CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Diarrhea is one of the commonest health problems militating against the

development of infant and young children in all developing nations; Nigeria

inclusive. It is also a common problem of early childhood which can causes death

and diseases like malnutrition among many others.

According to Sulaiman (2009) ‘prevention and control of diarrhea is a topic

simply means looking into health needs and problems of community on how to

prevent and control the incidence of poor hygiene. However, Diarrhea is widely

known to be one of the major childhood diseases that lead to the children to their

early grave; and it is incidence use to be much among family members suffering

from higher rate of esteem poverty in most of the communities. This sometime

increase due to proper and effort health education on environmental and personal

hygiene.

Diarrhea counts directly and indirectly for between a quarter and half of all

sickness and death of children from 0 – 59 month of age i.e birth to five years in

the developing nation. Robert, (2000) pointed out that diarrhea killed over 2.5

million children globally from 1990 to date. As a result of this, the researcher

seems to be agreed, that diarrhea constitutes a great problem nationally and

1
globally. The disease is one of the most common children illnesses as pointed out

in this research earlier. However, the disease is normally reported to have occurred

in the area of higher rate of poverty, dirty environment, poor nutritional status,

traditional behaves and taboos and lastly an area exposed to contaminated cycle.

According to Robert (1998) Diarrhea ranks as major killer disease in

pediatric age group. He added that “it is also responsible for a large promotion of

work load on hospitals and health centers when the disease is epidemic”. Diarrhea

is of the cause very serious disease or illness in new born and young children those

cannot create small upset in fluids and electrolyte balance in the body. This is

because they are more confronted by the danger of disease i.e diarrhea disease.

It is rate entirely breast feeding child and found very common in those

artificial feeds especially if the standard of their hygiene is very poor. Dirty bottles

and teeth left over milk countries greatly to growth at micro-organism and these

are very common cause of diarrhea in such infant in many countries.

Breast feeding is very important in children especially between births to six

(6) month of age. This is because it shows that the human milk has the factor

which provides extra protection to the child against diarrhea. Therefore, it is

important for all medical and health workers, traditional birth attendant (TBA),

Government and NGOs to involve or participate fully in management, prevention

2
and control of diarrhea in the community. Some years back, the World Health

Organization (WHO) improved the idea of simple method for control and

prevention of diarrhea has been discovered and accepted that, Oral Rehydration

Therapy (ORT) and salt sugar solution are widely accepted globally. Therefore,

appropriate training of the simple method that can be done by every health and

family members as first aid for patient suffering from diarrhea. This is so simple,

cheap, accessible and affordable in every community.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Numerous children death in developing nations these days are reportedly to

be as a result of diarrhea, especially in Nigeria. This is much due to the rate at

which people in different communities in the country are living in an esteem

poverty; jobless and other social problems which affects the ability of families to

ensure adequate balance diet which in turn help promote healthy and nutritional

status of the entire family members especially the children from birth to five years

of age. Furthermore, inadequate health education on breast feeding, nutrition

preparation and administration to children also trigger the rate of diarrhea in the

country.

In 2008, about 20 thousand children are reported to have lost their lives to

diarrhea in the northern part of the country. To this end, Health education should

3
be given from time to time, especially during diarrhea epidemic. According to

Biyodine, (1996) weaning period is also needed to be considered when talking

about factors that influence and causes diarrhea among children. He also pointed

out that; diarrhea is mostly common during the weaning period mostly in the

contaminated environment of rural homes, and overcrowded areas among many

others. This is due to ingest of contaminated food to children.

According to Sulaiman, (2009) for donkey years, children in the global

especially the third world countries are suffering from hollow of diseases,

especially in the developing countries. In sub-saharan Africa, Nigeria inclusive,

over 1.2 million children experience the cases of diarrhea, where simple

homemade (SSS) given to a child with diarrhea will contribute a lot to the

prevention and control of diarrhea and reduce the rate of danger expositions to

young children especially under five years of age (5 years).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To find out how the community manage diarrhea cases when they occur.

2. To identify the factors responsible for the cases of diarrhea in the

community.

3. To identify the level of awareness of people in the study area on how to treat

diarrhea at home

4
 4. To find out the rate of child mortality as a result of diarrhea in the case study

area.

5. To find out whether or not if mothers of child bearing age have knowledge

on how to prepare Oral Rehydration Therapy or Salt Sugar Solution

(ORT/SSS) at home.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The most important issue in designing any project is to serve as an identifier

of a problem and strategize lasting solution to the said identified problem.

Therefore, this project work, when successfully completed will help the

Government, NGOs and general public at large understand the effort in their

community especially to the children from 0 – 59 months (from birth to five years

of age). Furthermore, the project will also be useful to who so ever intended to

conduct another research work that is boundered to this one with relevant data and

it is also be useful or exposes significant important of SSS and ORT preparation

and administration as the first aid in managing diarrhea cases, especially among

pre-school children.

