Electrostatic Boundary Conditions: Outline
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions: Outline
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions
Outline
• General classes of electromagnetic materials
• Boundary conditions for dielectric‐dielectric interface
• Refraction of static fields at a dielectric‐dielectric
interface
• Boundary conditions for dielectric‐conductor interface
• Examples
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General Classes of
Electromagnetic
Materials
Slide 3
Classification by Conductivity
Insulator Semiconductor Conductor
1 1
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Boundary Conditions
for Dielectric‐Dielectric
Interface
Slide 5
What Are Boundary Conditions?
We often solve electromagnetic problems using differential equations.
d 2E 2V 2V 2V
k 2E 0 0
dz 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
The problem is that derivatives are infinite at discontinuities.
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What Are Boundary Conditions?
We are forced to solve our differential equations in each homogeneous region separately.
…and then connect our solutions via boundary conditions.
Boundary Conditions
E1 0 E2 0
V1 0 V2 0
d 2 E1 d 2 E2
k 2 E1 0 k 2 E2 0
dz 2 dz 2
x
V1 V1 V1
2 2 2
2V2 2V2 2V2
0 2 2 0
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y z
Slide 7
Deriving Boundary Conditions
Integral equations do not require boundary conditions as long as they do not contain
derivatives.
For this reason, we will derive our boundary conditions using Maxwell’s equations in
integral form.
0 E d Boundary conditions for tangential
electric fields.
L
ds
Q D Boundary conditions for normal electric
fields.
S
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Analysis Setup
1 1 Let’s examine the interface between two
different dielectrics.
2 2
Slide 9
Analysis Setup
1 1 Let’s examine the interface between two
different dielectrics.
E1,n We wish to examine the relation between
E1
E1,t electric fields on either side of the
interface, so that if one is known the other
E2,t
E2,n E2 can be calculated.
It will be useful to separate the field on
either side of the interface into tangential
and normal components.
2 2
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Derivation of Tangential BCs
1 1 Apply the following integral to a closed path
spanning some section of the interface.
E1,n
E1 0 E d
E1,t a
L
b
E2,t d b
0 c
h E d E d E d
E2,n E2 w c
a b 0
d
0 a
E d E d E d
c d 0
h h
E1,t w E1,n E2,n
2 2
h h
2 2 E2,t w E2,n
2
E1,n
2
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Derivation of Tangential BCs
1 1 Cancel like terms with opposite sign.
h h
0 E1,t w E1,n E2,n
2 2
E1,n h h
E1
a
E2,t w E2,n E1,n
E1,t 2 2
b
E2,t d
h E1,t w E2,t w
E2,n E2 w c
From this, it is concluded that the
tangential component of 𝐸 is continuous
across the interface.
E1,t E2,t
2 2
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Derivation of Tangential BCs
1 1 Apply the constitutive relation to get the
boundary condition for 𝐷.
E1,n E1,t E2,t
E1
E1,t a
b
E2,t d
h D1,t D2,t
E2,n E2 w c
1 2
The tangential component of 𝐷 is NOT continuous
across the interface, but the ratio of 𝐷 /𝜀 is.
2 2
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Derivation of Normal BCs
1 1 Place some charge density s on the
surface.
D1,n S Apply the following surface integral to a
D1 s
D1,t pillbox spanning the interface.
D2,t h D ds
Q
D2,n D2 S
Separate the closed‐surface integral into
three separate surface integrals.
Q D ds D ds D ds
top bottom sides
2 2
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Derivation of Normal BCs
1 1 In the limit as h 0
Q D ds D ds D ds
top bottom sides
D1,n S
D1 s D1,n S D2,n S
D1,t
D2,t h The total charge encompassed within the
D2,n D2 pillbox is
Q s S
Putting these together gives
s S D1,n S D2,n S
2 2
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Derivation of Normal BCs
1 1 The final boundary condition is then
s S D1,n S D2,n S
S
D1
D1,t
D1,n
s D1,n D2,n s
D2,t h
D2,n D2 In the absence of charge (i.e. s = 0)
D1,n D2,n s 0
2 2
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Derivation of Normal BCs
1 1 Apply the constitutive relation to get the
boundary condition for 𝐸.
D1,n D2,n s
D1,n S
D1 s
D1,t
1 E1,n 2 E2,n s
D2,t h
D2,n D2
In the absence of charge (i.e. s = 0)
1 E1,n 2 E2,n s 0
2
The normal component of 𝐸 is NOT continuous
2 across the interface, but the product of 𝜀𝐸 is.
