User Guide

for

Design Advisor
Version 4

By

Donald E Malen
Department of Integrative Systems + Design
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI

April 16, 2013

Prepared for

WorldAutoSteel

World Steel Association

Rue Colonel Bourg, 120
B-1140 Brussels
Belgium
 Executive Summary
Making a material selection decision for an automotive component is complicated by several
factors. First, it is generally recognized that such decisions should be based on the effect on the
overall vehicle system rather than considering only effects of the component. Second, the
decision criteria (what determines ‘best’) are multiple attributes. These attributes address such
questions as: How is the vehicle system mass affected by the material selected: How is the
vehicle system cost impacted: How will fuel economy be impacted? How will environmental
stressors be impacted over the life cycle of the vehicle system? Since these criteria are not easily
combined as a single objective number, the decision maker must be presented with several
attributes (mass, cost, greenhouse gas) so any trade-offs between attributes may be recognized.

The objective of the Design Advisor software is to provide the decision-maker with a tool to
evaluate these component material selection decisions at a vehicle system level, and using
multiple attributes of vehicle mass, cost, and life cycle stress on the environment. Because these
material selection decisions are often made very early in the vehicle design cycle, the Design
Advisor is configured to operate in that context. First, only information which would be available
during the vehicle planning stage is required as input. Second, to support quick decision making
during meetings, Microsoft Excel was the chosen application because of its wide availability on
laptops. Third, the interface is intended to be intuitive and visual as the assumed decision maker
may be other than an analyst. Finally, because of the approximate nature of input data, a
sensitivity analysis is included to allow varying the input values to evaluate the robustness of the
estimates.

Primary updates for Version 4 (version shown in brackets after each item) include:
1) Functional and usability changes in response to comments from members and other users [version 4.0]
2) Updating mass influence coefficients with new data from EDAG [version 4.1]
3) Updating energy demand and Fuel Reduction Values for the corrected US schedule from fka [v4.1]
4) Updating benchmark charts with new data from EDAG [version 4.1]
5) Updating benchmark equations from EDAG [version 4.1]
6) Updating material list in Bill of Materials consistent with UCSB v4 [version 4.1]
7) Change material production GHG to include prompt scrap recycling consistent with UCSB v4 [v4.1]
8) Changing any parameters to be consistent with UCSB v4 [version 4.1]

Acknowledgements
The mathematical models used in the Design Advisor draw from several projects
supported the American Iron and Steel Institute, the Auto-steel partnership,
WorldAutoSteel, and USAMP.

Special thanks to Jody Shaw of United States Steel Corporation for spearheading and
supporting the Design Advisor development work. Thanks also to George Coates and
Russ Balzer of Phoenix Group, Kate Hickey of WorldAutoSteel, and Roland Geyer of
UCSB in providing data and insight into the GHG model.

Several University of Michigan graduate students in Interdisciplinary Degree Programs

have made significant contributions to the Design Advisor as part of their Capstone
Projects. These include Yijun Zheng, Wooyoung Shin, Nicholas Capicotto, Faisal Shaikh,
Chengtao Ye, and Charn Phenjati.
 Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Quick Start Application Example 3

3. Technical Description 21

References 36

Appendix

A. Notation 37

B. Parameters Loaded in Design Advisor 38

 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 1. Introduction

1- Introduction
Making a material selection decision for an automotive component is complicated by several factors.
First, it is generally recognized that such decisions should be based on the effect on the overall
vehicle system rather than considering only how the component is affected. Second, the decision is
based on multiple attributes. These attributes include such questions as: How is the vehicle system
mass affected by the material selected; How is the vehicle system cost impacted; How will
environmental stressors be impacted over the life cycle of the vehicle system? Often these attributes
point to a differ preference and the decision maker must understand any tread-offs between attributes

This user guide describes a software tool called the Design Advisor. The purpose of the Design
Advisor is to provide rapid, quantitative evaluation for a material selection decision for two
alternative components. This evaluation is done at a vehicle system level, and considers mass, cost,
and life cycle greenhouse gas.

Original

input Design analysis

information Advisor information
which
Challenger
component
better?

Example selection context for Design Advisor

1.1 Description of the model- In the Design Advisor, the user is stepped through the process of
building two vehicles; a nominal vehicle with the original component, and a resized vehicle with the
competitor component. The performance of these two vehicles is then compared using several metrics.

Before describing the model, a few definitions are needed.

Component –The assembly under study.

Part–The part within the component whose material is varied. This may be a weldment of several
pieces. The part is the primary focus of the analysis.

Original component/part–The component of the original material and design concept.

Competitor component/part –An alternative to the original. The decision on whether to use the
original or competitor component is being made.

Nominal vehicle – The vehicle as defined by the user and having the original component.
Resized vehicle – The nominal vehicle with the competitor component substituted for the original
component, and with subsystems resized due to differences in mass between the original and
competitor components.

Primary changes –Changes in mass/cost/CO2 between the original and competitor components.
Subsystem resizing changes –Changes in mass/cost/CO2 between the nominal vehicle with original
component and the resized vehicle with the competitor component. These are also called Secondary
changes.

1
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 1. Introduction

The overall calculation method is a five step sequence.

Step 1a—Define a nominal vehicle with the original component. A nominal vehicle is defined based
on vehicle type (Sedan/Hatchback or SUV), the foot print area, the powertrain type, and the number
of passengers and cargo. Based on benchmark data, vehicle mass and subsystem mass are determined
for a typical vehicle of that size and class.

Step 1b- A powertrain is sized for the nominal vehicle by specifying fuel consumption, fuel type,
driving schedule, and life time range.

Step 2a- The original and competitor component technology is input. This includes mass for the
component and part, the part material, and the shaping process. It is assumed this information is
available from a previous study of the component design concepts.

Step 2b- The component is scaled to fit in this nominal vehicle. Benchmark data is used to scale the
component mass from the original study to the specific nominal vehicle. The user may choose to use
scaling or to leave the component mass as originally input. A graph comparing the part mass to mass
for other benchmark vehicles is also provided in this step.
Step 3- The nominal vehicle is resized by substituting the competitor component for the original.
This substitution will require other vehicle systems to be resized in response to the mass difference in
the original and competitor components. Secondary mass change is the primary tool used in this step.
The user may choose the method for secondary mass change, and which subsystems are free to be
resized.
At this point, two vehicles have been defined allowing a comparison at the vehicle system level.

Step 4- Several metrics are calculated and compared for the two vehicles. These are:
1. Mass change (primary and subsystem resizing)
2. Cost change (primary and subsystem resizing)
3. Changes in fuel use and greenhouse gas
Material production greenhouse gas
Use Phase greenhouse gas
Recycling greenhouse gas credit
Life cycle total greenhouse gas
Fuel consumption
Life time fuel use
Life time fuel cost

Because much of the information used in these calculations is approximate, a final step is provided:

Step 5- A sensitivity analysis of how the metrics change in response to small changes in several
parameters.

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

2- Quick Start Application Example

As a sample application of the Design Advisor, consider a decision to use either a Steel driver’s seat
frame or a lighter mass magnesium seat frame. As is often the case in vehicle design, the decision
must be made before complete information is available for the vehicle or the seat frames.

Original

input Design analysis

information Advisor information
which
Challenger
component
better?

Context for use of Design Advisor

The available input information for this case study is shown below.

Component: Seat Frame Vehicle Parameters

Original Competitor Sedan/Hatchback

Component Component 5 passenger
100 kg cargo
Steel Magnesium, OAL=4.7 m
Stamped High pressure die cast OAW=1.8 m
17 kg total seat mass 13 kg total seat mass New architecture
10 kg frame mass 6 kg frame mass Internal Combustion-gasoline
Powertrain is fixed and will not change
6.8 liter/100 km (HYZEM schedule)
Life time range =155,000 km

Input information for example application

In subsequent sections, the Design Advisor will be used to estimate the mass, cost, and greenhouse
gas impacts on the vehicle system.

3
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Solution Map for navigating through the Design Advisor- The first sheet of the Design Advisor
is the Solution Map. This map shows the sequence of solution steps to be followed to arrive at the
final results. The analysis is ordered by moving from left to right through all steps in numerical order.

Sheet: Solution Map

The user can use the Solution Map sheet to move through building process from left to right by
clicking on the icons, inputting data, then using the ‘Back to Solution Map’ button found on each
sheet.

An alternative method for navigation is to use the buttons found on each sheet in the upper right
corner.

to previous step to next step

to Solution map Help with current sheet

Navigation buttons

A final alternative is to use the sheet tabs at the bottom of the screen moving from left to right.

Sheet tabs

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Conventions have been adapted to display information:

• Fields in light blue indicate information to be input by the user. In some cases, drop-down
lists, check boxes, and slider bars are also provided for data input.
• Fields marked in orange indicate values calculated in that sheet or in a prior sheet. Pre-loaded
parameter values are also shown in orange.
• On any sheet, by scrolling down, the pre-loaded parameter values may be found, there are
also listed in the Appendix. With normal use, these parameters are not changed and there is
no need to view this information.

These instructions are summarized on the Instructions sheet accessed from the Solution Map, bottom
bar. Note also at the bottom of the Instructions sheet, the cell protection may be turned off. This
allows selecting and changing any cell in the workbook. Under normal use, the protection should be
On to prevent accidentally overwriting a formula.

