WOLAITA SODO UNIVRSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANTIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

RESEARCH TITLE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL TO URBAN

MIGRATION: THE CASE OF TILITE KEBELE IN HAWASSA CITY, SIDAMA
REGION, ETHIOPIA

BY:-
TSEGAYE BEKELE
ID Geo/R/116/11

MAJIOR ADVISOR: - EYOB. A

JUNE 2021
WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA
APPROVAL SHEET

Submitted by:

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(Candidate) (Signature) (Date)

Major Advisor

_________________________ _____________ ______________

(Name) (Signature) (Date)

Department head

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Examiner name

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 Acknowledgment
The successful completion of this research would not have been possible without the support,
encouragement and cooperation from many individual who assist me in diverse ways from the
beginning to the end.

First of all, my heartily thanks go to almighty God for his blessing full knowledge inspiration and
diligence required for the successful completion of this research and for making my dream a
reality.

Next, I would like to express my heartfelt and sincere gratitude to may advisor M/r Eyob. A for
diligent paternal and professional assistance and dedication of his precious time in reading and
correcting critical comments, guidance and encouragement in the process of preparing this
research paper from very beginning up to the final work.

I would also like to thank my families for financial and material support and encouragement
throughout my academic stay.

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 ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Sidama region Hawassa town. The main objective of this study is to
assess the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in Tilite kebele which is found in
Hawassa town. The methods of data collection is used both primary and secondary data sources.
Field survey was used to collect the necessary data from sample respondents 116 which were
selected by Random sampling techniques. The data analysis is used both quantitative and
qualitative data analysis. Quantitatively by describing numbers, percentage and qualitatively by
using interview and questionnaire from different office. Finally the research recommended the
causes and consequences of rural urban migration.

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TABLES OF CONTENT PAGES

APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF ACRONOMY ............................................................................................................................... ix
1.INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the study ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General objectives ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Basic research questions ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Delimitation of the study ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.7 Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.8 Organization of the paper........................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Review Literature.......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1Migration........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Problem of Rural Urban Migration ..................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Economic problem ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2 Demographic Impact .................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.3 Cultural Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Causes of rural urban migration .......................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Economic push factors ................................................................................................................. 7
2.4.2 Non Economic Push Factors ........................................................................................................ 7
2.4.3 Urban Pull Factors ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Consequences of Rural Urban Migration............................................................................................ 8
2.6 Possible Opportunities to Reduce Rural Urban Migration ................................................................. 9
3.1 Physical Description of the study area .............................................................................................. 11

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 3.1.1 Location of the study area .............................................................................................................. 11
3.1.3 Climate ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 socio economic descriptions of study area ........................................................................................ 12
3.2.1 Population .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.2 Economic activities .................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Research Design................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4 Data type and sources ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.1. Primary sources ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.2. Secondary source ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.5. Data collection methods ................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.1 Questionnaires............................................................................................................................ 13
3.5.2 Key informants interview........................................................................................................... 13
3.5.3 Field observation ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.6 Sampling size and sampling techniques............................................................................................ 14
3.6.1 Sampling size ............................................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 15
4. Data analysis and interpretation .............................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Background of the sample respondents ................................................................................................ 15
4.3 Causes of migration of the respondents ................................................................................................ 18
4.4 Consequences of rural-urban migration on socioeconomic development ............................................ 19
4.5 Comparison of socioeconomic condition of the respondents before and after migration ..................... 21
4.6 The measures taken to reduce rural to urban migration ........................................................................ 22
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 23
5 Conclusion and recommendation ............................................................................................................. 23
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................................. 23
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 26

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List of Tables Pages

Table 1: Distribution of the sample respondent by sex................................................................. 15

Table 2: Distribution of the sample respondents by age ............................................................... 15
Table 3: Educational status of the sample respondents ................................................................ 16
Table 4: Distribution of the sample respondents by their marital status....................................... 17
Table 5: Distribution of sample respondents by their occupation status ...................................... 17
Table 6: Push factors of migration ................................................................................................ 18
Table 7: Pull factors of migration ................................................................................................. 19
Table 8: Economic consequences of the respondents ................................................................... 20
Table 9: Social consequences of migration of the respondents .................................................... 20
Table 10: Comparisons of socio-economic conditions of the respondents................................... 21
Table 11: Distribution of the respondents by the types of challenges they faced......................... 22

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List of figures Pages

Figure 1: Map of the Study Area ................................................................................................................ 11

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LIST OF ACRONOMY

AP Absolute Poverty

CSA Central Statistics Agency

IM International Migration

NM National migration

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Human beings do not sat up, they never have. Wanderings and migration of people have distributed
and redistributed populations throughout history and even prehistory. Significant redistributed
continuous. Geographers who analysis human movements divide the case for those movements in
to push factors and pull factor, push factors drive people away from where ever they are. Pull
factors attract people to new destinations (Renwick e t al, 2008). Several forces lead to this, rural
to urban transformation. First the industrial revolution lead improvements in agriculture that
required less farm labor at the same time, industrial jobs become available in the cities. Thus people
migrate from the farm to the cities. This patterns of rural to urban migration occurred throughout
North America, and it’s still occurring in developing countries to day (Smith, 2003).

