Unit 1

The Definition of a Solar System

A solar system consists of a star and all the objects
orbiting it as well as all the material in that system. Our Solar
System includes the Sun together with the eight planets and
their moons as well as all other celestial bodies that orbit the
sun.

Besides the sun, 8 planets and

their moons, our Solar System
contains billions of other objects
and extends far beyond the
outermost planets. There are several
hundred thousand asteroids revolving around the Sun. Most
have orbits between Mars and Jupiter. Also, in addition to the
more than 800 comets we have recorded passing through the
inner part of the solar system, there are billions more lying in
the area surrounding the solar system. They are in the disk of
debris known as the Kuiper belt and the cloud of comets
known as the Oort cloud.

Next, to a smaller scale, there are countless meteoroids

(some of which include cemetery debris and fragments from
the collision of larger bodies), some of which approach Earth's
orbit closely enough to be known as near Earth objects.
Finally, billions of objects (many the size of a speck of dust)
cross through our atmosphere as meteors or micrometeoroids
each day, usually completely unnoticed.

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Unit 2
Sun as the Center of the Solar System
Sun is the center and the main component of this Solar
System. The Sun is categorized as a star and has size of
332.832 times the mass of The Earth. The distance from The
Sun and The Milky way is about 30.000 light year, and
1,496x108 km from The Earth.

Space things keep moving around The Sun because the

Sun’s mass is greater than the others’. The amount of a space
thing’s gravitation is also influenced by the distance from The
Sun. The farther the distance, the smaller the gravitation.

The closest star from The Sun is called Proxima

Centaury. It is 4,23 light year far from the sun.

Unit 3

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 Sun as a Star
The Sun is categorized as a star because :
1. It radiates its own light.

2. Has the same light spectrum.

3. The energy is made because of the nuclear fusion.

The sun is one kind of dwarf yellow

star type (type G V)
In the middle size. In metalisity, The
Sun is categorized as ‘population I’ star.
This kind of star’s production ends
longer in the solar system level, so, it
contains heavier elements than Hydr ogen and Helium (that is
‘metal’ in astronomical term).

The diameter of The Sun is 1.400.000 km, or in other

words, 100 times longer than The Earth’s diameter. The
gravitation at The Sun is stronger than at The Earth. It is 28
times stronger.

The temperature of The Sun in the core is about

14.000.0000C, while the surface’s temperature is rather cold,
it is about 5.000-6.0000C. Two largest amount of elements
that form The Sun is Hydrogen (75%) and Helium (20%).

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Unit 3.1
Parts of the Sun
The Sun consists of three layers :
1. Solar Atmosphere

2. Photosphere

3. Solar Core

1. Solar Atmosphere
It’s the outest part of The Sun, majorly consists of Hydrogen.
It consists of two parts :

a. Corona

This layer can be seen when

Solar eclipse happens in the form of
white circle around The Sun. Corona
contains very thick gas and its
temperature is 1.000.000 K. Corona is
grey because of crash of ions in high
temperature.

b. Chromosphere

This layer can also be seen when solar eclipse

happens. Chromosphere is arranged by Hydrogen. The
temperature at chromosphere near corona reaches 10.000
K, while in the outer layer is about 4.000 K.

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 2. Photosphere
Photosphere’s thickness is about 320 km. The light of
photosphere is yellow can be seen from Earth because the hot
of the gas in photosphere radiates light in strong intensity
and has temperature of 5.0000C-6.0000C. Photosphere is
arranged by 94% of Hydrogen, 5,9% of Helium, and 0,1% of
other heavier elements. There are sunspots, facule, and
granule in this layer.

3. The Sun’s core

The temperature at the core reaches 15.000.000 K
and its radius is about 175.000 km (0-0,25 of The Sun’s
radius). Fusion reaction from Hydrogen to Helium happens
here, and The Sun’s energy is made here. It has high density,
that is 150.000 kg/m3. There are convection and radiation
zone here.

Unit 4
The Definition of Planets
A planet (from Greek πλανήτης, alternative form of
πλάνης "wanderer") is a celestial body orbiting a star or
stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its
own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear

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 fusion, and has cleared its neighboring region of
planetesimals.

