SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

22. Write a C++ program to plot an ellipse using the Mid-Point Ellipse algorithm

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<dos.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<iostream.h>

void main(){

long x,y,x_center,y_center;

long a_sqr,b_sqr, fx,fy, d,a,b,tmp1,tmp2;

int g_driver=DETECT,g_mode;

clrscr();

initgraph(&g_driver,&g_mode,"C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

cout<<"\n\n Enter coordinate x and y ";

cin>>x_center>>y_center;

cout<<"\n Now enter constants a and b ";

cin>>a>>b;

x=0;

y=b;

a_sqr=a*a;

b_sqr=b*b;

fx=2*b_sqr*x;

fy=2*a_sqr*y;

d=b_sqr-(a_sqr*b)+(a_sqr*0.25);

do

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

putpixel(x_center+x,y_center+y,1);

putpixel(x_center-x,y_center-y,1);

putpixel(x_center+x,y_center-y,1);

putpixel(x_center-x,y_center+y,1);

if(d<0)

d=d+fx+b_sqr;

else

y=y-1;

d=d+fx+-fy+b_sqr;

fy=fy-(2*a_sqr);

x=x+1;

fx=fx+(2*b_sqr);

delay(10);

while(fx<fy);

tmp1=(x+0.5)*(x+0.5);

tmp2=(y-1)*(y-1);

d=b_sqr*tmp1+a_sqr*tmp2-(a_sqr*b_sqr);

do

putpixel(x_center+x,y_center+y,1);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

putpixel(x_center-x,y_center-y,1);

putpixel(x_center+x,y_center-y,1);

putpixel(x_center-x,y_center+y,1);

if(d>=0)

d=d-fy+a_sqr;

else

x=x+1;

d=d+fx-fy+a_sqr;

fx=fx+(2*b_sqr);

y=y-1;

fy=fy-(2*a_sqr);

while(y>0);

getch();

closegraph();

Output:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

23. Write a program to implement 3-dimensional Scaling.

CODE:

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

//identity matrix

void identity(int im[3][3]){

for(int i=0; i<3; i++)

for(int j=0; j<3; j++){

if(i==j)

im[i][j]=1;

else

im[i][j]=0;} }

//matrix multiplicaiton

void matmu(int m1[50][3], int m2[3][3], int m3[50][3], int n){

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

for(int j=0; j<3; j++){

m3[i][j]=0;

for(int k=0; k<3; k++)

m3[i][j]+= m1[i][k]*m2[k][j];

//scale

void scale(int arr1[50][3], int arr3[50][3], int sx, int sy, int sz, int n){

int arr2[3][3];

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

identity(arr2);

arr2[0][0]=sx;

arr2[1][1]=sy;

arr2[2][2]=sz;

matmu(arr1,arr2,arr3,n);

void main(){

clrscr();

int c, n, gdriver = DETECT, gmode, sx, sy, sz,coords[50][3],tcoords[50][3];

//coords input

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

cout<<"Enter no.of lines:\n";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0; i<n*2; i+=2){

cout<<"Enter coords for line(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2) :\n";

cin>>coords[i][0]>>coords[i][1]>>coords[i][2]>>coords[i+1][0]>>coords[i+1][1]>>coords[i+1][
2];

//divide screen

line(320,0,320,479);

line(0,240,639,240);

//rotation input

cout<<"Enter scaling factor(sx, sy, sz):";

cin>>sx>>sy>>sz;

//transformation

scale(coords,tcoords, sx, sy, sz,n*2);

cout<<"Scaled coords:\n";

for(i=0; i<n*2; i+=2)

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

cout<<tcoords[i][0]<<" "<<tcoords[i][1]<<" "<<tcoords[i][2]<<" "<<tcoords[i+1][0]<<"

"<<tcoords[i+1][1]<<" "<<tcoords[i+1][2]<<endl;

getch();

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

24. Write a program to implement 3-dimensional Translation

CODE:

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

//rounding

int round(int val){

int incr=1,sc=1;

if(val<0){

incr=-1;sc=-1;

if((val*sc)-((int)(val*sc))>=0.5)

return ((int)val+incr);

else return ((int)val);

//identity matrix

void identity(int im[4][4]){

for(int i=0; i<4; i++)

for(int j=0; j<4; j++){

if(i==j)

im[i][j]=1;

else

im[i][j]=0;

//matrix multiplicaiton

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

void matmu(int m1[50][4], int m2[4][4], int m3[50][4], int n){

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

for(int j=0; j<4; j++){

m3[i][j]=0;

for(int k=0; k<4; k++)

m3[i][j]+= m1[i][k]*m2[k][j];

