STAAR CHEMISTRY STAAR

TM

Reference Materials State of Texas

Assessments of
Academic Readiness

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Speed of light = (frequency)(wavelength) c = fλ

Energy = (Planck’s constant)(frequency) E photon = hf

(Planck’s constant)(speed of light) hc
Energy = E photon =
(wavelength) λ
BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Total pressure of a gas = ( sum of the partial pressures

of the component gases ) PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . .

(Pressure)(volume) = (moles)(ideal gas constant)(temperature) PV = nRT

(Initial pressure)(initial volume) (final pressure)(final volume) PV PV

1 1 = 2 2
= n1T1 n2T2
s )(initial temperature)
(Initial moles (final moles)(final temperature)

(Initial pressure)(initial volume) = (final pressure)(final volume) PV = PV

1 1 2 2

(Initial volume) (final volume) V1 V

= = 2
(Initial temperature) (final temperature) T1 T2

(Initial volume) (final volume) V1 V

= = 2
(Initial moles) (final moles) n1 n2

SOLUTIONS
moles of solute mol
Molarity = M =
liter of solution L

hydrogen ion
Ionization constant of water = concentration ( )(
hydroxide ion
concentration )
K w = [H+][OH−]

( Volume of
solution 1 )( molarity of
solution 1 )=( volume of
solution 2 )( molarity of
solution 2 )

V1M1 = V2M2

pH = -logarithm (hydrogen ion concentration) pH = −log[H+]

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Heat gained or lost = (mass) ( specific

heat )( change in
temperature )

Q = mcp∆T

Enthalpy of
reaction
enthalpy
(
= of products )-( enthalpy
of reactants )
∆H = ∆H of (products) − ∆H of (reactants)
STAAR CHEMISTRY STAAR
TM

REFERENCE MATERIALS State of Texas

Assessments of
Academic Readiness

OTHER FORMULAS
mass m
Density = D =
volume V

Percent error = ( accepted value − experimental value

accepted value )(100)

=( )
actual yield
Percent yield (100)
theoretical yield

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS

23
Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 10 particles per mole

−34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10 J ⋅s

8 m
c = speed of light = 3.00 × 10
s

( )
2
−14
mol
K = ionization constant of water = 1.00 × 10
w L
4 0 1
alpha particle (α) = He beta particle (β) = e neutron = n
2 −1 0

standard temperature and pressure (STP) = 0°C and 1 atm

0°C = 273 K

L
volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.4
mol
3
1 cm = 1 mL = 1 cc

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa

L ⋅ atm L ⋅ kPa L ⋅ mm Hg
R = ideal gas constant = 0.0821 = 8.31 = 62.4
mol ⋅ K mol ⋅ K mol ⋅ K

1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 joules (J)

1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. Non-zero digits and zeros between non-zero digits are always significant.
2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Zeros to the right of all non-zero digits are only significant if a decimal point is shown.
4. For values written in scientific notation, the digits in the coefficient are significant.
5. In a common logarithm, there are as many digits after the decimal point as there are
significant figures in the original number.
STAAR CHEMISTRY STAAR
TM

REFERENCE MATERIALS
State of Texas
Assessments of
Academic Readiness

POLYATOMIC SOLUBILITY OF COMMON ACTIVITY

IONS IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER SERIES
Acetate C2H3O2− , CH3COO− Soluble Common exceptions Metal
compounds contain
Ammonium NH4+ Lithium
C2H3O2− , CH COO− None
3
Potassium
Carbonate CO2− NH4+ None
3
NO3− None Barium
Chlorate ClO3−
CN− None Calcium
Chlorite ClO2− ClO −
None Sodium
ClO2− None Magnesium
Chromate CrO2−
4
ClO3− None Aluminum
Cyanide CN−
ClO4− None
Manganese
Dichromate Cr2O2− Br−
Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+

Increasing Activity
2
7 Zinc
Cl− Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+
2
Hydrogen carbonate HCO3− Chromium
I− Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+
2
Hydroxide OH− SO2− Compounds of Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+ Iron
4 2
Cobalt
Hypochlorite ClO− Insoluble Common exceptions
compounds contain Nickel
Nitrate NO3−
CO2−
3
Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations Tin
4
Nitrite NO2− PO3− Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations Lead
4 4

Perchlorate ClO4− CrO2− Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations (Hydrogen)
4 4

Cr2O2− Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations Copper

Permanganate MnO−
4 7 4
Mercury
OH− Compounds of NH4+ , the alkali metal cations,
Phosphate PO3−
4 2+
Ca2+, Sr , and Ba2+ Silver
Sulfate SO2− Platinum
4 S2− Compounds of NH4+ , the alkali metal cations,
2+
Sulfite SO2−
3
Ca2+, Sr , and Ba2+ Gold
STAAR CHEMISTRY STAAR
TM

REFERENCE MATERIALS
State of Texas
Assessments of
Academic Readiness

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 18
1A 8A
1 2
Atomic number 14
1 H He
1.008
Hydrogen
2
2A
Symbol
Si 13
3A
14
4A
15
5A
16
6A
17
7A
4.003
Helium
Atomic mass 28.086
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Silicon Name B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.812 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948
Sodium Magnesium 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.412 114.818 118.711 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.294
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.328 174.967 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.085 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
Cesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
Mass numbers in parentheses are those of
7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg the most stable or most common isotope.
(223) (226) (262) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280)
Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Lanthanide Series La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.905 140.116 140.908 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.055
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Actinide Series Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
(227) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259)
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium

Updated Spring 2011