5
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do you believe that incidence of diarrhea is usually due to intake of

contaminated food?

2. Does diarrhea disease need any attention especially if it occurs in children?

3. Do you believe that poor environmental hygiene, lack of portable drinking

water, effect health education and absence of community mobilization can

leads to diarrhea disease?

4. Do you believe that economic status and problem of people in the

community contribute to poor personal hygiene which leads to diarrhea in

most of the children especially among the children ranging from 0 – 59

month of age.

5. Do you believe that comprehensive public health education in community

will help in prevention of diarrhea outbreak?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. Incidence of diarrhea is usually due to intake of contaminated food.

2. Diarrhea disease needs utmost and serious attention, especially if it has to do

with children.

6
 3. Poor environmental hygiene, lack of portable and treated drinking water,

lack of effective health education and inadequate community mobilization

leads to the wide spreads of diarrhea.

4. Economic status and problems of the community members contributes to

poor personal hygiene which leads to diarrhea disease, especially among

children from birth to five years of age.

5. Comprehensive health education can help to promote healthy community

during and at long run prevent diarrhea outbreak.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1) Endemic: When disease is constantly in the community or in a particular

locality.

2) Acute: Sudden on set

3) Diagnosis: A final confirmation on a particular disease of finding.

4) Hygiene: Cleanliness.

5) Unhygienic: Dirty or unclean.

6) Malnutrition: Lack of qualitative and quantitative nutrients by the body.

7) Micro-organism: Bacterial germs which affects man health or human

health.

8) Dehydration: This is excessive of fluid lost from body.

9) Rehydration: Replacing the fluid lost in the body.

7
10) Diarrhea: Frequent stooling, watery stool, one to three times a day.

11) Weaning: A gradual change from breast feeding to normal feeding in

children.

12) Therapy: Healing.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW

Diarrhea more common symptoms encountered in medical practice to day

still remains controversial term in medical profession. The fact is that medical

profession has view about diarrhea.

According to Sulaiman, (2009) Diarrhea means the passage of fragment soft

or watery stools. It is often accompanied by vomiting as by gastroenteritis or

cholera.

She added that “danger of diarrhea and vomiting is that much water and salt

may be lost from the body and the body became dehydrated and the circulation of

blood cannot be kept constant (Body Electrolytes).

According to Robert, (1995) as rough guide we can say or more watery stool

a day can be considered as diarrhea. Furthermore, WHO report of 1992 manifested

that “Diarrhea is one of the complicated diseases that cause dehydration among

children, and if left untreated may eventually leads to child mortality”.

According to Rotone, (1960) the most prominent organisms responsible for

the infantile death in developing countries is protozoan diarrhea. Under this type

there is guadia intestinal and guandia lanbias contaminated food and water which

9
help in both children and adult, diarrhea concerning the death in the development

of the incidence. He also pointed out that “frequent taking of laxatives result to

chronic diarrhea which is often osmotic in nature, however, Kankia (2007) diarrhea

is a waster of electrolyte mat absorption leading to accelerated excretion of

intestinal contents.

Taking close look at both definitions, the author seems to be say diarrhea is

dangerous and can kills when no proper attention is given to correct dehydration. It

is causes and dangers affects children from birth to five years of age.

2.2 CAUSES OF DIARRHEA

According to UNICEF (1989) on its report on diarrhea in 1989, states that

until recently little was understand on the exact cause of diarrhea, it is know to be

associated with polluted water and contaminated food, unsatisfactory living

condition and lack of personal hygiene. But in every 80 of diarrhea patients treat in

health facilities, the report continued, the need pathogens or germs causing the

infection could be identified. The selection of drugs in prevention and control of

diarrhea or management is therefore, rested on a week scientific basic.

According to Sulaiman, (2009) Diarrhea is caused by so many factors

among which include:

10
1. Poor Nutrition: This weakens the child and makes diarrhea from other

causes more frequent and worse. Children who are poor nourished are at risk

of contacting diarrhea and die from it for more often than those who are well

nourished. It can be part of the causes of malnutrition and if malnutrition

already exists, diarrhea rapidly makes it worse, this result in vicious circle in

which each makes the other worse. For this reason good nutrition is

important in the prevention and control of diarrhea.

2. Virus infection or intestinal fluid: diarrhea caused by virus are usually mild

e.g. Rota virus, it can also be caused by an infection of the gut caused by

bacteria amoeba or lambia fluids is among the common cause of diarrhea.

