PERFORMANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Ex. No: 1
Date:

AIM
To conduct a heat test on a single cylinder diesel engine to study it
performance
Under various loads.
DESCRIPTION
The diesel engine is coupled to an alternative through a flexible coupling
device
for the engine. A water absorbing the power generated by the engine
cooling water line. A fuel measuring system consisting of a fuel is mounted
on a stand burette.
NOTE:
(i). Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level.
Always never run the engine with in sufficient oil.
(ii). Never run the engine with instrument engine cooling water and
exhaust gas calorimeter.
PROCEDURE
1. Check the fuel level.
2. Check the lubricating oil level.
3. Open three way cock. So that fuel flows to the engine.
4. Supply the way cooling water through inlet pipe.
5. Start the engine by rotating the handle.
6. Load the engine by rotating in the exhaust.
7. Adjust the cooling water flow rate in the exhaust of
Calorimeter
 RESULT
Thus the load test on a single cylinder diesel engine has been conducted &
Performance under various load also studied
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
EX No :2
Date:
AIM
To draw the valve timing diagram for four stroke high speed single cylinder
Vertical diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Measuring Tape
2. Chalk piece
ENGINE DETAILS
Type :
Make:
Power:
Speed:
FORMULA USED
Angle of overlap = IVO angle + EVC angle
PROCEDURE
(i) Identify the valves
(ii) Find out the direction of rotation of the crank shaft
(iii) Mark IDC position and BDC position on the flywheel
(iv) Mark the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust on the fly
wheel.when the valves just design to go in that point in the opening of the inlet and
exhaust valves, when the valves completely come up.
(v) Using a thread and scale find out the circumference of the flywheel
(vi) Find the length of the IYO, IVC, EVO, EVC.
(vii) With the help of flywheel diagram draw the spiral diagram
(viii) Angle of overlap can be found out from the following formula
Angle of overlap=IVO angle + EVC angle
SUCTION STROKE

The piston ring is at TDC and is ready to move down having fresh air
enters. The
Cylinder through the inlet valve due to suction created. This continues until piston
reaches BDC. At this the inlet valve closes the crank will rotate by this period.
COMPRESION STROKE
During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed and the piston
moves
upwards and compress the air enclosed in the cylinder. The air is finally
compressed to high pressure and temperature (about 40-60 kg/cm2 &, 600 to
1060˚C).
EXPANSION STROKE
During this stroke the inlet and exhaust valves are closed and fuel nozzle
opens.
Just centre the beginning of the 3rdstroke. The supply of fuel is continued at
constant
Pressure and temperature. Gasses pushes the piston to down the fuel valve is
closed the Exhaust valve is opens with the piston reaches BDC.
EXHAUST STROKE
During this stroke the inlet and fuel valve remains closed and exhaust valve
remain open. The piston moves up in and pushes the burned gasses. The piston
reaches”
TDC completely the exhaust and is ready for next cycle.
RESULT
The valve timing diagram of the four stroke Diesel engine have been
determined and drawn.
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Ex. No:3
Date:
AIM
To draw the port timing for a two stroke Petrol engine.
APPARATUS REQUURED
(i). Measuring Tape
(ii). Chalk piece
ENGINE DETAILS
Type:
Power:
Type :
Bore:
Piston Displacement:
Ignition:
Starting:
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
The port timing diagram shows the piston at the crank when the various
operation
begin and end.
INLETPORT
It is uncovered 45 to 50 in advance at IDC it is covered 45 to 50 after the
IDC.
EXHAUSTPORT
It is uncovered 40 to 55 in advance at the, BDC it is covered 40 to 55 after
the
BDC.
 PROCEDURE
1. Identify the ports,
2. Find out the direction of retraction by the crankshaft,
3. Mark the opening and closing of the exhaust and transfer ports,
4. Using a tape (or) Thread find out the circumference of the flywheel,
5. Find out the arc length of the opening and closing of the three port,
6. Let the arc length be x cm then
Angle = (360 * x) / 2Лr
Where, 2лR- Circumference of the flywheel.
7. Draw the port timing with the help of a)] angles calculated from the
required
length.
8. A port timing diagram is shown in fig.