Africa have emigrated either freely or slavery for centuries. This migration is known as collectively
as the Africa Diasporas, from the Greek word scattering use first by the Jews to describe their
worldwide migration. The forced migration of the slaved black Africans was for and away the
largest single factors their diffusion. They were taken to the new world and also to Middle East
and India as a part of the trade network in the Arab world and Indian Ocean. The cause and
consequence of such movements have Rural to urban migration is the movement of able-bodied
individuals from their rural villages of origin to cities to earn a labor wage is occurring seemingly
higher rates. While migration as a result roped on set disaster as prompts to population movement
(www.global health.org/..2012).

In Ethiopia many factors have been responsible for over whelming rural to urban migration,
especially from the northern regions. Historically documents show that rural to urban migration
from drought prone areas or the northern regions to Addis Ababa has been experienced for many
years (Getahun, 2007). Rural to urban migration in the study area also occurred. The study area of
Hawassa town is the existence of different Kebele and villages. Rural to urban migration is the
occurrence of seasonal and permanent migrations in the cause of pull and push factors. This
rural-urban migration is accompanied by positive and negative consequences for the area of origin
and destinations. For rural people in the short run it may help to alleviate the poverty by creating
new income and employment opportunities of the urban sector (AOFW, 2020).

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1.2 Statement of the problem
Rapid growth of rural urban migration was a common feature of developing countries, which
occurs in response to human and natural factors. The cause for the migration is economic and
noneconomic, however, wide agreement now exists among social science researchers that rural_
urban migration can be explained primary as a result of economic factors. This include not only
the push from the subsistence agriculture and pull of relatively high urban wages but also the
potential push back towards rural areas as a result of high urban unemployment(Adepoju,2018)

Ethiopia is forced by different migration patterns, and dynamics, which have significant political
and socioeconomic complex consequence of actions for the countries (Iom, 2018), overtime, the
share of the Ethiopians population that has migrated from outside their Woreda of current resident
has increased from 11.4% population in 2004 to 12.9% of the population in 2014 and 16.5% of the
population in 2008 (Getahun, 2017).

In county of Ethiopia, adaptation strategies such as, small scale irrigation, farm mechanization and
the use of more water efficient crops have been implemented at the household level. The role of
rural-urban migration in poverty reduction is a bone of contention in Ethiopia. Recently the
Ethiopian government recognized the potential role of urban areas in the contribution of national
economic growth and poverty reduction needed to connect wealth and development potential or
rural urban linkage (MoF ED, 2009). So this study examined the causes and consequence of rural
to urban migration. Inspite, this study systematically well documented causes and consequences
of rural to urban migration in Hawassa town, Tilite kebele.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objectives

The general objective of this study was to identify cause and consequence of rural to urban migra
tion in the case of Tilite kebele, Hawassa town, Sidama Region.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To identifies the causes of rural to urban migration in the study area.
 To identifies the consequences or rural to urban migration in the study area.
 To assesses the challenges that affect migration central activities.

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 1.4 Basic research questions
The researcher will attempt to give answer for the following
 What are the causes of rural to urban migration in the study area?
 What are the consequences of rural to urban migration in the study area?
 What are the challenges that affect the migration central activities in the study area?
1.5 Significance of the study
This study provides relevant information about the causes and consequences of rural to urban
migration in the Hawassa town, Tilite kebele. With regard to its significance. The finding of the s
tudy is expected contribute awareness creation of the community to make modest but important
contribution to policy and planning issues, Because; it may be help full in tackling the problems
that force the people to leave in the rural origin and narrowing the development gap between urban
and rural areas through the introduction of rural development strategies and. It also helps to
minimize the high rate migration from rural to urban.

1.6 Delimitation of the study

The delimitation of the study was to assess the causes and consequences of rural to urban migrati
on in Hawssa town, Tilite kebele and to minimize economic and social problem Hawssa town Til
ite kebele and to extent the measure of problem on rural out migration in the study area.

1.7 Limitation of the study

The major problem was challenged the researcher were
 Absences of the related researchers conducted on the study area
 Shortage of time to collect sufficient information for the study
 Lack of finance to by the necessary material for the researcher work
 Respondents’ carelessness and involuntary manner to give accurate information to resear
ch
1.8 Organization of the paper
This paper contains five chapters. The first chapter comprises the background of the study, state
ment of the problem, objective of the study, delimitation, limitation of the study and organization
of the paper. The second chapter is about review of the related literature of the study. The third
chapter contains research methodology. The fourth chapter deals about data interpretation, analys
is, and the last chapter deals about conclusion and recommendation.

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 CHAPTER TWO

Review Literature
2.1Introduction
This chapter briefly the concept of migration, causes, consequences and its impact on the area of
origin and destination socio economically.

2.1.1Migration
The migration literature has come to regard rural urban migration as the major contributed factors
to the ubiquitous phenomena of urban surplus labor and as force which continues to exacerbate
already series urban unemployment problems. When come to rural areas it is an open swatch of
land that has few home or other buildings and not very many people rural area population density
is very low and their home and businesses are located far away from one another. While urban
area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
Urban areas are located through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities,
towns, conurbation or sub urban and also their home and businesses are located very close to each
other (www.natural geographic.org, 2020).

Migration is a response by which individual and families move to interregional differentials in

opportunities and growing number of people choose migration as means of improving their lives.
It is form of population movement that takes place when a person changes his or her ‘place of birth
and different basis (Ouchall, 1998). The migration concept describes in detail which division of
the legacy system are concerned which changes shall be expected for the migration and where the
migration system division are to be integrated in to the new system, depending safety and security
as pacts of the legacy system in a migration and a roll back strategy will be selected from
businesses and details migration plan will be specifies (Dewall, 1991).