//rotation

void rotate(int arr1[50][4], int arr3[50][4], int tx, int ty, int tz, int n){

int arr2[4][4];

identity(arr2);

arr2[3][0]=tx;

arr2[3][1]=ty;

arr2[3][2]=tz;

matmu(arr1,arr2,arr3,n);

void main(){

clrscr();

int c, n, gdriver = DETECT, gmode, tx, ty, tz,coords[50][4],tcoords[50][4];

//coords input

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

cout<<"Enter no.of lines:\n";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0; i<n*2; i+=2){

cout<<"Enter coords for line(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2) :\n";

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

cin>>coords[i][0]>>coords[i][1]>>coords[i][2]>>coords[i+1][0]>>coords[i+1][1]>>coords[i+1][
2];

coords[i][3]=1;

coords[i+1][3]=1;

//divide screen

line(320,0,320,479);

line(0,240,639,240);

//rotation input

cout<<"Enter translation factor(tx, ty, tz):";

cin>>tx>>ty>>tz;

//transformation

rotate(coords,tcoords, tx, ty, tz,n*2);

cout<<"Translated coords:\n";

for(i=0; i<n*2; i+=2)

cout<<round(tcoords[i][0])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i][1])<<"
"<<round(tcoords[i][2])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i+1][0])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i+1][1])<<"
"<<round(tcoords[i+1][2])<<endl;

getch();

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

25. Write a menu based program to implement 3-dimensional Rotation (X Axis, Y Axis and Z Axis).

CODE:

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

//rounding

int round(float val){

int incr=1,sc=1;

if(val<0){

incr=-1;sc=-1;

if((val*sc)-((int)(val*sc))>=0.5)

return ((int)val+incr);

else return ((int)val);

//identity matrix

void identity(float im[4][4]){

for(int i=0; i<4; i++)

for(int j=0; j<4; j++){

if(i==j)

im[i][j]=1;

else

im[i][j]=0;

//matrix multiplicaiton

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

void matmu(float m1[50][4], float m2[4][4], float m3[50][4], int n){

for(int i=0; i<n; i++)

for(int j=0; j<4; j++){

m3[i][j]=0;

for(int k=0; k<4; k++)

m3[i][j]+= m1[i][k]*m2[k][j];

//rotation

void rotate(float arr1[50][4], float arr3[50][4], float t, int c, int n){

float arr2[4][4];

identity(arr2);

if(c==1){

arr2[1][1]=cos(t);

arr2[1][2]=sin(t);

arr2[2][1]=-sin(t);

arr2[2][2]=cos(t);

if(c==2){

arr2[0][0]=cos(t);

arr2[0][2]=-sin(t);

arr2[2][0]=sin(t);

arr2[2][2]=cos(t);

if(c==3){

arr2[0][0]=cos(t);

arr2[0][1]=sin(t);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

arr2[1][0]=-sin(t);

arr2[1][1]=cos(t);

matmu(arr1,arr2,arr3,n);

void main()

clrscr();

int c, n, gdriver = DETECT, gmode;

float t,coords[50][4],tcoords[50][4];

//coords input

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

cout<<"Enter no.of lines:\n";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0; i<n*2; i+=2){

cout<<"Enter coords for line(x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2) :\n";

cin>>coords[i][0]>>coords[i][1]>>coords[i][2]>>coords[i+1][0]>>coords[i+1][1]>>coords[i+1][
2];

coords[i][3]=1;

coords[i+1][3]=1;

//divide screen

line(320,0,320,479);

line(0,240,639,240);

//rotation input

cout<<"Enter angle of rotation(0-360):";

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

cin>>t;

t=t*3.14/180;

cout<<"1.Around X-axis\n2.Around Y-axis\n3.Around Z-axis\n";

cin>>c;

//transformation

rotate(coords,tcoords,t,c,n*2);

cout<<"Rotated coords:\n";

for(i=0; i<n*2; i+=2)

cout<<round(tcoords[i][0])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i][1])<<"
"<<round(tcoords[i][2])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i+1][0])<<" "<<round(tcoords[i+1][1])<<"
"<<round(tcoords[i+1][2])<<endl;

getch();

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

26. Write a program to implement line clipping using Cohen Sutherland algorithm.

CODE:

//Cohen Sutherland

#include<stdio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

typedef unsigned int outcode;

enum { TOP=0x1, BOTTOM=0x2, RIGHT=0x4, LEFT=0x8 };

//int calcode(float,float,float,float,float,float);

