Traffic MODULE 1

Management and I. INTRODUCTION:

This Module covers the topic on the history of transportation can

Accident be conveniently if over simply divided into period during which motive
power was most characteristically furnished by human and animal muscle,
by such natural forces as wind and gravity, and by fuel operated

Investigation
machines.

fuel-operated machines.

I. OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the Module, you should be able to:

1. To know the history of transportation

2. To know Legal Basis in the Traffic Management Process
3. To know traffic management
4. To know the innovative policy to address traffic problems
5. To know the main task to improve traffic.
6. To know the cause of traffic congestion
7. To know the five E’s of Traffic Management
8. To know the solution of Traffic Jams

Manpower

Stone Age man’s transportation of firewood and of animals killed

in the hunt probably led to the invention of the sled. From the sled early
man may have got the idea for ski pieces of smooth board resembling sled
runners but worn on the feet of the hunter—and later of snowshoes. The
first watercraft, the man-powered raft and canoe, probably evolved from
the floating log.
 Not until the development of the internal combustion
engine can the era of air transportation be said to have begun. Men were
The greatest advance in land transport after the sled was the wheel, making balloon and flights, however, or more than a century before Wilbur
probably first invented in the Tigris- Euphrates Valley sometime and Orville Wright made their famous first flight at Kitty Hawk, North
before 3500 BC. The ancient Egyptians took little or no part in the Carolina, USA, in 1903. The progress of air transportation was
invention. The great blocks of stone that went to make the pyramids were hastened by World Wars I and II. An important advances in aircraft
floated on barges down the Nile River and then moved over land on sleds propulsion occurred with the invention of the jet engine. Until this
running on rollers. Gangs of slaves dragged the blocks of stone by means invention practically every great advance in transportation techniques
of large ropes, while other slave at the rear of sled picked-up the rollers had been the result of the application of the principle of rotary motion. The
over which the sled had passed and hurried around and place them at the jet engine has made possible speeds that could
front. To raise the blocks of stone to their positions inthe pyramids, the never had been attained by the rotary action of the air-crew is effective
Egyptian built ramps. only in the earth’s atmosphere. The rocket, however is effective beyond
the earth’s atmosphere, and its development has opened up the era of
space exploration and interplanetary travel.
Animal Power
Legal Basis in the Traffic Management Process
But while human muscle power was still in widespread
use for transport in ancient Egypt, animal muscle power was being widely 1.
exploited in the other river valley civilizations. The ox, the ass, and Republic Act No. 4136, “The Land Transportation
the camel were tamed somewhere in the Middle East by 3000 BC. In Code of the Philippines, as Amended”.
arctic snows the reindeer, which can carry a load of about 130 lbs. (60 kg.) 2.
without much effort, is still widely used. In the higher altitudes of the Republic Act No. 7160, “The Act Providing for a
Himalayas the yak, a species of ox, is used as pack animal. In India the Local Government Code of 1991”.
beast of burden is often the elephant. In Peru the llama is domesticated
and used as pack animal. The horse was tamed somewhere in its native
habitat on the steppes of Central Asia. The invention of the bit and bridle Definition of Traffic Management
before 3000 BC gave steppe folk control of the horse for riding. The Traffic Management presupposes an understanding of the
stirrup was not invented until Roman times, probably somewhere in motivation behind the behavior of motorist, commuters, and pedestrians.
Western Asia. The earliest known stirrups have been found in South Any attempt to redirect their behavior without understanding will not be
Russia in tombs dating from between 100 BC and 400 AD. able to effectively solve the traffic problems.
Until the invention of horse collar, about 900 AD, horses were
harnessed like oxen. A yoke passed over the withers, and a strap Innovative Policy to Address Traffic Problems
tightened on the horse’s chest when it pulled, half strangling the animal. 1. Reiterate the use of public roadways as a matter
The Romans, knowing little anatomy, did not realize that a good harness of privilege and not as matter of right.
for the ox was a very poor harness for the horse. This fact 2.All forms of privatization of public thoroughfares
explains why the horse was little used as a draft animal until late in the should be controlled.
Middle Ages, whereas the ox almost universally used as draft animal 3. Must encourage the development of a mass transport
from 3000 BC. Where the horse was used for transportation during the system and de-emphasize the use of private vehicles.
middle ages, it was mainly as a pack carrier at its sides. Another
invention that played a great part in the history of transportation
was the horseshoe. In its wild state the horse can gallop for long-distance
on soft grass of the Asiatic steppes. But if it is driven on a hard, metal road
its soft hoofs soon become broken and it goes lame. An iron horseshoe,
mailed around the edge of the hard hoof, stops the hoof from breaking The Word Traffic
away. It appears that the iron horseshoe was invented in Gaul about the
time of Julius Caesar, and taken to Britain soon afterward. The word traffic originates from Greco-Roman word “Trafico”