Color coding of cells and numbers

Spreadsheets are protected to avoid

accidental changing of cells.
Normally leave Protection ON

Sheet: Instructions

We will now step through the Seat Frame case study. Refer to the illustration at the beginning of
Section 2 for the input information.

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 1a: Create nominal vehicle- The user now defines the nominal vehicle on which to ‘install’
the original component. Selecting the left icon on the Solution Map, ‘Define nominal vehicle’, the
user is taken to the sheet shown below.

Here the user identifies the vehicle type and size using length and width. The number of passengers
and cargo mass are also input. A powertrain type is selected (internal combustion-gasoline, internal
combustion-diesel, parallel hybrid, fuel cell, plug-in electric, or battery electric). Based on these
inputs, the mass for vehicle curb condition, for GVM, and for each subsystem are estimated. These
estimates are for a nominal vehicle. If the user desires a lighter-than-average vehicle, the number of
standard deviations below the nominal value may be entered.

To the right of this sheet is a large matrix—the vehicle Bill of Materials (BOM). This matrix indicates
the material content for each subsystem. The default BOM represents a typical contemporary vehicle.
This matrix may be altered by the user.

In the upper right corner of each sheet is a link back to the Solution Map (circle), a right facing arrow
for the next step, a left facing arrow to go back to the previous step, or a question mark for help with
this sheet.

Vehicle mass defined by footprint area or by

user defined subsystem mass

Mass adjusted
for powertrain
type

Subsystem material composition is

preloaded but may be changed

Sheet: Set Nominal Vehicle

6
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 1b: Size powertrain for nominal vehicle- As the final step in setting the nominal vehicle,
the user sizes the powertrain. On this sheet the user enters life-time range, the fuel type consistent
with the selected powertrain (gasoline, diesel, E85, hydrogen, biodiesel, electricity), the driving
schedule (NEDC, HYZEM, US Combined), and the fuel consumption.

Results of simulations for the vehicle types, powertrain combinations and driving schedules have
been loaded as parameters [5, 6, 7]. A chart of fuel consumption vs. vehicle mass is provided to
select the appropriate fuel consumption consistent with this simulation data. Note that in these
simulations vehicle mass is associated with a specific vehicle type (A & C class, Compact, Midsize,
SUV). Front area, drag coefficient, and gradability are consistent with the vehicle type. For this
example, note how the calculated vehicle mass (yellow dot on graph below) falls on the curve for
Internal Combustion-gasoline, HYZEM schedule.

Select life time range

Select driving schedule Select compatible fuel

Select fuel consumption from graph

Sheet: Powertrain Sizing

7
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 2a: Input component data for original and competitor component- The primary input
data for the Design Advisor is a description of the original and competitor components. This required
data includes component mass, mass of the part of interest within the component, the value of any
mass drivers for this component, part material and primary shaping process. This set of data is
required for both the original and the competitor design concepts.

In the screen print below, the user has navigated using the Solution Map by clicking the second from
left icon ‘Changes to Component’. All inputs are either list boxes, or indicated with a light blue field.
This convention is used throughout the Design Advisor.

Metric units are used exclusively throughout the Design Advisor. The ‘Front Seat Frame’ has been
selected from a list of 16 components for which benchmark data exists. Once the component name
has been identified, the corresponding subsystem is shown to the right. Mass for the total component
and for the part within the component is entered (the part may be a weldment or assembly of the same
material.

Finally, the part material and the primary shaping process are selected from lists. These will be used
for cost estimation and in the material and recycling estimates of greenhouse gas. Note the message
on material/process compatibility. If a warning message is displayed, the results will not be valid.

Complexity
for
stampings

Steel-Conventional Steel Stamping

Steel-AHSS Steel TWB Stamping
Steel-Hot Stamped Steel Hot Stamping
Steel-Stainless Steel open roll form
Cast Iron Steel Tube Hydroform
Aluminum Wrought Steel Forging
Aluminum Cast Iron Casting

Sheet: Input Component Data

Step 2b: Scale component for nominal vehicle- In the same input sheet, benchmark data is
shown on the right side which allows comparison of the input mass data with data from several other
vehicles.

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Also, on this sheet, the component may be scaled based on mass drivers relevant to this component
(for the case of the seat frame, there are no mass drivers). To illustrate the use of mass drivers and
component scaling, below is an illustration for a hood. Here the mass driver is hood area. If the hood
area on the nominal vehicle (1.5 m2 in this example) is different than that used in the input data (2 m2
in this example), the hood mass is scaled based on the mass driver. The scaled mass for components
and parts shown at the bottom of the sheet will be used in subsequent calculations.

If the mass driver values are unknown, or if scaling is not desired, the user by enter the same arbitrary
value for both and no scaling will be applied (for example Hood Area used to size component=2, and
Mass driver for Nominal Vehicle=2).

Note also that the part and component data are always entered for one unit. The Design Advisor will
adjust the mass for the number of units per vehicle. For example, referring to the above illustration for
the seat frame. The seat frame data is entered for one seat. The software will account for the fact that
a vehicle will have two front seats as seen at the bottom of the sheet.

Sheet: Input Component Data

Example: Hood having Mass Driver of Area

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 3: Define resized vehicle by resizing nominal vehicle- The previous steps have defined a
nominal vehicle having the original component. In this sheet, that vehicle is resized for the competitor
component. This includes adjusting the mass of some subsystems which are mass dependent. The
primary tool used here is secondary mass analysis.

Little input is required of the user. The software inserts the primary mass change (the difference in the
adjusted original component and competitor component masses) at the appropriate subsystem. The
user enters the source for the secondary mass coefficients (Analytical, Regression, Ratio, or User
Defined), and the resizing method (Simple, Compounded). The user can further specify which
subsystems to consider in the resizing. For this example, the all subsystems can be resized with the
exception of the powertrain.

Using mass influence coefficients the vehicle is resized. This resized vehicle will be compared with
the nominal vehicle in subsequent steps.

Choose secondary
mass resizing method

mass change due

to component

Each subsystem resized for

component change

Ability to not resize subsystem

Choose NOT to resize
powertrain

Sheet: Mass Compounding

10
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 4: Comparison summary – The Comparison Summary shows is a high-level summary of the
results for mass, cost, and greenhouse gas. Each value shown on the left is the difference between the
Resized vehicle and the Nominal vehicle. Negative values indicate the Resized vehicle is preferred to
the Original vehicle.

Bar charts are provided in each area for a quick assessment of performance. The bars are additive as
vectors, see illustration on next page. If the sequence of bars terminates on the right side, the resized
vehicle is preferred; on the left side, the nominal vehicle is preferred. Green bars indicate that metric
is favorable for the resized vehicle, red for the nominal vehicle.

Often the individual metrics are in conflict: one improves while another degrades. To capture this
behavior, trade-off ratios are provided. See the illustration at the bottom of the next page for a
definition of trade-off ratios.

Finally in the lower right corner, life cycle greenhouse gas estimates are provided for each vehicle.
We are primarily interested in the differences however these absolute values are useful for
comparison with other sources.

This sheet is a summary. By clicking either on a specific bar, or by clicking on the gray dot next to
the metric name, a sheet with detailed results for that area will be brought up.

Marginal trade off

ratios

clicking takes stacked bar chart

user to next shows cumulative
level of detail effects Total LCA for each vehicle

Sheet: Comparison Summary

11
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

-
$1.89
$18.7
5
0

relative component $27.37 performance

worse for resized

relative subsystem - performance

1 better for resized

relative fuel - performance

$18.75 better for resized

net cost difference $25.48 worse net cost difference $6.73

for resized when only product cost worse for resized when fuel
is considered savings is considered
Interpreting the bar graphs

Trade-off
ratio cost
reduction
for resized T.O.R.= ∆ product cost
Origin: nominal
and resized ∆ mass
vehicle are same
+$27.37-$1.89=$25.48 increase in cost
mass for a 9.77 kg mass reduction
reduction
for resized
T. O. R.= $25.48 =-2.61 $ spent
-9.77 kg kg reduced

-
2.61
quadrant where both metrics are better for resized vehicle relative to nominal
quadrant where both metrics are worse for resized vehicle

quadrant where one metric is better, one worse for resized vehicle
Trade-off ratio significant
Definition of Trade-off ratios

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: Mass comparison- In this detailed results sheet, mass is compared for both
primary changes (considering only component), as well as subsystem resizing changes between the
nominal vehicle and resized vehicle. This sheet requires no inputs.

Sheet: Mass Change

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: Part shaping cost comparison- Cost is estimated for the original and
competitor parts and includes material, tooling, and equipment cost for the primary shaping process
only. All costs are based on the part mass, material, and shaping process. Therefore this is an
approximate cost for comparison purposes only.

A graph showing part cost dependency on manufacturing batch size is included for both the original
and competitor part. Often these will cross-over, and the user may enter a batch size other than the
default 100,000 units.

production volume
may be changed

Tooling and equipment cost

based on selected process
and component mass
cost estimate based
on shaping process reference plot
only

Sheet: Primary Cost

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: Cost savings for resized subsystems - Due to the primary change in
component mass, the resized vehicle will have subsystem mass changes. These changes in mass will
incur subsystem resizing cost changes. The resizing cost of changing a subsystem is estimated as a
factor—($/ unit mass change). This factor will be different for each subsystem and is based only on
material cost changes.