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Refraction of Static
Fields at a Dielectric‐
Dielectric Interface
Slide 18
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Analysis Setup
1 1
D1
We want a single equation that relates 1,
2, 1, and 2 without any field quantities in
D1,n
the equation.
E1
E1,n
1
D1,t
E1,t
E2 Given the angles 1 and 2, the field
2 E2,n
components can be written as
D2
E2,t
D2,t
D2,n
E1 E1,t aˆt E1,n aˆn
E1 sin 1 aˆt E1 cos 1 aˆn
E2 E2,t aˆt E2,n aˆn
E2 sin 2 aˆt E2 cos 2 aˆn
2 2
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Derivation of Refraction Law
1 1
D1
Apply the boundary conditions for
tangential components.
D1,n
E1 E1,t E2,t
E1,n
1
E1,t D1,t E1 sin 1 E2 sin 2
E2
2 E2,n
D2
E2,t
D2,t
D2,n Apply the boundary conditions for normal
components.
1 E1,n 2 E2,n
1 E1 cos 1 2 E2 cos 2
2 2
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Derivation of Refraction Law
1 1
D1
We now have
E1 sin 1 E2 sin 2
D1,n
1 E1 cos 1 2 E2 cos 2
E1
E1,n
1
E1,t D1,t Divide these equations to get
E2
2 E2,n E1 sin 1 E sin 2
2
D2 E2,t 1 E1 cos 1 2 E2 cos 2
D2,n
D2,t
Simplify
tan 1 tan 2
1 2
2 2 This is NOT Snell’s law.
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Boundary Conditions
for Dielectric‐
Conductor Interface
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Analysis Setup
1 1 We start like we did for the dielectric‐
dielectric interface.
E1,n
Assume the conductor is perfect.
E1
E1,t
E2,t
E2,n E2 Recall Ohm’s law
J E
In order for 𝐽⃗ not to be infinite, 𝐸 0
inside the conductor.
2 2
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Analysis Setup
1 1 If E2,t is zero, then
E1,t 0
E1,n
E1
E1,t
2 2
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Analysis Setup
1 1 There can only be a normal component for
the electric field at the interface with a
perfect conductor.
E1 E1,n
E1 E1,n aˆn
2 2
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Notes About Perfect Conductors
• No electric field can exist inside of a perfect conductor
(i.e. 𝐸 0).
• Electric potential V is constant throughout a perfect
conductor (i.e. 2V = 0).
• The electric field at the boundary has no tangential
component. The electric field can only be normal at
the interface to a metal.
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Examples
Slide 27
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Example #1
Let there be an interface between two semi‐infinite media in the x‐y plane. The dielectric
constant of the first medium is 2.0 and the second medium is 4.4.
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Example #1 – Problem Setup
Start by visualizing the problem and setting up the coordinates.
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Example #1 – Problem Setup
We start by visualizing the problem and setting up the coordinates.
D1
Plot .
D1 2.1aˆ x 0.7 aˆ y 1.5aˆ z
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Example #1 – Part 1
Separate 𝐷 into tangential and normal components.
D1 2.1aˆ x 0.7 aˆ y 1.5aˆ z
Tangential Normal
D1,t 2.1aˆ x 0.7 aˆ y D1,n 1.5aˆ z
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Example #1 – Part 1
Apply boundary condition for normal component.
D1,n D2,n
1.5aˆ z D2,n
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Example #1 – Part 1
Apply boundary condition for tangential component.
D1,t D2,t
1 2
D2,t 2 D1,t
1
4.4
D2,t
2.0
2.1aˆx 0.7aˆ y
D2,t 4.62aˆ x 1.54aˆ y
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Example #1 – Part 1
Gather both components to get overall 𝐷 .
D2 D2,t D2,n
D2 4.62aˆ x 1.54aˆ y 1.5aˆ z
D2 4.62aˆ x 1.54aˆ y 1.5aˆ z
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Example #1 – Part 2
Calculate the angle 1 of 𝐷 .
Recall the property of dot products.
A B A B cos AB
We can calculate 1 by letting
A D1
B aˆ z
AB 1
Our dot product becomes
D1 aˆ z D1 aˆ z cos 1
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Example #1 – Part 2
Continued…
Solve the dot product equation for 1.
D1 aˆ z D1 aˆ z cos 1
Dz D1 cos 1
D
1 cos 1 z
D1
1.5
1 cos 1
2.1 0.7 1.5
2 2 2
1 55.9
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Example #1 – Part 2
Calculate the angle 2 of 𝐷 .
The law of refraction is
tan 1 tan 2
1 2
Solving this for 2 gives
2
2 tan 1 tan 1
1
4.4
2 tan 1 tan 55.9
2.0
2 72.9
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