with reference to the movement of people that dates back from
Air Transport
the dawns of history: from the domesticated horse-drawn wheels to primarily in areas experiencing rapid population growth, which
horseless carriage. The Greek cause parallel increase in the ownership and u se of automotive vehicles.
6 originally called the system “Trafriga” after the early horse-
drawn chariots with spoked wheels. If savants of Rome are to believed, 2.Long-Term
there is no dispute that the word “Trafico” is a Greco-Roman word, but the Commuting during certain hours add considerably to traffic
word traffic was created from the famous “Trafalgar Square,” the hub- congestion. The so-called “rush-hours” are concentrated in relatively
center of commerce and culture in the heart of London. But in Latin, short period each day, mainly from 7:00 to 9:00 in the morning and from
the word traffic is denominated as “Commercium” with reference to 5:00 to 7:00 in the evening, when most people rush to and from work.
the movement and control of goods in transit from un-wheeled axle to
horseless carriage. This intellectual discourse of discoveries only
reinforced the universal dictum that traffic refers to the movement of Strategies in Resolving Traffic Congestion
people and goods and not vehicle. Perhaps this is the missing 1.Supply-Side Strategy
jewels in the systematic strategies of traffic
Management Expansion of the peak-hour carrying capacity of an area’s
transportation system seems to be the most intuitively obvious
The Main Tasks Required to Improve Traffic Management response to greater congestion can be implemented through diverse
1.Consolidate the single road use handbook, all the means: 1) Building more roads or widening existing ones in areas that
traffic laws, rules and regulations, guidelines, must be have experienced rapid growth; and 2) making transportation systems
revised and issued yearly. more efficient.
2. Ensure that each traffic user is trained and
disciplined. 2. Demand Side
3. Revalidate all drivers’ licenses and all One of the demand-side tactics transportation economist
certificates of vehicle registration. advocate is peak-hour pricing. This is achieved by charging all drivers
4. Clear the road network of obstructions. who use crowded highways during peak-hours a toll large enough to
5. Streamlining the traffic adjudication process. discourage many others from doing so. Another demand-side strategy
6.Fast-track the shift to a mass transit system. is shifting peak-hour trips to other times of the day. This may be
7. Complete the basic framework of the road network achieved by staggering work hours among different organizations,
adopting flextime policies or even four-day weeks. Changing week hours
. would slightly more effective at reducing
Causes of Traffic Congestion congestion in the morning.
1.Immediate
Congestion grows most obviously and at alarming rate The 5E’s of Traffic Management
primarily in areas experiencing rapid population growth, The concepts of traffic although originated in Egypt
which cause parallel increase in the ownership and u se of are being claimed by other countries. While its sophistication and
automotive vehicles. the principle of the 3E’s—
2.Long-Term
Commuting during certain hours add considerably to Enforcement, Engineering, and Education was developed in Rome, there
traffic congestion. The so-called “rush-hours” are is however, no historical impediment that the original traffic philosophy
concentrated in relatively short period each day, mainly began in Egypt. By historical perspective, 3E’s was dovetailed in
from 7:00 to 9:00 in the morning and from 5:00 to 7:00 in Egypt, chiseled in Rome and upstaged in the U.S., by time and event.
the evening, when most people rush to and from work. It was an indispensable ingredient in the traffic gems, mined from
Strategies in Resolving Traffic Congestion years after years of event. At present time, it is a clinical autopsy on traffic
management to dissect and create new ideas that can bury the corpse of
Causes of Traffic Congestion 3Es concept to give birth to the 4 th E – Environment, and the 5
E – Economics. Giving birth to the additional 2E’s, traffic management
1.Immediate now a day deals with 5E’s, i.e., enforcement, engineering, education,
Congestion grows most obviously and at alarming rate environment and economy.
The Five (5) Essential Steps of Traffic Enforcement It is enforcement actions which consist of taking person into
1.Detection custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of
Wholly a traffic law enforcer’s responsibility and entails in law violation before a court. Arrest is made when the:
looking for the defects in the behavior of 1) the offense committed is
motorist, pedestrians, vehicles, equipment, and roadwaycondition. serious;
However, requires knowledge of law on the part of the traffic law 2) detention is necessary to avoid continued violation; and
enforcers. 3) there is reasonable doubt that the
2. Apprehension violator will not appear in court.
Wholly a traffic law enforcers responsibility where the
traffic law enforcers are required to take action at once to prevent
continued and future violations. Traffic Citation
3.Prosecution A means of having violators appear in court, without
While this is a court function the traffic law enforcers also physical arrest. Kinds of which are:
provides corresponding influence through preparation and introduction 1) Traffic Citation Ticket;
of evidence or by close contact 2) Temporary Operators Permit;
with the prosecuting officer. 3) Traffic Warning.
An enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a results of warning
4.Adjudication alone. It is of three (3) types: 1)visual; 2) verbal; and 3) written