The user may define cost coefficients, and also decided which subsystem to consider resizing costs.

Subsystem cost change ability to include cost

per kg based on change or not include
material cost

Sheet: Subsystem resizing Cost

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: LCA Material comparison- Greenhouse gas—CO2—in the production of the
vehicle material is calculated. The part CO2 is estimated based on the materials in the original and
competitor components. CO2 for the primary shaping process is also estimated. A subsystem resizing
CO2 value is based on the material content for each subsystem. The grand total CO2 for material
production is the sum of the part, shaping process, and subsystem resizing values. For this example,
CO2 has been increased for the resized vehicle.

Key parameters of CO2/unit of material mass and manufacturing yield may be changed by the user.

Ability to change significant design

CO2 from material

production and from
shaping process

CO2 from resizing of

subsystems based on
material composition
and mass change

Sheet: LCA-Material

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: LCA Use comparison- The greenhouse gas generated during the use phase are
estimated, as well as energy use. The user may keep powertrain size fixed between the nominal and
resized vehicle, or may resize the powertrain to achieve the same acceleration performance between
the two vehicles. In both cases, the fuel consumption changes are based on a fuel consumption mass
reduction value which is determined by simulation [5, 6, 7].

ability to resize
powertrain for
constant
performance Fuel consumption
Reduction Value based on
fka models

Sheet: LCA-Use

17
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Detailed Results: LCA Material Recycling comparison- Greenhouse gas credit due to recycling
of the vehicle material is calculated. As in the material production calculation, the primary CO2 is
estimated based on the materials in the original and competitor components. A subsystem resizing
CO2 value is based on the material content for each subsystem (the same content is used as in the
material production CO2 estimate). The total CO2 credit for material recycling is the sum of the part
and subsystem resizing values.

Key parameters of CO2 credit/unit of material mass and recycle rate may be changed by the user.

Ability to change significant

design parameters

CO2 credit from material

recycling- component
and subsystem resizing
changes

Sheet: LCA-Recycle

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

Step 5: Sensitivity Analysis- The Sensitivity Analysis sheet provides a summary of all estimates
(Base line performance on left side of sheet for input values). It also allows the user to see how small
variations in select parameters affect performance (Perturbed Performance on the right side of the
sheet). In the graph, gray bars indicate directionally the base-line analysis values while the blue bars
indicate the perturbed values.

To perform a sensitivity analysis, first click the Reset parameter values, then click Run Analysis. This
will make Perturbed Performance the same as the base. Now change key parameters using the sliders,
then click Run Analysis. The Perturbed Performance will now reflect the changes made. This analysis
is particularly useful in seeing if a result will ‘flip’ in preference—the blue bar will be on the opposite
side of the center line. This indicates that the preference for the components is not strong and that
further detailed analysis is needed.

Sheet: Sensitivity Analysis

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User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 2. Quick Start Application Example

The table below is a summary of the specific information input on each sheet of the Design
Advisor. Bold font indicates required inputs. Red indicates important parameters which can
be changed from Results Summary sheet.

Excel Sheet Information input on sheet

1a. Set Nominal Vehicle •vehicle type
•length and width
•number of passengers
•cargo mass
•(optional) standard deviation from average
curb mass
•powertrain type
•(optional) subsystem masses

•life time range

1b. Powertrain Sizing •fuel type
•driving schedule
•nominal vehicle fuel consumption
2a. Input Component Data
2b. Size Component for nominal vehicle •component name
•mass driver value used to size component
•component and part mass
•component material
•shaping process
•mass driver for nominal vehicle
3. Resizing Nominal Vehicle
(sheet Mass Compounding) •influence coefficient source
•resizing method
•resize specific subsystems (yes/no)
•(optional) subsystem influence coefficients
Results-Component Shaping Cost
(sheet Component Cost) •batch size

Results-Cost savings for resized subsystem •(optional) consider cost for specific
(sheet Subsystem Cost) subsystems (yes/no)
•(optional) subsystem cost coefficients

Results-LCA Material Comparison •(optional) manufacturing yield

(sheet LCA-Material) •(optional) GHG/unit material coefficient

Results-LCA Use Comparison •Resize powertrain for equal performance

(sheet LCA-Use) (yes/no)
•(optional) Discount rate for fuel cost

Results-LCA Recycling Comparison •(optional) manufacturing yield

(sheet LCA-Recycle) •(optional) GHG/unit recycle coefficient

20
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3- Technical Description
In this section, the models used to in the Design Advisor are described. These first order analysis
models were selected to provide enough accuracy to support the A vs. B selection decision, and also
because they require only that input information which would be available during the early design
stages.

3.1 Mass Estimation for the Nominal Vehicle- Often the curb mass for the vehicle is unknown
and must be estimated. The plan view area of the vehicle (Length x Width) can be used to make this
estimation,

(Curb mass)=β1 (plan view area) + β0 )

where
m’CURB =estimated curb mass (kg) for base gasoline IC, sedan/hatchback, FWD, BFI
APLAN =Plan view area of vehicle (length x width) (m2)
β0, β1 =coefficients estimated by regression
ε =residual error N(0,σ)

Data from several sources were used to fit the above expression, see below [1, 4, 5, 11, 12].

SUV
2500
curb mass = 228.93Area+ε

Sedans/Hatchbacks
2000 curb mass = 169.87Area+ε
ε~N(0,132kg)
Curb Mass Fka benchmark vehicles
R2 = 0.6239
(kg) SUV
1500 Mid Size
Compact
Sedans/hatchbacks
1000
FSV PHEV40
FSV FCEV
500
FSV BEV, PHEV 20

0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Area (m2)
Curb mass estimated using Plan view area

With curb mass determined, the mass for each subsystem may be taken as a fraction of the estimated
curb mass.

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

φ1   m1 
φ  m 
φ =  2 , m'CURB φ =  2 
.  . 
   
φ n  mn 
where
φi =mass fraction relative to curb mass for subsystem i
for the reference vehicle (IC gasoline), Σφi=1
for other powertrain types, Σφi may be smaller or larger than one
m’CURB =curb mass (kg) of reference IC-gasoline vehicle estimated by plan view area
mi =subsystem mass (kg)
mCURB =curb mass (kg) for vehicle with specific powertrain mCURB = ∑m i

Data to evaluate the subsystem mass fraction were obtained from vehicle teardowns [1]. The
illustration below shows subsystem mass data for several vehicles (sedan/hatchback FWD, integral
body, gasoline internal combustion engines). The average values for each subsystem was used to
estimate the mass fraction, φi , for the reference IC-gasoline case.

Subsystem Mass
Curb Mass
Internal Combustion -Gasoline
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
n

s
em

t
e

io

io

on
us

el

n
ur

ns

ns

rs
g

ai
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he

si
st

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ri n

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pe

rt r
pe

is
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ru

gi
W
Ex

ee

sm

we
m
us

us

En
St

&

Bu
St
&

an
S

in
rS

Po
dy

s
el
ak

re
nt

Tr
ea
Bo

Fu
o

Ti
Br
Fr

Subsystem mass/curb mass

To evaluate the mass fractions for other powertrain types, the functional changes needed to replace a
IC-gasoline with the alternative powertrain were considered, see illustration below. These functional
changes then lead to changes in subsystems and a resulting change in subsystem mass fraction.

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

Internal Parallel Hydrogen Fuel Plug-in Hybrid Battery

combustion Hybrid Cell Electric Electric
IC-G, IC-D HEV FC PHEVRANGE-MILES BEV

IC-G IC-D
Functional changes relative to Internal Combustion-Gasoline
Base •combustion •motor+IC •motor •motor+IC •motor
subsystem severity •regenerative •fuel cell •regenerative braking •regenerative
masses •noise braking •regenerative •battery size braking
isolation braking •interior trim •battery size
•pressure tank adjustments •interior trim
adjustments
•improved
noise source
Functional changes required for various powertrains

Based on these functional changes, the subsystem mass fractions are adjusted depending on the
powertrain selected, illustration below.

Changed
relative to IC-G IC-G IC-D HEV FC PHEV BEV
20 40

Body Non-structure 0.184 0.175

0.204

Body Structure 0.207

0.227 0.237 0.232

0.039
Front Suspension 0.049 0.059
0.059 0.034
0.044 0.037
Rear Suspension 0.037
0.032 0.037
0.037 0.037
Braking
0.125

Powertrain
0.185 0.000
Fuel & Exhaust 0.040 0.220 0.220 0.215 0.029
0.035 0.055
0.014
Steering 0.045 0.045 0.065

Tires & Wheels 0.065

0.046
Electrical 0.035
Cooling 0.027
0.022
Bumpers 0.045
~0.184
Closures ~0.026
~0.057
Elect. Car Battery
Relative to trend line mass 1.00 x 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.003 1.058 1.026
Subsystem mass fractions for a given powertrain

23
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

The electric car battery sizing model is shown below and depends on frontal area, range, and curb
mass [10]. Once the required battery power is determined, the battery mass is determined using
energy density for a particular battery technology.
Li-ion technology
Battery Battery
Mass (kg) Power (Wh)
60000
350
300 50000
Power required
250 40000
PBATTERY = 0.0623 A f ⋅ R ⋅ M CURB 200 30000
BEV155 mi
PBATTERY =required battery power (Wh) 150
Af =vehicle frontal area (m2) 20000
100 PHEV40 mi
R =range with fully charged battery (km) 10000
MCURB =vehicle curb mass (kg) 50
PHEV20 mi
0
Battery Mass 0 500 1000 1500 2000

PBATTERY Curb mass (kg)

m BATTERY =
e DENSITY Battery mass
BEV 20-22 % curb
mBATTERY =battery mass (kg) PHEV40 5.1-5.6 %
eDENSITY =battery energy density (Wh/kg) PHEV20 2.5-2.8 %
2.03 m2<Af <2.24 m2
for Li-ion technology, eDENSITY=155 Wh/kg
User Guide for Version 3 of the WorldAutoSteel Energy and GHG Model, Roland Geyer, WorldAutoSteel, 1/6/2011, page 24.
Battery Sizing Model

To implement this model, the vehicle frontal area is required. As this parameter is often unknown in
the early design stage, overall width was used as an estimator for frontal area, see illustration below.

