BOILER

PERFORMANCE

(PROBLEM
SOLVING)
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM
ON
BOILER PERFORMANCE

03
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 03 :
In an experiment on a small oil-fired boiler, the steam produced is at 6 bar gauge. The quantity
of steam produced is found out to be 0.96 dry. 75 litres of water is converted into steam in 9.5
minutes. The fuel is a light diesel oil with specific gravity of 0.85 and calorific value of 43125
kJ/kg. 10 litres of oil is consumed in 11 minutes and 25 seconds. The feed water temperature
is 35°C. Determine the boiler efficiency. Take atmospheric pressure as 1 bar.
Given Data:
pgauge = 6 bar x = 0.96 S = 0.85 CV = 43125 kJ/kg
lit 75 × 10−3
Vሶ W = 75 = = 1.315 × 10−4 m3 /s Tf1 = 350 C = 308 K
9.5 min 9.5 × 60
lit 10 × 10−3
Vሶ f = 10 = = 1.46 × 10−5 m3 /s patm = 1 bar
11 min 25 Sec 685
To find:
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler )
Formula:
ṁs (h − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
QS

Q s = ṁf × CV
ṁs (h − hf1 )
(ηboiler ) =
ṁf × CV
𝐓𝐠

ma (h − hf1 ) 𝐓𝐟𝟏 𝐓
(ηboiler ) = BOILER
CV 𝐩 𝐩
Where
𝐓𝐚
Q s = Heat supplied in kJ/s

CV = Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg

Formula:

ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf

Mass flow rate of water or steam mሶ s = ρw × Vሶ W

Mass flow rate of fuel mሶ f = ρf × Vሶ f

ρf
Specific gravity of fuel S =
ρw

Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm

 Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm
pgauge = 6 bar
p=6+1
patm = 1 bar
𝐩 = 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫

ρw = 1000 kg/m3
Mass flow rate of water or steam mሶ s = ρw × Vሶ 𝑤
Vሶ w = 1.315 × 10−4 m3 /s
mሶ s = 1000 × 1.315 × 10−4

𝐤𝐠
𝐦ሶ 𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟓
𝐬
 ρf
Specific gravity of fuel S = ρw = 1000 kg/m3
ρw
ρf S = 0.85
0.85 =
1000

𝛒𝐟 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

Mass flow rate of fuel mሶ f = ρf × Vሶ f

Vሶ f = 1.46 × 10−5 m3 /s

mሶ f = 850 × 1.46 × 10−5

𝐤𝐠
𝐦ሶ 𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒
𝐬
Solution: p = 7 bar x = 0.96 WET

h = hf + x hfg
hf = 697.1 kJ/kg
h = 697.1 + 0.96 × 2064.9
hfg = 2064.9 kJ/kg
𝐡 = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Tf1 = 350 C

𝐡𝐟𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟔 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

 ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf ṁs = 0.1315 kg/s

ṁf = 0.0124 kg/s
0.1315
(ma ) =
0.0124

𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦
𝐦𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟔
𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥
 ma (h − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV kg of steam
ma = 10.596
kg of fuel
10.596 × (2679.4 − 146.6)
(ηboiler ) =
43125 hf1 = 146.6 kJ/kg

ηboiler = 0.6223
h = 2679.4 kJ/kg

𝛈𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟑% CV = 43125 kJ/kg

Answer

Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 62.23 %

 PROBLEM
ON
BOILER PERFORMANCE

06
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 06 : 𝑻𝒈

Calculate the efficiency of

(a) boiler, 𝑻𝒆𝟏 ECONO EVAPO
𝑻𝐟𝟏 𝐓
MISER RATOR
(b) economizer and 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑

(c) whole plant BOILER

having the following data: 𝑻𝒂
Boiler Economizer
Mass of the feed water = 2060 kg/h Inlet temperature of feed water = 15°C
Mass of the coal burnt = 227 kg/h Exit temperature of feed water =105°C
Calorific value of coal = 30,000 kJ/kg Atmospheric air temperature =18°C
Enthalpy of steam produced = 2750 kJ/kg Temperature of flue gases entering = 370°C
Mass of flue gases = 4075 kg/h Specific heat of flue gases = 1.3 kJ/kg°C
Given Data: kg kg
mሶ s = 2060 = 0.572 kg kg
h s mሶ f = 227 = 0.063
h s
CV = 30000 kJ/kg
h1 = 2750 kJ/kg
kg kg
mሶ g = 4075 = 1.132
h s Te1 = 15°C = 288 K