While this is obviously a court function, the traffic Definition of Traffic Supervision
law enforcers provides influence on this step by acting as witness to the
prosecution or supplying additional evidences, this step determines the It is defined as keeping informed on streets, highways
guilt or innocence of the respondents. within existing regulations to make their use safe and
expeditious.
5. Penalization
Definition of Traffic Control
The court imposes the penalty upon the respondents. The The control of vehicles or pedestrian at a certain point or area by
penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of mechanical means, fixed objects or manpower
conviction as provided by the traffic law enforcers.
Major Causes of Traffic Jams
Major Elements of Traffic Law Enforcement Activities 1.Multiple Head-on Collisions
1. Enforcement System Statistics tell us that the impact of any head-on collision on the
Consist of legislation, police and the courts. Legislation defines and highway is beyond comprehension for flesh and debris littered on the
specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior. Traffic law enforcers roadways. An even experienced investigator is sometimes shocked at the
and the courts is charged with the responsibility of insuring that these laws gory sight of the tragedy and may cause his investigation in snail pace.
are adhered to. This undue delay is an invitation to traffic jams.

2. Road User System 2. Flooded Area

Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, The cause may be attributed to clog drainage network or
passengers and others. engineering failure to consider the interplay of ecology in road
3. Traffic System constructions.
3. Bridged Collapsed
Consist of the entire road and vehicle complex Rampaging flood due to heavy downpour may cause soil
erosion of the river bank and in the process weak bridge
Kinds of Traffic Law Enforcers Action foundation, collapsed.
1.Arrest
4. Landslide
Denudation of the forests, causes to loosen the earth 6. Stop-and-Go Signal
surface and as a consequence of torrential rains may causethe earth and One of the secrets to unlock the monstrous traffic
boulders to fall or landslide. gridlock is for one lane to move. Unless this can be
affected the problem would be aggravated by the passage of
time. The scheme should only be implemented when other alternative is
5 Overturned Forty-Footer Van seemingly un-adaptable.
When detach may go wayward or uncontrollable and rest
across the street, constricting of fully block the road to traffic. Its removal 7. X-Option
can only be effected by a ten-toner towing machine. When the situation is so grave that solutions are nowhere in
6. Logs Rolled from the Trailer Trucks sight, traffic enforcers should adapt the multi-options as the viable
A freak accident but may precipitate at traffic jam if approach to solve the traffic orgy.
strewn across the road for its removal cannot be made
manually but only either to heavy crane or bulldozer. Traffic Engineering
7. Oil Leaks
From tanker that covers three to five kilometer oil Forecasting of future traffic and evaluating the magnitude of street
leaks on cemented pavement could create pandemonium traffic hazards through traffic engineering is not as simple as measuring the
accidents that would give rise to suits and counter-suits. height, length and width of the cube. Taking the prevailing attitudes
and atmosphere of public’s impatience towards the strange-shaped
Instant Solutions to Traffic Jams of geometrical road design is more than meet the eye. Public attitude has
1.One Way Traffic turned corrosively negative for they believed they were betrayed by
An important tool to decongest the traffic standstill promises for safe travel. This is the unspoken sentiment of the public in
until such time that the density of the vehicle is reduced view of agonizing twists and turns of events. But what is worse, if we hear
to accommodate the regular flow. no voices, except silent murmurs of the despised citizenry. To escape
from frustrations and wants, traffic engineering must know all and
2.Counter-Flow Traffic forestall all effects whether natural or man-made calamities. A formula
A temporary scheme when the volume of one lane direction is that will dance to the tune of new technology, new horizon and new vistas
so saturated that the movement of the vehicles is practically nil, while to
the flow of the opposite’s direction is light in scale, the only solution open the floodgate of traffic engineering in contemporary
under the circumstances if to counter-flow. times.

