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Statistics & Probability: Quarter 3: Week 1 Learning Activity Sheets

This document provides information about random variables and probability distributions. It defines key terms like statistical experiment, sample space, event, possible outcomes, and probability of a random variable. Examples are given to identify sample spaces and possible values of random variables for experiments like coin tosses and drawing balls from a box. Discrete and continuous random variables are defined and distinguished. The document also provides an example of constructing a simple frequency distribution from raw data on students' favorite subjects.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views9 pages

Statistics & Probability: Quarter 3: Week 1 Learning Activity Sheets

This document provides information about random variables and probability distributions. It defines key terms like statistical experiment, sample space, event, possible outcomes, and probability of a random variable. Examples are given to identify sample spaces and possible values of random variables for experiments like coin tosses and drawing balls from a box. Discrete and continuous random variables are defined and distinguished. The document also provides an example of constructing a simple frequency distribution from raw data on students' favorite subjects.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11 Department of Education-Region III

TARLAC CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION


Juan Luna St., Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City 2300
Email address: [email protected]/ Tel. No. (045) 470 - 8180

STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
Quarter 3: Week 1
Learning Activity Sheets
Statistics and Probability

Name:________________________________ Date:____________
Section:_______________________________ Quarter 3 – Week 1

RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION


Background Information
In statistical analysis of data, the concept of probability distribution is very essential. This is
particularly true when we try estimating the true value of a variable. For us to understand probability
distribution, we need to understand first the concept of random variables.
Study the following terms related in understanding random variables.
▪ Statistical Experiment – It is an activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions.
▪ Sample Space – It is the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.
▪ Event – It is a subset of a sample space.
▪ Possible Outcomes – These are the elements of the sample space.
▪ Probability of the value of Random Variable – It is the ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.
Let us identify the sample space of the following experiments.
• Tossing a coin once.
This experiment will only give you 2 possible outcomes: a head or a tail.
S = {H, T}
• Rolling a die once.
There are 6 possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
• Rolling two dice.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
There are 36 possible outcomes in rolling two dice.
S = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3),
(3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1),
(6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

Definition. A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an


experiment. Capital letters are used to represent a random variable.

Example 1. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Determine the
values of random variable X.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.

Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.

1
Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Example 2. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable Y representing
the number of blue balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
A random variable maybe classified as discrete or continuous.

Definition. A Discrete Random Variable is one that can only assume a countable number of
values. Its possible values can be listed.
Examples:
1. number of apples in the box.
2. number of children in a family
3. number of defective Christmas lights in a store
4. number of students attending the first Friday mass
5. number of student buying in the school cafeteria

Definition. A Continuous Random Variable is one that can assume infinite number of values in
one or more intervals. It is usually a measurement that can take any value in the interval.
Examples:
1. amount of antibiotics in a vial
2. lifetime of lightbulbs in minutes
3. length of time it takes a truck driver to go from Tarlac to Manila
4. exact weight of student in CATHS.
5. average amount spent on electricity by a randomly selected household in a Tarlac

2
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
You have learned how to create a frequency distribution given a set of raw data in your
previous grade level. This time, we will create a probability distribution.
But first, let us recall how to make a simple frequency distribution.
The following data shows the favorite subject of the junior high school students in CATHS.
Construct the frequency distribution and fill out the table that follows.
AP ESP Science Math Filipino Science AP AP Math Science
Math Filipino Math TLE Filipino Math Science TLE ESP Filipino
English Math English TLE Science AP Math ESP Math AP
Step 1. Write the categories in one column (favorite subject).
Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino
English
Math
AP
ESP
TLE
Science
Step 2. Tally the numbers in each category (how many times that the category appeared).
Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino IIII
English II
Math IIII – III
AP IIII
ESP III
TLE III
Science IIII
Step 3. Count up the tally marks and write the frequency in the final column.
Favorite Subjects Tally Number of Students
Filipino IIII 4
English II 2
Math IIII – III 8
AP IIII 5
ESP III 3
TLE III 3
Science IIII 5
Frequency Distribution:
Favorite Subjects Number of Students
Filipino 4
English 2
Math 8
AP 5
ESP 3
TLE 3
Science 5
n = 30

3
The distribution above is a frequency distribution which gives us the frequency of the
occurrence of a particular data in an experiment. In line with this, we can make a frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable then determine their probability. This will result to a probability
distribution.

Definition. The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable is a formula, a table, or
graph that gives the possible values of x, and the probability p(x) associated with each
value of x. The probability of a discrete random variable is also called probability mass
function.

Example 3. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Create its
probability distribution.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.

Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable X.
Number of Tails
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1
1 2
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each
value of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes

Number of Tails
Frequency Probability p(x)
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1 1/4
1 2 1/2
0 1 1/4
Total 4 1
The probability distribution of the discrete random variable X is shown below:
X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

4
Histogram of the Probability Distribution of Random Variable X

The probability histogram displays the possible values of a discrete random variable on the
horizontal axis and the probabilities of those values on the vertical axis.

