5 Nutrition and Metabloism Protein-Updated
5 Nutrition and Metabloism Protein-Updated
and Metabloism
Protein and amino acids
What is a protein?
• Proteins are a sequence of amino acids
• There are 20 amino acids
• 9 are essential amino acids,‐ (cannot be made by the body, must come from food)
(10 in children‐arginine)
• Each amino acid has an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a side
group
• It is the side group that makes each amino acid unique
• The sequence of amino acids in each protein determines its unique shape and
function
• 12 are non‐essential
• There are also 4 amino acids that can be considered conditionally essential:
(nonessential becoming essential under special circumstances such as disease)
• Arginine
• Tyrosine
• Glutamine
• Cysteine
For example: Phenylalanine converted to Tyrosine, if not adequate phenylalanines for
conversion, then tyrosine be conditionally essential amino acid
Molecules of Food: Proteins
• Chains of Amino Acids
• Diverse roles: enzymes, hormones, regulators,
molecular transports, antibodies, building
tissue like muscles, and energy
• Made up of C, H, O, N, other ions
Structure of amino acids
Amino Acids
•Four components
around a central carbon
(C)
•One hydrogen
•An amino group (‐NH2)
•An acid (‐COOH)
•A functional group Glycine
Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acid: Non‐essential Amino
Leucine Acid: Asparagine
Amino Acid structure
•The side group creates
unique characteristics for
each amino acid so they
differ in: shape, size,
composition, electrical
charge, and pH.
AMINO ACID: Sequence
•Amino acids link in specific
sequences to form strands of protein
•One amino acids is joined to the
next by a PEPTIDE bond
•Dipeptide – 2 amino acids
•Tripeptide – 3 amino acids
•Oligopeptides – 4‐10 amino acids
•Polypeptide – more than 10 amino
acids
•Proteins in the body and diet are
long polypeptides (100s of amino
acids)
Haemoglobin
DENATURING of PROTEINS
•Acid, alkaline, heat, alcohol,
and agitation can disrupt the
chemical forces that stabilize
proteins and can cause them
to lose their shape (denature)
•Denaturing of proteins
happens during food
preparation (cooking,
whipping, adding acids) or
digestion (in the stomach with
hydrochloric acid)
Protein shapes
• Hydrophilic side groups are attracted to water.
• Hydrophobic side groups repel water.
• Coiled and twisted chains help to provide stability.
PROTEINS: Function
1. Structural Functions
• Collagen – is the most abundant protein in
mammals, and gives bone and skin their
strength
• Keratin – provides structure to hair and nails
PROTEIN: Functions
2. ENZYMES
• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without
being used up or destroyed in the process
• Used in – digestion, releasing of energy from nutrients for fuel,
triggering reactions that build muscle and tissue
3. HORMONES
• Hormones are chemical messengers that are made on one part
of the body, but act on cells in other parts of the body e.g Insulin,
Glucagon
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
PROTEIN: Functions
4. IMMUNE FUNCTION
• The Immune Response is a series of steps the body takes
to mount an attack against invaders
• Antibodies are blood proteins that attack and inactivate
bacteria and viruses
• Once an antibody has been made for a certain invader,
your body can more quickly respond (Immunization)
PROTEIN: Functions
5. FLUID BALANCE
• Fluids in the body are intracellular or extracellular (interstitial and
intravascular) and must remain balanced
• Blood proteins like albumin and globulin help to regulate this balance
by remaining in the capillaries and attracting fluid
• Oedema is the result of fluid imbalance
6. ACID‐BASE BALANCE
• Proteins help to maintain a stable pH level in our body fluid by picking
up extra hydrogen ions when conditions are acidic, and donating
hydrogen ions when conditions are alkaline
• Otherwise, the resulting conditions of acidosis or alkalosis could lead
to coma or death
PROTEIN: Functions
7. TRANSPORT
• Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, LDL, HDL)
• Albumin transports a variety of nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and Vitamin B6
• Transferrin transports iron (hemoglobin – a protein, contains iron, but it transports
oxygen)
• Proteins may also acts as channels or pumps across the cell membrane
8. ENERGY SOURCE
• If the diet does not provide enough energy, the body begins to break down its own
protein
• The proteins are broken down into individual amino acids, then deaminated, and
the remaining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds are used to make energy
or glucose
• If the diet contains too much protein, the excess will be converted to glucose, or
stored as fat
DIGESTION
Stomach
• Protein digestion begins in the stomach, with no digestion of protein taking
place in the mouth,
• Hydrochloric acid denatures protein and also converts pepsinogen to pepsin
• Pepsin breaks the protein down into peptides of various lengths and some
amino acids
• Pepsin completes ~ 10‐20% of digestion
Pancreas
• Pancreas makes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (proenzymes) in
response to protein in the small intestine
• They will be activated to trypsin and chymotrypsin (now called proteases)
• Proteases break down polypeptides into smaller peptides (very few peptides
have been broken down to amino acids at this stage)
Small intestine
• Further hydrolysed into tri and dipeptides and amino acids
• Peptidase enzymes split these into amino acids
Digestion of protein
Whitney and Rolfes 2008
Digestion of protein
Whitney and Rolfes 2008
Digestion of protein
Whitney and Rolfes 2008
ABSORPTION
• In the enterocyte, other peptidases immediately digest
everything into single amino acids which are absorbed
into the bloodstream
• Most protein absorption takes place in the duodenum and
jejunum
• Most amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream, but
some remain in the enterocytes and are used to
synthesize enzymes and new cells
• > 99% of protein enters the bloodstream as amino acids
• Absorption of whole protein can cause a severe allergic
reaction
PROTEINS in the BODY
• Amino Acid Pool – amino acids that are available throughout
the body (tissues and fluids) for use when needed
• Protein Turnover – of the ~ 300 grams of protein synthesized
by the body each day, 200 grams are made from recycled
amino acids
Protein Synthesis
– Synthesis is unique for each human being and is
determined by the amino acid sequence.
