F1

My

Py

Pz O Px
F3 Mx

Mz x
z

Px AXIAL FORCE. This component measures the pulling

(or pushing) action perpendicular to the section. It is
often denoted by P.
Py, Pz SHEAR FORCES. These are the components of the
total resistance to sliding portion to one side of the
exploratory section past the other. The resultant force
is usually designated by V and its components by Vy
and Vz to identify their directions.

Mx TORQUE. This component measures the resistance

to twisting the member and is commonly given the
symbol T.
My, Mz BENDING MOMENTS. These components measure
the resistance to bending the member about y- or z-
axis and are often denoted merely by My or Mz.
 Bar 1 Bar 2
10 mm2 1000 mm2

2 2
500 N  1000 mm  5000 N  1000 mm 
 
10 mm 2  1 m  1000 mm 2  1 m 
N N
 50  106 2  5  106 2
m m

500 N 5000 N
The unit strength of a material is usually defined as the
stress in the material. Stress is expressed symbolically as
P
σ
A
where s (Greek lowercase letter sigma) is the stress or
force per unit area, P is the applied load, and A is the cross-
sectional area.
The unit for stress are the units of force divided by the units
of area. In SI, force is measured in Newtons (N) and area is
measured in square meters (m2). Thus, the units for stress
are Newtons per square meter (N/m2). Frequently, one
Newton per square meter is referred to as one Pascal (Pa).

In US Customary units, force is measured in pounds (lb).

With area measured in square inches (in2), the units for
stress are pounds per square inch (lb/in2), frequently
abbreviated as psi.
Dividing load by area does not give the stress at all points in
the cross-sectional area; it merely determines the average
stress. A more precise definition of stress is obtained by
dividing the differential load dP by the differential area over
which it acts:
dP
σ
dA
The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform
is known as simple stress. A uniform stress distribution can
exist only if the resultant of the applied loads passes through
the centroid of the cross-section.
It does not follow, however, that positioning the load through
the centroid of the section always results in a uniform stress
distribution.
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100mm must
carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MPa.

N
D 100 mm   120 MPa  120  106 Pa  120  106
m2

P

400 kN A
400(1000)
120  106 

( D 2  0.102 )
4
D  0.11935 m

D  119.35 mm

400 kN
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly
fastened between a bronze section and a steel section as
shown below. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each section.

Aluminum
Bronze A = 1.8 in2 Steel
A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.6 in2
4000 lb 9000 lb 7000 lb
2000 lb

1.3 ft 1.6 ft 1.7 ft

 Aluminum
Bronze A = 1.8 in2 Steel
A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.6 in2
4000 lb 9000 lb 7000 lb
2000 lb

1.3 ft 1.6 ft 1.7 ft

PB 4000 lb
Fx  0   B  
AB 1.2 in 2
4000lb 4000  PB  0
PB  B  3333.33 psi
PB  4000 lb
(tensile stress )
 Aluminum
Bronze A = 1.8 in2 Steel
A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.6 in2
4000 lb 9000 lb 7000 lb
2000 lb

1.3 ft 1.6 ft 1.7 ft

Fx  0   PA 5000 lb
A  
4000lb 9000 lb AA 1.8 in 2
4000  9000  PA  0
PA
PA  5000 lb  A  2777.78 psi
(compressive stress )
 Aluminum
Bronze A = 1.8 in2 Steel
A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.6 in2
4000 lb 9000 lb 7000 lb
2000 lb

1.3 ft 1.6 ft 1.7 ft

Fx  0   PS 7000 lb
S  
AS 1.6 in 2
7000lb PB  7000  0
PS  S  4375.00 psi
PB  7000 lb
(compressive stress )
The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The bars AB
and AC are pinned to the support at B and C. The areas are
800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC. Neglecting the
weights of the bars, determine the maximum safe value of W
if the stress in AB is limited to 110 MPa and that in AC to
120 MPa.
B C

40° A 60°

W
 AAB  800 mm 2  AB  110 MPa
B C AAC  400 mm 2  AC  120 MPa
N
Note : 1 MPa  1
mm 2

40° A 60° Fx  0  

 PAB cos 40  PAC cos 60  0  (1)

Fy  0  
PAB sin 40  PAC sin 60  W  0  (2)
W
Solving : PAB  0.50771W
PAC  0.77786W

PAB 0.50771W PAC 0.77786W

 AB  ; 110   AC  ; 120 
AAB 800 AAC 400 safeW  61,707.76 N
W  173,327.29 N W  61,707.76 N
Shearing stress differs from both tensile and compressive
stress in that it is caused by forces acting along or parallel to
the area resisting the forces, whereas tensile and
compressive stresses are caused by forces perpendicular to
the areas on which they act. For this reason, tensile and
compressive stresses are frequently called normal stresses,
whereas a shearing stress may be called a tangential
stress.