3. Re-Routing of Traffic Definition of Traffic Engineering

When the density of vehicles in opposite directions has Traffic Engineering is the science of:
reached such proportion tantamount to a complete halt of movement, the 1.Measuring traffic and travel.
only alternatives is to adapt the re-routing of traffic to secondary streets. 2.The study of basic laws relative to the traffic
4. Diverting of Traffic law and generations.
3.The application of this knowledge to the
13 When the magnitude of traffic conflicts was on vast professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to
scales: flooded area, landslide, bridge collapsed and other contingencies, achieve safe and efficient transportation and goods.
the only feasible solution is diversion of traffic. The difference between re-
routing and diverting of traffic, the latter is large in scope, long and tedious Geometric Design
in perspective A traffic engineering phraseology for forecastingfuture traffic
. demand on target year for road design. It is indicator dictated by
5. To Open Private Roads for Temporary Access development of land use, industry, economy, and population component.
Most often than not, residents of exclusive Many countries vary on the target year for road design on account of
subdivisions vigorously opposed the use of their roads under the many topography, development, environment, cultural idiosyncrasies and road
real or imaginary pretext. But the objection can be assailed under the factors. From the viewpoint of traffic engineering, the maximum life
police power of the state. for road design is within the range of 15 to 25 years, and the prevailing
range now is 20 years. The geometric design of road in order to
have a reliable forecast for viable projection of traffic demand is destination, and other pertinent information.
determined by traffic generators, among others: developmental plan, Primordial Purpose of Signal Control
economic index, zoning schemes, land use and population growth. The 1.To minimize traffic conflicts and time delay.
hourly, daily and annual volume of traffic is graphically taken 2.To reduce vehicular accident.
into consideration for road designs. Corollary, to maximize safe and 3.To economize manpower.
speed, the physical features
15 of the highway is considered in the formulation of the design Classes of Traffic Signs
speed to determine road design and safety factors. 1.Danger Warning Signs
These signs are intended to warn road users of danger
Functions of Traffic Engineering that lies ahead of its nature.
2.Regulatory Signs
1.Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and These are intended to warn road users of special obligations,
regulations. restrictions or prohibition with which they must comply. It is
2. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of subdivided into three categories:
traffic control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations. 1)Priority Signs
Road Check Objectives These are signs intended to regulate priority over
The objectives of road check are to detect and inspect a particular road section or roadway intersection.
the following:
1.Faulty vehicle equipment. 2)Prohibitory or Restrictive Signs
2.Registration and licensing of violations. These signs can be used on specified section of
3.Intoxicated drivers. the road which will be easily seen by motorist to indicate regulation which
4.The load or cargo of commercial transportationvehicle for load is prohibitive or restrictive in nature.
weight.
3)Mandatory Signs
Considerations Taken When Conducting Road Checks These signs are intended to guide road users of
1.Minimum delay to motorist. special rules in which they must comply for the safety,
2.Thorough checking procedure.3. convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
Protection, safety of both motorists and police
officers. 3.Informative Signs
4.Timing, location and frequency. These signs are intended to guide road users while traveling,
Kinds of Traffic Control Devices and are subdivided into:
1.Traffic Signals
1)Advance Signs
Kinds of Traffic Control Devices These are the names and distances of the principal
1.Traffic Signals destination or destination served by the intersecting roads.
2.Road Signs
3. Road Marking 2) Direction Signs
functional Classification of Traffic Control Devices Unlike the advance direction signs, direction
1.Regulatory Devices signs shall be placed at the right of intersection to show the direction and
It is having an authority of the law and impose precise destination of a route. Direction signs are different from mandatory signs,
requirement upon the action of the road user. since these signs gave only information as to direction and destination of
2.Warning Devices place, while mandatory signs require compliance.
Are used to inform the road user of potentially hazardous 3) Place Identification Signs
roadway conditions or unusual traffic movements which are not readily These may be used to show the frontier between two
apparent to passing traffic. countries or for the purpose of showing the beginning and/or end of built-
3.Guiding Devices up areas.
Are employed simply to inform the road user of route,
4)Confirmatory Signs of vehicular traffic on national roadway.
These are used to confirm the direction of a road. 5) Expressway
They shall bear the names of one or more places. Where distances are A through traffic for free-flow of
shown, the figures expressing them shall be placed after the name of the vehicular
locality. movement.

