not insert the point of a hook in an eye bolt. Use a shackle.

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 Pre Use Check

1. Ensure the WLL is clearly legible.

2. Clean eyebolt and check for any signs of deformation, cracking, nicks, gouges
and excessive bruising, wear or corrosion.

3. Threads should be concentric and fit neatly into a standard nut.

4. Check that the centre line of the eye is aligned with the centre line of the
thread.

5. The threaded hole in which the eyebolt is to be fitted should also be carefully
checked to ensure the hole is free from dirt, grease and other contaminants that
could restrict the eyebolts from seating correctly in the hole. Particular attention
should be paid to the hole thread to ensure it is in good condition.

6. Check that the hole thread and the eyebolt thread are compatible.

7. It is important to also carefully check the surface area around the threaded
hole (which the eyebolt collar will sit on) to ensure it is clean, free from
deformation, cracking or any other problem that may restrict the eyebolt seating
correctly.

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 Star eyebolt

 The Star eyebolt is the perfect solution to eliminate the unsafe and
rigid style eye bolt.
 Safety factor 4:1 in any direction.
 Marked working load limits (WLL) are rated at 90° from thread.
 The Star eyebolt is rotatable!

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Shortening Clutches

Chain slings fitted with shortening clutches are ideal for lifting loads with an offset
centre of gravity as the leg length can be adjusted to position the lifting ring
directly over the centre of gravity , that allow the load to be lifted level.

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Hooks

A lifting hook is a device for grabbing and lifting loads by means of a device such
as a hoist or crane. A lifting hook is usually equipped with a safety latch to
prevent the disengagement of the lifting wire rope sling, chain or rope to which
the load is attached.

 Types
Lifting hooks safety latch

Safety hooks

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Swivel hooks

 Pre Use Check

The operator or other designated person must visually inspect hooks daily or
prior to first use, or if the hook is not in regular service for

–Cracks, nicks, gouges

–Deformation

–Damage from chemicals

–Damage, engagement, or malfunction of latch (if provided)

–Evidence of heat damage

–Wear

–Hook attachment and securing means

If any of these conditions are found, remove the hook from service and contact
the equipment custodian.

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Rigging Screws (Turnbuckles)

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 Uses
The principles of the operation of the turnbuckle is to have the screws operating
clockwise and counter clockwise to close the eye or opening between two steel
products or barrels.

Turnbuckles are most commonly used in applications which require a great deal
of tension.

When tightening a turnbuckle don’t apply more torque than you would to a bolt of
equal size.

 Pre Use Check

Inspect turnbuckles frequently for cracks in end fittings (especially at the neck of
the shank), deformed end fittings, deforming and bent rods and bodies, cracks
and bends around internally threaded portion, and signs of thread damage.

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Wire Rope Grips

 Types
Commercial grade wire rope grips:
Not for lifting applications, manufactured to duty applications, usually supplied in
electroplated finish.

Stainless-steel wire rope grips:

Not to be used for lifting, these grips are not produced to any standard.

Double base wire rope grips:

Are commonly used for a higher grip hold of the wire rope, also with the double
base the grip tends not to damage in case it requires lengthening.

 Uses
Wire rope grips are used on wire rope eye-loop connections or complete loops,
end-to-end connections where socketing or splicing is not feasible or when a
temporary joint is required.

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The incorrect selection or fitting of Wire Rope Grips drastically reduces the
efficiency of the wire rope terminations and can permit the wire rope to slip
through the Grips, leading to collapse of the equipment.

Wire rope grips should not be used in lifting applications or rope terminations on
load suspension devices that are used for lifting.

Wire rope grips should not be used for making terminations on live running ropes
nor where a rope is required to support persons or suspended loads.

 Correct Fitment
A number of factors can adversely affect the tightness of the grips on ropes, such
as:

- The nut may be tight on the thread, yet not tight against the bridge;

- Contamination of the thread by dirt, oil or corrosion products, which may

prevent the correct tightening of the nut.

 Pre Use Checks

It is required that the products are regularly inspected; this is required because
the products in use may be affected by wear, misuse, overloading etc. with a
consequence of deformation and alteration of the material structure.
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Safe Use of Chain Hoists

Selection

Three main considerations:

• Safe Working Load

• Available Headroom

. Height of Lift

Pullift (horizontal Chain Block

& vertical) (vertical)

Safe Use of Chain

Hoists

Pre-use Examination

1. Check top and bottom hooks for signs of stretching.

Ensure safety catches are fitted.

2. Check main body for wear / cracks.

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3. Examine load chain and look for stretched, twisted

Or otherwise distorted links.

4. Check hand chain for stretch / check operating lever for distortion (either of the
above could be an indication of previous overload).

5. Check the ratchet mechanism is healthy.

(Wrong operating, should one man only).

The Safe Use of Beam Clamps

Adjustable Type Clip-on Type

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The Safe Use of Beam Clamps

Pre-use Examination
• Suspension shackle

• Load bar

• Inner and outer clamps

• Jaws

• Adjusting bar

• Female screwed spigots

• Tommy bar

• SWL is Adequate

• Correct Color Code

• I.D. Number Present

Safe Use of Plate Clamps

Selection

• Two basic types available

• Mode of lift - horizontal / vertical

• Required SWL

• Plate thickness

• Locking Mechanism

Horizontal Plate clamp

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Universal (Vertical) Clamps

Pre-use Examination
• SWL is Adequate

• Correct Color Code

• I.D. Number Present.

