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Atomic Structure Short Notes 7 Page

1) An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, with the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge while neutrons have no charge. 2) Electrons orbit the nucleus in different energy levels called shells or orbitals. The number and arrangement of electrons in these shells determines an element's properties. 3) Atoms are represented by their atomic number Z, which is the number of protons, and mass number A, which is the number of protons + neutrons. The properties of atoms are periodic when arranged by increasing atomic number.

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10K views7 pages

Atomic Structure Short Notes 7 Page

1) An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, with the nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge while neutrons have no charge. 2) Electrons orbit the nucleus in different energy levels called shells or orbitals. The number and arrangement of electrons in these shells determines an element's properties. 3) Atoms are represented by their atomic number Z, which is the number of protons, and mass number A, which is the number of protons + neutrons. The properties of atoms are periodic when arranged by increasing atomic number.

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‘ALL IN ONE’ SERIES

2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
An atom is the smallest entity of an element
which retains all of its properties. It consists of
several stable and unstable fundamental
particles. The examples of stable particles are
neutron, proton and electron and those of
unstable particles are meson, positron, neutrino,
antineutrino and antiproton. All atoms consist of
a central nucleus surrounded by one or more electrons in orbitals. The protons and
neutrons together make up most of the mass of an atom. Both protons and neutrons are
particles of unit mass, but a proton has one positive charge and a neutron is electrically
neutral (i.e. carries no charge). An atom is represented as ZXA , where A is the mass
number (i.e. n + p) and Z is the atomic number (i.e. p or e).
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:
Some important definitions related to
atomic structure of atoms are described as follows:
Isotopes: Elements having the same atomic number but different mass number are
known as isotopes. Examples:
 1H1,1D2
 8O16,8O18
Isobars: Elements having the same mass number but different atomic number are
known as isobars. Examples:
 18Ar40,20Ca40
 6C14,7N14
Isotones: Elements having the same number of neutrons are known as isotones.
Examples:
 12Mg24,11Na23
 9F19,8O18
Isodiaphers: Elements having the same value of isotopic excess are known as
isodiaphers, where isotopic excess = (A – 2Z). Examples:
 15P31,17Cl35,11Na23,3Li7 all have isotopic excess of 1.
 6C14,8O18,1T3 all have isotopic excess of 2.
Isoelectronic: The species having the same number of electrons are known as
isoelectronic species. (It may be an atom, ion or a molecule.) Examples:
 N3-,O2-,F-,Ne,Na+,Mg2+
 H2S,HCL,Ar,SH-
Isosters: Species that are isoelectronic as well as consist of the same number of atoms
are known as isosters. Examples:
 CH4,
 ,H2O
ELECTRON:
Electron was discovered in cathode ray experiment.
The charge on an electron(-1.602×10-19coulomb) was determined by mullikan in
his oil drop experiment.
Mass of an electron(9.11×10-31 kg) was calculated by J.J. Thomson.
e/m ratio of electron was determined by Thomson as 1.76×108 coulomb/g. The
specific charge of electron decreases with increase in its velocity because
increase in velocity increases the mass of electron.
Radius of the electron is 42.8×10-15m.
Density of electron is 2.17×10-17 g/cm3.
Mass of one mole of electron is nearly 0.55mg.
PROTON:
Proton was discovered in the anode ray experiment.
Anode rays also called as canal rays or positive rays were discovered by E.
Goldstein.
Charge on a proton is +1.062×10-19coulomb.
Mass of a proton is 1.673×10-24g.
Mass of one mole of proton is nearly 1.007g.
The specific charge of a proton is 9.58×104 coulomb/g.
The volume of a proton is nearly 1.5×10-38 cm3.
NEUTRON:
Neutron was discovered by James Chedwick in 1932.
Neutron is slightly havier then proton. Mass of neutron is 1.008665 amu or
1.675×10-24g.
Specific charge of a neutron is zero.
Density of a neutron is 1.5×1014g/cm3.
Mass of one mole of neutron is nearly 1.0087 gram.

Name Mass Charge e/m


Electron(e) 9.1×10-31 kg -1.602×10-19C 1.76×108C/g
5.5×10-4 amu -4.8×10-10esu
Proton(p) 1.673×10-27kg +1.602×10-19C 9.58×104C/g
1.007 amu +4.8×10-10esu
Neutron(n) 1.675×10-27kg neutral zero
 Atomic Number(Z): Number of electrons
= Number of protons
 Mass number(A): Atomic number + Number of neutrons
=Number of protons + Number of neutrons
 Electromagnetic Radiations: According to the electromagnetic wave theory the
energy is emitted from any source continuously and consists of electric and
magnetic fields oscilliating perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
propagation.
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy tranported in the form of waves. These
radiations which are associated with both electric and magnetic fields. All form of
electromagnetic radiations travel in space in the form of waves with the velocity of
light.
o Wavelength(λ): The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is
known as wavelength. It denoted by λ. It determines the colour of a beam of
visible light.