Malaria infection especially, falciprom type can make a child to have

diarrhea. Other causes are:

a. Laxatives, porges mitaling or poisonous and certain poisons can also leads to

diarrhea.

b. Allergies to certain food, e.g. sea food or poorly prepared food.

c. Undigested food or milk, babies are occasionally to cow’s milks or other

milk as stated before.

d. Side effects of drugs such as ampicillinee. Or tetracycline or erothromycin in

children is also a cause because of antibiotics drugs kills the harmless

bacteria necessary for digestion. Thereby, upset the nature balance of

11
 bacteria in the gum, when stool examination is conducted in the laboratory

with a microscope blood and plus cells will be seen.

Diarrhea is a dangerous disease that occurs in children between the

age of 1-5years and cause dehydration, malnutrition and death.

Park, (1999) diarrhea is a common disease that any children from it mean

while, David, (1990) stated that when a person has lose a watery stools, he has

diarrhea and also that “diarrhea is a common and dangerous among children

especially those who are poorly nourished as the causative organisms cause

diarrhea and more still being found.

It is now known that, count ray to previous theories, viruses are more

common infection agents causing acute diarrhea in young children. This same

report wet and said “thal wheel shaped rotarrous for example isolated with the aid

of the electro microscope in 1993 is alone responsible for at least 30 percent of

children of diarrhea causes treated in health institution. The measles virus in

another hand also reported to have cause diarrhea.

Amoebic dysentery also is caused by organisms dehydration. The victim has

soft fancies with blood stain muscle amoeba are larger than bacteria.

12
2.3PROBLEMS AND COMPLICATIONS OF DIARRHEA.

Preventing the spread of diarrhea infection is more complicated than

preventing its effects; Diarrhea can easily result to death due to loss of nutrition

fluid which is very important to the body of human being.

According to Adeleke (1996) diarrhea stops child from eating and the

organism which causes diarrhea harm the wall of a Childs gut, this is preventing

children from digesting and absorbing his food normally.

2.4 TYPE OF DIARRHEA

There are basically two types of diarrhea these are:

a. Acute Diarrhea

b. Chronic diarrhea.

Adeleke, (2007) Acute Diarrhea – is the type of diarrheas that start suddenly

and may continue for several days. It is caused by infection of the bowel chronic

diarrhea.

This is the diarrhea which last more than three weeks and may vary from

day to day. It can leads to dysentery (diarrhea with blood) and after short time

can cause dehydration in children. However, he opined that “dysentery is any

diarrhea which accompanied with blood and mucus in the stool. Basically

amoebic dysentery is the most common kinds. But same worms can cause such.

13
 According to UNICEF (1999) there is also Bacillary Dysentery. This is a

blood child diarrhea and fever became that it makes the child’s food goes

through this gut quickly, so that he does not have time to absorb it because of

the diarrhea and at long run the child may became malnourished. Malnutrition

in vicious circle each making the other worsen when a children has diarrhea h

losses a lot of nutrient from his body. food never gains appetis to him and he

became emaciated and anemic. Mother should be through to encourage such

children to eat even at this period.

UNICEF (1998) reported that approximately 70% diarrhea deaths are

caused by dehydration. The report went ahead and said that “About one in

every day out of ten (10) children is infected with diarrhea and they are likely to

develop some of dehydration which may result to child mortality.

Problems and complication of diarrhea uses death yearly where tens of

thousands of infected dies. The report also noted that “in every bowel make the

child loses from his body a large amount of fluids. The complication of diarrhea

is dehydration and if dehydration prolonged without any medical care can leads

to child mortality.

14
2.5 HOW DIARRHEA CAUSE DEHYDRATION

If child loss water through diarrhea he becomes too dry that is dehydrate ,

the stool of a healthy child contain little water, while that of a child without

diarrhea contain a lot of water and a child with acute diarrhea easily becomes

dehydrated faster because he loosing water from both ends of his gut. Vomiting

makes treatment difficult because children vomit up the fluid he drinks as a result

of this diarrhea alone, so larger than normal loss of water and salt from the body

result dehydration sand it, occurs when the output is greater than input. The more

diarrheas stools patient pieces the more water and salt he loss from the body,

dehydration can also cause by vomiting, which often accompanied diarrhea.

Dehydration occur more infants and young children especially those found in hot

climates and when the person is having fever.

All these salt and water lost fluid have to be pack back in to the body. a

child who died as a result of diarrhea is not killed by organisms but through

dehydration.

2.6SIGN OF DEHYDRATION

1. Lost of weight: when a child losses water and became dehydrated, his body

became higher about 10% of the normal body loss, such a child is said to be

severely dehydrated.

15
2. Sunken Fouwntanelle: this is the soft place between the bones of the type of a

body. it is larger when he is born and closed by the time he is about to reach eight

(8) month old, when the body became dehydrated, his brain became dry and

smaller. Dehydration also stop it pulsating of makes it pulsates less, sign in the

fonterecil are useful in the first year.