Tf1 = 105°C = 378 K

Ta = 18°C = 291 K
Tg = 370°C = 643 K kJ
To find: Cpg = 1.3
kg°C
Efficiency of boiler
Efficiency of economizer

Efficiency of whole plant

 Formula:

Heat Utilized in Economiser (Q e ) = ṁs × Cpw (Tf1 − Te1 )

Heat available in flue gases passing to economiser (Q ef ) = ṁg × Cpg (Tg − Ta )

Qe 𝑻𝒈
Efficiency of Economiser, ηEco =
Q ef

Q u + 𝑄𝑒 𝑻𝒆𝟏 ECONO 𝑻𝐟𝟏 EVAPO 𝐓

Overall Efficiency of the plant , ηOver all = MISER RATOR
Qs 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
Where BOILER
Cpw = Specific heat of water in kJ/kg K 𝑻𝒂

Cpg = Specific heat of flue gases in kJ/kg K

Solution:

Heat Supplied (Q s ) = ṁf × CV
kg
mሶ f = 0.063
s

(Q s ) = 0.063 × 30000 CV = 30000 kJ/kg

𝒌𝑱
(𝐐𝐬 ) = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎
𝒌𝒈
Tf1 = 1050 C

𝒉𝒇 T
hf1 = 440.15 kJ/kg
435.9 104
? 105
444.4 106
Heat Utilized in boiler (Q u ) = ṁs × (h1 − hf1 ) kg
mሶ s = 0.572
s
(Q u ) = 0.572 × (2750 − 440.15) h1 = 2750 kJ/kg
𝒌𝑱 hf1 = 440.15 kJ/kg
(𝐐𝐮 ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝒈
Qu
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler =
Qs

1321.23
ηboiler = = 0.699 𝑘𝐽
1890 (Q s ) = 1890
𝑘𝑔
𝛈𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟗 %
Answer

Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 69.9 %

Heat Utilized in Economiser (Q e ) = ṁs × Cpw (Tf1 − Te1 )

kg
mሶ s = 0.572
s
kJ
Cpw = 4.187
(Q e ) = 0.572 × 4.187 (105 − 15) kg°C
Tf1 = 105°C

Te1 = 15°C
(𝐐𝐞 ) = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Heat available in flue gases passing to Economiser (Q ef ) = ṁg × Cpg (Tg − Ta )

kJ
(Q ef ) = 1.132 × 1.3 × (370 − 18) Cpg = 1.3
kg°C
kg
mሶ g = 1.132
s
(𝐐𝐞𝐟 ) = 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 Tg = 370°C

Ta = 18°C
 Qe
Efficiency of Economiser, ηEco =
Q ef Q e = 215.54 kJ/kg

215.54 Q ef = 518 kJ/kg

ηEco = = 0.4161
518

𝛈𝐄𝐜𝐨 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 %

Answer

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟, ηEco = 41.61 %

 Q u + 𝑄𝑒
Overall Efficiency of the plant , ηOver all =
Qs (Q e ) = 215.54 kJ/kg

1321.23 + 215.54 𝑘𝐽
ηOver all = = 0.8131 (Q u ) = 1321.23
1890 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
(Q s ) = 1890
𝛈𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 % 𝑘𝑔

Answer

Overall Efficiency of the plant , ηOver all = 81.31 %

 PROBLEM
ON
BOILER PERFORMANCE

07
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 07:
A boiler generates steam at a rate of 6000 kg/h at a pressure of 800 kPa with a
dryness fraction of 0.98. The feed water is supplied at a 40°C. If the efficiency of the
boiler is 75%, calculate the rate of coal consumption which has a calorific value of
31000 kJ/kg. What is equivalent evaporation from this boiler?
If the super heater is used with the boiler and temperature of superheated steam
reaches 250°C, then (a) what is the equivalent evaporation from the boiler, and (b)
what is the thermal efficiency of boiler? Take specific heat of superheated steam as
Cps = 2.27 kJ/kg°C.
Given Data:
kg kg
mሶ s = 6000 = 1.667 𝑝 = 800 kPa = 8 bar
h s