A class C class SUV

Frontal area
2
m2
A = 0.569(W)2.42
1 R2= 0.89

0
1.65 1.7 1.8 1.9
Overall width (m)
Estimating frontal area using overall width

24
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.1.1 Vehicle Bill of Material and Material Mass- To capture the material use in the vehicle,
the Bill of Materials—BOM—is used. This is a matrix with each element being the fraction
of a particular subsystem composed of a particular material,
α 11 α 12 ...
BOM α = α 21 α ij ...
 ... ... ...
where
αij=fraction of subsystem i composed of material j
Note that rows will sum to 1
m1 
Subsystem mass vector m =  mi 
 ... 
where
mi =mass of subsystem i
α 11 α 12 ...
[ ] ...]α 21 α ij ... = m α ( )()
T
Total mass of material j in vehicle m = m1 m j ... = [m1 mi
 ... ... ...
where
mj =total mass of material j in vehicle
The Design Advisor is pre-loaded with a conventional BOM resulting in 67% Ferrous material, 7%
Aluminum, 5% Copper, 6% glass, 11% Plastics, 4% Rubber, and <1% other. This default may be
changed by the user.
Vehicle Bill of Materials
C onv Steel Long&spec.
C onv Steel F lat carbon

A HS S Long & special

M agnesium W rought
A lum inum W rought
H ot Stam ped S teel
A HS S F lat carbon

M agnesium Cast
A lum inum Cast
S tainless Steel
C ast Iron

C opper

R ubber

IC-gasoline
P lastic

G F RP
C F RP
G lass

Body Non-structure
Body Structure
0.15 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
Front Suspension 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.20 0.30 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
Rear Suspension
0.60 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
Braking 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Powertrain 0.15 0.3

0.15 0.30 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0
0.00 0.3
0.30 0.05 0.15
0.05 0.15 0.000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0.05
0.000.05 0
0.00 0
0.00 0 100%
0.00

0.75 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fuel & Exhaust 0.10 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05

Steering 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 fraction

0.00 of powertrain
0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 made of Cast
0.00 0.00 Iron0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Tires & Wheels
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
Electrical 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.55 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.05
Cooling
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bumpers
Closures
Default BOM

25
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.2 Scaling Component Mass - In general, the component data input has been sized for a specific
vehicle. Attributes of the nominal vehicle may be different than this, and the component should be
resized based on its specific mass driver. As an example, benchmark data for hood mass can be
expressed as,
mˆ HOOD (kg ) = 11.06( Area m 2 )0.867

In this expression, the hood mass depends on hood Area—a mass driver for the hood. If we have
mass data for a hood B with area 1.0 m2, we can scale that hood to estimate the mass of hood A with
area 1.5m2,
0.867
 1.5 m 2 
m A = m B  
2 
 1.0 m 
or in general,
β
m A  MassDriverA 
= 
m B  MassDriverB 

β
 MassDriverA 
mA =   mB
 MassDriverB 
where
mA =mass of component A to be determined
mB =mass of reference component B
β =exponent for the significant mass driver

Mass drivers for components in the Design Advisor are summarized below.

Component name Mass-Driver

Front Suspension Knuckle Gross vehicle mass
Front Suspension lower control arm Gross vehicle mass
Body Structure Gross vehicle mass
Deck Lid Frame Projected Area
Exhaust System Engine displacement
Front Bumper Beam Curb mass
Front Door Frame Projected Area
Front Seat Frame No mass driver
Front Suspension Gross vehicle mass
Hatchback Frame Projected Area
Hood Frame Projected Area
Instrument Panel Beam No mass driver
Lift Gate Frame Projected Area
Other User defined
Rear Bumper Beam Curb mass
Rear Suspension Gross vehicle mass
Wheels Swept volume (circular area x width)

Mass Drivers

26
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.3 Powertrain Sizing for the Nominal Vehicle-To determine fuel consumption (energy demand),
simulations were done for the 18 vehicles shown below[5, 6, 7, 17].

Compact Midsize SUV

mass power mass power mass power

Internal IC-G 1260 kg (85 kW) 1640 (181) 2195 (235)
combustion IC-D 1350 (100) 1740 (170) 2320 (220)
Parallel
Hybrid HEV 1335 (85) 1752 (181) 2345 (235)
Hydrogen
Fuel Cell FCV 1335 (64-73) 1752 (116-131) 2345 (173-195)
0-100km/h time=9.8 s 6.9 s 6.5 s

A class C class

mass power mass power Plug-in Hybrid Electric

PHEV20 1107kg (50/45) 1349 (85/75) PHEVRANGE-MILES
PHEV40 1268 (50/47) 1512 (85/75)
Battery Electric
BEV155 1097 (45) 1334 (75)
0-100km/h time=11-13 s 11-13 s
power kW
(ICE/Motor)
Vehicles Simulated [5, 6, 7, 17]

The resulting fuel consumption (energy demand) is summarized on the chart below. This data is used
to estimate the fuel consumption of the nominal vehicle.

Fuel Consumption equivalent (l/100km)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Fuel Consumption (MJ/100km)

1200
Vehicle
Mass
(kg)
1600

2000

2400
BEV FCV PHEV20 PHEV40 HEV-G ICE-D ICE-G - NEDC
ICE-G - HYZEM
ICE-G - US

Energy Demand as a functional of vehicle mass

27
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

To estimate how fuel consumption changes due to mass reduction, a fuel consumption mass reduction
value is applied. This value is defined as the reduction in energy consumption (MJ/100 km) per 100
kg of vehicle mass reduction. In the thumbnail graphs below, the fuel reduction value, FRV, is
expressed in equivalent liters gasoline rather than energy. Note that the FRV is greatest for pure
internal combustion powertrains, and is largest when the powertrain is resized—red line at top of each
graph—to achieve constant acceleration performance (rather than keeping the same displacement—
blue lines at bottom of each graph).
NEDC schedule HYZEM schedule US combined
0.45 0.45 0.45
resize
PT
IC gasoline

IC diesel

HEV gasoline

FCV

Compact Mid SUV Compact Mid SUV Compact Mid SUV

size size size

PHEV40

PHEV20

BEV

A C A C A C
Class Class Class Class Class Class

Fuel Reduction Value (l/100km/100kg)

28
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

Using the energy demand and the Fuel Reduction Value, the calculation methodology to determine
vehicle fuel consumption for the nominal and resized vehicles is as follows,

Calculation steps Example values

1. set nominal vehicle mass 1400 kg

2. select powertrain technology IC-g

3. select fuel consumption schedule NEDC

4. select a consistent base fuel consumption (energy demand)

Fuel Consumption equivalent (l/100km)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
800 6 l/100km
using energy Vehicle
1200

demand graphs Mass

(kg) 1600

2000
IC-gas
2400
NEDC

1410 kg
5. resize nominal vehicle for component mass change

6. calculate change in vehicle mass between nominal and resized, ∆M 10 kg

7. use FCME FRV*∆∆M

FRV to determine change in fuel consumption ∆ fuel consumption= (FCME)* M
FCME
0.4 resized
∆fc=(0.4 L/100km/100kg)10 kg= 0.04 L/100km
(liter/100km / 100kg)
not
resized

0.0
resized fuel consumption=6+0.04= 6.04 L/100km
Compact Mid-size SUV

Fuel consumption calculation steps

29
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.4 Mass Estimation of the Resized Vehicle (mass compounding)- When the mass of a
component is changed during vehicle design, other subsystems are also affected.. This effect is known
as the secondary mass effect, and is captured in the following equations. For the overall vehicle mass,
M RS = M 0 + ∆ + ∆Γ
M0 =Initial vehicle mass for which the subsystems are sized
∆ =Initial total mass change (primary mass change)
MRS =Resized vehicle mass
∆. Γ =Additional (secondary) mass change due to resizing all subsystems
Γ = γV for simple secondary mass
γV
Γ= for compounded secondary mass
1 − γV
γV =Mass influence coefficient for the vehicle given by γ V = Σγ i
γi =Mass influence coefficient for subsystem i
The resulting mass for subsystem i due to an initial increase of ∆;
mi RS = mi0 + ∆ i + ∆τ
τ = γi for simple secondary mass
γi
τ = for compounded secondary mass
1 − γV
mi0 =Initial subsystem i mass
∆i =Initial mass change in subsystem i
miRS =Resized subsystem i mass
∆i . τ =Additional (secondary) mass change for subsystem i
Three methods to estimate mass influence coefficients are shown below. The Design Advisor allows
the user to select the method and to select simple or compounded mass.
Ratio Regression Analytic
subsystem
mass
mi reference
∆m reference vehicle
vehicle
several
mass change
similar
estimated by
vehicles
analysis
GVM
M ∆M

