PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 308: 2001

Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines

– Specifications and Applications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. It
provides specifications and proper application of drives using straight bevel gears.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered:

Browning power transmission equipment. 1975. Catalog number 8.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial Press Inc, New
York.

Quayle, J. P. (Ed.) 1971. Kempe’s engineer’s yearbook. Volume 1. Morgan-Grampian Book

Publishing Co. Ltd, London.

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1977. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides sufficient technical information for the
proper application of straight 90° bevel gears for agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative reference contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this standard:

PAES 305:2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Bevel gears may be used to transmit power between shafts at practically any angle. For the
purpose of this standard, only straight bevel gears with a shaft angle of 90° will be discussed.

4 Definitions

4.1
bevel gears
gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes

4.2
straight bevel gears
bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they would intersect the
axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward

4.3
miter gears
bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and operate at axes with
right angles

4.4
module
the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)

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PAES 308:2001

4.5
circular pitch
the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding profiles which
is measured at the large end of the tooth

4.6
pitch diameter
the diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth

4.7
addendum angle
the angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch cone (see Fig. 1)

4 .8
dedendum angle
the angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch cone (Fig. 1)

4.9
facewidth
the length of teeth along the cone distance (Fig. 1)

4.10
cone distance
the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex (Fig. 1)

4.11
pitch angle
the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear axis, it is the half
angle of the pitch cone (Fig. 1)
Pitch apex to back
Pitch apex Crown
to crown to back
Crown
Root
angle
Pitch
Face apex
angle
ne Pinion
Cotance
di s

ce
Fa dth
ara rm

Pitch Shaft
wi
e
nc

angle
c l e n i fo

angle
U

um Gear
nd
e de gle
D an
Pitch diameter
Outside diameter
tan one

Back Front Back

cone
ce

angle angle
d i s ck c
Ba

C-34 Figure 1 – Nomenclature of bevel gears

 PAES 308:2001

4.12
back angle
the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation (Fig. 1)

4.13
back cone
the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a trace of the pitch
circle (Fig. 1)

4.14
back cone distance
the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to the pitch circle (Fig. 1)

4.15
mounting distance
for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of the axes to the registering
surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to back

4.16
mounting surface
the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in locating the gear in the
application assembly

4.17
crown
the sharp corner forming the outside diameter (Fig. 1)

4.18
crown-to-back
the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear (Fig. 1)

4.19
pitch apex to back
the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating registering surface on back
(Fig. 1)

4.20
root angle
the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear (Fig. 1)

4.21
shaft angle
the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch angles (Fig. 1)

NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.

4.22
face angle
the between an element of the face cone and its axis (Fig. 1)

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PAES 308:2001

4.23
front angle
the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation (Fig. 1)

4.24
heel
the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end

4.25
toe
the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end

5 Materials

Straight bevel gear materials discussed in this standard are AISI designation C1045 and 4140
(as hot-rolled), its mechanical properties are in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 – Mechanical Properties of helical gear materials

AISI No. Ultimate tensile strength, MPa Brinell hardness number
1045 586-724 175-215
4140 621-689 185-210

6 Recommended design practices

6.1 Calculation of gear dimensions

Table 2 specifies the formula for calculating the different dimensions of standard straight
bevel gears.

Table 2 – Bevel gear calculations

Dimension Driver Driven
2.000
Working depth hk = Same as driver gear
Pd
2.188
Whole depth ht = Same as driver gear
Pd
t1 t2
Pitch diameter d = D=
Pd Pd

− 1 t1 Γ = 90° − γ
Pitch angle γ = tan
t2
D
Outer cone distance Ao = Same as driver gear
2 sin Γ
π
Circular pitch p= Same as driver gear
Pd

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 PAES 308:2001

Table 2 – Continued
Dimension Driver Driven
0.540 0.460
Addendum a 1 = hk − a 2 a2 = +
P (t 2 /t 1 )
P 2

2.188 2.188
Dedendum b1 = + a1 b2 = + a2
Pd Pd
Clearance c = ht − h k Same as driver gear
− 1 b1 − 1 b2
Dedendum angle δ 1 = tan δ 2 = tan
Ao Ao
Face angle of blank γO = γ +δ2 ΓO = Γ + δ 1
Root angle γ R = γ − δ1 ΓR = Γ − δ 2
Outside diameter d O = d + 2a 1 cosγ DO = D + 2a 2 cosΓ

6.2 Power ratings

6.2.1 Power ratings presented in this standard are based on modules, and pressure angle that
are shown in Table 3. The material used as the basis of the power ratings is of AISI steel
designation C1045.