Planets are generally divided into two main types: large,

low-density gas giants (Jovian), and smaller, rocky
terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets
in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from
the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune.

Apart from the planets, the Solar

System also contains at least five dwarf
planets and hundreds of thousands of
small solar system bodies. With the
exception of Mercury and Venus, all
planets are orbited by one or more
natural satellites.

Unit 4.1
Mercury
Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar
System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. It completes three
rotations about the axis for every two orbits. The perihelion of
Mercury's orbit processes around the Sun at an excess of 43 arc
seconds per century; a phenomenon that was explained in the 20th
century by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Since

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Mercury is normally lost in the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar
eclipse, Mercury can only be viewed in morning or evening twilight.

Comparatively little is known about Mercury;

ground-based telescopes reveal only an illuminated
crescent with limited detail. The first of two
spacecraft to visit the planet was Mariner 10, which
mapped only about 45% of the planet’s surface from
1974 to 1975. The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft, which
mapped another 30% during its flyby of January 14, 2008. A final flyby
took place in September 2009. MESSENGER is scheduled to attain
orbital insertion around Mercury in 2011, and will then survey and map
the entire planet.

Mercury is similar in appearance to the Moon: it is heavily

cratered with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no
substantial atmosphere. However, unlike the moon, it has a large iron
core, which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of
the Earth. It is an exceptionally dense planet due to the large relative
size of its core. Surface temperatures range from about 90 to 700 K
(−183 °C to 427 °C, −297 °F to 801 °F), with the sub solar point being
the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the
coldest.

Mercury’s surface is overall very similar in appearance to that of

the Moon, showing extensive mare-like plains and heavy cratering,
indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years.
Since our knowledge of Mercury's geology has been based on the 1975
Mariner flyby and terrestrial observations, it is the least understood
of the terrestrial planets. As data from the recent MESSENGER flyby
is processed this knowledge will increase. For example, an unusual

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crater with radiating troughs has been discovered which scientists are
calling "the spider”.

Unit 4.2
The Hot and Smolder Venus
Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every
224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess
of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object
in the night sky. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it
never appears to venture far from the Sun. Venus reaches its maximum
brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which
reason it is often called the Morning Star or the Evening Star.

Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes

called Earth's "sister planet" because they are similar in
size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with
an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric
acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light.
Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets,
consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock
carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb
it in biomass.

Venus's surface was a subject of speculation until some of its

Secrets were revealed by planetary science in the twentieth century.
The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the sulfur in
the atmosphere may indicate that there have been some recent
eruptions. However, the absence of evidence of lava flow accompanying
any of the visible caldera remains an enigma. The planet has few impact
craters, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young,
approximately half a billion years old.

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Unit 4.3
Earth, Our Home
Earth (or the Earth) is the third planet from the
Sun, and the fifth-largest of the eight planets in the
Solar System. It is also the largest, most massive, and
densest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets.
It is sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, or by its
Latin name, Terra.

Home to millions of species including humans, Earth is the only

place in the Universe where life is known to exist. The planet formed
4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within a billion
years. The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological
history and orbit, have allowed life to persist during this period.

About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the

remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary
for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface.
Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid
mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid
iron inner core.

Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the

Sun and the Moon. This is a sidereal year, which is equal to 365.26
solar days. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the
perpendicular to its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the
planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days).
Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it

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about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial
tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

Unit 4.4
The Red and Rocky Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The
planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is also referred
to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, which is
caused by iron oxide that is prevalent on its surface. Unlike Earth,
Mars is now a geologically inactive planet with no known tectonic
activity. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere may be
a giant impact feature, covering 40% of the planet.

Until the first flyby of Mars occurred in 1965,

by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of
liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on
observed periodic variations in light and dark patches,
which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark
striations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid
water. From all the planets in the Solar System other than Earth, Mars
is the most likely to harbor liquid water, and thus to harbor life.

Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that

Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface, while small
geyser-like water flows may have occurred during the past decade. In
2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water
ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Phoenix Mars Lander
directly sampled water ice in shallow martian soil on July 31, 2008.

Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and
irregularly shaped. Observations by NASA's now-d efunct Mars Global

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Surveyor show evidence that parts of the southern polar ice cap have
been receding.

Unit 4.5
The Giant Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet
within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than
one-thousand of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the
other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a
gas giant (known as Jovian) along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When
viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94,
making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after
the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness at
certain points in its orbit.)

Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its

mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements.
A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known
to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen
by telescope.

Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring

system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are
also at least 63 moons, including the four large
moons called the Galilean moons that were first
discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the
largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than
that of the planet Mercury.

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Unit 4.6
Saturn, The Ringed
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun
and the second largest planet in the Solar
System, after Jupiter. Saturn, along with
Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified
as Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets.

Saturn is named after the Roman god Saturn. The planet Saturn
is composed of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and trace
elements.

Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 k m/h, significantly

faster than those on Jupiter. Saturn has a planetary magnetic field
intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more
powerful field around Jupiter.

Sixty-one known satellite orbit the planet, not counting hundreds

of "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar
System's second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede), is larger
than the planet Mercury and is the only moon in the Solar System to
possess an atmosphere.

Saturn is probably best known for its system of planetary rings,

which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar
system. They extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above Saturn's
equator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness, and are
composed of 93 % water ice, and 7 % amorphous carbon. There are
two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's rings. One theory
is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The

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 second theory is that the rings are left over from the original
nebular material from which Saturn formed.

Unit 4.7
Uranus, the Giant Ice
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and the third-largest
and fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is named
after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (Ancient
Greek: Οὐρανός) the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of
Zeus (Jupiter).

Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five

classical planets, it was never recognized as a planet
by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow
orbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery on
March 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries of
the Solar System for the first time in modern history. Uranus was
also the first planet discovered with a telescope.

Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have

different compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter
and Saturn. Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter and
Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, contains
more "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces
of hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar
System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (–224 °C). In contrast
the interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a

magnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has a
unique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotation
is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its revolution about the
Sun. As such, its north and south poles lie where most other planets
have their equators. Seen from Earth, Uranus's rings can sometimes

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 appear to circle the planet like an archery target and its moons
revolve around it like the hands of a clock, though in 2007 and 2008
the rings appeared edge-on.

Unit 4.8
The Sea God Neptune
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System.
Named for the Roman god of the sea, it is the fourth-largest planet
by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Neptune is 17 times the
mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin
Uranus, which is 15 Earth masses and not as dense.

Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune was the first planet

found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical
observation. Neptune was subsequently observed by Johann Galle
within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier, and
its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though
none of the planet's remaining 12 moons were located telescopically
until the 20th century. Neptune has been visited by only one
spacecraft, Voyager 2, which flew by the planet on August 25, 1989.

In contrast to the relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus,

Neptune's atmosphere is notable for its active and visible weather
patterns. At the time of the 1989 Voyager 2 flyby, for example, the
planet's southern hemisphere possessed a Great Dark Spot
comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather
patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet
in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as
2,100 km/h.

Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer

atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with
temperatures at its cloud tops approaching −218 °C (55 K).
Temperatures at the planet's centre, however, are approximately
5,400 K (5,000 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system,

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 which may have been detected during the 1960s but was only
indisputably confirmed in 1989 by Voyager 2.

Unit 5
Inter-Planetary Objects
• Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar
System bodies in orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System;
they are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids. The term
"asteroid" has historically been applied primarily to minor planets of the
inner Solar System, as the outer Solar System was poorly known when it
came into common usage. The distinction between asteroids and comets is
made on visual appearance. Comets show a perceptible coma while asteroids
do not. The first asteroid discovered was Ceres, discovered in 1801 by
Giuseppe Piazzi. At that time, referred to as a
planetoid asteroid already as many as hundreds
of thousands of asteroids in our solar system
found, and now this new discovery with an
average of 500 every month.