Case 1: Without superheater

Tf1 = 40°C = 313 K

𝑥 = 0.98

ηboiler = 75 % CV = 31000 kJ/kg

To find:
Rate of coal consumption

Equivalent evaporation
Given Data:
𝑻𝒈
Case 2: If the superheater is used

𝑇𝑠𝑢p = 250°C 𝑻𝒇𝟏 EVAPOR 𝑻 SUPER 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩

ATOR HEATER
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
𝐶𝑝𝑠 = 2.27 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶
BOILER

𝑻𝒂

To find:

Equivalent evaporation

Efficiency of boiler
Formula: Case 1: Without superheater

ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me ) =
2257
ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf
𝑻𝒈

Heat Supplied (Q s ) = ṁf × CV
𝑻𝐟𝟏 𝐓
Qu BOILER
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 𝒑 𝒑
Qs

𝑻𝒂
Heat Utilized in boiler (Q u ) = ṁs × (h1 − hf1 )
Formula:
Case 2: If the superheater is used
ma (hsup − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me(𝑠𝑢𝑝) ) =
2257
𝑻𝒈

Q u (sup)
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler =
Qs 𝑻𝒇𝟏 EVAPOR 𝑻 SUPER 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩
ATOR HEATER
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
Heat Utilized in boiler (Q u (sup) ) = ṁs × (hsup − hf1 )
BOILER

𝑻𝒂
hsup = hg + Cps (TSup − Ts )

ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me ) =
2257
Solution: p = 8 bar x = 0.98 WET

hf = 720.9 kJ/kg
h = hf + x hfg
hfg = 2046.5 kJ/kg
h = 720.9 + 0.98 × 2046.5
Ts = 170.4°C
𝐡 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
hg = 2767.4 kJ/kg
Tf1 = 400 C

hf1 = 167.5 kJ/kg

 Case 1: Without superheater

Heat Utilized in boiler (Q u ) = ṁs × (h − hf1 )

kg
mሶ s = 1.667
s
(Q u ) = 1.667 × (2726.47 − 167.5)
ℎ = 2726.47 kJ/kg

hf1 = 167.5 kJ/kg

𝒌𝑱
(𝐐𝐮 ) = 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟖
𝒌𝒈
 Qu
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler =
Qs

4265.8 ηboiler = 75 %
0.75 =
Qs

𝑘𝐽
(Q s ) = 5687.73
𝑘𝑔
 Heat Supplied (Q s ) = ṁf × CV
𝑘𝐽
(Q s ) = 5687.73
𝑘𝑔
5687.73 = ṁf × 31000
CV = 31000 kJ/kg

𝒌𝒈
ṁf = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓
𝒔

Answer

Mass of fuel burned (ṁf ) = 0.1835 kg/s

 ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf

ṁs = 1.667 kg/s
1.667
(ma ) =
0.1835
ṁf = 0.1835 kg/s

kg of steam
ma = 9.084
kg of fuel
 ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (m e) =
2257

kg of steam
ma = 9.084
9.084 × (2726.47 − 167.5) kg of fuel
me =
2257
hf1 = 167.5 kJ/kg
𝐦𝐞 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑 𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦/𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐚𝐥.
h = 2726.47 kJ/kg
Answer

Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C me = 10.3 kg of steam/kg of coal

Case 2: If the superheater is used
hg = 2767.4 kJ/kg
hsup = hg + Cps (TSup − Ts ) 𝐶𝑝𝑠 = 2.27 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶

𝑇𝑠𝑢p = 250°C
hsup = 2767.4 + 2.27(250 − 170.4)

Ts = 170.4°C
𝑘𝐽
hsup = 2948.09
𝑘𝑔
Heat Utilized in boiler (Q u (sup) ) = ṁs × (hsup − hf1 )
kg
mሶ s = 1.667
s
(Q u (sup) ) = 1.667 × (2948.09 − 167.5)
hsup = 2948.09 kJ/kg

hf1 = 167.5 kJ/kg

𝒌𝑱
(𝐐𝐮 (𝐬𝐮𝐩) ) = 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
 Q u (sup)
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler =
Qs
𝑘𝐽
(Q s ) = 5687.73
𝑘𝑔
4635.4
ηboiler =
5687.73 𝒌𝑱
(𝐐𝐮 (𝐬𝐮𝐩) ) = 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟒
𝒌𝒈
ηboiler = 0.8149

ηboiler = 81.49 %
Answer
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 81.49 %
 ma (hsup − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me(𝑠𝑢𝑝) ) =
2257