Table 3 - Standard modules

Module,
1.25 1.5 2.0 2.50 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
mm/tooth
Pressure angle, ° 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

6.2.2 Power ratings of straight bevel and miter gears are shown in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively.

6.3 Bearing spacing

For both straddle mounted and overhung mounted gears the space between bearings should
never be less than 70% of the pitch diameter of the gear. On over hung mounted gears the
spread should be at least 2 ½ times the overhang and, in addition the shaft diameter should be
equal to or preferably greater than the overhang to provide sufficient shaft stiffness.

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PAES 308:2001

Table 4 –Power ratings* of straight bevel gears, watts

Gear Gear combination rpm of smaller gear
Module
ratio (No. of teeth) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
1.25 2.00 20 10 20 28 34 41 66 106 137 164 187 209 229 257 266 282 299 314 329 343
1.50 1.50 24 16 42 57 71 84 136 214 277 330 378 421 462 518 534 568 600 630 660 688
1.50 2.00 24 12 48 65 81 95 152 239 307 366 418 465 509 570 588 624 659 692 724 754
1.50 2.00 32 16 83 112 138 161 256 397 508 602 686 763 833 932 961 1,019 1,075 1,128 1,179 1,229
1.50 3.00 48 16 216 285 346 400 620 939 1,188 1,400 1,587 1,756 1,912 2,135 2,194 2,324 2,447 2,565 2,678 2,786
1.50 4.00 64 16 420 548 658 757 1,152 1,722 2,164 2,538 2,868 3,167 3,442 3,837 3,939 4,168 4,385 4,592 4,791 4,982
2.00 1.50 27 18 118 159 195 228 365 568 728 864 986 1,096 1,198 1,341 1,382 1,467 1,547 1,625 1,699 1,770
2.00 2.00 36 18 227 303 369 429 672 1,030 1,309 1,547 1,757 1,948 2,124 2,374 2,443 2,589 2,728 2,861 2,989 3,112
2.00 2.00 36 18 227 303 369 429 672 1,030 1,309 1,547 1,757 1,948 2,124 2,374 2,443 2,589 2,728 2,861 2,989 3,112
2.00 2.00 48 24 382 505 613 710 1,101 1,672 2,117 2,495 2,829 3,132 3,411 3,809 3,916 4,147 4,368 4,578 4,780 4,975
2.00 3.00 54 18 573 750 903 1,041 1,591 2,386 3,004 3,526 3,988 4,407 4,792 5,344 5,488 5,807 6,111 6,401 6,680 6,948
2.00 4.00 72 18 1,101 1,425 1,703 1,951 2,937 4,351 5,444 6,369 7,184 7,923 8,602 9,581 9,830 10,392 10,927 11,439 11,930 12,402
2.50 1.50 30 20 266 356 435 506 799 1,230 1,568 1,856 2,111 2,343 2,556 2,859 2,943 3,120 3,289 3,451 3,606 3,755
2.50 2.00 40 20 505 667 809 936 1,450 2,200 2,783 3,279 3,717 4,115 4,481 5,002 5,142 5,446 5,735 6,011 6,276 6,531
2.50 2.00 50 25 748 984 1,189 1,372 2,111 3,182 4,015 4,721 5,345 5,911 6,432 7,176 7,373 7,805 8,216 8,608 8,985 9,348
2.50 3.00 60 20 1,243 1,617 1,938 2,224 3,368 5,014 6,288 7,366 8,317 9,179 9,972 11,112 11,404 12,061 12,686 13,283 13,856 14,407
2.50 4.00 60 15 1,460 1,888 2,255 2,582 3,882 5,748 7,189 8,408 9,483 10,456 11,352 12,643 12,970 13,711 14,417 15,091 15,738 16,360
3.00 2.00 40 20 825 1,086 1,312 1,516 2,335 3,524 4,448 5,232 5,925 6,553 7,131 7,958 8,177 8,656 9,112 9,549 9,967 10,370
3.00 3.00 48 16 1,383 1,800 2,158 2,478 3,757 5,599 7,024 8,230 9,295 10,259 11,146 12,421 12,749 13,484 14,184 14,852 15,493 16,110
3.00 4.00 64 16 2,632 3,388 4,034 4,608 6,888 10,150 12,667 14,794 16,670 18,368 19,930 22,187 22,751 24,044 25,274 26,450 27,578 28,663
3.00 4.00 72 18 3,207 4,118 4,896 5,588 8,330 12,250 15,272 17,826 20,078 22,116 23,991 26,703 27,378 28,930 30,406 31,817 33,170 34,472
4.00 2.00 36 18 1,477 1,936 2,334 2,690 4,119 6,188 7,794 9,154 10,356 11,445 12,448 13,884 14,260 15,091 15,882 16,638 17,363 18,061
4.00 2.00 42 21 1,944 2,540 3,054 3,514 5,357 8,018 10,080 11,826 13,369 14,765 16,051 17,896 18,375 19,441 20,455 21,424 22,353 23,248
4.00 2.00 48 24 2,451 3,193 3,833 4,404 6,688 9,979 12,527 14,684 16,589 18,313 19,900 22,180 22,768 24,083 25,334 26,530 27,677 28,781
4.00 3.00 45 15 2,656 3,439 4,112 4,712 7,101 10,531 13,182 15,423 17,402 19,193 20,841 23,215 23,818 25,183 26,481 27,722 28,912 30,058
4.00 4.00 60 15 5,031 6,448 7,658 8,732 12,988 19,065 23,750 27,706 31,196 34,353 37,258 41,461 42,504 44,907 47,194 49,379 51,476 53,493
5.00 2.00 30 15 1,933 2,532 3,050 3,514 5,375 8,067 10,155 11,924 13,487 14,903 16,207 18,074 18,562 19,643 20,671 21,653 22,596 23,503
5.00 3.00 45 15 4,789 6,175 7,362 8,418 12,616 18,627 23,268 27,190 30,651 33,783 36,664 40,823 41,869 44,255 46,524 48,693 50,774 52,776
5.00 4.00 60 15 9,020 11,516 13,644 15,529 22,992 33,631 41,825 48,744 54,845 60,364 65,441 72,799 74,608 78,809 82,805 86,624 90,287 93,812
6.00 2.00 32 16 3,532 4,602 5,524 6,347 9,638 14,380 18,052 21,160 23,905 26,390 28,677 31,963 32,810 34,705 36,508 38,231 39,884 41,475
6.00 3.00 42 14 6,881 8,854 10,541 12,041 17,996 26,517 33,090 38,645 43,545 47,979 52,058 57,952 59,427 62,804 66,016 69,086 72,031 74,865
6.00 4.00 56 14 12,952 16,507 19,533 22,214 32,817 47,921 59,550 69,367 78,024 85,854 93,057 103,504 106,063 112,022 117,691 123,108 128,305 133,305
8.00 2.00 30 15 6,762 8,768 10,492 12,028 18,154 26,956 33,761 39,517 44,598 49,196 53,429 59,522 61,075 64,580 67,914 71,101 74,159 77,101
* Based on 20° pressure angle and AISI steel designation C1045.

