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EEE - BEE402 - Electrical Network Analysis and Synthesis - Mrs. S. Sherine

This document discusses the properties and synthesis of L-C immittance functions. Some key points: 1. L-C immittance functions have the properties of being the ratio of odd to even or even to odd polynomials, having simple poles and zeros only on the jw axis that interlace, and having the highest and lowest powers of the numerator and denominator differ by unity. 2. Synthesis of an L-C immittance function involves writing it as a partial fraction expansion based on its poles and zeros. Each term corresponds to a parallel L-C circuit that models that pole/zero. 3. An alternative method uses the property that there is always a pole or zero at

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195 views20 pages

EEE - BEE402 - Electrical Network Analysis and Synthesis - Mrs. S. Sherine

This document discusses the properties and synthesis of L-C immittance functions. Some key points: 1. L-C immittance functions have the properties of being the ratio of odd to even or even to odd polynomials, having simple poles and zeros only on the jw axis that interlace, and having the highest and lowest powers of the numerator and denominator differ by unity. 2. Synthesis of an L-C immittance function involves writing it as a partial fraction expansion based on its poles and zeros. Each term corresponds to a parallel L-C circuit that models that pole/zero. 3. An alternative method uses the property that there is always a pole or zero at

Uploaded by

Yared Birhanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BEE402-ELECTRICAL NETWORK

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

S.Sherine
Asst.Prof/EEE,BIHER
Contents

 Properties of L-C immittance functions


 Properties
 Examples of immittance and non-immittance
functions
 Synthesis of L-C driving-point immittance
 Synthesis of L-C circuit
 Examples of synthesis
Property 1. L-C immittance function

 1. ZLC (s) or YLC (s) is the ratio of odd to even or even to odd
polynomials.

 Consider the impedance Z(s) of passive one-port network.


M1 ( s)  N1 ( s)
Z ( s) 
M 2 ( s)  N 2 ( s) (M is even N is odd)

As we know, when the input current is I, the average power


dissipated by one-port network is zero:
1
Re[ Z ( j )] I
2

2
Average Power= =0
M1 ( s) M 2 ( s)  N1 ( s) N 2 ( s)
EvZ ( s)  0
M 2 ( s)  N 2 ( s)
2 2

M1 ( j)M 2 ( j)  N1 ( j) N2 ( j)  0

M1  0  N 2 OR M 2  0  N1

M1 N1
Z ( s)  , Z ( s) 
N2 M2

Z(s) or Y(s) is the ratio of even to odd or odd to even!!


Property 2. L-C immittance function

 2.The poles and zeros are simple and lie on the j


axis.
M1 N1
Z ( s)  , Z ( s) 
N2 M2

 Since both M and N are Hurwitz, they have only


imaginary roots, and it follows that the poles and zeros
of Z(s) or Y(s) are on the imaginary axis.
a4 s 4  a2 s 2  a0
Z ( s)  5
 Consider the example b5 s  b3 s 3  b1s
a4 s 4  a2 s 2  a0 In order for the impedance to be positive
Z ( s)  5 real  the coefficients must be real and
b5 s  b3 s 3  b1s positive. j

Impedance function cannot have multiple poles or zeros on the


axis.

The highest powers of the numerator and the denominator


polynomials can differ by, at most, unity.

Ex) highest order of the numerator : 2n -> highest order of the


denominator can either be 2n-1 (simple pole at s= ) or
the order can be 2n+1 (simple zero at s= ).
Property 3. L-C immittance function

 3.The poles and zeros interlace on the j axis.


X(w)

+2 +4

0 +1 +3

Highest power: 2n -> next highest power must be 2n-2


They cannot be missing term. Unless?
b5 s  b1s  0
5 b1 1/ 4 i (2 k 1) / 4
if  s=0, sk  ( ) e
b5
We can write a general L-C impedance or admittance as

K ( s 2  12 )( s 2  32 )...( s 2  i 2 )...


Z ( s) 
s( s 2  2 2 )( s 2  42 )...( s 2   j 2 )...