9.084 × (2948.09 − 167.5) kg of steam

me(sup) = ma = 9.084
2257 kg of fuel

hf1 = 167.5 kJ/kg

𝐦𝐞(𝐬𝐮𝐩) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦/𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐚𝐥.

h = 2948.09 kJ/kg
Answer

Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C me(sup) = 11.19 kg of steam/kg of coal

 PROBLEM
ON
BOILER PERFORMANCE

08
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 08 :
In a boiler trial of one hour duration the following observation were made:
Steam Generated =5250 kg
Fuel burnet =695 kg
Calorific value of fuel =30200 kJ/kg
Steam condition =0.94
Boiler (steam) pressure =11 bar (gauge)
Temperature of hot well =47°C
Temp. of steam leaving super heater =250° C
Calculate:
a) Equivalent evaporation per kg of coal without and with super heater.
b)Boiler efficiency with and without super heater. Assume atmospheric pressure as 100 kPa.
Given Data:

kg kg kg kg
mሶ s = 5250 = 1.458 mሶ f = 695 = 0.193
1h s 1h s

𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 11 bar
CV = 30200 kJ/kg 𝑥 = 0.94

Tsup = 250°C = 523 K 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 kPa = 1 bar

Tf1 = 47°C = 320 K

To find:

Equivalent evaporation Case 1: Without superheater

Efficiency of boiler Case 2: If the superheater is used

Formula: Case 1: Without superheater

Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm

𝑻𝒈
ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf
𝑻𝐟𝟏 𝐓
ma (h − hf1 ) BOILER
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) = 𝒑 𝒑
CV

𝑻𝒂
ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (m e) =
2257
Formula:
Case 2: If the superheater is used

ma (hsup − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me(𝑠𝑢𝑝) ) =
2257
𝑻𝒈

ma (hsup − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV 𝑻𝒇𝟏 EVAPOR 𝑻 SUPER 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐩
ATOR HEATER
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑

BOILER

𝑻𝒂
Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm pgauge = 11 bar

patm = 1 bar
p = 11 + 1

𝐩 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Solution: p = 12 bar x = 0.94 WET

hf = 798.4 kJ/kg
h = hf + x hfg
hfg = 1984.3 kJ/kg
h = 798.4 + 0.94 × 1984.3

𝐡 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Tf1 = 470 C

hf1 = 196.7 kJ/kg

 ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf

ṁs = 1.458 kg/s
1.458
(ma ) =
0.193
ṁf = 0.193 kg/s

kg of steam
ma = 7.554
kg of fuel
 ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (m e) =
2257

kg of steam
ma = 7.554
7.554 × (2663.64 − 196.7) kg of fuel
me =
2257
hf1 = 196.7 kJ/kg
𝐦𝐞 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦/𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐚𝐥.
h = 2663.64 kJ/kg
Answer

Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C me = 8.257 kg of steam/kg of coal

 ma (h − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV kg of steam
ma = 7.554
kg of fuel
7.554 × (2663.64 − 196.7)
(ηboiler ) =
30200 hf1 = 196.7 kJ/kg

ηboiler = 0.617
h = 2663.64 kJ/kg

𝛈𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕 % CV = 30200 kJ/kg

Answer

Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 61.7 %

Solution: p = 12 bar Tsup = 250 superheated

𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

 Case 2: If the superheater is used
kg of steam
ma (hsup − hf1 ) ma = 7.554
kg of fuel
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV
𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

7.554 × (2935.4 − 196.7) hf1 = 196.7 kJ/kg

ηboiler =
30200
CV = 30200 kJ/kg
ηboiler = 0.685

ηboiler = 68.50 %
Answer
Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 68.5 %
 ma (hsup − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me(𝑠𝑢𝑝) ) =
2257

kg of steam
ma = 7.554
7.554 × (2935.4 − 196.7) kg of fuel
me(sup) =
2257
𝐡𝐬𝐮𝐩 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

hf1 = 196.7 kJ/kg

𝐦𝐞(𝐬𝐮𝐩) = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦/𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐚𝐥.