Example 4. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, construct the probability distribution representing the number of blue
balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable Y.
Number of Blue Balls
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable Y)
3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each value
of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes

5
Number of Blue Balls
Frequency Probability p(x)
(Values of Random Variable Y)
3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8
1 3 3/8
0 1 1/8
Total 8 1
The probability distribution of the discrete random variable Y is shown below:
Y 3 2 1 0
P(Y) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Histogram of the Probability Distribution of Random Variable X

PROPERTIES OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION


1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.
Let us check if the distributions we have created in example 3 and 4 shows the properties of
a probability distribution.

Probability Distribution of Example 3:


X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
Property 1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
If we convert the fractions into their decimal forms, we can see that each
probability p(X) is between 0 and 1.
0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1
P(X = 2) = ¼ or 0.25 P(X = 1) = ½ or 0.50 P(X = 0) = ¼ or 0.25

Property 2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.


ΣP(X) = 0.25 + 0.50 + 0.25
ΣP(X) = 1
Therefore, the distribution above is a probability distribution.
Probability Distribution of Example 4:
Y 3 2 1 0
P(Y) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Property 1. Each probability must be between 0 and 1.
If we convert the fractions into their decimal forms, we can see that each
probability p(X) is between 0 and 1.
0 ≤ P(Y) ≤ 1

6
P(Y=3) = 1/8 or 0.125 P(Y=2) = 3/8 or 0.375
P(Y=1) = 3/8 or 0.375 P(Y=0) = 1/8 or 0.125
Property 2. The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1.
ΣP(Y) = 0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125
ΣP(Y) = 1
Therefore, the distribution above is a probability distribution.
Learning Competencies
1. Illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous) (M11/12SP-IIIa-1).
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-2).
3. Finds the possible values of a random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-3).
4. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties (M11/12SP-
IIIa-4).
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Read carefully the directions indicated in the following activity, then,
provide what is needed or asked in each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
Activity 1. Discrete or Continuous?
Write D if the random variable is discrete and C if it is continuous.
1. The number of arrivals at an emergency room between midnight and 9:00 a.m.
2. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a hotel.
3. The number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
4. The average amount spent on electricity each July by a randomly selected household in a Tarlac.
5. The number of applicants for a job.
Activity 2. Probability Distribution or Not?
Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not. If it does not, explain
why.
X 3 6 9
1. P(X) 0.55 – 0.25 0.20

Y 0 1 3 5
2. P(Y) 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20

Z 0 1 2 3 4
3. P(Z) 0.15 0.35 0.30 0.05 0.20
Activity 3. Take the Challenge!
The frequency distribution of the number of laptops sold per day by ABC Mobile Corporation for the
past 40 days is shown below. Construct (a) the Probability Distribution and (b) the probability
histogram.
Number of Laptops sold per Day (Y) Frequency
0 14
1 9
2 7
3 5
4 3
5 2
Total 40
Activity 4. Problem Solving
Answer the following problems.
1. A coin is tossed four times. Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails that
occur.

7
a. Identify the sample space.
b. Identify the values of random variable X.
c. Create the frequency distribution of the values of random variable X.
d. Create the probability distribution table.
e. Create the probability histogram.
2. A meeting of student representatives in CATHS was attended by 5 senior students and 4
sophomore students.
a. Determine the values of random variable Y representing the number of sophomore
students.
b. If three students were selected at random, construct the probability distribution of the
random variable Y.
c. Create the probability histogram.
RUBRIC FOR ACTIVITY 3 & 4
5 4 3 2 1 0
All necessary
There are
steps for the There is one There are two Many steps
many steps
problem is step done steps done are missing No written
done correctly
done correctly incorrectly but incorrectly but resulting to an step and
but the
resulting to a the answer is the answer is incorrect answer.
answer is
correct still correct. still correct. answer.
incorrect.
answer.

Reflections:
A. Give some applications of random variables in your day-to-day activities.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
B. How will you make the probability of you getting a high grade in Statistics and Probability more
than 50%?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
References:
K to 12 Curriculum Guide (Statistics & Probability). Department of Education. Pasig City.
Jose M. Ocampo, Jr and Wilmer G. Marquez, Conceptual Math and Beyond: Statistics and
Probability. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc, 2016, 1-8.
William Mendenhall, Robert J. Beaver, and Barbara M. Beaver, Introduction to Probability and
Statistics: Fourteenth Edition. Pasig City: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2014, 158-163.
“Frequency Distribution Table: Examples, How to Make One”, Statistics How To, Accessed Date:
January 24, 2021, https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive-
statistics/frequency-distribution-table/
Answers Key:

Prepared by:

ELIZABETH L. RAZON
Special Science Teacher I

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