2.1.1.2 Types of migration

Geographers uses different buses or criteria to closely migratory movement of people in deferent
groups there is various types of migration but the most important base of the classification is time
and space. Therefore, there are two types of migration. These are international and internal
migration that based on the space. Thus, international movement of people are crossing

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international boundaries, whereas internal (domestic or with in country) migration is the residential
mobility from one area to another area with in the same country in this focus internal migration is
the main effect of redistributing of population sites between rural to urban areas. The common
form of internal migration, thus Ethiopia is known to have type of internal migration that listed
above (Kidane and Fransom, 2009).

Rural to urban migration is a type of movement from agricultural areas to industrial or cities. It is
concerned with that of push and pulls factors in the place of origin and destination of the people
respectively. The young peoples are most involved and are still moving to urban areas. As they
seeks greater opportunities and better job in developing countries like Ethiopia were millions of
people are migrate each from the country side of rural areas to urban centers (Kluzmo, 2002). The
rural to urban migration or migration as a whole classified as one basis of different criteria as above
seen. In this, the migration was classified in to the basis of their migration causes. Migration also
is classified as forced and voluntary. Forced or involuntary migration is one type of migration,
which takes place without the concept, or interest of the people is becoming and increasing
important aspect of form of migration. The extent in which people is developing counties were
displaced from their home was increases from time to time.

According to (Central, 1986) the recent estimate that in each year at least a million of people
throughout the year in developing countries of the world were involuntary displaced and relation
causes by a set of varying factor like political instability, war natural an environmental factors,
drought and famine and by low agricultural productivity (Brian, 1999). On the other hand, the
voluntary migration is a type of migration that take place with interest migrant in this type people
have 100% interest of judgment for the displacement for the origin of place to destination.

2.3 Problem of Rural Urban Migration

Rural urban migrations have both positive and negative impacts on origin and at destination. For
instance rural urban migrants support their parent by sending back money and they also fulfill
labor requirement of urban areas. However rural urban migration also impose problem both at
home and residence place or destination place. It has the complex consequences on migrants
themselves. In Ethiopia it imposed on social service such as health, housing, and transportation
and contributed a lot for environmental pollution and also sometimes security problem such as left
alcoholism and conflict (Wolde 2010). Rural urban migration also faced challenges these migrant

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faced housing problem, as result they rent house that lacked hygiene and most migrant lived in
group because they are unable to pay the cost in dependently due to this key faced several
suffocations which leads the situations into healthy some

2.3.1 Economic problem

In many cases of migration economic gain has been the prime injective. The economic gain
acquired by rural migrants from the cities could be an important asset to be transferred to the rural
areas (home areas or village) in the forms of capital an, technology, learning awareness,
knowledge, trade, goods and services etc. In general, are everywhere doing all kinds of jobs mostly
in the service and informal sectors. They are mainly engaged in the 3-D jobs-difficult, dirty, and
dangerous (Ma &Xiang 1998:547)-jobs that the urban population does not want because they are
too hard to disgracing (Ma & Xiang 1998).

2.3.2 Demographic Impact

Migration has significant influence on population size of both receiving and sending regions. An
increase in migration is expected to reduce rural population growth while urban population can
increase because of the majority of migrants are males and females of productive age groups. As
the result, there can be predominance of older age groups with lower fertility rate in the sending
rural areas. The UN (1991:15) reported that the migration which was caused by population
pressure becomes age and sex selective. The result was a rejuvenation of the population structure
of the urban area at destination because the migrants are younger than the resident population.
Moreover, some studies demonstrate that the age selectivity nature of rural urban migration
supplies cities with more young adults who in turn increase crude birth rate in cities and urban
areas (Montgomery et al, 2004:118, 1951). In Africa the age selectivity in city ward migration is
dominantly non-contraceptive societies; hence it makes the urban population age structure more
conductive to high fertility (UNISCO, 1991).

2.3.3 Cultural Impacts

When people migrate to the one of the main urban centers they tend to adjust their habits and belief
systems, if no immediately, but at least over a generation or two these changes include changes in
religion, clothing, ceremonies, sexual habits, etc. (Anderson, 2002).

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 2.4 Causes of rural urban migration
Social scientist takes about two aspects of people choice to move from rural area to an urban area.
These aspects are push factors and pull factors. The push and pull factors of migration can be
generally economic and non-economic

2.4.1 Economic push factors

Most empirical study indicates that rural urban migrations in the third world countries are primary
response to economic push factors (population pressure on land loose of job, due to mechanization
in farming, landlessness and small land holding. The existence of high population density on rural
land which turns causes rural unemployment and poverty is among economic factors which lead
rural out migration. People think about emigrating from places that have few job opportunities,
low wage, underemployment and no assets because of economic restructuring, job prospects often
vary from country to another and within regions of the same country (Lewis, 2020).

One of the most explanations for out migration is the higher rate of population growth in rural
areas. These informed economic models of migration in 1950s and 1510s, in which migration was
seen or movement of surplus labors. However, population growth alone is not only the main cause
of migration (Michael pacione, 2005). The quality of suitability of land for agriculture also
affected migration colonization of the abundant land resources of amatonia has failed, in many
places. To assuage the land shortage because the unsuitability of the land for many of the crops
being plaited. Similarly in many parts of Asia, population growth and shortage of cultivated land
are forcing people on to marginal ecological zone into increasing the intensity of land use, with
resulting decline in soil fertility (Blij and Murphy, 2003).