Horizontal Clamps Universal Clamps

• Hook ring / load bolt / jaws • Hook ring
• Jaws / rocker arm to main body • Jawpin and nut
• Serrations on jaws • Cam assembly locking
• Swivel toe (if fitted) Lever / jaw spring

• Serrations on jaw and pad

• Main body

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Right

Wrong
Safe Use of Sheave
Blocks
Pre-use Examination

• SWL is Adequate

• Correct Colour Code

• I.D. Number Present

• Sheaves / Rope groove

• Play in sheave bearings / bushes

• Spin the sheaves

• Lubrication points

• Swivel head fittings

• Upper load pin / spigots

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How to complete a lift plan

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Complete a Lift Plan

Lifting operations can often put people at great risk of injury, as well as incurring
great costs when they go wrong. It is therefore important to properly resource,
plan and organise lifting operations so they are carried out in a safe manner.
Each of these elements requires a person or people with sufficient competence
to be involved at each step. These people should have sufficient theoretical and
practical knowledge of the work and equipment in question, as well as the
requirements of the law, to be able to do this properly. For complex and high-risk
operations, the planning and organisation should be extensive and meticulous.

The planning of individual routine lifting operations may be the responsibility of

those who carry them out (e.g. a slinger or crane operator). But for much more
complex lifting operations (e.g. a tandem lift using multiple cranes), a written plan
should be developed by a person with significant and specific competencies -
adequate training, knowledge, skills and expertise - suitable for the level of the
task.

The plan for any lifting operation must address the foreseeable risks involved in
the work and identify the appropriate resources (including people) necessary for
safe completion of the job.

The plan should set out clearly the actions involved at each step of the operation
and identify the responsibilities of those involved. The degree of planning and
complexity of the plan will vary and should be proportionate to the foreseeable
risks involved in the work.

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Correct Crane Signals

BS7121 is the British Standard Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Cranes. It is
recognized as best practice in the industry and has been drawn up by the
industry in conjunction with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). HSE
recommends the use of BS7121 to any person or organisation who have duties
under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and who use or hire cranes.

The code also gives guidance on how to comply with Lifting Operations and
Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 and the Provision and Use of Working
Equipment Regulations 1998.

• There is always a line of sight between signaller and crane operator

• If the line of sight is broken, there are intermediate signallers allocated

• There is no confusion as to which slinger / signaller is controlling the crane –

there may be more than one signaller in the vicinity of the lift

• The signaller faces the crane operator whenever signalling

• Visiting crane operators understand the standard hand signals overleaf, taken
from BS7121: part 1.

Crane operators must be instructed to respond only to authorised slingers/

signallers wearing items of high visibility clothing which will uniquely identify them
to the crane operator. This clothing, which will generally be orange high visibility
helmets and jackets or vests, will be approved by the appointed person.

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Crane signals in accordance with BS 7121

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Correct Selection of Lifting Equipment

1. SUITABILITY OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT
When selecting lifting equipment, the ergonomic risks need to be
considered. Material of manufacture needs to be suitable for conditions of
use. Means of access/egress need to be safe and suitable. Need to minimise
risks from slips, trips and falls from any part of the lifting equipment (e.g.
cover or fence any floor openings, suitable edge protection where there is a
risk of falling more than 2m, or less than 2m where there are other relevant
risk factors involved). Adequate protection for operators (from adverse
environmental conditions). Where affected by high wind, need to fit devices
to detect dangerous situations (most commonly this would be an
anemometer).
2. STRENGTH AND STABILITY
Equipment must have adequate strength for the proposed use, with an
appropriate factor of safety against failure. Equipment must also have
adequate stability for its proposed use. Where Appropriate, sufficient
resistance to overturning must be provided to be put in place and operating
effectively before the equipment is used. Lifting equipment with rails are
also covered (devices to remove loose material etc.). Mobile lifting
equipment with pneumatic tyres to be inflated to the correct pressure. Means
to check this should be supplied. Where there is a significant risk of
overloading, need to provide devices such as rated capacity indicators and
limiters.
3. LIFTING EQUIPMENT USED FOR LIFTING PERSONS
Work equipment used for raising/lowering people should be specifically
designed for the purpose. There are some very limited exceptions but even
with these all necessary precautions to ensure safety (including supervision)
must be taken. Such equipment may include lift trucks, telescopic Handlers
and cranes. Where practicable, other carriers to have devices etc. to prevent
the carrier falling in the event of the failure of the primary means of support.
In the event of malfunction, persons being lifted must not be exposed to
danger and a reliable means of rescue must be available (incorporating
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means to summon assistance, emergency means of lowering the carrier or

self-rescue equipment).

Complete a Safe Lifting Operation

 Essential Safety Principles for a safe Lifting Operation:

- Lifting Plan
All lifting operations should have a lifting plan supported by a risk
assessment
- Risk Assessment
Prior to any lifting operation, a risk assessment should be conducted
to identify the hazards that are likely to occur. By assessing the
likelihood and severity of the accidents that may occur, appropriate
risk control measures can be undertaken to eliminate the hazards or
reduce risks.
- Permit-to-Work (PTW)
To have safe lifting carried out in the worksite, all occupiers of
worksites must implement a PTW system for any non-routine lifting
operation.
- Pre-use Inspection
All lifting equipment should be visually inspected by a competent
person before each lifting operation.
- Competency of Personnel Involved in the Lifting Operation
Employers of personnel involved in a lifting operation such as the
operator, rigger, signalman and lifting supervisor have the duty to
ensure that these personnel are trained to carry out their Task
competently and safely.
- Following proper safety procedures during lifting operations

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Following safe operating procedures of lifting devices is an absolute

must.

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Case Study

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