RESULT
The port timing diagram for petrol engine is drawn.
Ex No : 4.
Date:

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVINESS OF PARALLEL FLOW HEAT

EXCHANGER

AIM:
To determine the effectiveness of the parallel flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS AND APPARATUS REQURED:

Geyser for heating purpose of water.
1. Inside diameter of tube, di = 12 mm
2. Outside diameter of tube do = 12.7 mm

DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters the unit from the same side, flow in
the same direction and subsequently leave from the same side.

FORMULA:

1. Hot water flow rate mh = 3600 (kg/hr)

Time for 100cc
2. Heat transfered for hot water, Q h = m h  c p (Thi - Tho )

3. Cold water flow rate, m c = 3600 (kg/hr)

Time for 100cc
4. Heat transfered for cold water, Q c = m c Cp (T co - Tci )
T1  To
5. Logarithmic mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), Tm 
 T 
ln  1 
 To 

Where,
T1 = Thi - Tho and To = Tho - Tci
6. Over all heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’
Q
U=  Tm , A =  (d o - d i )  L (or) A =   d i  L
A
Thi - Tho
7. Effectiveness =
Thi - Tci

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the water system.

2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are
tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.

RESULT:

Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a parallel

flow heat exchanger is found to be,

Type of flow = Parallel flow

Effectiveness = %
Overall heat transfer co – efficient (U) = W/m2k.
Ex.No.5
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTER FLOW HEAT
EXCHANGER

AIM:
To find out the effectiveness of the counter flow heat exchanger.

SPECIFICATIONS AND APPARATUS REQURED:

Geyser for heating purpose of water.
1. Inside diameter of tube, di = 12 mm
2. Outside diameter of tube, do = 12.7 mm

DESCRIPTION:
In this arrangement, the fluid enters in the same unit from opposite ends
travel in opposite directions and subsequently leaves from the opposite direction
and for a given surface; the counter flow arrangement gives maximum heat
transfer and is naturally preferred for the heating and cooling.

FORMULA:

1. Hot water flow rate mh = 3600 (kg/hr)

Time for 100cc
2. Heat transfered for hot water, Q h = m h  c p (Thi - Tho )

3. Cold water flow rate, m c = 3600 (kg/hr)

Time for 100cc
4. Heat transfered for cold water, Q c = m c Cp (T ci - Tco )
 T1  To
5. Logarithmic mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), Tm 
 T 
ln  1 
 To 

Where,
T1 = Thi - Tco and To = Tho - Tci

6. Over all heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’

Q
U=  Tm , A =  (d o - d i )  L (or) A =   d i  L
A
Thi - Tho
7. Effectiveness =
Thi - Tci

Cold Water Hot Water Thi Tho Tci Tco

1 Counter flow

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the water system.
2. Switch on the geyser.
3. For the counter flow experiments, open all the valves.
4. Wait for some time to achieve steady state.
 5. Every time, the inlet and outlet temperature of hot and coldwater are
tabulated.
6. Switch off the geyser and then switch off the unit.

RESULT:

Thus the overall heat transfer co-efficient and effectiveness of a counter

flow heat exchanger is found to be,
Type of flow = Counter flow
Effectiveness = %
Overall heat transfer co – efficient (U) = W/m2k.
Ex.No.6
DATE:

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT OF A GIVEN

LIQUID

AIM
To determine the kinematic viscosity of the given oil at various
temperatures and then drawn graph connecting temperature and viscosity
to study the Kinematic viscosity variation with temperature.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
I. Red wood's viscometer
2. Two Thermometer 0 - 100°C each
3. A narrow necked and flared mouth flask at 50°cc capacity.
DESCRIPTION
 The Red wood viscometer consists of a cylindrical cup with an agate jet
in the centre of its base. This can be closed by a ball valve resting in a
hemispherical cavity formed is it. A hole pointing upwards serves as a
guide mark for the level of oil in the cup.
 The cup is placed inside a water both which can be heated electrically. A
stirrer with vanes is provided to keep uniform temperature are held in
the holders provided for reaching the temperature of both and that of oil.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the cup and make sure the jet is free from dirt.
2. Close the cup with held of ball valve and fill the cup with given oil up to
tip of the hook gauge.
3. Insert the thermometer in the holders and read the room temperature of
oil.
 4. Place the cleaned standard receiver flask of 50°cc capacity just below
the opening of the jet and adjust the flask such that the stream of oil
coming out of the jet strikes the flared mouth since the direct flow of oil
causing foaming.
5. Start heating the oil by switching on and stir the water continuously.
6. Cut of the heating process when the temperature of the both reaches
the required temperature of the oil.
7. Stir the water continuously up to the temperature of water and oil are
same.
8. Lift the ball valve and start the stop watch.
9. Stop the stop watch when the oil. Comes up to the 50 cc mark in the
flask and note the time taken for. This is called Red wood's second.
10 Repeat the experiment at various temperature and the observations
are tabulated.

