Top 100 Python Interview Questions & Answers For 2021 - Edureka
Top 100 Python Interview Questions & Answers For 2021 - Edureka
Aayushi Johari
A technophile who likes writing about di erent technologies and spreading knowledge.
Python Certi cation is the most sought-after skill in programming domain. In this Python Interview Questions blog, I will
introduce you to the most frequently asked questions in Python interviews for the year 2021. We have 100+ questions on Python
Programming basics which will help you with di erent expertise levels to reap the maximum bene t from our blog.
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Let us start by taking a look at some of the most frequently asked Python interview questions.
Q1. What is the di erence between list and tuples in Python?
Q2. What are the key features of Python?
Q3. What type of language is python?
Q4. How is Python an interpreted language?
Q5. What is pep 8?
Q6. How is memory managed in Python?
Q7. What is name space in Python?
Q8. What is PYTHON PATH?
Q9. What are python modules?
Q10. What are local variables and global variables in Python?
We have compiled a list of top Python interview questions which are classi ed into 7 sections, namely:
Basic Interview Questions
OOPS Interview Questions
Basic Python Programs
Python Libraries Interview Questions
Web Scraping Interview Questions
Data Analysis Interview Questions
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
Before moving ahead, you may go through the recording of Python Interview Questions where our instructor has shared his
experience and expertise that will help you to crack any Python Interview:
Python Interview Questions And Answers 2021 | Python Training | Edureka
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Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
If you have other doubts regarding Python, feel free to post them in our QnA Forum. Our expert team will get back to you at the
earliest.
LIST TUPLES
Lists are mutable i.e they can be edited. Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.
Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
LIST vs TUPLES
Q5.What is pep 8?
Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum
readability.
1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space. All Python objects and data structures are
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory manager. The core API gives access to some
tools for the programmer to code. Sign up with Google
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused memory and so that it can be made available to
the heap space.
Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in modules in Python?
Ans: Python modules are les containing Python code. This code can either be functions classes or variables. A Python module is
a .py le containing executable code.
os
sys
math
random
data time
JSON
Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global variables. These variables can be accessed by any
function in the program.
Local Variables:
Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This variable is present in the local space and not in the
global space.
Example:
1 a=2
2 def add():
3 b=3
4 c=a+b
5 print(c)
6 add()
Output: 5
When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will throw an error.
dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a dictionary.
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str() – Used to convert integer into a string.
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complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag) number. Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?
Example:
Output:
Example:
1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
3 Newfunc(); #calling the function
Q17.What is __init__?
Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object/
instance of a class is created. All classes have the __init__ method.
1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
3 self.name = name
4 self.age = age
5 self.salary = 20000
6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
8 #__init__ allocates memory for E1.
9 print(E1.name)
10 print(E1.age)
11 print(E1.salary)
Output:
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×
XYZ
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23
20000
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Example:
Output: 11
The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in other methods, it refers to the object whose
method was called.
Allows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is transferred
Break
to the next statement.
Allows skipping some part of a loop when some speci c condition is met and the
Continue
control is transferred to the beginning of the loop
Used when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to skip its
Pass
execution. This is basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array or a list. the original array or list remains unchanged.
Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:
1 import random
2 random.random
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The statement random.random() method return the oating point number that is in the range of [0, 1). The function generates
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random oat numbers. The methods that are used with the random class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The
instances of the Random can be done to show the multi-threading programs that creates a di erent instance of individual
threads. The other random generators that are used in this are: Signup with Facebook
1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and de ne the range in-between [a, b). It returns the elements by selecting it
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randomly from the range that is speci ed. It doesn’t build a range object.
Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a oating point number that is de ned in the range of [a,b).Iyt returns the oating point number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is a mean and the sdev is a sigma that is
used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates independent multiple random number generators.
This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range does. It creates the values as you need them
with a special technique called yielding. This technique is used with a type of object known as generators. That means that if you
have a really gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange is the function to use.
This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a cell phone that you are working with, as range will
use as much memory as it can to create your array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and crash your program. It’s a
memory hungry beast.
Example:
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Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
2 print(stg.lower())
Example:
1 """
2 Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
6 y=4
7 z=x/y
8 print(z)
Output: 2.0
is: returns true when 2 operands are true (Example: “a” is ‘a’)
1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string and also facilitates you to see the help
related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the de ned symbols.