5)Other signs providing useful information to guide 6)Tunnel Road

drivers. A passage of wide section cut through a hill or
sea to shorten circuitous roadway.
6)Other signs indicating facilities for road users. 7)Subway
An underground conduct running entirely under the
Road Classifications ground for fast travel route of commuters.
According to Political Subdivision 8) Skyway
A modern urban system of roadway above
1)National Roads street level for free-flow traffic
The main road as conduit system with a right of
way from 20 meters to 120 meters. .
According to Topographical Terrain
2)Provincial roads 1)Flat Road
The linkages between two municipalities with right 2)Zigzag Road
of way from 15 meters to 60 meters. 3)Steep-Hill Climbing Road
4)Down-Hill Road
3)City Roads 5)Winding Road
The inter-link between municipalities and within 6)Mountainous Road
city proper with right of way of 15 meters. 7)Roller Coaster Road

Boulevards and Avenues Distinguished

4)Municipal Roads
Many are in the quandary as to the whale of difference
All roads within the town proper with right of way
between avenue and boulevard. There is an
of not less than 120 meters.
international acceptance that they are both national
5)Barangay Roads
roads. Both are broad thoroughfares, but boulevard is
more prestigious in sophistication than an avenue.
Commonly called farm to market road with right of
Often than not, boulevard is teeming with
way of not less than 2 meters.
grassplots and tress along the center, the
sidewalk and oftentimes, boulevard is with lighted post
2.According to Functions
in highly urban centers of the world. It is for this
1)Feeder Roads
reason that the boulevard is named after great men and
heroes.
Intended for farm-to-market roads.
2)Local Collector Roads
Sidewalks
Intended to collect traffic from feeder road to
It is an integral part of the roadways
municipal road.
in any metropolitan cities of the world—it
3) Major Collector Roads
is also one of the specific of geometric
Intended as major arteries to collect
designs. Sidewalk is the answer for the safety of
inter-
pedestrian safety. Thus, sidewalk reduced the
locality traffic to provincial road.
hazards of pedestrian to the slender yardstick of
4) Major Highway
traffic engineering. Intersections Today, urban cities
Serves as main artery that caters on big volumes
of the world walk on 2-legs—man and machine. But the
continuity of its locomotion depends upon the inter- constrict the movement of vehicle as it passes through
link of connecting road network at intersection to meet the lane designated therefore. This traffic
traffic demand. The plan and design of intersection is engineering design is to prevent traffic
based on traffic component, traffic volume, speed, gridlock at the intersection when turning left
traffic distribution, at the green arrow filter signal
canalizations of traffic accidents and future
traffic demand. Channelization
A traffic engineering terminology that
Kinds of Intersections separates or regulates the conflict of traffic
1.Three-Leg Intersection movements into a definite paths of travel by
1)T-Type means of traffic island or pavement
2)Y-Type markings for the safe and orderly travels of both man
and machine.
2.Four-Leg Type Principles of Channelization
1)Right Angle 1. It reduces the area of conflict in large paved
2)Oblique intersection. In view of uncontrolled
vehicle and
3.Multi-Leg Intersection pedestrian movements it creates congestions and
4.Rotary Intersection accidents.
2. The speed of traffic stream at the intersection
Intersection may be controlled by the curvature employed in the
bending
Fundamental Principles of Intersections of the roadways. Thus the minor flows will be sent to
conform to the main traffic stream.
1.Intersection should be avoided on curve section, 3.Likewise, the speed of traffic stream
bridge, attaching part, cutting, and crest, near at the intersection may be controlled by funneling.
entrance of tunnel and besides railroad crossing A scheme which not only controls the speed of
. entering vehicles butprevents overtaking and
2.Intersection should not be greater than 4 legs. passing in a conflict area.
While 4-leg intersection is better than 3-leg 4. It blocks prohibited turns. To divert traffic
intersection, however, if 5-leg intersection is streams, islands may be employed to encourage drivers
unavoidable it must be used only as an exit. in the strict observance of prohibited turns.
5. It provides refuge for turning, and
3. Two roads should not intersect as a small angle. crossing vehicles. Adequate shadowing provides
Intersecting at less than 60 degrees makes it difficult safe refuge for waiting vehicle to cross or enter
for drivers to turn at acute angle and in effect and uncontrolled traffic
constrict his visibility particularly 10-wheeler stream.
trucks. 6. It is essentially required for an effective
signal control at intersection with complex turning
4.Distances between two intersections should movement.
be based on land use of density of road network.
Factors that determine the minimum distance of two 7.It provides location for the installation
intersections—queue length by the control of traffic of traffic control devices at the intersection of multi
signals, length of weaving section, length of lane roadways with complex turning movements.
turn and limit of driver’s concentration.