GRAPH
1. Temperature Vs Red wood's seconds
2. Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity

RESULT
The temperature increases the kinematic viscosity and Redwood seconds
will decrease.
Ex. No:7
Date :
COP TEST ON A VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct a performance test on a refrigerator test rig with LPG (hydro
carbon) refrigerant to determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP)

DESCRIPTION

A refrigerator consists of a compressor connected by suitable pipe lines to

a condenser, a capillary tube and an evaporator. Refrigerant in vapour state from
the evaporator is compressed in the compressor and sent to the condenser.
Here, it condenses into liquid and it is then throttled. Due to throttling,
temperature of the refrigerant drops and the cold refrigerant passes through the
evaporator absorbing heat from the object to be cooled. The refrigerant is then
returned to the compressor and the cycle is completed.

The refrigerant used is a purified form of a hydrocarbon blend (50% each

by weight) of Propane (R290 – C 3H8) and iso-Butane (HC-600a – C 4H10). This
mixture is a ‘Zoetrope’ blend - the refrigerant evaporates and condenses over a
range of temperature instead of a single temperature as in Freon 12 or other
refrigerants. This refrigerant is an environmentally friendly refrigerant and is used
as a substitute for CFC refrigerants such as Freon 12. Regular cooking gas
LPG/Propane cannot be used as a refrigerant because of the contaminants.

The test rig consists of a hermetically sealed compressor. The

compressed refrigerant from the compressor is sent to an air cooled condenser
and the condensate in liquid form is sent to the expansion valve/capillary tube for
throttling. Due to throttling, temperature of the refrigerant falls and the cold
refrigerant absorbs heat from the water in the evaporator tank. The refrigerant is
then returned to the compressor.
 A suitable filter is fitted in the refrigerant line from condenser to evaporator.
A thermocouple is provided to measure the temperature of the water in the
evaporator tank. An energy meter is provided to measure the energy input to the
compressor. Suitable pressure gauges are provided at the compressor inlet - low
pressure (evaporator outlet), condenser inlet (compressor outlet), condenser
outlet - high pressure (before throttling) and evaporator outlet (after throttling) to
study the refrigeration cycle operating between the two pressures.

A thermostat is provided for cutting off the power to compressor when the
water temperature reaches a set value. A voltmeter and an ammeter are provided
to monitor the inlet power supply. A voltage stabilizer is provided for the
protection of compressor. Provisions are provided in the refrigerant pipe lines for
charging the test rig with additional refrigerant if necessary, Additional 4 no’s of
thermocouples are fitted at the condenser and evaporator inlet and outlet for
studying the temperature at the 4 points in the refrigeration cycle.

FORMULAS

Tmin
1.Carnot COP =
Tmax  Tmin

m w  C p  dT KJ
2. Refrigeration effect = ;
t1 sec

3600  n
3. Power consumption of compressor P = ; KW
K  t2

Refrigeration effect
4. Actual COP =
compressor work

Where

mw - volume × ρ = 0.25 ×0.3 × 0.23× 1000 = 17.25 kg

t1 - time taken for 5˚C reduction in temperature in sec.

dT - Tinitial-Tfinal (˚C)
 n - Number of revolution of energy meter

K - Energy meter constant in rev/KW.hr

t2 - time taken for ‘n’ revolution in sec

TABULATION

Where
1. P1, T1 - Pressure, Temperature at entrance of compressor or outlet of
evaporator.
2. P2, T2- Pressure and Temperature of gas at entrance to air cooled
condenser or discharge of compressor.
3. P3, T3 - Pressure and Temperature of the liquid at expansion device.
4. P4, T4 - Pressure and Temperature of the liquid at the entrance to
evaporator.
PROCEDURE

1. Check all the electrical connections.

2. Fill the evaporator tube with water; the level should be maintained 1 inch below from
top of the tank.
3. Keep the solenoid valve switch off. Keep the capillary valve open condition.
4. Check the evaporator and condenser pressure which are equal.
5. Switch on the main.
6. Keep the normal position first provided in digital temperature indicator controller.
7. Set the temperature required by pushing press button.
8. Compressor gets ON after 2-Minutes time delay.
9. The system performs through expansion valve then closes the capillary valve switch
ON. Solenoid valve note the following reading.
10. Switch off unit once the reading are taken.