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 PAES 308:2001

Table 5 – Power ratings* of straight miter gears, watts

Number Gear rpm
Module
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
1.25 16 10 14 17 21 35 56 74 90 103 116 128 144 149 159 169 254 186 195
1.50 15 14 20 25 30 50 82 107 129 149 167 183 206 214 228 241 362 266 278
1.50 18 21 29 37 43 72 116 151 182 209 234 258 290 300 319 338 508 372 389
1.50 21 29 40 50 59 97 156 203 243 280 313 343 386 399 424 449 674 494 516
1.50 30 61 83 103 121 196 310 401 479 548 611 669 751 775 824 870 1,306 957 998
1.50 20 26 36 45 53 88 142 185 222 255 286 314 352 364 388 410 616 452 472
1.50 25 42 57 71 84 137 219 283 339 389 434 476 535 552 587 621 932 683 713
2.00 24 85 116 144 169 274 432 558 666 762 849 929 1,042 1,076 1,143 1,207 1,811 1,327 1,384
2.00 25 93 126 156 184 297 468 603 719 822 916 1,003 1,125 1,160 1,233 1,301 1,953 1,431 1,492
2.00 28 117 159 196 230 370 581 748 890 1,017 1,132 1,239 1,388 1,431 1,520 1,605 2,407 1,763 1,838
2.00 32 130 176 216 253 406 633 813 966 1,102 1,226 1,340 1,501 1,548 1,643 1,733 2,599 1,903 1,984
* Based on 20° pressure angle and AISI steel designation C1045.