2.4.2 Non Economic Push Factors

A push factors play an additional role and mainly includes a poor rural infrastructure in general,
that means poor leaving condition referring to housing, education possibilities and health care.
Additional factors that acts as push factors are natural disaster, drought or famine, war and conflict
that in most of the time affect Rural by destroying most of their belonging and farm land and there
with their livelihood (Bailey, 2005). Forced international migration has historically occurred two
main cultural reasons, slavery and political unsuitability, millions of people were shaped to other
countries as slavery or as a prisoners, especially from Africa to western hemisphere wars are also
forced seal migration on ethnic groups in the 20th and 21th centuries in Europe and Africa.

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Migrants are pushed from their home by a divers physical conditions, water either too much or too
little poses the most environmental treat. Many people are forced to move by water related disasters
because they live in vulnerable area, such as flood plain (Lewis.com, 2020).

2.4.3 Urban Pull Factors

The people are immigrating into urban areas by which attract different infrastructure and other pull
factors. The principal cause of rural urban migration is the higher wage and more varied
employment opportunities available in the cities. There is impel evidence that pattern of migration
smith in a response to changes in income nevertheless, it is generally the cause that migrants
prospects of economic advancement are better in the cities. Also many urban duelers like in
desperate conditions most considered them saves better off economically than before their move
to the city (Michael pacione, 2005). People immigrants to places where the jobs seen to available
an area that has valuable natural resources, such as petroleum or uranium may attract minerals and
engineers anew industry may were factory workers, technician and scientists (Bailey, 2005).

The coexistence of large scale rural urban migration and rising level of urban poverty and
unemployment lead some analysis to question the like between urban job opportunities and
migration, these apparent paradox could be explained by migrant taking a long term view of
prospective improvement in their standard of living. People were seen to be willing to endure short
term difficult in the hope of better prospect of economic gain and improved welfare in the long
term, even if only for their children (Adapoju, 2008).

2.5 Consequences of Rural Urban Migration

With these push and pull factors in mind one can imagine that there are crucial changes and results
in both areas of origin and destination caused by these movements from the country side to the
cities. The increasing numbers of people move towards the large urban areas cause three things to
happen. First urban growth which means that towns and cities are specially expanding. They cover
an increasing area of land, mainly because there are not enough housing facilities in the cities
itself, so that new incomers often have to move shanty towns that are increasing in size and
number. Second urbanization which usually means refers to the fact of significant increasing in
the proportion of people living in cities in the total population. The third rural depopulation which
usually means that large number of working age people migrant from the country side to earn more
money in the cities. But then they live behind the very old and the very young causing farther

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problems in rural developments as the young, skilled, adults are missing. As the same time it has
to be mentioned that rural urban migration also can have appositive effect on rural areas. Namely
by the fact that many migrants once settled in city remit on their family in the rural area of money
that could contributed to farther development in the village of origin(C.FST DUN STANS
community school,2020).

Although migration question are often raised by host countries as problems of immigration, many
poor countries are losing their best educated people and most skilled workers through emigration.
This migration from less developed to more developed countries have been called the brain drain.
In some cause a countries can absorb them. In other cause the skilled or educated seek political
freedom and in still other causes the countries best students go abroad far training with the intent
of returning home to help their own people, but they stay abroad and never return home. The
United States profile most from the drain of skilled labors from other countries and in fact the
nation’s scientific, engineers and physicians from countries undermines the abilities of these areas
to develop. Any advanced countries reluctant to these skilled immigrants (Bergman, 2008).

Demographically characteristics of an area modified by immigration and emigration, significant

economic and social impacts often occurred. The most likely to participate in voluntary migration
are the young enterprising and often the well-educated job seekers. As a result areas that have
experienced significant out migration are left with an older, less productive, poorer population that
must bear the burden of declining tax bases and services .Also area receive an influx of new people
experience, new economic growth, they also face the expensive tusks of up grading, expanding, or
even building new transportation, water sewage, treatment system required by young growing
population. The combination of massive population and high rate of consumption has also placed
great stress on the environment in many expanding urban centers (Grossa, Gr, et al, 2003).

2.6 Possible Opportunities to Reduce Rural Urban Migration

Many city administrations in the third world have sought to limit rural _ urban migration and even
to reverse the flow of by employing a series of measures including administrative and legal control
on population movement policy registration schemes and direct restriction programs to relate
urban dweller in the country side. These structures have most successes in sociality states, in china
in order to slow the rate of urbanization and reduce emerging income and welfare differential
between urban and rural areas. The government in 1958 introduces a population registration

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system that classified people as either urban or rural residents. Limits the number moving to cities
Opportunically in the hope of finding work, outside the socialist third world, the only country in
which controls on migration have had the movement of black Africans in to the cities. Elsewhere
control of population movement have been less effective, because legal restriction are difficult to
enforce, licenses are easily forged, monitoring entire cities is costly, and people who are evicted
can rectum (Michael pinioned, 2005).