The seven colours of white light have the following wavelengths(λ) associated with
them.
Colours Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
λ in Å 3800-4300 4300-4600 4600-5000 5000-5600 5600-5950 5950-6200 6200-6700

o Frequency(ν): The number of times of a wave passes through a given point in


one second is called the frequency of the wave. It is denoted by ν(nu) and is
expressed in cycles per second(cps) or hertz(Hz).
ν
o Velocity(c): The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called its
velocity. It’s denoted by c
o Wave number( ): It’s Defined as the number of wavelengths per cm(or per
meter) and is equal to the inverse of wavelength expressed in centimeters. It’s
denoted by
o Amplitude(a): It’s the height of the crest or depth of trough of a wave and is
denoted by a. it determines the intensity or brightness of the beam of light.
 Spectrum:
When sunlight is passed through a prism it splits into seven different
colours this process is called dispersion and the pattern of bands obtained is called
Spectrum.
 The spectrum obtained by dispersion of ordinary light . is continuous spectra and
has seven bands of colours (VIBGYOR) merging into one another.
 The emission spectrum is obtained by passing radiations, emitted by the excited
atoms, through the prism. It consists of bright lines against a dark background. It
is characteristic of electronic environment of atoms and hence is known as finger
prints of atoms.
 An absorption spectrum is obtained by analysing solar light emerging out of
solution of a substance. It comprises dark lines /bands in an otherwise
continuous spectrum.
 Electromagnetic spectrum is the pattern of different types of electromagnetic
radiations in the order of increasing wavelength, The arrangements of various
radiations in the increasing order of their wavelength.
 Cosmic rays <γ-rays <X-rays <ultraviolet rays < visible light < infrared radiations
< microwaves < radiowaves.
 The radius of the nucleus is approximately 10-5 times the radius of the atoms.
Volume of the nucleus of an atom is about 10-15 times the volume of the atom.
 When energy or frequency of scattered ray is lesser than the incident ray, it is
known as Compton effect.
 Energy of photon: E= hv= ( h is planck’s constant )
 Hydrogen spectrum:

 Moseley’s Law: where v is frequency of X-rays given out by


metal of atomic number Z.
 Number of spectrals Lines from ground state to n orbit is
 Number of spectral lines from n1 and n2 orbit is=

 Angular momentum is an orbit(mvr) is = = nħ( where ħ= )

 Radius of electron In nth orbit

 Energy of electron In bohr’s nth orbit: The energy of an electron is negative


since the maximum energy of an electron at infinity is zero. As the electron gets
closer to the nucleus (as n decreases), energy decreases and the most negative
energy value is given by n = 1, i.e., ground state.
Potential energy (PE): This energy is released due to electrostatic attractive
forces between electrons and protons. So the potential energy of electrons is
negative

Kinetic energy(KE): It’s positive due to the velocity of electron.


 Quantisation of electronic energy levels of hydrogen atom

 Energy of electron in a H-atom in a different energy levels


Spin quantum number is the only
quantum number that has none-
integral values and is not derived
from schrodinger’s wave equation
while other three quantum
numbers are derived from wave
equation.

The electron present in the


outermost shell are called opticle
electrons as they are readily
excited and hence yield line spectra
the other electrons are called
spectator electrons.

Number of subshells in a main


energy level is equal to n.

Number of orbitals in a main


energy level is equal to n2.

Number of orbitals in a subshell is


equal to (2l+1)

Maximum number of electrons in a


subshell is equal to 2(2l+1)

Maximum number of electrons in a


main shell is equal to 2n2.

Filling of orbitals: The ellectrons


in various orbitals are filled
according to certain rules. An under
standing of these rules/principles
enables us to write electronic
configuration of the element, etc.
Aufbau principle: It states that electrons are filled in the orbitalsin order of increasing
energy and the energy of the orbitals is governed by (n+1) rule. In simple words
orbitals of lower energy are filled first followed by orbitals of higher energy.

Pauli’s exclusion principle: It states that no two electrons can have the same value of
the four quantum numbers. This implies that no two electrons are alike in an atom or in
other words an orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons.

Half filled and fully filled electronic configuration are stable since they have more
symmetry and more exchange energy

All substances have magnetic properties due to magnetic moment associated with
electron spin and with orbital angular momentum of the electron.

The two electrons in different atomic orbitals are far apart and suffer less electron—
electron repulsion than when these occupy same orbital with opposite spins.

The energy of atomic orbitals for H-atom is (as the energy depends on the value of n):
1s<2s=2p<3s=3p=3d<4s=4p=4d=4f

According to aufbau principle, the energy of orbitals depends upon n+l value and
varies as
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d

Energy associated with any orbit or orbital decreases as the nuclear charge or atomic
number increases.

Orbital angular momentum for d orbital is

Angular momentum for p orbital:

Angular momentum for f-orbital:

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