Answer

Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C me(sup) = 9.166 kg of steam/kg of coal

 PROBLEM
ON
BOILER PERFORMANCE

09
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 09 :
The following reading was recorded during a boiler trial:

Feed water = 2400 kh/h Height of chimney = 32 m

Ambient temperature = 33°C Steam pressure = 11.054 bar (gauge)
Feed water temperature = 42°C Barometric pressure = 710 mm of Hg
Fuel used = 205 kg/h Air supplied in excess = 50%
Calorific value of fuel = 39500 kJ/kg Steam condition = 0.96
Average of chimney temp. = 307°C
Composition of fuel by mass: Carbon = 84%, Hydrogen = 9.27%, Oxygen = 6.73%

Calculate
a) Boiler efficiency
b) Equivalent evaporation from and at 100°C
c) Draught produced in mm of water
Given Data:
kg kg
mሶ s = 2400 = 0.666 Ta = 33°C = 306 K Tf1 = 42°C = 315 K
h s
kg kg
mሶ f = 205 = 0.057 CV = 39500 kJ/kg Tg = 307°C = 580 K
h s

H = 32 m 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 11.054 bar 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 710 mm of Hg

𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒ss air = 50 % 𝑥 = 0.96 𝐶 = 84 % = 0.84 𝐻 = 9.27 % = 0.0927

𝑂 = 6.73 % = 0.0673 𝑆 =0%

To find:
Efficiency of boiler

Equivalent evaporation

Draught produced in mm of water

Formula:
ma (h − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV
ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf
ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (me ) =
2257

Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm

𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦

1 mair +1 1
h = 353 H − . … 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Ta 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑔
Formula
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 (mair(𝑎𝑐𝑡) ) = 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × mair(𝑡ℎ)

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

100 8 𝑜
(mair(𝑡ℎ) ) = [ 𝐶 + 8 𝐻 − + 𝑆]
23 3 8
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐻 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑎 = 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑔 = 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Solution:
patm = 710 mm of Hg
760 mm of Hg = 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
710
patm = 1.01325 ×
760

patm = 0.946 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Absolute Pressure p = pgauge + patm

pgauge = 11.054 bar

p = 11.054 + 0.946

𝐩 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
 p = 12 bar x = 0.96 WET

h = hf + x hfg
hf = 798.4 kJ/kg

h = 798.4 + 0.96 × 1984.3

hfg = 1984.3 kJ/kg
𝐡 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠
Tf1 = 420 C 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

hf1 = 175.8 kJ/kg

 ṁs
Mass of steam generated per kg of coal (ma ) =
ṁf

ṁs = 0.666 kg/s
0.666
(ma ) =
0.057
ṁf = 0.057 kg/s

kg of steam
ma = 11.68
kg of fuel
 ma (h − hf1 )
Efficiency of boiler, (ηboiler ) =
CV kg of steam
ma = 11.68
kg of fuel
11.68 × (2703.33 − 175.8)
(ηboiler ) =
39500 hf1 = 175.8 kJ/kg

ηboiler = 0.7473
h = 2703.33 kJ/kg

𝛈𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐫 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟕𝟑 % CV = 39500 kJ/kg

Answer

Efficiency of boiler, ηboiler = 74.73 %

 ma (h − hf1 )
Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C (m e) =
2257

kg of steam
ma = 11.68
kg of fuel
11.68 × (2703.33 − 175.8)
me =
2257 hf1 = 175.8 kJ/kg

𝐦𝐞 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦/𝐤𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐚𝐥. h = 2703.33 kJ/kg

Answer

Equivalent evaporation from and at 1000 C me = 13.08 kg of steam/kg of coal

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

100 8 𝑜
(mair(𝑡ℎ) ) = [ 𝐶 + 8 𝐻 − + 𝑆]
23 3 8
𝐶 = 0.84
𝐻 = 0.0927
100 8 0.0673
mair(𝑡ℎ) = [ × 0.84 + 8 0.0927 − + 0] 𝑂 = 0.0673
23 3 8
𝑆 =0%
𝑘𝑔
mair(𝑡ℎ) = 12.67
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 (mair(𝑎𝑐𝑡) ) = 1.5 × mair(𝑡ℎ)

mair(𝑎𝑐𝑡) = 1.5 × 12.67 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒ss air = 50 %

𝑘𝑔
mair(𝑎𝑐𝑡) = 19
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
 1 mair +1 1
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 h = 353 H − × … 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Ta 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑔

H = 32 m
1 19+1 1
h = 353 × 32 − ×
306 19 580
Ta = 33°C = 306 K

h = 16.414 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Tg = 307°C = 580 K

𝑘𝑔
mair(𝑎𝑐𝑡) = 19
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Answer
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 h = 16.414 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Thank You