In addition to this other opportunities to minimize rural urban migration in terms of promote the
agriculture as a profession, provide basic facilities (hospital, college, transportation etc.), and
promote the small scale industries in the rural areas so that employment can be created in the same
region. Make migration manageable is to understand why people migrate. It is important to
analysis the cause and then employ specific remedies to collect the situation also there must not
be regional imbalance in document, or the areas of the nation must have development
opportunities, the rural areas must be given spatial attention. While development so as to retain
the population which migrates to the urban areas. Better job prospects in rural areas will surely
reduce the rate of migration (Getis, et al, 2011).

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 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

3.1 Physical Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location of the study area

The study was conducted in Hawassa town particularly in Tilite kebele and is bounded in north
By Dume kebele, South by Tulo kebele, East by Hitata kebele and West by Lake Hawassa and
astronomically lies between 6°10’0” to7°10’0” N latitude, 38°0’0” to 39°0’0”E longitude.

Figure 1: Map of the Study Area, Source, (ArcGIS, 2021)

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3.1.2 Topography
The topography of the study area characterized by gentle slope and with the altitude of 1750 m
above sea level.

3.1.3 Climate
The climatic condition of Tilite Kebele characterized by long rain from April to August. The
hottest month of the year is January and February while November to December is usually the
coldest. According to last 11 years (2007-2018) data obtained from the weather station, the
average annual rain fall and temperature (maximum and minimum) of the area is 971.9 mm and
27.9°c and 13.8°C, respectively (Nmasnnpsmch, 2019).
3.2 socio economic descriptions of study area

3.2.1 Population
According to 2008 population housing census the population number of the kebele are about 110
88 with sex composition about 5842 males and 5246 females. With regard to the age structure,
the large proportion of population is young in the study area; accordingly, recent data of the kebe
le shows that the population is increasing from time to time (Tilite Kebele Administrative, 2021).

3.2.2 Economic activities

The Economy of the kebele is highly dependent on trade and the dwellers of the kebele currently
depend on production of different fruits and crops like maize, tomato, cabbage, mango, papaya,
chills and banana beside the lake Hawassa.

3.3 Research Design

Survey research method is used to carry out the assessment due to its suitability for gathering
descriptive intervention.

3.4 Data type and sources

To achieve the objective. Researcher used both primary and secondary sources that related to res
earch objectives to get enough and additional information that support the research and its accept
ability.

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3.4.1. Primary sources
Primary source is used to get primary data for the study. Primary data were collected through
questionnaires, interview, and observation.

3.4.2. Secondary source

Secondary data were collected from the valuable data documents published and unpublished reco
rding in different times in municipal office and other related organization found in the town. It also
includes books and report.

3.5. Data collection methods

To collect necessary information the researcher used the following data collection methods and
tools.

3.5.1 Questionnaires
The researcher used both open-ended or unrestricted format where respondents were asked
questions and give freedom to decide the detail form and length of answers, and close -ended or
restricted types, which present assets of fixed alternative from which respondents had to choose
an appropriate answer.

3.5.2 Key informants interview

In order to get detail information from knowledgeable persons who were know much about my
study, the structured interview were used due to informants in study area can read and write. So
this study used these methods of data collection

3.5.3 Field observation

In contemporary field observation were the important technique to collect original data (Shiller R,
J, 2009). This iss because sometimes the information of the research gathered from the informant
s may contradict with what the real situation. Therefore, observation is better to get the information
from original sources. During the field observation the researcher clearly seen his study area.

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3.6 Sampling size and sampling techniques.

3.6.1 Sampling size

N
Sampling size was taken based on Yamane 1967 mathematical formula 𝑛 = 1+N(𝐸)2
1848 1848
n = 1+1848(0.09)2 = 15.9688 = 115.72566505 ~ 116

Where:
n = required sample size
N = total number of household
E=marginal error between 5 and 10%.
The Marginal error of (0.09) 9 % was used, then the confidence level of 90%.

3.6.2 Sampling technique.

Random sampling technique was used to ensure control as a means of increasing precision and
representativeness (ensuring equal chance of being selected for every household and to minimize
bias) to get reliable data for this study.

3.7 Methods of data analysis

The researcher analyzes primary and secondary data by using qualitative and quantitative method
.The qualitative data was analyzed by using word instrument forms and while quantitative data
analyzed by using simple statistical methods. Such as like table, graphs, percentages.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4. Data analysis and interpretation
4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from Hawassa town
Tilite kebele Administration and town’s migrants through questionnaire and interview respective
ly and it contains analysis and interpretation of researcher observation results. This interpretation
mainly focuses exploring the cause and consequences of rural-urban migration in
Hawassa town Tilite kebele.

4.2 Background of the sample respondents

Table 1 distribution of the sample respondent by sex
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 66 56.9
Female 50 43.1
Total 116 100
Source: field survey result, 2021

The data that presented in the above table are demographic information of all respondents that
identify the composition of migrants to town based on sex. According to the sex distribution, the
result of the study revealed that the total respondents 56.9% and 43.1% were male and female
respectively. The survey result showed further that male migrants were dominant accounting for
about 66% of the total. This happened might be because of many migrants participated in labor
work in the town.

Table 2 distribution of the sample respondents by age

Age group Frequency Percentage

15-20 39 33.6
21-39 52 44.8
40-60 25 21.6
Total 116 100
Source: field survey result, 2021

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The above table shows that, from the total sample respondents about 58.6% were with in age group
21-39, 32.8% were within age group 15-20 as well as 8.6% were with in age group 40-60 years.
As shown on the above information, that most surveyed respondents are found between ages of
21-39 years. They are people of young age who migrated to the town. This may be explained by
the fact that young people decide to move as they characteristically are easily bitten by the rising
ambition. They who get more restless about the deteriorating socio-economic situation in their
rural settings or about searching out newer environment and better chance of life.