RESULT

Thus the actual and theoretical COP has been determined.

With capillary valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =

With expansion valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =
Ex. No :8

Date;

COP TEST ON VAPOUR COMPRESSION AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG

AIM

To conduct a performance test on an air conditioning test rig. To determine the

coefficient of performance (C.O.P).

DESCRIPTION

The test rig consists of a hermetically sealed compressor. The compressed refrigerant
from the compressor is sent to an air cooled condenser and condensate in liquid form is
passed through a capillary tube for throttling. Due to throttling, temperature of the refrigerant
falls and the cold refrigerant passes through a liquid / vapour air heat exchangers to absorb
heat from the air cooler to the evaporator. The vacuum refrigerant is provided to cut off
compressor when the air temperature reaches the liquid value.

A gauge glass to visually observe the refrigerant is fitted in the refrigerant line from
condenser to evaporator. A filter is also provided in the refrigerant line to remove any
moisture. Wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer are provided to measure the energy input to the
compressor and fan. A voltmeter and an ammeter are provided to monitor the power supply
conditions.

Provisions are provided in the refrigerant pipelines for charging the test rig with
additional refrigerant if necessary suitable pressure gauges are provided at the inlet and outlet
of the compressor and evaporator to study the refrigerant vapour pressure at the various
points.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Fill up the evaporator tank with a known quantity of water (say 20 liters)

1. Switch on the compressor.

 2. After about 5 minutes (After steady state had set in) note the initial energy meter
reading and water temperature in the evaporator.

3. After a known period of time, say 30 minutes note down the energy meter reading and
water temperature. Before noting the water temperature, physically stir the water to
ensure that the temperature is uniform in the water tank.

4. Allow the system to stabilize for 15-20 min

5. After stabilization note the following readings T 1,P1,T2,P2,T3,P3,T4,P4 – pressure and

temperature of four salient points of the refrigeration system.

6. Dry bulb temperature (DBT) wet bulb temperature (WBT) and air at inlet and outlet of
the cooling coil.

7. Calculate the C.O.P

NOTE

1. Ensure the wet bulb thermometer is always immersed in water.

2. Align the Pitot tube to flow in such a direction that the water level in the manometer
is maximum, before taking a velocity reading.

3. Refrigerant pressure form the pressure gauge can be used to study the vapour
pressure at various points in the refrigerant cycle and prepare an enthalpy pressure diagram.

FORMULA

Tmin
1.Carnot COP =
Tmax  Tmin

2. From R22 chart at inlet temperature, pressure to compressor at P 1 and T1.

P = Observed reading × (0.0689+1.03)

h1 -h 4
3. Theoretical COP =
h 2 -h1

4. Net refrigerating effect = m (h1-h4) KJ/min

 Here h1, h2, h3, h4 values are taken from the R-22 graph

m=
 Rotameter reading 1000  kg
;
Specific volume of refrigerent min

5. Work input =
 n1  3600  60    n 2  3600  60  ; KJ
 N1  t1   N 2  t2  min

Net Refrigeration effect

6. Actual COP =
work input

Where

m - Mass flow rate of R-22

n1 - number of revolution of compressor energy meter

t1 - time taken for n1 revolutions

N1 - rpm of compressor motor

n2 - number of revolution of fan energy meter

t2 - time taken for n2 revolution

N2 - rpm of fan motor

Here N1=N2=1200 rpm

RESULT

Thus the actual and theoretical COP has been determined.

With capillary valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =

With expansion valve

Actual COP =
Theoretical COP =
Ex No : 9.
Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT BY GUARDED

PLATE METHOD

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of a poor conducting material (asbestos).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Guarded hot plate test rig, measuring jar.