Definition of Filter Lane

The word filter in its literal meaning is to control or

 gamut of social order on the road, likened to an oasis
in a desert of roadways. Therefore, traffic education
must be free and there must no economic
barrier to its acquisition. In sum, what is needed are
men of courage and vision to
Channelization initiate reforms and craft a more viable formula that
A traffic engineering terminology that will shape the future quality of traffic education.
separates or regulates the conflict of traffic
movements into a definite paths of travel by Considerations to Road Discipline
means of traffic island or pavement Considered in this light, what has to change is not
markings for the safe and orderly travels of both man culture, but the heart and mind towards road
and machine. discipline. A vivid proof that discipline remains in
shaping force of our
Principles of Channelization vision and it towers like mountain above other values.
1.It reduces the area of conflict in large paved Safe to say, what is needed now is to
intersection. In view of uncontrolled harness the armed
vehicle and pedestrian movements it creates conscience of the silent majority to cease to be silent
congestions and accidents. and join the crusade against the scourge of moral decay
2.The speed of traffic stream at the intersection on the roadways. For only by its fruits can we know
may be controlled by the curvature employed in the the tree.
bending of the roadways. Thus the minor flows will be
sent to conform to the main traffic stream. Traffic Education as a Merchandize
3.Likewise, the speed of traffic stream at
the intersection may be controlled by funneling. A Traffic education by itself is merchandize difficult to
scheme which not only controls the speed of sell, not only because it is expensive,
entering vehicles but prevents overtaking and but there are varying shades of acceptability among
passing in a conflict area. the masses. And the seeds of reforms are not always
4.It blocks prohibited turns. To divert traffic sowed on fertile soil. But without social
streams, islands may be employed to encourage drivers transformation, all traffic laws, even with punitive
in the strict observance of prohibited turns. sanctions will be ineffective in the crusade to
5. It provides refuge for turning, and institute reforms. For there is no way of inculcating
crossing vehicles. Adequate shadowing provides new moral order into the consciousness of uneducated
safe refuge for waiting vehicle to cross or enter people.
and uncontrolled traffic stream.
6. It is essentially required for an effective signal Mistaken Notion About Traffic Education
control at intersection with complex turning movement. Many have the mistaken notion that education is only
the acquisition of knowledge, the accumulation of facts
7.It provides location for the installation of learning of information by rote. Traffic education
of traffic control devices at the intersection of multi is more than just the absorption of
lane roadways with complex turning movements. information and learning of
skills. Traffic education is the making of a whole
Traffic Education person, of a human and humane being, of
civilized or cultured individual inculcation in
Traffic education is the crowning jewel of the youth of norms, moral and ethical
traffic management, an abstract architect of behavior, good manners and right conduct.
social life and an unyielding master of man’s
destiny on the roadways. As one of the 5E’s of Complexity of Traffic Education
traffic management, it is a priceless gem in total
Traffic education is too complex to be covered only by
limited topics or by the volume of scholarly books for
it encompasses vast intellectual novelties that cannot
just be left to the market forces of experts but to the
articulation of the academe. Having put the idea
forward, it must be pursued to the end to reap the
expected dividends. This is not the utopian demand,
but a challenge for a better future and new order on
the roadways. Only with moral climate can we open new
frontiers and move toward new horizon and learn the
lessons of the past for the present and the wisdom to
know the difference that past failures should not
foreclose future successes.