Table 3 Educational status of the sample respondents

Respondents Frequency Percentage

Can’t read and write 9 7.75
Grade 1-5 36 31.03
Grade 6-9 41 35.3
Above 10 30 25.8
Total 116 100
Source: field survey result, 2021

Education is one of the significant characteristics inducing rural-urban migration. The decision to
migrate is also more likely influenced by educational attainment. This would mean that those who
are better educated are relatively more involved in different migration streams than those who are
not. Those who have completed secondary education and higher are more migratory than those
who have completed primary education. This is mainly because of the fact that educational
attainment increases the chance to get employment and other opportunities. The survey result of
this research also shows that the tendency to migrate is directly related to educational attainment.
As illustrated in table 4.3. Majority of the respondents about 92.25% had primary and above edu
cational level when they migrated to Hawassa town, Tilite kebele.

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Table 4 Distribution of the sample respondents by their marital status

Marital status Frequency Percentage

Single 55 47.41
Married 45 38.79
Divorced 9 7.75
Windowed 7 6.03
Total 116 100
Source: field survey result, 2021

One of the characteristics of migrants in relation to rural to urban migration is their marital
status. Because pattern of migration are strangle affected by marital status (CSA 2007) indicated
that migration is selective in terms of marital status and as a result, mostly single persons dominate
among migrants. This is because of that since unmarried people can decide what they went to do
without any interference of other. Based on the data of above table, the respondents about 47.41%
were single 38.79% were married, 7.75% were divorced and 6.03% were windowed.

Table 5 Distribution of sample respondents by their occupation status

Occupational status Frequency Percentage

Self-employed 56 48.27
Employed in private organization 44 37.9
Students 16 13.79
Total 116 100
Source: field survey result, 2021

One of the determinant factors for the decision to migrate is occupational status of migrants they
had before migration. That means pre migration occupation plays an important role for the decision
to migrate. As clearly show in the above table 4.5. The majority of respondents about 48.27% we
re self-employed and 37.9% employed in private organization among the respondents while the
rest 13.79% were students.

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 4.3 Causes of migration of the respondents

There are several reasons for population mobility from place to place. Reasons for migration for
urban centers in particular are more complex. However, the causes of migration are usually
identified as two broad categories, namely pushing and pulling factors. For example, people of a
certain area may be pushed off by poverty and natural factor to move towards towns for
employment. On the other hand, better employment opportunities or the need for better facilities
in urban areas may also pull people to urban areas. In general, however, as to the causes of
migration scholars conclude that migration is a response by humans to a series of economic and
non-economic factors (Lewis, 1982; Todaro, 1997). However, nowadays scholars agreed that
rural-urban migration largely explained by economic factors than non-economic factors (Todaro,
1997). In Ethiopia, rural-urban migration also takes place largely as a response to economic factors
than non-economic factors (EEA, 1999/2000). The survey result of this study also confirms the
above theories.

Table 6 push factors of migration

Respondents
Frequency Percentage
Shortage of farm land 60 51.7
Environmental degradation 12 10.34
Lack of job availability 44 37.93
Total 116 100
Sources: Field survey result, 2021

As indicated in the table 4.6, above about 51.7% of the respondents replied as caused by migration
due to shortage of farmland, 10.34% of the respondents migrate in the case of environmental
degradation and 37.93% of the respondents migrated in the case of lack of job availability. Based
on the information in the above table, the researcher concluded that, the majority of the respondents
replied about the push factors of the rural-urban migration were shortage of farmland. Because of
these problem, the people particularly productive groups move towards to town from rural areas.

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Table 7 pull factors of migration

Item Respondents
Frequency Percentage
Higher wages 58 50
Better living condition 38 32.75
Access of infrastructure 20 17.24
Total 116 100
Source: Field survey of result, 2021

According to the above table, out of the total respondents 50% were replied higher wages as well
as 32.75% were replied as better living condition and 17.24% were replied access of infrastructure.
Based on the above information, the researcher concluded that, the majority of the respondents
requested about the pull factors of rural-urban migration. During the personal interview, some of
the migrants reported that the amount of money earned annually is almost three times higher than
the rural annual per capital income.

4.4 Consequences of rural-urban migration on socioeconomic development

The effect of migration on both place of origin and destination is very complex and requires
through understanding of various behavioral contexts. However, in general, the consequences
depend on the volume of migration, the degree of flow of remittance and the type of migrants that
dominates the migration flow. On this ground, Oberai (2017) stated that the rural-urban migration
is a population movement from relatively low-income rural activities to higher income industrial
and service sector so that the level of income and living standard of migrants can be increased.
Therefore, it considered as generating various benefits to the migrants. In other hand, migration
particularly in the push streams of movement is found to be the major challenges for development
in both receiving urban and departing rural areas in developing nations. This is because most of
urban areas of less developed nations are in effectively urbanized and hence is not found to have
the capacity to fruitfully absorb the rural migrants in gainful jobs, neither to provide housing or
various other social service and amenities.