3. Little Urine: in about three hours a healthy child passes urine in three or four

times, while dehydrated child body tried to save a lot of water from passes of less

urine.

4. Dry Mouth: a dehydrated child can not have enough saliva so his mouth and

tongue became dry and red this is an important thing for dehydration to diarrhea.

5. Loss of Skin Elasticity: The skin of healthy child is elastic if you pinch the skin

of the feat again dehydration makes child skin to dry and became less elastic so it

sticks up for some second before you flat.

6. Sunken Eye: A child eye lie in soft fatly tissue if he became dehydrated his

tissue gets drier and his eyes sink (fall back) in to skull i.e. also losses his skinny

eye. The eyes link dulls and stays halp open when he sleeps.

7. Thirsty: dehydration can not show any sign accepts thirst until a child has lost st

of his first sign of dehydration.

16
2.7 FACTORS RESPONSINBLE FOR THE SPREAD OF DIARRHEA.

There are many factors leading to the wide spreads of diarrhea in most of

the communities in both developed and developing nations. These factors are those

widely agreed to leads to the epidemics of diarrhea. These are:

1. FEACAL DISPOSAL: Indiscriminate disposal of feaces is every good

medium for the spreads of diarrhea disease. More than one third of world

population does not have access to latrines or faucets for safe disposal of

feaces. According to John (2000) some communities do discriminately

disposed peaces in connection to their culture and traditions while some on

the other hand, so due to the high rate of poverty. He also recommends that

communities without access to latrine or safe peaces disposal should enact

some restriction on some areas in which the peaces should not be disposed

in discriminately, by so doing much diseases can be prevented, not only

diarrhea.

2. PERSONAL HYGIENE: Poor personal hygiene constitute a great rate for

diarrhea disease transmission some personal hygiene practice may take a

form of any of the following:

a. Lack of hand washing after defecation, lack of washing hand before and

after eating food which can transfer causative agents from one person to

another.
17
 b. Careless attitude of mothers while handling children food and breast feeding.

c. Using of dirty utensil especially feeding bottles on unclean nipples are also

leads to diarrhea spreads. However, mothers of any child can contact the

diseases germs rotary which is among of 24 month of age. Therefore, the

place of personal hygiene is very vital.

3. FOOD POISONING: Diarrhea is also common mostly in children because

of mother negligence. Some families due to high cost of living and poverty,

left over feeding their children without proper building of the food at the

following days e.g. Kamu (koko) porridge (fura) e.t.c such food should be

boiled properly to reach the desired temperature which could kill the bacteria

or organisms introduce in to the food over the night or a day. There are three

known bacteria food poisoning namely:

1. Salmonella Species.

2. Clostridium Welldinil food poisoning.

3. Staphy Lococcous Ovras.

The above mentioned two species indicate the clostrtion wellchinil food

poisoning can cause diarrhea especially in children and also in adult due to the

proper environmental careless attitude of women towards hygiene practice

especially in prepared his and handling of food substances.

18
2.8 PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURES OF DIARRHEA

DISEASE.

Anything other than observation of strict personal hygiene during food

preparation and handling could promote spreads of diarrhea disease. Therefore,

people should be thought this during health talk, health education and community

mobilization exercise. Washing of hands before preparing food, avoid introducing

germs disease when feeding infants.

The utensil to be use should be wash thoroughly before and after usage. Any

food that could not be consumed should be well covered to keep away flies and

other vectors from contaminate the food. However, those foods that do not need

cooked before consumption e.g. carrot, cabbage, lettuce e.t.c. should be properly

washed with portable water preferably with tap water before eating.

Secondly, water supply of the community also leads to diarrhea disease that

is; contaminated water is another major factors leading to so many disease,

especially in the developing nations whereby, most of the communities both in the

urban and rural areas of developing nations, Nigeria inclusive are suffering from

lack of accessible portable drinking water, as a result disease such as typhoid fever,

diarrhea e.t.c. remain the major illness affecting must of the people of such areas.

However, only portable water should be used For both drinking and cooking, any

19
water that seems to be contaminated or improve should be boiled not less than

1000c (percent) to destroy all pathogenic organisms, emphasis is being laid on

avoidance of getting water from a source where people go to defecate

indiscriminately near it. Secondly,

2. Hygiene: some hygiene rules that people should kept in order to avoid diseases

like diarrhea especially among pre-school children are:

a. Each house should provide latrine and everybody to accept the use of it.

b. Hands should be washed immediately after going to toilet and before

preparing food.

c. After handling infants stools hands should be washed properly and

thoroughly.

d. Sources of water supply should be well protected from contamination or

tap water as a source may be or adviceble; all water should be boiled 1000c

before given to children

e. Picking of nose, sneeze and coughing should be avoided when preparing

food.