γι = m/M mˆ = R1
β 0 + β1 (GVM) + β 2 (MassDriver2 ) + ... + ε R2 mˆ i = f (R1 , R2 ,...Rn ) mi
or .
.
mˆ = β 0 (GVM) β 1 (massdriver2 ) β 2 ... Rn
∂mˆ R: set of requirements
γi =
∂GVM believed to be dominate

Methods to estimate secondary mass influence coefficients

30
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.5 Primary Cost Estimation- The primary cost change is limited here to material cost and tooling
and equipment cost for the primary shaping process. This is modeled by the following equation,

 m CM   (CT ) 1  CC  1
C =   +  n  +   + C& OH
 1− f    n&  L ⋅ tWO  n&

C =Cost per part ($)

CM =Cost of material ($/kg)
f =Scrap fraction note: (yield=1-f )
CC =Cost of equipment ($)
CT =Cost of tooling ($)
ń =Production rate (number of units made per year)
n =Batch size
m =Part mass (kg)
tWO =Capital write-off time (years equipment will be productive)
L =Load factor (fraction of time equipment is productive)
COH =Overhead rate ($/yr)
(all other costs of production not allocated directly to part)
COH=0 for this analysis

Tooling cost and equipment cost are taken as dependent on part mass. For example, for steel the
expressions are shown below.

Example relationships to determine equipment and tooling cost as a function of part mass

The parameters used for tooling and equipment costs, material utilization and production rate, and
material costs are found in the Appendix.

31
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.6 Subsystem Resizing Cost Estimation-When changing a component, other subsystems of the
vehicle may be resized due to mass compounding. This causes a subsystem resizing cost,

subsystem cost change = (subsystem mass change)(subsystem cost/unit subsystem mass)

The subsystem cost/unit mass is determined by the material cost for the subsystem given by the
following expressions.
α 11 α 12 ...
Vehicle Bill of Material, α = α 21 .α ij ...
 ... ... ...
where
αij=fraction of subsystem i composed of material j
Note that rows will sum to 1

 c1 
Vector of material costs c = c j 
 ... 
where
cj=cost per unit mass of material j ($/kg)

C1  α 11 α 12 ...  c1 
  
Material cost of subsystem i in vehicle C = ... = α 21 α ij ... c j  = α c
( )( )
  
C i   ... ... ...  ... 
where
Ci=total material cost of subsystem i in vehicle

The electric car battery cost was taken to be,

[$550 / kWh] [155 Wh/kg] [kW/1000W]

85.25 $ / kg

Battery Cost

32
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.7 Life Cycle Assessment: Material Production- A typical material production sequence is
shown below. Material is produced by both a primary production process using basic ore, and also a
secondary process using recycled material. After production, the material enters a finishing process
(cold rolling in this example) resulting in one unit of material entering the vehicle manufacturing
process. Green house gas is produced in the finishing, secondary, and primary production steps. The
greenhouse gas calculation is indicated below.

Part Forming Finishing Material Production

material in vehicle Primary production
mγ m(1-rCONT)
Blast Furnace
m m(100%) Basic Oxygen Furnace

prompt scrap 1 kg material Secondary production

produced Electric Arc
m(1-γ) m(rCONT) Furnace

CO2 Produced iFINISHING iSECONDARY iPRIMARY

kgCO2eq/kg kgCO2eq/kg kgCO2eq/kg

Total CO2
Material
Production= CO2 Finishing + CO2 Secondary + CO2 Primary
Process Production Production
Material Production Flow
Total CO2 Material Production =
[CO2 Primary Production] + [CO2 Secondary Production] + [CO2 Finishing Process]
I MAT = [m(1 − rCONT )i PRIMARY ] + [mrCONT i SECONDARY ] + [mi FINIFSHING ]
I MAT = m[(1 − rCONT )i PRIMARY + rCONT i SECONDARY + i FINIFSHING ]

I MAT = m[iTOTAL _ PRODUCTION ]

Where
m =mass of material produced
IMAT =CO2 resulting from production of m kg of finished material (kg CO2eq)
rCONT =fraction of material from secondary production
iPRIMARY =CO2 resulting from primary production of 1 kg (kg CO2eq/kg material)
iSECONDARY =CO2 resulting from secondary production of 1 kg (kg CO2eq/kg material)
iFINISHING =CO2 resulting from finishing process of 1 kg (kg CO2eq/kg material)
iTOTAL_PRODUCTION=CO2 resulting from complete production of 1 kg (kg CO2eq/kg material)
(resource extraction (cradle) to factory gate)

Part shaping process GHG ISHAPE=m iSHAPE

Where
m =Mass of material to shaping process (kg)
iSHAPE=CO2/kg material

33
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.8 Life Cycle Assessment: Use Phase- Greenhouse gas produced during the use phase falls in
two areas, the GHG due to fuel consumed in using the vehicle (tank to wheels), and the GHG due to
producing the fuel (wheel to tank). Both sources are accounted for in the Design Advisor using the
following expressions.
CO2

use energy consumption

CO2

Use phase GHG areas

I USE = I WELL _ TANK + I TANK _ WHEELS

I WELL _ TANK = [i FUEL _ PRODUCTION ]R L ( ED)
I TANK _ WHEELS = [i FUEL _ COMBUSTION ]R L ( ED)

Where
ED =Energy demand per unit distance (MJ/100km)
EDNOMINAL VEHICLE=f( vehicle mass, schedule ) from fka simulations
EDRESIZED VEHICLE=(ED)NOM+(∆m)(FCME)

(∆m) =Difference in mass between resized and nominal vehicles (kg)

(FCME)=Fuel Consumption mass elasticity (MJ/100kg)
RL =life time range (km)
IUSE =CO2 resulting from vehicle use over life (kg CO2eq)
iFUEL_PRODUCTION =CO2 resulting from production of 1 unit of fuel (kg CO2eq/MJ)
iFUEL _COMBUSTION=CO2 resulting from combustion of 1 unit of fuel (kg CO2eq/MJ)

note: Gasoline equivalent energy demand (liter/100km)=ED/ QLHV

QLHV =Lower Heating Value of fuel (MJ/liter) (for gasoline QLHV=31.88 MJ/liter)

34
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 3- Technical Description

3.9 Life Cycle Assessment: Recycle- The flow of a unit of material is shown below at the end-of-
life stage. A greenhouse gas credit results by displacing a unit of primary material production with a
unit of secondary production.

recycled from vehicle

γ mrEOL

accounted for as γ m(rEOL-rCONT)

mγ input to primary
production mass to secondary production
material in which offsets primary
vehicle γ mrCONT production
m
+ m[γ (r -r
EOL CONT)+(1−γ) (rM−rCONT)]
1 kg material recycled from mfg process
produced =m[γ rEOL+(1−γ) rM−rCONT]
(1-γ)mrM

accounted for as (1−γ) m(rM-rCONT)

m(1-γ) input to primary
production GHG credit per kg
prompt material
scrap (1-γ)mrCONT (Material production
difference Primary
and Secondary)
iCREDIT
kgCO2eq/kg

Material Recycling Flow

IRECYCLE=(1-α)m[γ(rEOL−rCONT)+(1−γ)(rM−rCONT)](iSECONDARY−iPRIMARY)

Where
m =mass of material produced (kg)
IRECYCLE=CO2 credit from end of life of (mγ) kg of material from vehicle (kg CO2eq)
rM =Prompt scrap recycling rate
rEOL =End of Life recycle rate for vehicle
rCONT =Scrap input to primary production
γ =Vehicle production forming yield (from material mass of m, part mass of mγ results)
iCREDIT =GHG credit per kg material (Material production difference between Secondary and Primary)
iPRIMARY =Environmental impact of primary material production
iSECONDARY =Environmental impact of secondary material production
(1-α) =Factor for Consequential System Expansion method

35
User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 References

References
1. A2mac1.com Automotive benchmarking, Ypsilanti, MI.

2. Anderson, M., Course notes for Global Vehicle Integration, AUTO 501, University of
Michigan, 2010.

3. CES EduPack 2012 Version 11.9.9, Grant Design Limited, www.grantadesign.com,

Cambridge, UK.

4. EDAG, WorldAutoSteel - Future Steel Vehicle Phase 2—Report, April 20, 2011.

5. fka, Wohlecker, Roland, et al., Determination of Weight Elasticity of Fuel Economy for
Conventional ICE Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles, fka, Report 55510, June
2007.

6. fka, Schulte-Corne, Claus, et al., Determination of weight influence on the energy

consumption of battery electric vehicles and plugin hybrid vehicles, fka, Report 99280,
January, 2010.

7. fka, Schulte-Corne, Claus, et al., Determination of weight influence on the energy

consumption according to US regulations, fka, Report 105620, April 2011.

8. Fuchs, Hannes, A/SP Lightweight Suspension Front Lower Control Arm Design Optimization,
Great Designs in Steel Seminar, 2010.

