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Rocks and The Rock Cycle Notes: Mrs. Weimer

The document discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the rock cycle. It provides details on how each type of rock forms and examples of different rock types within each category. The key points are that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through the weathering and cementation of existing rocks, and metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks.

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Fonfo Lawrence
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93 views

Rocks and The Rock Cycle Notes: Mrs. Weimer

The document discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the rock cycle. It provides details on how each type of rock forms and examples of different rock types within each category. The key points are that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through the weathering and cementation of existing rocks, and metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks.

Uploaded by

Fonfo Lawrence
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rocks and the Rock Cycle Notes

Mrs. Weimer
What is a mineral?
• A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite
chemical composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement. (nonliving)
• Minerals are naturally occurring-humans do not make them

• Minerals are inorganic-They have never been alive and are not made up
from plants or animals

• Minerals are solids-They are not liquids (like water), or gases (like the air
around you)

• Minerals have a definite chemical composition -Each one is made of a


particular mix of chemical elements

• Minerals have an ordered atomic arrangement-The chemical elements


that make up each mineral are arranged in a particular way - this is why
minerals 'grow' as crystals
Tend to maintain their crystal shape
Layers of the Earth
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
How are rocks made and cycled?
Three forms of Rock
• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
Igneous
• Formed from Volcanic Action
Igneous Rocks-Physical Forms
• Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium,
silicon, and sodium
• Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
• Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow
• Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no
crystals
Igneous Rocks
Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained

Felsic-
LIGHT

Granite Rhyolite

Mafic-
DARK

Gabbro Basalt
Types of Igneous Rocks
• PLUTONIC
– is intrusive igneous rock that is crystallized
from magma slowly cooling below the surface of
the Earth.
• Intrusive
– Igneous rocks which form by the crystallization of
magma at a depth within the Earth
• Extrusive
– Extrusive refers to the mode of igneous volcanic
rock formation in which hot magma from inside
the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as
lava
Examples of Igneous Rocks
REVIEW-Igneous Rocks (not on notes)
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid
cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.

Is this rock Felsic or


Mafic?

Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?

Is this rock Intrusive or


Extrusive?

Mafic, fine grained, extrusive


SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Formed from igneous, metamorphic, or other
sedimentary rocks. When these rocks are
exposed at the earth’s surface they begin the
long slow but relentless process of becoming
sedimentary rock.
Cementation
• TASK:
• Individually, on your
notes, summarize how
sedimentary rocks are
formed though
cementation.
Erosion
• Breaking down rocks and soil with wind and
water
– http://ees.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning
/module08swf.swf
Difference in WEATHERING AND
EROSION
• WEATHERING-No movement is involved in
weathering,; it is the breakdown of rock
• EROSION-when those weathered items are
transported
REVIEW-Sedimentary Rocks

 Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion and


weathering
 Sediments are moved from
one place to another
 Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
 The layers become compacted
and cemented together-cementation
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm
Sedimentary Rock

 Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the


Earth’s surface

 No heat and pressure involved

 Strata – layers of rock

 Stratification – the process in


which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or quartz
Breccia is a term most often
used for clastic sedimentary
rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in
diameter).

The spaces between the


large angular fragments can
be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral
cement that binds the rock
together.
Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and
animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.

Coal is a combustible rock


and along with oil and
natural gas it is one of the
three most important fossil
fuels.
Sedimentary Rock

Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize


out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of
the mineral calcite. It most
commonly forms in clear, warm,
shallow marine waters.

It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal debris.
Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
FOSSILS
• Fossils are generally found in sedimentary
rocks formed by soft silts and muds.
– The soft sediment preserves the fine details in
the bones, teeth, and leaves of plants.
– Sometimes sediments fill an opening in a bone
or shell and leave behind a cast of the inside of
the living thing.
– Plants are often fossilized in soft sediments
which preserve the structure of the veins in the
leaves.
TASK
• In the next 10 minutes, use the 4 boxes on
your notes to make a comic strip outlining the
process of fossilization.
– Must be colored
– All 4 boxes must be filled
– Must have captions for each box
– EACH BOX IS WORTH 3 POINTS=____/12 points
• Mrs. Weimer will be around to check your
work and initial it.
METAMORPHIC
• FORMED
FROM
– Heat and
pressure
– Chemical
Changes
– Foliation
Regional vs. Contact
– Regional metamorphism is the creation of
metamorphic rock from large geographically
significant processes like plate tectonics.
– Contact metamorphism is the creation of
metamorphic rock from the proximity of an
existing rock to a heat source provided by a
plutonic intrusion.
Examples
Metamorphic Rock
• Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.

It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
Metamorphic Rock
• Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-
foliated metamorphic
rock that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.

It is composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.
Metamorphic Rock
• Determine if the following rock samples are
foliated or non-foliated:

Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite

NonFoliated NonFoliated Foliated


Intro to Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
How to get rocks and minerals?
• MINING
• Strip Mining-a form of surface mining. The ore
is close to the surface of the land but has one
or more layers of rock and dirt on top of it.
• Deep Mining- coal or mineral deposits by
underground mining methods. 'Deep' is often
interpreted as meaning 5,000 ft (1.5 km) or
more

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