2.9. WAYS OF PREVENTING DIARRHEA

It is usually possible to prevent a person with diarrhea from becoming

dehydrated; as soon as diarrhea set in mother are advise to give fluid to the child

20
like (ORS/SSS) and water so as to replace the fluid lost due to diarrhea or

vomiting. However, when this is done it will assist greatly on preventing the child

from total lost of fluid that may leads to dehydration and long run leads to child

mortality. However, to improve the situation; sugar salt solution should be given

which of course without given any treatment is enough to stop the diarrhea. Note

this:

i. Prepare the salt solution as describe below and give this slowly use a clean

cup or teaspoonful.

ii. Give as much as the child can drink;

iii. Do not give any drugs (medicine) unless prescribed by a doctor or

physician.

2.9.1. Salt Sugar Solution Preparation at Home

Oral Dehydration Theraphy include the use of simple homemade solution of

salt, sugar and water (SSS) given to child with diarrhea to replace the loose fluid. It

can prevent dehydration at home effectively. Therefore, it is essential that the

current simple method of its preparation should be known by the community

members.

It is important that every health professional should be familiar with the

preparation of salt sugar solution (SSS) so as he can easily share the experience

21
with a lots of clients in the hospital or clinic, especially during health talk or health

education. Furthermore, the one described below is the recent and appropriate for

mother and the requirement can be easily obtained at home to the components can

be obtained easily even in the rural areas.

This instruction is relevant in preparation of the solution:

1. To prepare the accepted solution you have to obtained the following

measures, equipments and requirements as confirm by the World Health

Organization (WHO)

a) Clean empty beer or soft drink bottle

b) Clean bowl or cup with cover

c) Portable drinking water and treated water

d) A clean towel

e) Sugar

f) Salt (sodium chloride)

2. Wash your hands with soap and dry with towel

3. Measure one empty bottle of beer or 2 soft minerals bottle (empty) of

portable water available within your location like calabash or traditional dish

(Akushi)

4. Measure ten teaspoon of sugar in to brim level if granulated sugar is not

available you can use five (5) cube of sugar in to the container.
22
 5. Measure one teaspoon of salt in to brim level and put in to container.

6. Mix well until it dissolved;

7. Taste the solution given to a child (taste is like coconut water or tea taste)

make sure is not salty or sugary.

8. Give the solution after every stool and the remaining solution from the day

before should be thrown away, because the solution is supposed to be used

for twenty four hours (24 hours)

9. If the following signs are manifested in children mother is advice to report

the case to the nearest clinic or hospital immediately.

The signs are as follows:

a. Cry with tears

b. Restlessness and irritability

c. Skin in elasticity

d. Thirst

e. Dry mouth and tangle;

f. Little and scanty urine

g. Unable to drink

h. If the breathing is very fast and deep

23
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the method or steps taken in conducting this research

work. The method used by the researcher in collection of primary data and

secondary data is the primary and secondary method of data collection. The

primary method is where the researcher prepared and issue questionnaire while the

secondary method is where the researcher review some literature of other authors

within the topic under discussion.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

This research is designed in order to find out the knowledge of people on the

prevention and control of diarrhea disease among children from birth to five years

of age. in Bakori local government area, Katsina State.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Since the target population of this research work is the people of Bakori

local government area; Bakori A ward is selected as a sample to represents the

entire population of the local government area. It is selected at random, that is the

researcher use simple random sampling in selecting the sample.

24
 3.4 INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION

There are various methods of data collection, but for the purpose of this

research work, the researcher used both primary and secondary methods of data

collection; with regard to the public knowledge on the incidence of diarrhea among

children. The primary method instrument is questionnaire, the researcher prepare

and distributes questionnaires to the people in the case study area to respond. For

the secondary data collection however, the researcher review some text books;

journals and articles; as well as were internet browsing.

3.5. PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION

The manner through which the instrument was administered to the

appropriate respondents was through direct hand to hand distribution to individuals

and mass distribution to the people found in public places such as mosque, market,

schools, and other relevant areas; so as to ensure wide range of coverage. As a

result one hundred questionnaires were printed and distributed out of which only

fifty were received to those field correctly and returned back to the researcher by

the respondents.

3.5 TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The techniques and methods used in analyzing the data collected from

primary sources; is the mathematical tool, that is friction and percentage tools were
25
employed by the researcher in analyzing data. Furthermore, the data analyzed were

going to be presented is tables manner.

Format of data analysis

No of individual responses
Total No of expected responses X 100
3.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA OF STUDY

Bakori as the name always implies was founded in 1914, by one Amadu who

migrated from Gozaki (Malumfashi) now in Kafur Local Government and settled

there. But when Amadu died few years later, he was succeeded by Babban Kirgi.