K0 2K2 s 2K4 s
Z ( s)   2  2  ...  K s
s s  2 s  4
2 2

Since these poles are all on the jw axis, the residues must be real and
positive in order for Z(s) to be positive real .
S=jw  Z(jw)=jX(w) (no real part)
dX ( ) K0 K 2 ( 2  2 2 )
 2  K   ...
d  (2   )
2 2

dX ( )
0
Since all the residues Ki are positive, it is eay d

to see that for an L-C function

Ks( s  3 )
2 2
K  (  2
  2
3 )
Z ( s)  2 jX ( )   j
Ex)
( s  2 )( s  4 )
2 2 2
( 2  2 2 )( 2  4 2 )

X(w)
w3
w2 w
0 w4
Properties 4 and 5. L-C immittance function

 The highest powers of the numerator and denominator


must differ by unity; the lowest powers also differ by unity.

 There must be either a zero or a pole at the origin and


infinity.
Summary of properties

1. Z LC (s) or YLC (s) is the ratio of odd to even or even to


odd polynomials.
2. The poles and zeros are simple and lie on the jw axis

3. The poles and zeros interlace on the jw axis.

4. The highest powers of the numerator and denominator


must differ by unity; the lowest powers also differ by unity.

5. There must be either a zero or a pole at the origin and


infinity.
Examples

Ks( s 2  4) s 5  4 s 3  5s
Z ( s)  2 Z ( s) 
( s  1)( s 2  3) 3s 4  6s 2

K ( s 2  1)( s 2  9)
Z ( s)  2
( s  2)( s 2  10)

2( s 2  1)( s 2  9)
Z ( s) 
s( s 2  4)
Synthesis of L-C Driving point
immittances
 L-C immittance is a positive real function with
poles and zeros on the jw axis only.
K0 2K s 2K s
Z ( s)   2 2 2  2 4 2  ...  K s
s s  2 s  4
 The synthesis is accomplished directly from the partial
fraction .
 F(s) is impedance -> then the term K0: / s
capacitor of 1/K farads
the K(infinite)s is an inductance of K(infinite) henrys.
For Z(s) partial fraction

2Ki s /(s  i )
2 2
Is a parallel tank capacitance and inductance.

1/ 2 Ki 2 Ki / i 2
,
9 15
s
2( s  1)( s  9)
2 2
2 2
Z ( s)   2 s 
s( s 2  4) s s2  4
2/15f

2h 2/9 f 15/8 h
For Y(s) partial fraction

 In admittance
1 3
s s
s( s  2)( s  4)
2 2
2  2
Y (s)  2  s 
( s  1)( s 2  3) s2  3 s2  1

2h 2/3 h
1f
 Y(S)
1/6 f 3/2 f
Another methodology

 Using property 4 “The highest powers if numerator


and denominator must differ by unity; the lowest
powers also differ by unity.”
 Therefore, there is always a zero or a pole at
s=infinite .
 suppose Z(s) numerator:2n ,denominator:2n-1
 this network has pole at infinite. -> we can
remove this pole by removing an impedance L 1 s
Z2 (s) = Z(s) - L 1 s
 Degree of denominator : 2n-1 numerator:2n-2
 Z2 (s) has zero at s=infinite.
 Y2 (s) =1/ Z2 (s) ,  Y3 (s) = Y2 (s) - C2 s
 This infinite term removing process
continue until the remainder is zero.

 Each time we remove the pole, we


remove an inductor or capacitor
depending upon whether the function is
an impedance or an admittance.

  Final synthesized is a ladder whose


series arms are inductors and shunt
arms are capacitors.
2s 5  12s 3  16s
Z ( s) 
s 4  4s 2  3
2s5  12s3  16s 4s 3  10s
Z 2 ( s)   2s  4
s  4s  3
4 2
s  4s 2  3
3 2
s 3
s 4  4s 2  3 1 2
Y3 ( s)   s 
4s 3  10s 4 4s 3  10s
8 2s
Z 4 ( s)  Z3  s 
3 3 2 2h
8/3 h
s 3
2h 2
2/3 h
1/4 f 3/4 f
 This circuit (Ladder) called as Cauer
because Cauer discovered the
continues fraction method.

 Without going into the proof of the


statement m in can be said that both
the Foster and Cauer form gice the
minimum number of elements for a
specified L-C network.
Example of Cauer Method
( s  1)( s  3)
2 2
Z ( s) 
s( s  2)
2

2/3 f 2/25 f

5/4 h 5h

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