Q35. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?
Ans:
1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular references to other objects or the
objects that are referenced from the global namespaces are not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own e cient clean up mechanism, Python would try to de-allocate/destroy every other
object.
The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their corresponding values are India, Delhi and Modi
respectively.
1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1 print dict[Country]
India
1 print dict[Capital]
Modi
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Syntax:
Example:
The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true then the value is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect
then big=y will be sent as a result.
Q38. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we use it?
Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a function, or if we want to pass a stored
list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs is used when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a
function, or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments. The identi ers args and kwargs are a
convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would not be wise.
Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)
Q41. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as negative numbers. The numbers that are
positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as rst index and ‘1’ as the second index and the process goes on like that.
The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index
and the sequence carries forward like the positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow the string to except the last character that is
given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used to show the index to represent the string in correct order.
Example:
1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")
Integers
Floating-point
Complex numbers
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Boolean
Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
Built-in functions
1. Python’s lists are e cient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly) e cient insertion, deletion, appending, and
concatenation, and Python’s list comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like elementwise addition and multiplication, and
the fact that they can contain objects of di ering types mean that Python must store type information for every element,
and must execute type dispatching code when operating on each element.
3. NumPy is not just more e cient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector and matrix operations for free, which
sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work. And they are also e ciently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear
algebra, histograms, etc.
Example:
Output:
Example:
Output:
4.6
3.1
1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread to speed your code up, then it’s usually not a good
idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL makes sure that only one of your ‘threads’ can
execute at any one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a little work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your threads are executing in parallel, but they are really
just taking turns using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if you want to make your code run faster then using the
threading package often isn’t a good idea.
1. Create a le with any name and in any language that is supported by the compiler of your system. For example le.c or
le.cpp
2. Place this le in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the le Setup.local that is present in the Modules/ directory.
4. Run the le using spam le.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make command on the top-level directory.
6. If the le is changed then run rebuildMake le by using the command as ‘make Make le’.
Example:
1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())
Modules can be imported using the import keyword. You can import modules in three ways-
Example:
1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of a single super class.
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2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base class base1, and d2 are inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any number of child classes
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4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one base class.
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Q56. How are classes created in Python?
Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.
Example:
1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name):
3 self.name = name
4 E1=Employee("abc")
5 print(E1.name)
Output: abc
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1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
4 print "f()"
1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
4
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
6 obj = m.MyClass()
7 obj.f()
monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the function we de ned, monkey_f(), outside of
the module m.
Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python
Signup class in an example of encapsulation.
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1 class a:
2 &amp;amp;nbsp; pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
5 print("Name = ",obj.name)
Output:
Name = xyz
Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes. Also, it does not take any parameters.
Basic Python Programs – Python Interview Questions
Q65. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort algorithm.
1 def pyfunc(r):
2 for x in range(r):
3 print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
4 pyfunc(9)
Output:
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************
Output:
enter number 3
Prime
1 a=input("enter sequence")
2 b=a[::-1]
3 if a==b:
4 &amp;amp;nbsp; print("palindrome")
5 else:
6 &amp;amp;nbsp; print("Not a Palindrome")
Output:
Q70. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital letters in a le. Your code should work even if the le is too
big to t in memory.
Ans: Let us rst write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one-liner code.
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In a ask, a session uses a signed cookie
so the user can look at the session contents and modify. The user can modify the session if only it has the secret key
Flask.secret_key.
Flask is much simpler compared to Django but, Flask does not do a lot for you meaning you will need to specify the details,
whereas Django does a lot for you wherein you would not need to do much work. Django consists of prewritten code, which the
user will need to analyze whereas Flask gives the users to create their own code, therefore, making it simpler to understand the
code. Technically both are equally good and both contain their own pros and cons.
Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler requirements. In ask, you have to use
external libraries. Flask is ready to use.
Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides exibility and lets the developer use the right tools for their project. The
developer can choose the database, URL structure, templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy con gurable.
Django can also be used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It includes an ORM.
The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a URL and Django does the magic to serve it to
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the user.