But at the time of war between the people of the north called Banaga, they

attacked BABBAN Kirgi, as a result of which he migrated to Fatika in Zazzau

emirate, after the war he came back and settle in Danja, sequel to retreat by Babban

Kirgi in the heat of fight between him and the people of North, ‘Banaga’ as he is

being called by the Baka-Koro meaning he can never be defeated in fight between

him and the people of north , Banaga as he is being called by then Baka-Koro

meaning he can never be defeated in fight, and it was from here Bakori derives its

name.

Iya Labaran was the appointed District head of Bakori compared with the

title of Makama in 1913. He also fights war as his father did Iya Nadabo. Iya

26
Labaran was among the people that went to Mecca with the late Emir of atsina

Mahammad Dikko. After his died in 1953, he was succeeded by Muttasi’u Ibrahim

in the same year; he was relieved off his post and died in 1981.

Sarkin Pawwa Idris the Son of Iya Labaran was then appointed district head

of Bakori in1956; he was transferred from Kankara to Bakori.

Makaman Katsina III and title as Sarkin Adon Sarkin Katsina. He was

relieved off his post as Makaman Katsina in 1995 and his brother Alh Sule Idris

appointed, the district head of Bakori in 1995.

3.7 POPULATION OF THE AREA OF STUDY

The population of the area under study is about 182920 people situated in

Bakori municipality so as to ascertain they are free from effect of tuberculosis and

ensure that the participate actively in immunizing their children after birth as well

as prompt treatment and isolation of infected individuals.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter deals with presentation of primary data collected and analyzed.

It shows the magnitude of respondent’s response or opinion on a particular

question raised by the responder in the questionnaire. The presentation will be in

table’s manner.

Table 4:1 Sex Distribution of the respondent.

Sex No of Responses %
Male 20 40%
Female 30 60%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the sex distribution of respondents of this

research questionnaire were 20 respondents representing 40% of the total

respondents made, responded on male while the greater 30 respondents represents

60% of the total responses made, responded on No.

Table 4:2 Marital Status of Respondents.

Marital Status No of Responses %

Married 36 72%
Single 14 28%
Total 50 100%

28
 The above table is displaying the marital status of respondents were

respondents representing 72% responded on married, while 14 respondents

representing 28% of the responses made responded on single

Table 4:3 How old are you?

Age No of Responses %
20-25 10 20%
26-30 15 30%
31 and above 25 50%
Total 50 100%

The above table is displaying the age distribution of the respondents, were

10 respondents represents 20% of the total responses made responded on 20-25

years, 15 respondents representing 30% of the total responses made, responded on

26-30 years and finally, the larger percentage of 25 respondents which represents

the 50% responded on 31 and above.

Table 4.4 When do you wean your children among the following?

Answer No of Response %
0-1YEARS 10 20%
1-2YEARS 30 60%
1-3YEARS 10 20%
All of the above - -
Total 50 100%

29
 The above table showing the opinion of respondents on the question asked

which need to know the time of the weaning of children by the respondents, were

10 respondents representing 20% of the total responses made, responded on 0-1

year, 30 respondents representing 60% of the total responses made responded on 1-

2 years and finally, 10 respondents representing 20% responded on 1-3 years, No

response were made as regards to all of the above.

Table 4:5 Do you know anything on Diarrhea?

Answer No of Responses %
Yes 40 80%
No 10 20%
Total 50 100

The above table is showing the opinion of the respondents on whether or not

if they know anything about diarrhea, were 40 respondents representing 80% of the

total responses made, responded on yes while only 10 respondents representing

20% of the total responses made, responded on No.

Table 4:6 Do you know salt sugar solution (SSS) is encouraged, essentially in

children?

30
Answer No of Responses %
Yes 30 605
No 20 40%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of the respondents on whether or

not if they know why? Salt sugar solution (SSS) is encouraged, essentially among

children suffering from diarrhea, were 30 respondents representing 60% of the

total responses made, responded on yes while 20 respondents representing 40% of

the total responses made, responded on No.

Tables 4:7 which of the following ways do you prefer to use in treating Diarrhea?

Answer No of Responses %
Salt Sugar Solution 10 20%
Infusion 5 10%
Drugs 5 10%
Native (herbs) 2 4%
All of the above 28 56%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of the respondents on who preferred

method used in treat diarrhea, were 10 respondents representing 20% of the total

respondents made, responded on salt sugar solution, 5 respondents representing

10% responded on infusion, another 5 respondents representing 10% responded on

drugs, only 2 respondents representing 4% of the total responses made, responded

31
on herbs and finally, 28 respondents representing on all of the above stated

method.

