Course Title: Real Analysis Full Marks: 100

Course No: Math Ed 423 Pass Marks: 35

Nature of Course: Theory Period Per Week: 6
Level: Bachelor Degree Total Period: 150
Year: Second

1. Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with the

fundamental concepts of Real Analysis. It deals with a rigorous development of
the subject which includes the background of the knowledge of differential and
integral calculus. The course focuses on the subject matter specially based on
real line only. It covers foundation properties of real numbers, topological
framework of real numbers, real sequences, infinite series of real numbers,
limits, continuity, derivability and Riemann integrability of real functions.

2. General Objectives: The general objectives of this course are as follows:

● To acquaint the students with the axiomatic structure of real number

system.
● To familiarize the students with the various properties of open and closed
sets.
● To identify the features of real sequences and their convergence.
● To apply different tests for the convergence of infinite series.
● To develop a deeper understanding of the properties of infinite series in
the students with the arbitrary terms and infinite product.
● To make students able to have a deeper understanding of limits of
functions.
● To acquaint with the properties of continuous functions defined on an
interval.
● To familiarize the students with the properties of uniform continuity, non
uniform continuity of functions and monotonic functions.
 ● To enable the students in understanding the derivable and non-derivable
functions at a point or on an interval.
● To apply the concept of derivative in expanding real functions in finite or
infinite series.
● To make the students able to apply concept of derivative in examining
extreme values of real functions.
● To familiarize the students with the Darboux sums of real functions on a
closed interval.
● To acquaint the students with the properties of Riemann integrability of
functions.

3. Specific Objectives and Contents

Objectives Contents
●Describe different system of real numbers Unit 1. Real Numbers (12)
●Describe algebraic structure of real
1.1 System of real numbers
numbers.
●Explain the properties of real numbers. 1.2 Algebraic structure of R
●Describe order axioms of real numbers and
1.3 Order axioms and properties of R
their properties
●Explain and prove properties of supremum 1.4 Absolute value of a real number and

and infimum of a set of numbers. its properties.

●Explain completeness property 1.5 Boundedness of subsets of R

Archimedian property and Dedekind
1.6 Completeness axioms in R
property of real numbers.
●Explain absolute value of a real number 1.7 Archimedian property
and its properties.
1.8 Dedekind's construction of the set of
real numbers

1.9 Representation of real numbers on a

line.
●Expkain neighbourhood of a point Unit-II. Open and Closed Sets (15)
●Prove properties of open sets in R
●Explain and prove properties of interior of
2.1 Open and closed intervals
a set.
●Explain limit point of a set 2.2 Neighbourhoods

●Prove properties of limit points of a set and 2.3 Interior points and interior of a set
derived set
2.4 Open sets
●Prove properties of closed sets.
●Prove properties of compact sets connected 2.5 Limit points of a set
sets and perfect sets.
2.6 Bolzano-Weirstrass's theorem

2.7 Closed sets

2.8 Covering of a set

2.9 Compact sets

2.10 Cantor sets

2.11 Connectedness
●Explain convergence of a sequence Unit-III Real Sequences (20)
●Prove properties of convergent sequence
3.1 Convergent sequences
of real numbers
●Prove properties of a Cauchy sequence. 3.2 Cauchy Sequence
●Explain non-convergent sequences and
3.3 Cauchy's Criterion for convergence
their properties
●Prove properties of monotonic sequences 3.4 Non-convergent sequences

●Describe subsequences and prove 3.5 Cauchy's first and second theorems
properties of subsequences on limit
●Explain uniform convergence of a sequence
3.6 Monotonic sequences, monotone
●Discuss the concept of Cesaro summability
convergence theorem, Cantor's
for sequences
intersection theorem
 3.7 Subsequences

3.8 Uniform convergence

3.9 Summability of sequences

●Explain the conditions for the convergence Unit-IV. Infinite Series (25)
of an infinite series
4.1 Meaning of an infinite series
●Establish different tests for the convergence
of infinite series 4.2 Sequence of partial sums of a series
●Explain the convergence of an infinite
4.3 Convergence of an infinite series
series with positive and negative terms.
●Explain absolute convergence and 4.4 Cauchy's general principle of

conditionally convergent of a series convergence of series

●Prove properties of the re-arrangement of 4.5 Series of positive terms

the terms of an infinite series.
4.6 Different tests of convergence of
●Prove the properties of the convergence of
series (comparison test, P-test, D-
an infinite product
Alembert's,ratio test, root test, Rabee's
●To discuss the Cesaro summability of
test, Kummer's test, logarithmic ratio
series.
test)

4.7 Series of positive and negative terms

4.8 Alternative series and Leibnitz' test

4.9 Absolute convergent and

conditionally convergent of series

4.10 Arbitrary series and infinite

products, (Dirichlet's theorems), Abel's
theorem)

4.11 Grouping of terms of a series

4.12 Re-arrangement of terms of series

 4.13 Infinite product and its convergence

4.14 Summability of series

●Explain types of functions Unit-V Functions and Limits (10)
●Discuss boundedness of functions
5.1 Types of functions
●Prove properties of limits of functions
●Explain ε −δ definition of limit of functions 5.2 Boundedness of function