//float x0,y0,x1,y1,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax;

int calcode (float x,float y,float xwmin,float ywmin,float xwmax,float ywmax)

int code =0;

if(y> ywmax)

code |=TOP;

else if( y<ywmin)

code |= BOTTOM;

else if(x > xwmax)

code |= RIGHT;

else if ( x< xwmin)

code |= LEFT;

return(code);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

void lineclip(float x0,float y0,float x1,float y1,float xwmin,float ywmin,float xwmax,float ywmax )

int gd,gm;

outcode code0,code1,codeout;

int accept = 0, done=0;

code0 = calcode(x0,y0,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

code1 = calcode(x1,y1,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

do{

if(!(code0 | code1))

accept =1 ; done =1;

else

if(code0 & code1) done = 1;

else

float x,y;

codeout = code0 ? code0 : code1;

if(codeout & TOP)

x = x0 + (x1-x0)*(ywmax-y0)/(y1-y0);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

y = ywmax;

else

if( codeout & BOTTOM)

x = x0 + (x1-x0)*(ywmin-y0)/(y1-y0);

y = ywmin;

else

if ( codeout & RIGHT)

y = y0+(y1-y0)*(xwmax-x0)/(x1-x0);

x = xwmax;

else

y = y0 + (y1-y0)*(xwmin-x0)/(x1-x0);

x = xwmin;

if( codeout == code0)

x0 = x; y0 = y;

code0=calcode(x0,y0,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

else

x1 = x; y1 = y;

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

code1 =
calcode(x1,y1,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

} while( done == 0);

rectangle(xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

setcolor(YELLOW);

if(accept) line(x0,y0,x1,y1);

getch();

void main()

float x2,y2,x1,y1,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax;

int gd=DETECT,gm;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

cout<<"\n\n\tEnter the co-ordinates of Line :";

cout<<"\n\n\t X1 Y1 : ";

cin>>x1>>y1;

cout<<"\n\n\t X2 Y2 : ";

cin>>x2>>y2;

cout<<"\n\tEnter the co_ordinates of window :\n ";

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

cout<<"\n\txwmin , ywmin : ";

cin>>xwmin>>ywmin;

cout<<"\n\txwmax , ywmax : ";

cin>>xwmax>>ywmax;

cleardevice();

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

rectangle(xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);

getch();

cleardevice();

lineclip(x1,y1,x2,y2,xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax );

getch();

closegraph();

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

27. Write a program to implement line clipping using Mid-point subdivision algorithm.

CODE:

//Midpoint Subdivision

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<dos.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<graphics.h>

/* Defining structure for end point of line */

typedef struct coordinate

int x,y;

char code[4];

}PT;

void drawwindow();

void midsub(PT p1,PT p2);

void drawline (PT p1,PT p2,int cl);

PT setcode(PT p);

int visibility (PT p1,PT p2);

PT resetendpt (PT p1,PT p2);

void main()

int gd=DETECT, gm,v;

PT p1,p2,ptemp;

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

cleardevice();

printf("\nENTER END-POINT 1 (x,y): ");

scanf("%d %d",&p1.x,&p1.y);

printf("\nENTER END-POINT 2 (x,y): ");

scanf("%d %d",&p2.x,&p2.y);

cleardevice();

drawwindow();

getch();

drawline(p1,p2,15);

getch();

cleardevice();

drawwindow();

midsub(p1,p2);

getch();

closegraph();

void midsub(PT p1,PT p2)

PT mid;

int v;

p1=setcode(p1);

p2=setcode(p2);

v=visibility(p1,p2);

switch(v)

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

case 0: /* Line conpletely visible */

drawline(p1,p2,15);

break;

case 1: /* Line completely invisible */

break;

case 2: /* line partly visible */

mid.x = p1.x + (p2.x-p1.x)/2;

mid.y = p1.y + (p2.y-p1.y)/2;

midsub(p1,mid);

mid.x = mid.x+1;

mid.y = mid.y+1;

midsub(mid,p2);

break;

/* Function to draw window */

void drawwindow()

setcolor(RED);

rectangle(150,100,450,400);

/* Function to draw line between two points*/

void drawline (PT p1,PT p2,int cl)

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

setcolor(cl);

line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);

/* Function to set code of the coordinates*/

PT setcode(PT p)

PT ptemp;

if(p.y<=100)

ptemp.code[0]='1'; /* TOP */

else

ptemp.code[0]='0';

if(p.y>=400)

ptemp.code[1]='1'; /* BOTTOM */

else

ptemp.code[1]='0';

if (p.x>=450)

ptemp.code[2]='1'; /* RIGHT */

else

ptemp.code[2]='0';

if (p.x<=150) /* LEFT */

ptemp.code[3]='1';

else

ptemp.code[3]='0';

ptemp.x=p.x;

ptemp.y=p.y;