Table 4:8 What do you think is the common causes of diarrhea disease in the

community?

Answer No of Responses %
Poor Personal Hygiene 5 10%
Poor Environmental 5 10%

Hygiene
Poor Food Preparation 10 20%
Dirty feeding Utensil 10 20%
All of the above 20 40%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on the common

causes of diarrhea among children in the community, were 5 respondents

responded on poor personal hygiene, another 5 respondents representing 10% of

the total responses made, responded on poor environmental hygiene, 10

respondents representing 20% of the total responses made, responded on poor food

preparation, another 10 respondents representing 20% responded on dirty feeding

utensils and finally, 20 respondents represents 40% of the total responses made,

responded on all of the above stated factors.

Table 4:9 What method do you used in refuse disposal?

32
Answer No of Responses %
Open dumping 10 20
Burning 5 10%
Burying 5 10%
All of the above 30 60%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the views of the respondents on the method they

use in disposal of refuse, were 10 respondents represents representing 20% of the

total responses made, responded on disposal in an open dumping place, 5

respondents representing 10% if the total responses made, responded on burning of

the refuse, another 5 respondents representing 10% of the total responses,

responded on burning and finally, 30 respondents representing 60% of the total

responses made, responded on all of the above stated method.

Table 4:10 Do you have standard latrine in your house?

Answer No of Responses %
Yes 30 60%
No 20 40%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of various respondents on whether or

not if they have latrine or not were 30 respondents representing 60% of the total

33
responses made, responded on yes while only 20 respondents representing 40%, if

the total response made, responded on the no.

Answer No of Responses %
Tap 15 30%
Well 30 60%
Pond 5 10%
Stream - -
Dam - -
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion respondents on the source of their

drinking water, were is representing 30% of the total responses made, responded

on tap, 30 respondents representing 60% of the total response made responded on

well and finally, 5 respondents representing 10%, responded on pond.

Table: 4:12 Do you know how to prepare and administer salt sugar solution?

Answer No of responses %
Yes 20 40%
No 30 60%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the views of the respondents on the question

that asked them whether or not if they know how to prepare and administer (SSS)

salt sugar solution were 20 respondents representing 40% of the total response

34
made, responded on yes while 30 respondents representing 60% of the total

responses made, responded on no.

Table 4:13How do you feed your body of six month papa?

Answer No of responses %
Using Feeding Bottles 20 40%
By Force feeding 5 10
Use Cup and Spoon 10 20%
All of the Above 15 30%
Total 50 100

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on the method used

in feeding a baby of six month of age with papa. Were 20 respondents representing

40% responded on using feeding bottle, 5 respondents representing 10% of the

total responses made, responded on by force feeding, 10 respondents representing

20% of the total responses made, responded on use cup and spoon and finally, 15

respondents representing 30% of the total responses made, respondents on all of

the above stated method.

35
TABLE 4.14 Where were you thought how to prepare salt sugar solution (SSS)?

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Clinic 10 20%
During health talk 10 20%
Social clinic in the 10 20%

village
From school 2 4%
From friends 18 36%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on the place where

they are thoughts how to prepare salt sugar solution (SSS). Were 10 respondents

representing 20% responded on clinic, another 10 on respondents representing 20%

of the total responses made responded on during health talk, 10 respondents again

representing another 20% responded on from school and finally 18 respondents

representing 36% of the total responses made responded on from friends.

36
Table 4.15 Do you wash your hands with soap and water after washing children

stool?

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 30 60%
NO 20 40%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on the question

asked which said do they wash hands with soap and water after disposing children

stools. Were 30 respondents respondent on Yes while 20 respondents representing

40% responded on No.

Table 4.16 Did you cover toilets after used?

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 20 40%
NO 30 60%
Total 50 100%

The above table shows the various views of the respondents on whether or

not if they are covering their toilets after usage or not. Were 20 respondents

representing 40% of the total responses made, responded on No, while 30

respondents representing 60% responded on Yes.

Table 4.17 Do you believe that diarrhea is one of the common children disease?

37
ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
YES 30 60%
NO 20 40%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on whether or not if

diarrhea is one of the common diseases of children. Were 30 respondents

representing 60% respondents on Yes while 20 respondents representing 40%

responded on No.

Table 4.18 Does diarrhea be considered as one of the diseases leading to child

mortality in your area?

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 35 70%
NO 15 30%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinions of respondents on whether they

believe or not if diarrhea is one of the diseases leading to child mortality. Where 35

respondents representing 70% of the total responses made, responded on Yes while

15 respondents representing 30% of the total responses made responded on No.

38
Table 4.19 Does Government make any effort in reducing the rate of diarrhea

occurrences in children?