9. Geyer, R., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessments of Automotive Materials,
Methodology Report, UCSB, WorldAutoSteel, December, 2007

10. Geyer, R, User Guide for Version 3 of the WorldAutoSteel Energy and GHG Model, UCSB,
WorldAutoSteel, January 6, 2012.

11. Malen D. & Reddy, K., Preliminary Vehicle Mass Estimation Using Empirical Subsystem
Influence Coefficients, Auto/Steel Partnership, June 26, 2007

12. Malen D., Automotive Mass Benchmarking, Auto/Steel Partnership and USAMP, May 15,
2010

13. http://www.epa.gov/nvfel/testing/dynamometer.htm , US Driving Schedules, US EPA.

14. http://www.epa.gov./otaq/tcldata.htm, Test car data files, US EPA.

15. http://greet.es.anl.gov/main, Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in

Transportation, Argonne Nat. Lab, US DOE.

16. USLAB-AVC, Engineering Report, Porsche Engineering Services, Oct, 2001, Chapter 15:
CO2 and vehicle performance.

17. fka, Scholz-Starke, et al, Determination of Weight Influence on Energy Consumption under
EPA Conditions, Report 124960, November 2012.

36
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix A: Notation

Appendix A. Notation
Af Vehicle frontal area (m2)
cj Cost per unit mass of material j ($/kg)
Ci Total material cost of subsystem i in vehicle ($)
C Cost per part ($)
C Cost of equipment ($)
C
C Cost of material ($/kg)
M
C Overhead rate ($/yr)
OH
C Cost of tooling ($)
T
eDENSITY Battery energy density (Wh/kg)
ED Energy demand (MJ/100km)
(FCME) Fuel Consumption mass elasticity (MJ/100kg)
f Scrap fraction note: (yield=1-f )
i Subscript for subsystem
iFUEL_PRODUCTION GHG resulting from production of 1 unit of fuel (kg CO2eq/MJ)
iFUEL _COMBUSTION GHG resulting from combustion of 1 unit of fuel (kg CO2eq/MJ)
iCREDIT GHG credit per kg material (Material production difference between Secondary and Primary)
iPRIMARY GHG for primary material production per unit mass (kg CO2eq/kg)
iSECONDARY GHG for secondary material production per unit mass (kg CO2eq/kg)
I_ GHG total (kg CO2eq ), subscript for USE, MATERIAL PRODUCTION, RECYCLE
j Subscript for material
L Vehicle length (m)
L Load factor (fraction of time equipment is productive)
mCURB Curb mass (kg)
mi Subsystem mass (kg)
mj total mass of material j in vehicle
mi Initial subsystem i mass
0
miRS Resized subsystem i mass
M0 Initial vehicle mass for which the subsystems are sized
MRS Resized vehicle mass
ń Production rate (number of units made per year)
n Batch size (number of parts made over life of design)
m Part mass (kg)
PBATTERY Required battery power (Wh)
rM Prompt scrap recycling rate
rEOL End of Life recycle rate for vehicle
rCONT Scrap input to primary production
R Range with fully charged battery (km)
RL Life time range (km)
TWO Capital write-off time (years equipment will be productive)
QLHV Lower Heating Value of fuel (MJ/liter) (for gasoline QLHV=31.88 MJ/liter)
W Vehicle width
αij fraction of subsystem i composed of material j
β Regression coefficient
∆ Initial total mass change (primary mass change)
∆i Initial mass change in subsystem i
(∆m) Difference in mass between resized and nominal vehicles (kg)
φi Mass fraction relative to curb mass for subsystem i
γ Forming yield (from material mass of m, part mass of mγ results)
γi Mass influence coefficient for subsystem i

37
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Appendix B. Parameters loaded in spreadsheets

Input Component Data Sheet

Table of vehicle subsystems Table of Part materials Table of Part shaping processes
B59:B71 B93:B104 G94:G106
Body Non-structure Steel-Conventional Steel Stamping
Body Structure Steel-AHSS Steel Tailor Welded Blank Stamping
Front Suspension Steel-Hot Stamped Steel Hot Stamping
Rear Suspension Steel-Stainless Steel Open Roll Form
Braking Cast Iron Steel Tubular Hydroforming
Powertrain Aluminum Wrought Steel Forging
Fuel & Exhaust Aluminum Cast Iron Casting
Steering Magnesium Wrought NonFerrous Stamping
Tires & Wheels Magnesium Cast NonFerrous Extrusion
Electrical CFRP NonFerrous Die Casting
Cooling GFRP NonFerrous Forging
Bumpers SMC Composite Sheet Molding Compound
Closures Composite Resin Transfer

Table of benchmarked components and mapping:

Component to vehicle subsystem, mass driver, units, scaling exponent, and mass benchmark equation
G59:P74
Body Structure Body Structure GVM kg 0.44 Picture 6695
Front Door Frame Closures Door Area m^2 0.87 Picture 6680
Hood Frame Closures Hood Area m^2 1.24 Picture 6681
Deck Lid Frame Closures Deck Lid Area m^2 1.18 Picture 6682
Hatchback Frame Closures Hatchback Area m^2 0.55 Picture 6683
Lift Gate Frame Closures Liftgate Area m^2 0.44 Picture 6684
Instrument Panel Beam Body Structure No mass driver 1.00 Picture 6691
Front Bumper Beam Bumpers Curb Mass kg 0.55 Picture 6692
Rear Bumper Beam Bumpers Curb Mass kg 0.87 Picture 6693
Front Seat Frame Body Non-structure No mass driver 1.00 Picture 6690
Front Suspension Knuckle Front Suspension GVM kg 0.48 Picture 6686
Front Suspension Lower Front Suspension GVM kg 0.90 Picture 6687
Control Arm-McPherson
Front Suspension Lower Front Suspension GVM kg 1.04 Picture 6687
Control Arm-SLA
Wheels Tires & Wheels Swept Volume mm^3 0.63 Picture 6689
Exhaust System Fuel & Exhaust Engine Disp. liter 1.00 Picture 6694
Other N/A No mass driver 1.00 Picture 6792

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Input Component Data Sheet-continued

Table of compatible materials and processes

G130:R135
Steel-Conventional Steel-AHSS Steel-Hot Steel-Stainless Cast
Stamped Iron
Steel Stamping Steel Stamping Steel Hot Steel Stamping Iron
Stamping Casting
Steel Tailor Welded Blank Steel Tailor Welded Steel Tailor Welded Blank
Stamping Blank Stamping Stamping
Steel Open Roll Form Steel Open Roll Steel Open Roll Form
Form
Steel Tubular Hydroforming Steel Tubular Steel Tubular
Hydroforming Hydroforming
Steel Forging Steel Forging Steel Forging

Table continued
Aluminum Aluminum Magnesium Magnesium CFRP GFRP SMC
Wrought Cast Wrought Cast
NonFerrous NonFerrous NonFerrous NonFerrous Composite Composite Composite
Stamping Die Casting Stamping Die Casting Sheet Molding Sheet Molding Sheet Molding
Compound Compound Compound
NonFerrous NonFerrous Composite Composite
Extrusion Extrusion Resin Transfer Resin Transfer
NonFerrous NonFerrous
Forging Forging

39
 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Set Nominal Vehicle Sheet

Table of subsystem mass fractions for various powertrain selections
A51:L66
Sub- IC- IC-diesel Parallel Fuel Cell Plug in Plug in Battery
system gasoline hybrid- Hybrid- Hybrid- Electric-
gasoline 20 mile 40 mile 140 mile
range range range

1 Body Non-
0.204 0.204 0.204 0.204 0.184 0.204 0.175 structure
2 0.227 0.237 0.232 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.207 Body Structure
3 Front
0.049 0.059 0.059 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.039 Suspension
4 Rear
0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.034 Suspension
5 0.032 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 Braking
6 0.185 0.220 0.220 0.215 0.185 0.185 0.109 Powertrain
7 0.040 0.045 0.045 0.065 0.029 0.035 0.000 Fuel & Exhaust
8 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 Steering
9 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.055 Tires & Wheels
10 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 Electrical
11 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 Cooling
12 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 Bumpers
13 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.035 Closures
14 0.029 0.058 0.226 Battery (electric
Depends Depends Depends car)
on curb on curb on curb
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 mass mass mass
total 1.000 1.060 1.060 1.060 1.003 1.058 1.026

Table for curb mass estimate for Nominal gasoline IC vehicle

B67:E70
Vehicle Type Slope: Curb Intercept: Curb Mass to standard
Mass to Area Area Intercept error
(kg/m^2) (kg) (kg)
Sedan/Hatchback 169.71 0.00 132.00
SUV 229.00 0.00 132.00
User Defined 0 0 0

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Set Nominal Vehicle Sheet –continued

Table for default material mass fractions for each subsystem and materials in the vehicle Bill of Materials
N73:AF86

Conv Steel Long&spec.