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

return(ptemp);

/* Function to determine visibility of line*/

int visibility (PT p1,PT p2)

int i,flag=0;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if((p1.code[i]!='0')||(p2.code[i]!='0'))

flag=1;

if(flag==0)

return(0);

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if((p1.code[i]==p2.code[i]) &&(p1.code[i]=='1'))

flag=0;

if(flag==0)

return(1);

return(2);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

28. Write a program to implement line clipping using Laing-Barsky algorithm.

CODE:

#include<iostream.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<dos.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int i,gd=DETECT,gm;

int x1,y1,x2,y2,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,xx1,xx2,yy1,yy2,dx,dy;

float t1,t2,p[4],q[4],temp;

clrscr();

//x1=120;

//y1=120;

//x2=300;

//y2=300;

//xmin=100;

//ymin=100;

//xmax=250;

//ymax=250;

cout<<"Enter xmin and ymin: ";

cin>>xmin>>ymin;

cout<<"\nEnter xmax and ymax: ";

cin>>xmax>>ymax;

cout<<"\nEnter x1 and y1:";

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

cin>>x1>>y1;

cout<<"\nEnter x2 and y2:";

cin>>x2>>y2;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

dx=x2-x1;

dy=y2-y1;

p[0]=-dx;

p[1]=dx;

p[2]=-dy;

p[3]=dy;

q[0]=x1-xmin;

q[1]=xmax-x1;

q[2]=y1-ymin;

q[3]=ymax-y1;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if(p[i]==0)

cout<<"line is parallel to one of the clipping boundary";

if(q[i]>=0)

if(i<2)

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

if(y1<ymin)

y1=ymin;

if(y2>ymax)

y2=ymax;

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

if(i>1)

if(x1<xmin)

x1=xmin;

if(x2>xmax)

x2=xmax;

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

t1=0;

t2=1;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

temp=q[i]/p[i];

if(p[i]<0)

if(t1<=temp)

t1=temp;

else

if(t2>temp)

t2=temp;

if(t1<t2)

xx1 = x1 + t1 * p[1];

xx2 = x1 + t2 * p[1];

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

yy1 = y1 + t1 * p[3];

yy2 = y1 + t2 * p[3];

line(xx1,yy1,xx2,yy2);

delay(500);

getch();

closegraph();

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

29. Write a program to implement polygon clipping using Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm.

CODE:

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<dos.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

int gm,gd,n,c=0,y,xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax,poly[50];

gd=DETECT;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

cout<<"Enter xmin and ymin: ";

cin>>xmin>>ymin;

cout<<"Enter xmax and ymax: ";

cin>>xmax>>ymax;

cout<<"Enter no.of vertices:\n";

cin>>n;

for(int i=0; i<n; i++){

cout<<"Enter coords for vertex "<<i+1<<" : ";

cin>>poly[c++]>>poly[c++];

poly[c++]=poly[0];

poly[c++]=poly[1];

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

c=0;

for(i=0; i<n; i++){

line(poly[c++],poly[c++],poly[c++],poly[c++]);

c-=2;

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

//Code for right clip

setviewport(xmax+1,0,639,479,1);

getch();

clearviewport();

//Code for bottom clip

setviewport(xmin,ymax+1,xmax,479,1);

getch();

clearviewport();

//Code for left clip

setviewport(0,0,xmin-1,479,1);

getch();

clearviewport();

//Code for top clip

setviewport(xmin,0,xmax,ymin-1,1);

getch();

clearviewport();

cout<<"\t\tAfter clipping: ";

getch();

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

30. Write a program to generate a Bezier Curve.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

#include<graphics.h>

void main(){

int gd=DETECT,gm,x[4],y[4],i,xx,yy;

float u;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\turboc3\\bgi");

for(i=0;i<4;i++){

cout<<"\nEnter Control Point "<<i+1<<": ";

cin>>x[i]>>y[i];

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

line(x[i],y[i],x[i+1],y[i+1]);

moveto(x[0],y[0]);

for(u=0;u<=1;u+=0.001){

xx=pow(1-u,3)*x[0]+3*u*pow(1-u,2)*x[1]+3*u*u*(1-u)*x[2]+u*u*u*x[3];

yy=pow(1-u,3)*y[0]+3*u*pow(1-u,2)*y[1]+3*u*u*(1-u)*y[2]+u*u*u*y[3];

lineto(xx,yy);

getch();

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021

 SIES College of Management Studies SYMCA, Sem IV, Roll No : 18

OUTPUT:

Subject : Computer Graphics April 2021