THEORY:
Thermal conductivity is define as the quantity of heat conducted across a unit area
normal to flow direction in unit time for unit temp gradient along the flow.
K= -q /A dL/dT

Where,
q – Heat conducted in watts
A – Area of cross section of conduction heat transfer in m 2
d L – Length in m
d T – Difference in temp across d L ( ˚C )
Top section average (d T) = T3 = T4 / 2 – T1 + T2 / 2
Bottom section average (d T) = T7 = T8 / 2 – T9 + T1 / 2
q = Voltage X Current X 0.86 watts

PROCEDURE:
Supply small quantity of energy to the source ‘H’ (main heats mH). Now adjust input to
ring heats, so that temp is same as that of main heats. Allow water through cooling circuit
slowly. Allow 30 – 60 minutes for the temp to stabilize note down the temp, voltage, current
and measure the water flow rate (m3 / s).
 Repeat the experiment at different temperature values by adjusting the input
conditions.

Result:
The thermal conductivity of a poor conducting material (asbestos) is determined as
Average Top specimen K = 0.44 w/mk
Average Bottom specimen k = 0.42 w/mk
Ex No :10
Date:

COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

AIM
To find out the amount of heat transferred from a composite wall.

SPECIFICATION

 Slab assembly arranged symmetrically

 Nichrome wires wound on a nickel heater
 Open type dimmer.

INTRODUCTION

Heat conduction is the made of heat transfer accomplish vice two mechanism.
By molecular interaction where by energy exchange takes place. By Kinematics motion
direct impact energy of molecular at relatively higher energy level impact energy of adjacent
molecules at lower energy level .This type of energy transfer always exist so long there a
temp gradient.

DESCRIPTIONS

The apparatus consists of a control heater and watched between two sheets. These
types of slabs are provided on both sides of heater which terms composite structure. A small
hand press is pronded to ensure perfect contact b/w the slabs.

A dimmer stat is provided to vary heat input of heated by using heater and it is
measured by a digital voltmeter and ammeter. Thermo couples are embedded between
interfaces of slabs.
FORMULA
1. Heat input (Q)  V  I , Watts

T1  T2
2. T1average  ; T1 , T2 are the upper and lower temperature of heater
2

T3  T4
3. T2 average  ; T3 , T4 are the upper and lower temperature of mildsteel
2

T5  T6
4. T3average  ; T5 , T6 are the upper and lower temperature of bakelite
2

T7  T8
5. T4 average  ; T7 , T8 are the upper and lower temperature of wood
2

T2 average  T3average  T4 average

6. T5 average 
2
7. Toverall  T1avg  T5 avg

8. Area of the slab (A) =  d 2 , m 2 , where d - diameter of the slab  300mm
4
Thermal Conductivity:-
Q  L1 W
K1  ;
A   T1avg  T2 avg  mK

Q  L2 W
K2  ;
A   T1avg  T3avg  mK

Q  L3 W
K3  ;
A   T1avg  T4 avg  mK
Where
K1 - Thermal conductivity of mild steel
K2 - Thermal conductivity of bakelite
K3 - Thermal conductivity of wood
 L1 - Thickness of mild steel = 10 cm
L2 - Thickness of bakelite =10 cm
L3 - Thickness of wood = 10 cm

1  L1 L 2 L 3  K
9. Thermal Re sistance ( R ) =    ;
A  K1 K 2 K3  W
Toverall
10. Heat Transferred (Q) = ;W
R

PROCEDURE

 Check the electrical connections

 The unit is switched on
 Give the heat input by adjusting the element state.
 The temp selector switch is used to note down the readings
 The Experiment is stopped once the steady state conditions are reached.
 The calculations are made on the reading.

RESULT

Thus the amount of heat transferred from composite walls = W.

 TABULATION

Voltmeter in Temperature in 0C
Current
Volts
S.No in Amps T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
 Er.PERUMAL MANIMEKALAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Thermodynamics Lab Manual

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Performance test on a 4-stroke engine
2. Valve timing of a 4 – stroke engine and port timing of a 2 stroke engine
3. Determination of effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger
4. Determination of effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger
5. Determination of heating value of a fuel
6. COP test on a vapour compression refrigeration test rig
7. COP test on a vapour compression air-conditioning test rig
8. Determination of specific heat of solid
9. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of solid.
10. Determination of Thermal Resistance of a Composite wall.

Faculty Approved by

(HoD)