A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads

cause one section of a body to tend to slide past its adjacent
section.
What force is required to punch a 20-mm diameter hole in a
plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MPa.

V

A
P
350 
 (20)(25)

P  549, 778.71 N
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member
supported as shown below. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
 Bx

RB By
Fx  0  
V
 Bx  40cos35  0 RB  Bx 2  By 2 
A
Bx  32.77 kN RB  59.07 kN 59.07(1000)


M C  0  (20)2  2
4
 B y (250)  40sin 35(250)  40cos 35(200)  0
  94.01MPa
B y  49.15 kN
A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross
section, is used as a compression block as shown.
Determine the maximum axial force P that can be safely
applied to the block if the compressive stress in the wood is
limited to 20 MPa and the shearing stress parallel to grain is
limited to 5 MPa. The grain makes an angle of 20° with the
horizontal, as shown.
 P

A
P
20 
50(100)
P  100,000 N

V

A
P sin 20
5
 100 
50  
 cos 20 
P  77,786.19 N

safe P  77,786.19 N
Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that the
latter is the internal stress caused by a compressive force,
whereas the former is a contact pressure between separate
bodies. Some examples of bearing stress are the soil
pressure beneath piers and the forces on bearing plates.
The result of an excessive bearing stress is to cause yielding
of the plate or of the rivet, or both. The intensity with which
the rivet bears against the rivet hole is not constant, but it
actually varies from zero at the edges of the hole to a
maximum directly in back of the rivet. The difficulty inherent
in a variable stress distribution is avoided by the common
practice of assuming the bearing stress sb to be uniformly
distributed over a reduced area equal to the projected area
of the rivet hole. Then the bearing load is expressed by

Pb Pb
σb  
A b dt
A 20-mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in
the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of the rivet.
Determine the minimum thickness of each plate and the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.
 b. without exceeding the allowable bearing stress :
Pb 18,849.56
d  20 mm b  110 mm b  120 
Ab 20(t )

t  7.85 mm

c. largest average tensile stress:.

P 18,849.56
 
 b  120 MPa A (110  20)(7.85)
  60 MPa
  26.68 MPa
a. without exceeding the allowable shear stress :
V Pb
 60 
A 
(20)2
4
Pb  18,849.56 N
A cylindrical tank carrying a gas or fluid under a pressure p
is subjected to tensile forces that resist the bursting forces
developed across longitudinal and transverse sections. A
simple method of determining the bursting force F is
indicated in the figure below.
The stress in the longitudinal section that resists the bursting
force F is obtained by dividing it by the area of the two cut
surfaces. This gives:
 F pDL pD
σ  A  σt 
2tL
σt 
2t
This stress is usually called the tangential stress because it
acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder; other common
names are circumferential stress, hoop stress, and girth
stress.
Consider a free-body diagram of a transverse section.

The area of a transverse section is the wall thickness

multiplied by the mean circumference, or p(D+t)t; if t is small
compared to D, it is closely approximated by pDt.
Consider a free-body diagram of a transverse section.

pD
Then we obtain, σ l 
4t
where sl denotes what is called the longitudinal stress
because it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
The equation for solving the stress in the wall of a thin-
walled spherical pressure vessel is identical to that for the
longitudinal stress in a cylinder.

pD
σ
4t
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400mm in diameter with a
wall thickness of 20 mm is subjected to an internal pressure
of 4.5 MPa. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120 MPa?
a. b.
pD 4.5(400) pD p(400)
t   t  120 
2t 2(20) 2t 2(20)

 t  45 MPa p  12 MPa

pD 4.5(400)
l  
4t 4(20)

 l  22.5 MPa
The wall thickness of a 4-ft diameter spherical tank is 5/16
in. Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is
limited to 8000psi.
pD p(4  12)
 8000 
4t 4(5 / 16)

p  208.33 psi