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Table 8 Economic consequences of the respondents

Economic consequences of Frequency Percentage

migration
Low level of income 60 51.72
Low level of living standard 44 37.93
Under developed infrastructure 12 10.34
Total 116 100
Sources: Field survey result, 2021

As shown in the table 4.8 above, out of the total respondents about 51.72% of the respondents
were determined low level of income, about 37.93% of the respondents were determined by low
level of living standard and 10.34% of the respondents determined by under developed infrastruc
ture. From this, the research concluded that the majority of respondents in the economic
consequences of rural-urban migration were determined by low level of income. In addition, the
town municipality office was given as economic consequences of rural-urban migration include
the segmentation in labor and capital markets across regions, income shocks, food for work
program declined in day to day as compared to previous one. Finally, the economic consequences
of rural to urban migration are mostly rural-urban push factors that are particularly food
vulnerability and poverty (Hawassa town municipal office 2021).

Table 9: social consequences of migration of the respondents

Social consequences of migration Frequency Percentage
Raising urban unemployment 15 12.93
Over growing population 17 14.65
Re socialization 14 12.06
Cultural transformation 25 21.55
Shortage of urban amenities 45 38.79
Total 116 100
Sources: Field survey result, 2021

According to table 4.9, above, 38.79% of social consequences of migration seen from shortage of
urban amenities. The remaining consequences of rural urban migration accounts 21.55%, 12.06%,
14.65% and 12.93% which is named as the consequences of cultural transformation,
re-socialization, over growing population and raising urban unemployment respectively. From

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this, the research concluded that, the majority of the respondents said social consequences of rural
urban migration are shortage of urban amenities. In addition to this the social consequences of
rural urban migration was summarized by town office of municipal are revealed to the way of
social conflict, social tension, low and order situation, inequalities in the available social and
economic opportunities and other amenities between the groups of people and section are gathered
in detail.

4.5 Comparison of socioeconomic condition of the respondents before and

after migration
An attempt was made together information about the socio-economic condition of migrants before
and after migration. As such, socioeconomic condition such as working conditions, income, healt
h care and general living conditions of migrants were used as instruments for assessing impacts
of migration on individual migrants.
Table 10: Comparisons of socio-economic conditions of the respondents

Condition Better Worse No change Total

Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
General living 45 38.79 40 34.48 31 26.72 116 100
condition
Income 45 38.79 49 42.24 22 18.96 116 100
Health care 54 46.55 32 27.58 30 25.86 116 100
Sources: Field survey result, 2021

As indicated in the table 4.10 above, more than three quarter of the respondents reported that they
had improvements in different aspects of their lives. For instances, about 46.55% of the
respondents reported that they had got improvement in the health care, 38.79% of the respondents
had got improvements in their income and 38.79% of the respondents had got improvements in
general living conditions. In general, the survey data show that more than half of the surveyed
respondents have improvements in health care.

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Table 11: Distribution of the respondents by the types of challenges they faced

Challenges Frequency Percentage

Lack of shelter at destination 28 24.13
Mismatch of wage/ salary 19 16.37
Time gap to acquire job at destination 32 27.58
Inability to obtain social services 16 13.79
Lack of skill for job found at destination 21 18.10
Total 116 100
Sources: Field survey result, 2021

As shown on the above table 4.11, most of the respondent’s account 24.13% among the total
respondents were faced by lack of shelter at destination, 27.58% of the respondents were faced by
mismatch of wage, 16.37% of the respondents were faced by time gape to acquire job at
destination, 13.79% of the respondents were faced by in ability to obtain social services and
18.10% of the respondents were faced by lack of skill for job found at destination. From this, the
research concluded that, the majority of the respondents faced by mismatch of wage or salary. In
general, one can therefore concluded that the main difficulties being faced by migrants were lack
of shelter at destination, problems related to job such as the difficult of time gap to acquires job at
destination and inability to obtain social services.

4.6 The Measures Taken to Reduce Rural to Urban Migration

Hawassa town municipal and administration reported, the measure taken to reduce rural to urban
migration are illustrated as the following. The town municipal should take effective actions to im
plement, small farmer’s development guarantee program and integrated rural development progr
am. The major solution to reduce rural to urban migration is improving living condition, improving
access of infrastructure and improving job opportunity (Hawassa town municipality, 2021) .

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
Migration is a complex problem or process involving the movement of people from one area to
another area for searching a better opportunity. According to this finding the sex distribution of
respondents are largely seen from male migrants which have better educational back ground, the
analysis of migration data has revealed the importance of rural urban migration in affecting the
transfer of house hold labor force which is the most economical active age group 21-39 years to
both rural and urban areas has result adverse effects. Based on the finding majority of migrants
from rural to urban area are single. The causes of migration largely seen for lack of employment
in the area. The consequences of socio-economic development are shortage of urban amenities,
low level of income and the impact of agricultural sector are decreasing household labor
productivity and economic crises.

5.2 Recommendation
The finding of the study shows that, rural urban migration is increasing and Problems of
unemployment and underemployment greatly occurred on peoples the time of migration.
Therefore, to improve these and other existed problems the following recommendations were
forwarded by the researchers.

 The government should be integrating rural development strategy to increase agricultural

production by increasing rural labor productivity, by improving farm technology,
increasing farm inputs such as; fertilizer, high yielding variety of seeds, insecticides and
improve access to financial credit.
 The government should develop small scale irrigation to alleviate the problem of rain fed
dependence cultivation system and should adopt equitable distribution of any access.
 The migrant people also face a problem after move to urban areas such problems are
homelessness, street vendor, hunger and famine and death. So, each individual must
provide complete information and must increase their awareness before make decision for
migrant.