5.3 Monotonic functions

5.4 Limit of functions

5.5 Properties of limits of functions

5.6 One sided infinite limits

●Explain the concept of continuity of a Unit-VI Continuity of Functions (18)
function at a point and on intervals
6.1 Continuous functions
●Prove theorems on algebra of continuous
functions 6.2 Continuity of intervals and sets
●Classify discontinuous functions at a point
6.3 Properties of continuous functions
●Prove theorems on properties of continuous
functions 6.4 Discontinuous functions

●Prove the theorems on properties of 6.5 Sign preserving theorem,

monotonic functions intermediate value theorem, Bolzano
●Prove theorems on properties of uniform theorem and fixed point theorem
continuity of functions
6.6 Continuity of inverse functions

6.7 Continuity of monotomic functions

6.8 Uniform continuity of functions

6.9 Lipschitz functions

●Explain the concept of derivative Unit-VII Derivability (22)
●Establish the relation between continuity
7.1 Derivative of a function
 and derivability 7.2 Derivative of inverse function
●Prove properties of derivability in relation
7.3 Darboux theorem
to algebraic compostions
●Prove Darboux theorem and its 7.4 Mean value theorems (Rolle's
consequences theorem, Lagrange's theorem, Cauchy's
●Establish and illustrate mean value theorem)
theorems
7.5 Deductions from mean value
●Prove Taylor's series (finite and infinite)
theorems
and Maclaurin's series
●Discuss extreme values of functions 7.6 Generalized mean value theorems

●Discuss and prove various types of 7.7 Taylor Polynomial

intermediate forms and their properties
7.8 Power series representation of
functions

7.9 Extreme values of a functions

7.9 Indeterminate forms

7.10 L-Hospital's rule.

●Establish relationship between lower and Unit-VIII Riemann Integral (28)
upper Darboux sums of a bounded
8.Partitions
function on a closed interval
●Compute lower and upper Darboux sums of 8.2 Lower and upper Darboux sums and
functions with a partition defined on the properties of Darboux sums.
domain of definition of the function
8.3 Upper and lower integrals
●Establish the properties of lower and upper
Riemann integrals 8.4 Riemann Integral

●Establish the necessary and sufficient 8.5 Necessary and sufficient condition
condition for integrability of a function for integrability
●Prove the properties of integrable functions
8.6 Properties of integrable functions
●Establish mean value theorems of integral
calculus 8.7 Mean value theorems (Mean value
●Establish fundamental theorem of integral theorems of integral calculus,
calculus generalized mean value theorem)
●Establish the techniques of evaluating the
8.8 Bonnet's and Weierstrass' mean
definite integrals, by integration by parts
value theorem.
and change of variable of integration
8.9 Continuity and derivability of
integrable functions

8.10 Fundamental theorems of integral

calculus

8.11 Integration by parts

8.12 Change of variable

4. Instructional Techniques: The nature of this course being theoretical,

teacher centered teaching technique will dominate the teaching learning
process. The teaching techniques are referred as follows:

4.1 General instructional techniques

● Lecture with illustrations

● Discussion
● Inquiry and question answer
● Demonstration

4.2 Specific Instructional techniques

● Individual and group work presentation for illustrations and exercise for
all units

5. Evaluation: Students will be evaluated on the basis of written classroom test

in between and at the end of academic session, the classroom participation,
presentation of the reports, and other activities. The scores obtained will be
used only for feedback purposes. The office of the Controller of Examination
 will conduct annual examination at the end of the academic session to
evaluate students' performance. The types of questions and marks of each type
of questions will be as follows:

Types of questions Total questions to No. of questions to be Full

be asked answered and marks to be Marks
allocated
Multiple choice items 20 questions 20×1 marks 20
Short answer 8 (with 3 8×7 marks 56
questions alternatives)
Long answer 2 (with 1 2×12 marks 24
questions alternatives)

6. Recommended and Reference Books.

6.1 Recommended Books

Gupta, S. L. & Gupta, N. R. (1993). Fundamentals of real analysis. New Delhi,
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Maskey S.M. (2007), Principles of real analysis (second ed.). Kathmandu :
Ratna Pustak Bhandar (For Units I-VIII).
Pandey U. N. (2003). Real analysis ( Fourth revised ed.2015 ) Kathmandu :
Vidyarthi Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. ( For units I - VIII).
6.2 References
Apstol, T. M. (1997). Mathematical analysis. Tokyo: Addison Wesly Publishing
Company
Bartle, R. G. & Sherbert, D. R. (1982). Introduction to real analysis. New York:
John Wiley and Sons
Bhattarai, B. N. & Shrestha, B. K.,(2072). A textbook of real analysis (revised
edition) Kathmandu: Shuvakamana Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.
Jain, P. K. & Kaushik S.K. (2001). An introduction to real analysis, New Delhi:
S. Chand and Comp. Ltd.
Narayan, S. (1971). A course of mathematical analysi., Delhi: S. Chand and
Com. Ltd.
Rudin W. (194), Principles of mathematical analysis, Newyork; Mc. Graw Hill