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PAES 308:2001

6.4 Service factors

Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of lubrication. Service factors for
type of load and type of lubrication are given in Tables 6 and 7 respectively. The service is
computed as follows:

Service factor = service factor for load + service factor for lubrication...……....[Eq. 1]

Table 6 – Service factors for type of load

Hours of operation per
Uniform loading Light shock Heavy shock
day
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6

Table 7 – Service factors for type of lubrication

Type of lubrication Service factor
Intermittent 0.7
Grease 0.4
Oil, drip 0.2
Oil, bath -

6.5 Minimum number of teeth

The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown on Figure 2.
20
1)

19
Minimum number of teeth in gear 1 (

18

17

16

15
Interference
14 region
13

12
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of teeth in gear 2 ( 2)

Fig. 2 – Minimum number of teeth for 20° full-depth

6.6 Gear ratio

6.6.1 Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driven and the driver gear
(see Equation 2).
t
Gear ratio = 2 …………………………………………………………………..[Eq.2]
t1
Where: t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear

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 PAES 308:2001

6.6.2 Hunting tooth gear ratio

6.6.2.1 When using a hunting tooth gear ratio, a particular tooth in the driver gear must mesh
once with every tooth on the meshing gear when the driver gear has completed as many
revolutions as the number of teeth in the meshing gear. This is done in order to distribute the
wear more evenly.

6.6.2.2 In a hunting tooth gear ratio, the teeth in a pair of meshing gears are such that they do
not have a common divisor. Hunting tooth gear ratios are obtained by having the sum of the
teeth in each pair equal to a prime number.

6.7 Design power

6.7.1 The required power is computed as follows:

Power to be transmitted x service factor

Design power = ……………………..[Eq. 1]
Load distribution factor

6.7.2 Load distribution factors are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 – Load distribution factors for bevel gears

Type of mounting Load distribution factor
Both gears straddle mounted 1 to 1.1
On gear straddle, one over hung 1.1 to 1.25
Both gears overhung 1.25 to 1.4

7 Markings

7.1 The following information shall be marked on the gear:

a) Module

b) Number of teeth

c) Pitch angle

d) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

7.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

a) Module

b) Number of teeth

c) Pitch angle

d) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

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8 Safety

8.1 Enclosing the drive with covers is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

8.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Inspect gears for wear and tear, for quality
of lubricant, and for its alignment. Tightness of keys and setscrews should also be inspected
periodically.

8.3 Use gears with proper markings.

8.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000, Keys and Keyways for Agricultural
Machines.

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Annex A
(informative)

Example of bevel gear drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

A drive is desired to transmit a power of 1200 W from a 200 rpm driver shaft to a 100 rpm
driven shaft with a power source operating for 12 h/day at heavy shock load and with oil
(bath) lubrication. Mounting of bearings is such that both gears are overhung.

A.2 Speed ratio

The speed ratio is computed as:

n1
Speed ratio =
n2

where:
n1 = rpm of driver gear
n2 = rpm of driven gear

n1 200
Speed ratio = = = 2.0
n 2 100

A.3 Service factor

From Tables 6 and 7, the service factor for load and lubrication are 1.5 and 0.0 respectively.
Thus, the service factor is computed as:

Service factor = 1.5 + 0 = 1.5

A.4 Load distribution factor (LDF)

Load distribution factor when both gears are overhung ranges from 1.25 – 1.40 (Table 8).
Use an average LDF value of 1.325 for the computation of the design power on the
assumption that the material where the gear shall be mounted is average on strength.

A.5 Design power

The design power is computed as:

Power to be transmitted x service factor

Design power =
Load distribution factor
1,200 × 1.5
=
1.325
= 1,358 W

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A.6 Module and number of teeth

Given the design power and rpm of the driver shaft, and referring to Table 4, the following
can be obtained:

Module = 2.5
Number of teeth:
Driven = 40 teeth
Driver = 20 teeth

A.7 Pitch angle

A.7.1 Driver gear

The pitch angle of the driver gear is computed as:

γ = tan − 1
t1
t2
20
= tan -1
40
= 26.56°

A.7.2 Driven gear

The pitch as angle of the driven gear is computed as:

Γ = 90° − γ
= 90° − 26.56
= 63.44°

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