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REFERENCE
Achrya. Cervarus, (2010). The majority of workers entering the urban informal sectors.

Adepoj, (2018), migration in sub Saharan African, current Africa issues, number 37. Uppsala: the
Nordic Africa Institute.
Adepoju, A, A, (2018) Selected Studies on the Dynamics, Patterns and Consequences of medium-
sized Towns in Nigeria. Reports and papers in the social sciences, No.53, UNESCO.

Altenburg, stella, (2011). Rural to urban migration a necessity to survive.

Birhan, (2011). The town and city of Ethiopia are finding growing difficult to observe the migrant
to gain full jobs and to provide adequate living.

Boahans, (2015). Rural to urban migration in developing country and the number of people living
in urban areas risen by million.

Borrette, (1992). The cause and consequence of rural to urban migration, on population geography.

Central, (1986). The recent estimate that in each years a list a million of people through the year.

CSA 2007 Population and Housing Census Report. Central Statistics Authority, Ethiopia. Access
to geography Guinness poul 2002.

Dada ring Lewis. (2020).Turning point in china. Google book result, https:
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Dewoll, (1991). The migration concept describe in detail which division of the legacy system.

Getahun, (2017), migration and the making of multi ethnic metropolis Addis Ababa.1941- 1974,
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Geographic information system and remote sensing lab room. (2021) .Wolita Sodo University.
Global population and demographic encyclopedia 313-871-N48, 1999

Green wood, hunt, 2013, cited Boneberry, 2011). The current developed, world in the 19thand
20thcentury have under gone different pattern of the migration

Hawassa town Tilite kebele Administration Population Information Center January, 2021.

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Kasahun,A(2000). Urban area of the Ethiopia relatively spreading are more developed with batter
prospect from employment and living conditions.

LUB, (2006). B, yong, Chia, (2007) remittance have been found to have income stabilizing effect
at both.

Mini, (2000). Movement of people from rural to urban areas possess some problem in the area.

Mofed, (2009). People mobility from rural to urban migration areas has been considered as one of
the problem challenge.

NAGIE, (2018). The various types of migrations in the world. Internal, intercontinental,
continental.)

Nmasnnpsmch, 2019 Central Statistical data of rain fall and temp Hawassa meteorological station.

Ouch, all, (1998). Migration is a response by which individual and families move to inter regional
differential opportunities.

Quaint, G.S.2009. Push and Pull factors of migration .A case of Brick Kiln Industry of Punjab
State. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Sciences, Vo1.1 No.1, PP.82-116.
Todaro, m.p.1997.Urbanization, and Unemployment and migration in Africa. Theory and Policy.
Working paper 104.New York University and Todaro Population Council, Barkharath
Printers, New Delhi.
UN 1991.Intergration Development and Population Planning. New York. United Nations.
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 Appendix
Wolaita Sodo University

College of social sciences and humanity

Department of geography and environmental studies

General information about the study

Questioners prepared for sample households in Hawassa town, Tilte kebele . This questioner is
prepared for an academic purpose for the fulfillment to assess rural to urban migration in Tilite
kebele Hawassa town. Therefore, your response is very important for the success of the study,
because all information that you provide determine the analysis and conclusion of the research.
Hence, you are kindly requested to give your response by selecting (cycling) your answer from the
given alternative choice or describing your opinion. Please be informed that your response is kept
in confidential and you are not required to write your name, and in order to answer the following
question.

Background Information Part I. Background information about the respondent

1. Sex. A. Male. B. Female

2. Age. A. Below 20 year B. 21-40 year C. 41-60 year D. Above 60 years

3 Education status A. Able to read and write. B. Grade 1-4.

C. Grade 5-8. D. Grade 9-12 E. College and university

4. Marital status A. Married. B. Unmarried. C. Divorced.

5. Work status. A. Agriculture. B. Government employed. C. Trader. D. Students

Part II questions related to factor of the rural to urban migration

1. In your surrounding area rural to urban migrant is occurring?

2. If your answer for number 1 is yes, why they leave from rural areas?

A. By conflict. B. For funding job

C. By climate conditions. D. Lack of enough farm land

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3. Why people want to live in rural areas?

A. Get job opportunities. B. Improve their living standard. C. For educational level

4. Which age group mostly migrant from rural to urban areas?

A. Children. B. Adult. C. Old age

5. In your kebele what seems like the amount of rural to urban migration years to years?

A. Increase. B. Decrease

6. Generally what are the cause and consequence rural to urban migration?

.........................................................................................................................................................

Part III. Question which focus the consequence of rural to urban migration

1. In the cause of rural to urban migration, what occurs in rural areas?

A. Decrease population B. decreases productivity. C. Loss of productive age group

2. What are the consequences of in urban areas in the cause of rural to urban migration?

A. Over population. B. Urbanization. C. Economic growth.

D. Good health care and high living standard

3. What are the consequences of rural to urban migration in social, economic, and political aspects?
.................................................................................

Part IV. Questions related to the possible opportunities to reduce rural to urban migration

1. Can we minimize rural to urban migration?

A. Yes. B. No

2. If your answer is yes for number 1, in by which methods minimize rural to urban migration.

A. To build different institutions. B. To create awareness for the people about migration.

C. To improve housing condition

3. Who have a responsible to take the measurement to reduce the rate of rural to urban migration?

A. Only government. B Only administrative bodies’ C. For local communities

D. For every person

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