• Comets are small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving around the sun in a
parabolic or elliptical orbit. Comet tails always moving away from sunlight,
because the force of solar radiation. When comet approached the sun, its
surface becomes vaporized by the heat. This evaporation causes a bright
light. Big ball of gas and dust appear around the nucleus. Ball of gas and dust
are called “Coma”. Comet in the sky a long tail similar to incandescent light or
long hair female. Therefore, comet tail was often
called the star or star-haired long. The brightest
comet ever observed the Comet Halley, with the
appearance of 76-year period. Comet parts are:
nucleus, coma, a cloud of hydrogen, and tail.

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• Meteoroid are a solid objects moving in interplanetary
space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid
and larger than an atom. When entering the
atmosphere of a planet, meteoroids will be heated and
will be partially or completely evaporated. Gases along
the path will be ionized and glow. Impressions of
luminous gas is called a meteor, or shooting star. If
some of these meteoroids reach the ground, it will be called a meteorite.

Unit 5.1

Satellites as Accompanist Planet

A natural satellite or moon is a celestial body that orbits a

planet or smaller body, which is called the primary.
Technically, the term natural satellite could refer to a planet
orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major galaxy, but
it is normally synonymous with moon and used to identify non-
artificial satellites of planets, dwarf planets, and minor planets.

Artificial satellites are object constructed by humans and

placed in orbit around the earth or other celestial body (see
also space probe). The satellite is lifted from the earth's
surface by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains its
motion without further rocket propulsion. The first artificial
satellite, Sputnik I, was launched on Oct. 4, 1957, by the USSR; a test
payload of a radio beacon and a thermometer demonstrated the feasibility
of orbiting a satellite. Indonesia since 1976 has become a State which has a
satellite as a means of telecommunications. At that time Indonesia was the

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 third country in the world who use its domestic satellite communications
system, after the USA and Canada.

Unit 6

Moon as a Satellite Earth

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest
satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre
distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometers
(238,857 mi), about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. The
common centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located at
about 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi)—a quarter the Earth's radius—
beneath the surface of the Earth. The Moon makes a complete orbit
around the Earth every 27.3 days (the orbital period).

The Moon's diameter is 3,474 kilometers

(2,159 mi), a little more than a quarter of Earth's.
Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth
of the Earth (about a quarter of Earth's land area),
and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The
pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the
Earth's surface.

The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect
to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period).
However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the
same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same
phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike
most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits near the ecliptic
and not the Earth's equatorial plane.

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 The relative sizes and separation of the Earth–Moon system, to
scale. The yellow line travels from the Earth to the Moon in the
same time that an actual beam of light would take to reach the Moon
from the Earth: 1.255 seconds at the mean orbital distance.

UNIT 7

Earth’s
Rotation

Beside revolving the sun, earth also turns around on its axis. The
rotary motion or earth around its axis is called earth’s rotation. It
takes 24 hours to complete one rotation or 360° of longitude. It
means that 1° of longitude is reached in 4 minutes.

The effects of the earth’s rotation are:

- The sun and the other celestial objects appear to move from the
east to the west.
- There will be a time difference between the places with
different longitude.
- Changes between night and day.
- A bulge around the equator and an oblate around the poles.

Unit 8

Earth’s Revolution
The earth’s revolution is the movement
of earth around the sun. when the earth
revolves, the earth axis is not perpendicular to
the planet of the ecliptic, but it has an axis

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 tilt 66.5°. The orbital period of the earth is 365¼ days or one solar
year.

The earth has four different positions on its orbit:

A. On March 21st
On March 21 , the sun is located exactly at the equator. So, from
March 21 to June 21 , the northern hemisphere will be spring,
and the southern hemisphere will be autumn

B. On June 21
On June 21, the northern hemisphere is more exposed by the
rays of the sun, which is apparently located at 23.5 ° N latitude.
So from June 21 to September 23, the southern hemisphere is in
the winter, meanwhile the northern hemisphere is in summer.

C. On September 23
On September 23, both the northern hemisphere and the
southern hemisphere are far from the sun, which is apparently
located at the equator. So, from 23 to December 21, the
northern hemisphere is autumn, meanwhile the southern
hemisphere is in spring.

