Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Reinforced Concrete Design

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

Eurocode 2 (EC2) – Concrete Structures

 Draft published 1992 (ENV)

 ‘Final’ version 2005 (BS EN1992) with
National Annex (2006)
 Four Parts:
1. General Rules and Rules for Buildings
2. Fire Resistance
3. Reinforced and prestressed bridges
4. Liquid retaining structures

Book support material

1
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Eurocode 2

Use with :
 Eurocode 0 (BS EN1990) – Basis of structural
design (Analysis)
 Eurocode 1 (BS EN1991) – Actions on structures
(10 parts)
[Both apply to all Eurocodes]
 BS EN206-1 – Concrete Specification,
Performance, Production and Conformity
[includes material requirements for durability]
 BS 8500-2 – Complementary BS to EN206-1.
Specification for materials and concrete.

Eurocode 2

Key Features (1)

 Limit state principles ( as BS8110)

 Many detailed changes from BS8110
e.g. stress blocks, safety factors, detailing.
 Notation and terminology changes.
e.g. ‘actions’
 Calculations based on cylinder strength.

Book support material

2
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Eurocode 2

Key Features (2)

 Formulae based (few design charts)
 Some aspects more complicated (e.g. shear)
 More comprehensive (up to 105 N/mm2 cube
strength)
 High Yield steel (500N/mm2 in UK)
 Overall effect on finished design relatively
small

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Book support material

3
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Concrete strong in compression and weak

in tension

A
Load

Compression

Tension
Cracking Strain Section A-A
Distribution
Reinforcement A

Figure 1.1: Composite action

7
7

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

CONCRETE

Assumed stress–strain relationship up to 50 N/mm2

cylinder strength
Stress

0.0035
Strain

Figure 1.2: Stress-strain curve for concrete in compression

8
8

Book support material

4
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Estimated concrete strength development with age

40
2
Compressive strength N/mm
30

20

10

0
1 7 28 3 1 5
day days days months year years
Age of concrete (log scale)

Figure 1.3: Increase of concrete strength with age. Typical curve for a
concrete made with a Class 42.5 Portland Cement with 28 day
compressive strength of 30 N/mm 2
9
9

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Alternative elastic moduli for concrete

[ Secant generally used in design]
0.4fcm
Stress

Tangent or dynamic modulus

Secant or static modulus

Strain

Figure 1.4: Moduli of elasticity of concrete

10
10

Book support material

5
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

REINFORCING STEEL
Reinforcing steel characteristics – 3 ductility classes
- no mild steel

Yield stress 0.2% proof stress

Stress

Stress
Strain 0.002 Strain
(a) Hot rolled steel (b) Cold worked steel

Figure 1.5: Stress-strain curves for high-yield reinforcing steel

11
11

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Effect of loading reinforcement into plastic range

B
Stress

A C Strain

Figure 1.6: Strain hardening

12
12

Book support material

6
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Effects of internal and external restraint on concrete
shrinkage
Original member -
as cast

 sh
Plain concrete -
unrestrained

 ct

Reinforced concrete -
unrestrained
 sc

 ct
Reinforced concrete -
fully restrained

Figure 1.7: Shrinkage strains

13
13

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Reinforcement restrains shrinkage movement and

generates tension in concrete

A c fct
A s fst
A s fsc

Figure 1.8: Shrinkage forces adjacent to a crack

14
14

Book support material

7
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

CONCRETE CREEP
Development of creep deformation with time –
affects deflections and crack widths
Deformation

Creep

Short-term elastic

1 2 3 4 5
Time - years

Figure 1.9: Typical increase of deformation with time for concrete

15
15

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

DURABILITY
The durability of the concrete is influenced by
(1) the exposure conditions
(2) the cement type
(3) the concrete quality
(4) the cover to the reinforcement
(5) the width of any cracks

 Adequate cover is essential to prevent corrosive agents

reaching the reinforcement through cracks and pervious
concrete.
 The thickness of cover required depends on the severity of
the exposure and the quality of the concrete
 The cover is also necessary to protect the reinforcement
against a rapid rise in temperature and subsequent loss of
strength during a fire.
16
16

Book support material

8
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Specification of Materials
Concrete
 The concrete strength is assessed by measuring the
crushing strength of cubes or cylinders of concrete
made from the mix.

 Concrete of a given strength is identified by its ‘class’ –

a Class 25/30 concrete has a characteristic cylinder
crushing strength (fck) of 25 N/mm2 and cube strength of
30 N/mm2.

 Exposure conditions and durability can also effect the

choice of the mix design and the class of concrete.

 The concrete mix may either be classified as ‘designed’

or ‘designated’.
17
17

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Strength classes of concrete

Class fck Normal lowest class for use as
(N/mm2) specified
C16/20 16 Plain concrete
C20/25 20 Reinforced concrete
C25/30 25
C28/35 28 Prestressed Concrete/ Reinforced Concrete
subject to chlorides
C30/37 30 Reinforced Concrete in Foundations
C32/40 32
C35/45 35
C40/50 40
C45/55 45
C50/60 50
C55/67 55
C60/75 60
C70/85 70
C80/95 80
C90/105 90
18
18

Book support material

9
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Reinforcing Steel
 Grade 500 (500N/mm2 characteristic strength) has
replaced Grade 250 and Grade 460 reinforcing steel
throughout Europe.
Strength of reinforcement
Designation Normal sizes Specified
(mm) characteristic
strength
2
f (N/mm )
yk

Hot-rolled high All sizes 500

yield (BS4449) Up to and 500
Cold-worked high including 12
yield (BS4449)

*Note that BS4449 will be replaced by BS EN10080 in due course.

19
19

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

 Grade 250 bars are hot-rolled mild-steel bars - not now
recognised in the European Union and they are no longer
available for general use in the UK.

 The ductility of reinforcing steel is also classified for design

purposes. Ribbed high yield bars may be classified as:
Class A – which is normally associated with small diameter
(  12 mm) cold-worked bars used in mesh and fabric. This
is the lowest ductility category
Class B – which is most commonly used for reinforcing
bars.
Class C – high ductility which may be used in earthquake
design or similar situations.

 The bar types are commonly identified by the following codes:

H for high yield steel, irrespective of ductility class or HA, HB,
HC where a specific ductility class is required
20
20

Book support material

10
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Properties of Reinforced Concrete

End of chapter 1

21

Book support material

11