Conv Steel Flat carbon

AHSS Long & special

Magnesium Wrought

Battery (electric car)

Aluminum Wrought
Hot Stamped Steel
AHSS Flat carbon

Magnesium Cast

other (no GHG)

Aluminum Cast
Stainless Steel

Cast Iron

Copper

Rubber
Plastic

GFRP
CFRP
Glass
Body
Non-
struc 0.15 0.1 0.03 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.3 0.4 0 0 0 0 0.1
Body
Struct 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Front 0.1
Susp 0.2 0.3 0 0.2 0 0 5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0
Rear 0.1
Susp 0.6 0.1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0
Brake 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pwrtrn 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0
Fuel & 0.1
Exh 0.75 0.1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2
Steer 0.1 0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0
Tires
&
Wheel 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
Elect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0
Bmpr 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0
Clsure 0.55 0.05 0.05 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0
Battry
elcCar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Table for electric car range

D73:G79
Internal Combustion-gasoline 0
Internal Combustion-diesel 0
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 0
Fuel Cell 0
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 20
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 40
Battery Electric- 155 mile range 155

Battery energy density

D89
Battery energy density Wh/kg 155

Battery cost /kWh

D98
Battery cost projected
2015 $/kWh 550

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Component Mass Benchmarking Sheet

Table of benchmark data for all components
P53:CH179
Refer to Excel sheet

List of component mass equations

A73:A145
Refer to Excel sheet

Powertrain Sizing Sheet

Table of compatible powertrains and fuels

J85:P91
Combustion-diesel

Plug in Hybrid-20

Plug in Hybrid-40

Battery Electric-
Parallel hybrid-

140 mile range

Combustion-

mile range

mile range
Fuel Cell
gasoline

gasoline
Internal

Internal

Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Hydrogen Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-

USA USA USA
E85 BioDiesel E85 Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-
Europe Europe Europe
Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-
China China China
Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-
Japan Japan Japan
Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-
India India India
Electricity- Electricity- Electricity-
Coal Coal Coal

Table of energy demands for various powertrains and vehicle mass

E219:M280
Refer to Excel sheet

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Mass Compounding sheet

Table of secondary mass coefficients
D53:J68
sub- not Analytical Regression Ratio User
system used Defined

1 (varies Body Non-structure

with
specific
0.0000 0.0000 case)
2 0.0961 0.1267 Body Structure
3 0.0248 0.0272 Front Suspension
4 0.0248 0.0276 Rear Suspension
5 0.0367 0.0238 Braking
6 0.0813 0.0929 Powertrain
7 0.0101 0.0607 Fuel & Exhaust
8 0.0070 0.0086 Steering
9 0.0218 0.0497 Tires & Wheels
10 0.0000 0.0000 Electrical
11 0.0000 0.0000 Cooling
12 0.0000 0.0347 Bumpers
13 0.0000 0.0000 Closures
14 0.0000 0.0000 Battery (electric car)
Sum 0.3025 0.4519

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Component Cost Sheet

Table of material cost for component

B176:C188
Material Typical $/kg
Steel-Conventional 0.7025
Steel-AHSS 0.9550
Steel-Hot Stamped 1.4800
Steel-Stainless 1.8970
Cast Iron 0.5975
Aluminum Wrought 2.4650
Aluminum Cast 2.5600
Magnesium Wrought 4.9350
Magnesium Cast 4.9950
CFRP 42.1500
GFRP 20.4000
SMC 5.6250

Table of coefficients for equipment and tool cost

E174:O188
Process tool tool tool tool tool equipme equipme equipme equipme equipme
nt nt nt nt nt
param 1 param 2 param 3 opt 1 opt 2 param 1 param 2 param 3 Opti opt 2
1
Steel Stamping 506037 0.402 0.5081 1.2643 247892 0.2282 0.6494 1.2202
8
Steel Tailor 506037 0.402 0.5081 1.2643 247892 0.2282 380000 0.6494 1.2202
Welded Blank 8 0
Stamping
Steel Hot 506037 0.402 0.5081 1.2643 247892 0.2282 100000 0.6494 1.2202
Stamping 8 0
Steel Open Roll 230.6 1 4897 1 1 6573.1 1 245343 1 1
Form
Steel Tubular - 1 690000 1 1 1 335000 1 1
Hydroforming 0
Steel Forging 947.46 1 7530.5 1 1 47206 1 376528 1 1
Iron Casting 0.3931 1 942.8 1 1 6.2836 1 18897 1 1
NonFerrous 779106 0.402 0.5081 1.2643 316717 0.2282 0.6494 1.2202
Stamping 7
NonFerrous 314.18 1 939.86 1 1 141868 1 187581 1 1
Extrusion
NonFerrous Die 9551.3 1 8384.5 1 1 62886 1 188371 1 1
Casting
NonFerrous 3158.2 1 7530.5 1 1 157353 1 376528 1 1
Forging
Composite 2994.3 1 9340.2 1 1 8337.5 1 65750 1 1
Sheet Molding
Compound
Composite 57.459 1 897.03 1 1 958.74 1 8663 1 1
Resin Transfer

Cost= (Param 1)(part mass, kg)Param 2[(OPT1)SHALLOW(OPT2)DEEP]+(Param 3)

Where
The bracketed term is used only for stamping
SHALLOW=1 if selected, 0 otherwise
DEEP=1 if selected, 0 otherwise

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Component Cost Sheet –continued

Equipment and tool cost equations dependent on coefficients

Process

Equipment Cost

Steel Stamping Yˆ = 2478928( Mass 0.2282 )(0.6494Shallow )(1.2202 DeepDraw )

Hot Stamping Yˆ = 2478928( Mass 0.2282 )(0.6494Shallow )(1.2202 DeepDraw ) + 1.0 E 06
Tailor Welded Blank Stamping Yˆ = 2478928( Mass 0.2282 )(0.6494 Shallow )(1.2202 DeepDraw ) + 3.8E 06
Non Ferrous Stamping Yˆ = 3167177( Mass 0.2282 )(0.6494Shallow )(1.2202 DeepDraw )
Tooling Cost

Steel Stamping Yˆ = 506037( Mass 0.402 )(0.5081Shallow )(1.2643DeepDraw )

Hot Stamping Yˆ = 506037( Mass 0.402 )(0.5081Shallow )(1.2643DeepDraw ) + 1.0 E 06
Tailor Welded Blank Stamping Yˆ = 506037( Mass 0.402 )(0.5081Shallow )(1.2643DeepDraw ) + 3.8E 06
Non Ferrous Stamping Yˆ = 779106( Mass 0.402 )(0.5081Shallow )(1.2643DeepDraw )

Tubular Hydroforming

Equipment Cost Yˆ = 3.35E 06

Tooling Cost Yˆ = 6.90 E 05

Process Equipment Cost Tooling Cost

Steel Open Roll Form Yˆ = 6573.1( Mass ) + 245343 Yˆ = 230.6( Mass ) + 4897
Steel Forging Yˆ = 47206( Mass ) + 376528 Yˆ = 947.46( Mass ) + 7530.5
Iron Casting Yˆ = 6.2836( Mass ) + 18897 Yˆ = 0.3931( Mass ) + 942.8
Non Ferrous Extrusion Yˆ = 141868( Mass ) + 187581 Yˆ = 314.18( Mass ) + 939.86
Non Ferrous Die Casting Yˆ = 62886( Mass ) + 188371 Yˆ = 9551.3( Mass ) + 8384.5
Non Ferrous Forging Yˆ = 157353( Mass ) + 376528 Yˆ = 3158.2( Mass ) + 7530.5
Sheet Molding Compound Yˆ = 8337.5( Mass ) + 65750 Yˆ = 2994.3( Mass ) + 9340.2
Resin Transfer Method Yˆ = 958.74( Mass ) + 8663 Yˆ = 57.459( Mass ) + 897.03

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

Subsystem Cost Sheet

Table of material cost for vehicle bill of materials

Y107:Z125

Material
price
$/kg
Conv Steel Flat carbon 0.7025
Conv Steel Long&spec. 0.9385
AHSS Flat carbon 0.948375
AHSS Long & special 1.266975
Hot Stamped Steel 1.48
Stainless Steel 1.89675
Cast Iron 0.5975
Aluminum Wrought 3.16125
Aluminum Cast 2.56
Copper 7.285
Magnesium Cast 4.935
Magnesium Wrought 4.935
Glass 6.14
Plastic 3
CFRP 42.15
GFRP 20.4
Rubber 3.96
Battery (electric car) 85.25

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

LCA Material Sheet

Table of material production parameters for GHG for vehicle Bill of Materials
B102:G119 (Reference UCSB Excel Model)

Materials G93 Materials G94 Materials G100

Material (for conv steel) (for conv steel) (for conv steel)
Flows C97 Emissions from Emissions from Emissions from Material Flows
Mat from primary secondary material K97
secondary production production finishing Forming
production, (kgCO2eq/kg (kgCO2eq/kg (kgCO2eq/kg Manufacturing
rCONT % produced) produced) produced) yield γ (%)
Conv Steel Flat carbon 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Conv Steel Long&spec. 0.85 1.87 0.40 0.29 0.75
AHSS Flat carbon 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
AHSS Long & special 0.85 1.87 0.40 0.29 0.75
Hot Stamped Steel 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Stainless Steel 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Cast Iron 1.00 1.87 0.40 0.14 0.80
Aluminum Wrought 0.00 10.51 0.69 0.87 0.66
Aluminum Cast 0.85 10.51 0.69 0.62 0.80
Copper 0.00 3.74 0.00 0.00 1.00
Magnesium Cast 0.00 35.10 21.00 21.00 0.55
Mag Wrought 0.00 35.10 0.80 0.80 0.96
Glass 0.00 1.07 0.00 0.00 1.00
Plastic 0.00 3.62 0.00 0.00 0.90
CFRP 0.00 22.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
GFRP 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
Rubber 0.00 2.90 0.00 0.00 0.90
Battery (electric car) 0.00 18.60 0.00 0.00 1.00