– Delivering the instructions through messenger
RNA
• carries a code to the nuclear membrane and attaches
to ribosomes
• presents a list to make a strand of protein
– Transfer RNA lines up the amino acids and brings
them to the messenger
NITROGEN EXCRETION
• Amino acid breakdown yields an amino group
(containing nitrogen)
• This molecule is unstable and is converted to
ammonia
• Ammonia is toxic, so it is excreted from the cells
and sent to the liver, where it is converted to urea
and water
• The urea is transported to the kidney, where it is
filtered from the blood and finally sent to the
bladder for excretion in the urine
• Nitrogen is also lost through hair, skin, GI cells
mucus, nails, and body fluids like sweat
A Preview of Protein Metabolism
– Using amino acids to make proteins or nonessential amino
acids
• Cells can assemble amino acids into the protein needed
– Using amino acids to make other compounds
• Neurotransmitters are made from the amino acid
tyrosine
• Tyrosine can be made into the melanin pigment or
thyroxine
• Tryptophan makes niacin and serotonin.
– Using amino acids for energy and glucose
• There is no readily available storage form of protein
• Tissue protein is broken down for energy if needed
A Preview of Protein Metabolism
– Deaminating amino acids
• Nitrogen‐containing amino groups are removed
• Ammonia is released into the bloodstream
• Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver
• Kidneys filter urea out of the blood
– Using amino acids to make fat
• Excess protein is deaminated and converted
into fat
• Nitrogen is excreted
PROTEIN QUALITY of FOOD
• Complete Proteins – proteins that provide all the
essential amino acids (most animal proteins)
• Reference protein: Egg
• Incomplete Proteins – proteins that are missing one
or more essential amino acids (most plant proteins
except soy protein)
• Incomplete proteins can be served with a
complementary protein to make it complete
• The quality of protein is measured by its amino acid
content, digestibility, and ability to support growth
Health Effects and
Recommended Intakes of Protein
• Recommended Intakes of Protein
– 10–35% energy intake
– Protein RDA
• 0.84 g/kg/day for adult males
• 0.75 g/kg/day for adult females
• Assumptions
– people are healthy
– protein is mixed quality
– the body will use protein efficiently
PROTEIN: Health Effects
INSUFFICIENT DIETARY PROTEIN
• Protein‐Energy Malnutrition (PEM) can occur
anywhere in the world, but is most common in
developing countries
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• In industrialized nations, PEM may exist in the
elderly population, in the poor, and those with
anorexia, cancer, AIDS, or malabsorption
syndromes
PROTEIN QUALITY
▪ Depends on TYPES and QUANTITY of amino acid in the chain in
which the body need
▪ Quality of protein is very important for tissue building
▪ Each protein has a unique roles that cannot be replaced
▪ Since one protein is synthesized:
All amino acid needed must be available
Adequate amount
Lack only one amino acid, cannot be synthesized
Evaluation protein quality
1. Amino acid score
• The amino acid score predicts protein
quality based on the pattern of essential
amino acids
• It compares the essential amino acid
composition of a food protein with that of a
reference protein (egg)
• The score of each amino acid in the food protein
is described as a percentage of the amino acid in
the egg.
• The amino acid with the lowest percentage
score is the most limiting amino acid
Evaluation protein quality
1. Amino acid score (AAS)
Example: the test protein contained (per 3210
units) 360 units of isoleucine; 500 units of leucine;
350 of lysine; and for each of the other amino
acids, more units than egg protein contains.
What is AAS
Evaluation protein quality
1. Amino acid score
• Advantages: simple, fast, low cost and can
determine quality of mixture protein
• Digestibility of protein is not counted
2. Biological Value (BV)
Nr
BV 100
Na
Nr : Nitrogen from protein metabolized in the body
Na : Nitrogen absorbed into body
Ni : Nitrogen provided by protein
Ne(f) : Nitrogen excreted via feces
Ne(u) : Nitrogen excreted via urine
Nb : Nitrogen body when diet doesn’t have protein
3. Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
‐ Efficiency of protein support growth (in weight) for a growing
individual
IMPROVE QUALITY OF FOOD PROTEIN
• Animal protein: good source (Adequate AMOUNT and TYPE
essential AA)
Vegetarian diet:
1. Add some cheese and egg when processing cereal and legumes
products