Q77. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django. Sign up with Google
Ans: You can use the command edit mysite/setting.py, it is a normal python module with module level representing Django
settings. Signup with Facebook
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Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t require any other type of installation. In the case your
database choice is di erent that you have to the following keys in the DATABASE ‘default’ item to match your database
connection settings.
Django uses SQLite as a default database, it stores data as a single le in the lesystem. If you do have a database server—
PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL—and want to use it rather than SQLite, then use your database’s administration tools to
create a new database for your Django project. Either way, with your (empty) database in place, all that remains is to tell Django
how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py le comes in.
1 DATABASES = {
2 'default': {
3 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
4 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
5 }
6 }
So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security perspective.
1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only want parent’s class to hold information that you don’t want to type
out for each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an existing model and need each model to have its own
database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the Python level behavior of the model, without changing
the model’s elds.
Q83. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or web page?
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Ans: Use the following URL format:
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http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:URLGOESHERE
Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the page or site whose cache you want to retrieve and see
the time for. For example, to check the Google Webcache age of edureka.co you’d use the following URL:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:edureka.co
Q84. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250 movies page. It should only have elds movie name, year, and
rating.
Ans: We will use the following lines of code:
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list
1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient
For more information on these parameters, you can refer to this section – Numpy Vs List.
1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output
[ 4 3 1 ]
×
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 Subscribe to
p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile, ourmedian
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4 print(p)
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Output
3
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Q89. What is the di erence between NumPy and SciPy?
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Ans: Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
1. In an ideal world, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data type and the most basic operations: indexing, sorting,
reshaping, basic elementwise functions, et cetera.
2. All numerical code would reside in SciPy. However, one of NumPy’s important goals is compatibility, so NumPy tries to
retain all features supported by either of its predecessors.
3. Thus NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though these more properly belong in SciPy. In any case, SciPy
contains more fully-featured versions of the linear algebra modules, as well as many other numerical algorithms.
4. If you are doing scienti c computing with python, you should probably install both NumPy and SciPy. Most new features
belong in SciPy rather than NumPy.
Ans: Like 2D plotting, 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and SciPy, but just as in the 2D case, packages exist that
integrate with NumPy. Matplotlib provides basic 3D plotting in the mplot3d subpackage, whereas Mayavi provides a wide range
of high-quality 3D visualization features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine.
When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction part and gives you the round o value, to get the
accurate answer use oor division. For ex, 5/2 = 2.5 but both of the operands are integer so answer of this expression in python
is 2. To get the 2.5 as the answer, use oor division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5
Q94. Why are local variable names beginning with an underscore discouraged?
a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class
b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution
Answer: a) they are used to indicate a private variable of a class
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As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are used to indicate variables that must not be accessed from
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outside the class.
1 try:
2 if '1' != 1:
3 raise "someError"
4 else:
5 print("someError has not occured")
6 except "someError":
7 print ("someError has occured")
A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such inheritance here.
Q97. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?
a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2
Answer: c) 25
1 f = None
2
3 for i in range (5):
4 with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
5 if i &amp;gt; 2:
6 break
7
8 print f.closed
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error
Answer: a) True
The WITH statement when used with open le guarantees that the le object is closed when the with block exits.
Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section and we will get back to you at the earliest.
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Comments 7 Comments
nareshit says:
Jun 18, 2020 at 8:28 am GMT
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Reply
Should be worth noting: in python 3 Q42 actually behaves opposite as mentioned. The ‘/’ operator performs true division by default, so 5/2 = 2.5,
and 5//2 = 2. The ‘//’ is used to truncate the decimal and round down the solution.
Reply
P Adhav says:
Mar 29, 2019 at 5:37 am GMT Subscribe to our Newsletter, and get personalized recommendations.
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answer of second question reg access modi ers feature is very short/shallow.
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Reply
bilzz says:
Mar 29, 2019 at 5:38 am GMT
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The dir() method tries to return a list of valid attributes of the object. your answer is wrong.
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Role of Mathematics in Data Scienc…
Reply
Russell B says:
Nov 5, 2018 at 12:41 pm GMT
This post is a good start but needs some serious editing! To copy an array, don’t use a list comprehension… Use list[:]
Reply
arcenstone says:
Jan 30, 2018 at 1:08 pm GMT
Reply
option d is wrong.
Reply
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