Table of material production and shaping process GHG parameters for Part
B136:G148

Emissions
Emissions from from Emissions from
Mat from primary secondary material
secondary production production finishing Forming
production, (kgCO2eq/kg (kgCO2eq /kg (kgCO2eq /kg Manufacturing
rCONT % produced) produced) produced) yield γ (%)
Steel-Conventional 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Steel-AHSS 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Steel-Hot Stamped 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Steel-Stainless 0.05 1.87 0.40 0.49 0.55
Cast Iron 1.00 1.87 0.40 0.14 0.80
Aluminum Wrought 0.00 10.51 0.69 0.87 0.66
Aluminum Cast 0.85 10.51 0.69 0.62 0.80
Mag Wrought 0.00 35.10 0.80 0.80 0.96
Magnesium Cast 0.00 35.10 21.00 21.00 0.55
CFRP 0.00 22.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
GFRP 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
SMC 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.50

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

LCA Material Sheet-continued

Table of Shaping Process GHG kg CO2/kg

I136:U148

Steel Compo Compo

Tailor Steel Steel Non site site
Welded Steel Open Tubular Non Non Ferrous Non Sheet Resin
Steel Blank Hot Roll Hydro Steel Iron Ferrous Ferrous Die Ferrous MoldCo Trans
Stamp Stamp Stamp Form forming Forging Casting Stamp Extru Casting Forging mp
Steel-
Conv 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203
Steel-
AHSS 0.271 0.271 0.271 0.271 0.271
Steel-
Hot
Stamp 0.675
Steel-
Stnless 0.271 0.271 0.271 0.271
Cast
Iron 0.797
Alum
Wrght 0.505 0.987 0.6766
Alum
Cast 0.835
Mag
Wrght 0.457 0.924 0.6766
Mag
Cast 0.823
CFRP 0.28 0.28
GFRP 0.28 0.28
SMC 0.28

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

LCA-Use Sheet
Table of fuel properties
C83:J97
Fuel Fuel Fuel
production production combustion Combustion fuel cost

Fuel E30 Fuel G30 Fuel G73 Fuel D92

(for Gas) (for Gas) (for Gas) (for Gas)
Energy
demand GHG GHG Energy
liquid
MJ/liter
(gm (gm
MJ/MJ CO2eq/MJ) CO2eq/MJ) $/L,$/kwhr
Gasoline 0.21 17.97 71.90 31.88 0.97
Diesel 0.14 12.10 76.30 35.95 1.04
E85-corn 0.65 64.57 15.13 22.72 0.95
BioDiesel-soybeans 0.27 49.00 0.00 32.64 1.00
Hydrogen 0.77 132.00 0.00 31.88
Electricity-USA 2.64 208.50 0.00 1.00 0.10
Electricity-Europe 2.26 144.53 0.00 1.00 0.20
Electricity-China 2.86 270.28 0.00 1.00 0.15
Electricity-Japan 2.40 165.75 0.00 1.00 0.25
Electricity-India 2.85 256.39 0.00 1.00 0.10
Electricity-Coal 3.26 333.69 0.00 1.00 0.09

Table of fuel source by powertrain type

C113:G122
Energy Data Input J126
source for percent driving
various mix-elect/fuel
powertrains
Liquid fuel electricity
Internal Combustion-gasoline 1 0
Internal Combustion-diesel 1 0
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 1 0
Fuel Cell 1 0
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 0.5 0.167 0.5 elect
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 0.5 0.167 0.5 elect
Battery Electric- 140 mile range 0 1

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

LCA-Use Sheet-continued

Table of fuel consumption reduction for liquid fuels same powertrain displacement
I62:N71 (NEW ED-ES D18) Note: DA uses the same Fuel Consumption Reduction acrross all vehicle msss.
(MJ/100kg) same powertrain displacement (inc
perf)
Powertrain from ‘Set Nominal Vehicle' HYZEM NEDC US Comb US Highway US City
sheet list
Internal Combustion-gasoline 4.069 3.441 3.324 2.251932 4.849324
Internal Combustion-diesel 3.639 4.485 3.186 2.24369 4.567041
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 3.397 2.796 3.083 2.123464 3.859896
Fuel Cell 2.893 2.279 2.111 1.634325 2.537657
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 4.188 3.100 3.697
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 3.886 4.437 4.306
Battery Electric- 140 mile range 0.000 0.000 0.000

Table of fuel consumption reduction for liquid fuels powertrain displacement resized
P62:T71 (NEW ED-ES D30)
(MJ/100kg) HYZEM NEDC US Com US Hiway US City
Internal Combustion-gasoline 8.860 11.515 9.247 6.610483 12.97713
Internal Combustion-diesel 7.237 9.652 7.422 5.275385 10.40687
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 5.939 5.140 5.910 5.205484 6.480586
Fuel Cell 2.355 2.810 2.651 1.987078 3.241993
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 5.070 4.006 4.148
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 5.291 5.376 5.106
Battery Electric- 140 mile range 0.000 0.000 0.000

Table of fuel consumption reduction for electricity same powertrain displacement

V62:Z71 (NEW ED-ES K18)
(MJ/100kg) HYZEM NEDC US comb US Hiway US City
Internal Combustion-gasoline 0 0 0 0 0
Internal Combustion-diesel 0 0 0 0 0
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 0 0 0 0 0
Fuel Cell 0 0 0 0 0
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 1.42604 1.257063 1.35838 2.851586 4.96742
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 1.434639 1.269371 1.424193 2.517869 5.319639
Battery Electric- 140 mile range 1.41596 1.264472 1.448176 0.931794 1.704994

Table of fuel consumption reduction for electricity powertrain displacement resized

AB62:AF71 (NEW ED-ES K30)
(MJ/100kg) HYZEM NEDC US Comb US Hiway US City
Internal Combustion-gasoline 0 0 0 0 0
Internal Combustion-diesel 0 0 0 0 0
Parallel hybrid-gasoline 0 0 0 0 0
Fuel Cell 0 0 0 0 0
Plug in Hybrid-20 mile range 1.615881 1.3808 1.460205 3.498146 5.286579
Plug in Hybrid-40 mile range 1.627076 1.386149 1.546266 3.549518 5.66624
Battery Electric-140 mi range 1.596435 1.293654 1.450687 1.122712 1.763017

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 User Guide Design Advisor Version 3 Appendix B: Parameters loaded in Design Advisor

LCA-Recycle Sheet
Table of parameters for GHG credit for materials in the vehicle Bill of Materials
D101:K119
Material
Flows Material
K97 Materials G95 Flows Material Flows Data
Forming Material (for conv steel) N97 Material Flows D97 Input
Yield Flows R97 prompt C97 NOT USED E135
γ from Recycling Emission scrap Mat from SP=scrap
LCA- rate matl in credit recycle secondary input to
Material vehicle (kgCO2eq/kg rate production, primary
sheet rEOL % recycled) RM % rCONT % production alpha
Conv Steel Flat carbon 0.55 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.05 0.106 0.1
Conv Steel Long&spec. 0.75 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.85 0.106 0.1
AHSS Flat carbon 0.55 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.05 0.106 0.1
AHSS Long & special 0.75 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.85 0.106 0.1
Hot Stamped Steel 0.55 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.05 0.106 0.1
Stainless Steel 0.55 0.903 1.471 0.97 0.05 0.106 0.1
Cast Iron 0.80 0.903 1.471 0.97 1 0 0.1
Aluminum Wrought 0.66 0.786 9.82 0.921 0 0 0.1
Aluminum Cast 0.80 0.786 9.82 0.921 0.85 0 0.1
Copper 1.00 0.9 1 0 0 0 0.1
Magnesium Cast 0.55 0.786 31.5 0.921 0 0 0.1
Magnesium Wrought 0.96 0.786 31.5 0.921 0 0 0.1
Glass 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
Plastic 0.90 0.7 1 1 0 0 0.1
CFRP 0.50 0 22 0 0 0 0.1
GFRP 0.50 0 8 0 0 0 0.1
Rubber 0.90 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
Battery (electric car) 1.00 0 4.82 0 0 0 0.1

Table of parameters for GHG credit for materials in the part

D123:I135
prompt
scrap Mat from
Recycling rate Emission recycle secondary
Forming matl in vehicle credit kg rate production,
Yield γ % reol % CO2 /kg RM % rCONT %

Steel-Conventional 0.55 0.90 1.47 0.97 0.05

Steel-AHSS 0.55 0.90 1.47 0.97 0.05
Steel-Hot Stamped 0.55 0.90 1.47 0.97 0.05
Steel-Stainless 0.55 0.90 1.47 0.97 0.05
Cast Iron 0.80 0.90 1.47 0.97 1.00
Alum Wrought 0.66 0.79 9.82 0.92 0.00
Aluminum Cast 0.80 0.79 9.82 0.92 0.85
Mag Wrought 0.96 0.79 31.50 0.92 0.00
Magnesium Cast 0.55 0.79 31.50 0.92 0.00
CFRP 0.50 0.00 22.00 0.00
GFRP 0.50 0.00 8.00 0.00
SMC 0.50 0.00 8.00 0.00

51