D. On December 21
On December 21, the sun is apparently located at 23.5° S
latitude. So, from December 21 to March 21, the southern
hemisphere is in summer. On the contrary, the northern
hemisphere is in winter.

From the explanation above, we can see that the sun seems
to move from equator to the 23.5° N latitude, go back to the
equator, move again to 23.5° S latitude and go back to the
equator. The displacement is called the apparent motion of the
sun.

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The effects of the earth’s revolution are:

- Changes in season.
- Changes in the length of daytime.
- The apparent motion of the sun
- The appearance of different constellations every month.

Unit 9

Eclipse
Eclipse is caused by the shadow of the earth or the moon when
they are in a straight line. The shadow is divided into two regions,
are:

- the main shadow or the umbra

the umbra forms a cone -shaped region of shadow from the earth
or the moon. The moons umbra has a length about 370,000 km,
meanwhile the earth’s umbra has a length about 1,376,000 km.

- the outer shadow or the penumbra

♦ lunar eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the
earth. The earth positioned between the sun and the moon. As
the consequence, the sunlight is blocked by earth, but the moon
is not completely dark. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the
moon pass through the earth umbra; a partial lunar eclipse
occurs when the moon partially crosses the earth’s umbra; and
penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the
earth’s penumbra.

♦ solar eclipse

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 A solar occurs when the moon’s shadow
crosses the earth’s surface. The moon is
located between the earth and the sun. when
the earth’s umbra crosses an area on the
earth’s surface, a total solar eclipse will
occur on the area (about 6 minute). The solar eclipse takes
place at daytime. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon’s
penumbra crosses an area on the earth’s surface which is
partially blocked the sunlight on that area.

Unit 10

Tidal
♦ Ocean tide
The high tide is the rise of the sea water level meanwhile the
ebb tide is the reduction of the sea water level. The earth is
effected by the gravitational force of the moon, and the water
is more effected by moon’s gravity that the land. As a result,
the areas which are in a straight line with the moon’s gravity
undergo a high tide. Due the earth rotation, he ocean tide in an
area is altered every six hours. Thus, a place will experience a
spring tide and neap tide twice a day.

a. the spring tide

the spring tide occurs around the full moon and new moon,
when the sun, the earth, and the moon are in a straight line.
Because the earth’s gravity and the moon’s gravity work an
opposite direction, then its result ocean tide. When the sun’s
gravity and the moon’s attract the earth in one direction,
there will be a maximum tide range.

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 b. the neap tide
the neap tide is the minimum tide range which occurs in the
first or third quarter of the moon, when the sun’s gravity and
the moon’s gravity are perpendicular.

Unit 10

Did You Know?

• Copernicus crater on the Moon.

This figure shows the beam pattern of dust thrown from

the crater of one billion years ago, when an asteroid the
size of the diameter of more than one mile (1.6 km)
crashed into the moon.

• Mars Approached Earth

This picture was taken in the minutes march toward Earth

at closest position in 60,000 years on August 27 2003. In
this picture, this red planet is 34,647,420 miles

(55,757,930 kilometers) from Earth.

• Jupiter’s Giant Red Spot

Giant red spots is a huge storm system in Jupiter. He was

spinning like a cyclone, with a speed of 430 km / hour. This
storm, which is twice the size of Earth, the first time

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 astronomers have witnessed during the 17th century telescope directs them
to the planet. More than 300 years

later, he was still in progress.

• Saturn (1996-2000)

When Saturn travels around the sun 29 years, its slope

allows us to view it from different viewpoints. Saturn also
gives the slope of the seasons. Picture bottom left shows
the fall season in the south and the top image shows the
winter.

• Uranus’s Sparkle Clouds

Color difference in this picture shows the altitude. Green

and blue areas indicate where the atmosphere is bright,
allowing sunlight through deep into Uranus. Yellow areas
and grey, an area where fog or clouds reflect the sun. Red
and orange colors indicate very high clouds, like a cloud

Cirrus on earth.

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