ANSWER RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 10 20%
NO 40 80%
Total 50 100%

The above table is showing the opinions of respondents on whether govt. is

making any effort in converting diarrhea in children or not. Were 10 respondents

representing 20% of the total responses made responded on Yes while 40

respondents representing 80% of the total responses made responded on No.

39
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCONLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.2 SUMMARY

The research was conducted on the topic public knowledge on control and

prevention of diarrhea in children under five years of age case study of Bakori

local government area Katsina State. it was conducted to find out whether the

medical concept of the causes of diarrhea diseases was clearly understood, and way

of which the infected people are diagnose and treat.

The number of children dying in Nigeria from dehydration as a result if

diarrhea and related diseases reaching an alarming rate if this is left unchecked it

40
will cause very serious problem to the children less than five years of age all over

the federation. Therefore, I found it necessary to look in to the problem and

prevention in the area of the study. Furthermore, diarrhea is more serious problem

in developing countries in which Nigeria is included. It is about 500 million of

children contacted with the disease and out of this number 2/3 of it died as a result

of the disease i.e diarrhea.

Salt Sugar Solution (SSS) was discovered to be effective for the treatment of

diarrhea; it is cheap and easy to prepare for the treatment especially at home. In

chapter one the objectives of this research work was discovered; the causes of

diarrhea and the major preventive measures were clearly exposed in the literature

review chapter, of this project work i.e chapter two.

5.3 CONCLUSION

By taken enough time to carry out survey on the prevention and control of

diarrhea in children less than five years of age in the area of study i.e Bakori local

government area of Katsina State. the researcher concluded that diarrhea in

children in most cases occur due to non-challent attitude of the mothers in

maintaining proper personal and environmental hygiene, as well as food

preparation and administration of supplementary to children are the major factors

leading to the incidence of diarrhea in children.

41
 5.4 FINDINGS

One of the findings of this research work is that; few number of people in the

area like to practice bottle feeding and majority of the people in the study area

adopt force feeding. Secondly, many incidence of diarrhea occur due to lack of

component health personnels that will help in conducting health education to the

mothers on how to prepare Salt Sugar Solution (SSS). The study also found that;

higher rate of illiteracy among mothers, contributed towards the increase of

diarrhea and traditional believes. Furthermore, the following are other findings i.e

factors leading to the incidence of diarrhea:

1) Poor feeding utensils

2) Poor environmental and personal hygiene

3) Poor food preparation

4) Poor sources of portable drinking water

5) Contaminated food consumption

6) Poverty of people

7) Traditional believes

8) Higher rate of illiteracy, especially among women.

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

42
 Due to the findings discovered by the researcher the study makes the

following recommendations, so that the implications of diarrhea diseases among

children can be address squarely:

1. Control and simple management of diarrheal disease should be adopted in

the community.

2. Acute preparation of salt sugar solution (SSS) especially during the

disease outbreak should be encourage

3. Weaning period should effectively be analyzed and considered

4. Proper and effective environmental sanitation exercise should be put in

place in the community.

5. Potable water should be supplied to the people

6. Immunization exercise against childhood deadly diseases should be

encourage by the government and all other stakeholders

7. Government needs to provide essential amenities like, potable water

supply, in the community, at the grass root level; also, environmental

sanitation exercise should be seriously adopted by the government at all

levels.

8. Community mobilization on salt sugar solution progarmme should be

intensified, health centers should be provided mostly in all primary health

centers (PHC) as well as dispensaries in the rural areas.

43
9. Health education as regards to findings of children haven suffering from

diarrhea should be encouraged. The withholding feeding during diarrhea

by mothers should automatically be dis-courage and they should be

educated about the dangers of such practices not only mother but every

concern member in the community.

10.Medical and Health workers, government and Non Governmental

Organizations should from time to time organize workshops, seminars, on

diarrhea in order to keep themselves and the general public with the latest

information on the health programmes, especially those related to maternal

health.

44
REFERENCES

Robber, C. A. (1995) Child Health; (5 th Edition) Panama printing press No 1;

Odoka Street Benin, Edo State.

Silas S. C. (1998) Practical Guide to Cholera prevention and control; prints No 12

Ademola Cresent Lagos Nigeria.

Maylin S. H. (2004) Dialogue on Diarrhea issue: An Article published in the

international journal of Health issues, Geneva.

Wyatt J. L. (1998) Medical Assistance manual (2nd Edition) Wilson Publishers

New York – USA.

WHO (2000) Diarrhea pamphlet No 36, September 2000.

45
Phill, M. G. (2007) Cholera Prevention in Sub-saharan Africa: A tool for healthy

society, A paper presented on cholera prevention in Niger Republic.

Kankia H. A. (2007) Diarrhea outbreak among people north western Nigeria an

articulated published in Thisday News paper, November 2007.

46