DEFINITIONS ONLY

WORK STUDY
INTRODUCTION

WORK STUDY

METHOD WORK
STUDY MEASUREMENT
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

➢ May be defined as the analysis of a job for

the purpose of finding the preferred method
of doing it
➢ Also determining the standard time to
perform it by the preferred (or given)
method.
➢ Comprises of two areas of study:
1. Method Study (Motion Study)
2. Time study (Work Measurement).
 WHAT IS WORK STUDY?

➢ Work study uses techniques like Method

Study and Work Measurement to understand
human work potential in terms of time spend
on completing a task, looking at ways to
make the task simpler and easy, as to
increase Productivity and Efficiency.
 OBJECTIVES OF WORK STUDY?

✓ Scientific and controlled analysis of existing

available methods of executing a task.
✓ Measuring performance of mentally and the
physically qualified workers, establishing it as
standard for performance measurement.
✓ Optimum utilization of workers, plant, machinery
and other resources at minimum cost.
✓ Improved productivity and enhance worker
mood.
✓ Increasing efficiency of organization.
 WHAT IS METHOD STUDY?

➢ It is a scientific process to better job design. It

studies the existing job process and proposed job
process as to identify the appropriate job process
which results in efficient and cost effective
operations.
➢ Systematic recording and critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a
means of developing and applying easier and
more effective methods and reducing cost
 WHAT IS METHOD STUDY?

➢ Work methods analysis or method study is a

scientific technique of observing, recording
and critically examining the present method
of performing a task or operation with the
aim of improving the present method and
developing a new and cheaper method.
 WHAT IS METHOD STUDY?

➢ Enables the Industrial Engineer to subject

each operation to systematic analysis. The
main purpose of method study is to
eliminate the unnecessary operations and to
achieve the best method of performing the
operation. Method study is also called
Methods Engineering or Work Design.
 IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY
IS ACHIEVED THROUGH :

✓ Improved layout and design of workplace.

✓ Improved and efficient work procedures.
✓ Effective utilization of men, machines and
materials.
✓ Improved design or specification of the final
product
 OBJECTIVES OF METHOD
STUDY?

✓ Present and analyze true facts

concerning the situation.
✓ To examine those facts critically.
✓ To develop the best answer possible
under given circumstances based on
critical examination of facts.
 PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN
METHOD STUDY?

1. SELECT
✓ the work to be studied and define its boundaries.
2. RECORD
✓ the relevant facts about the job by direct observation and
collect such additional data as may be needed from
appropriate sources.
3. EXAMINE
✓ the way the job is being performed and challenge its
purpose, place sequence and method of performance.
 PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN
METHOD STUDY?
4. DEVELOP
✓ the most practical, economic and effective method, drawing
on the contributions of those concerned.
5. EVALUATE
✓ different alternatives to developing a new improved method
comparing the cost- effectiveness of the selected new
method with the current method with the current method
of performance.
6. DEFINE
✓ the new method, as a result, in a clear manner and present it
to those concerned, i.e., management, supervisors and
workers.
 PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN
METHOD STUDY?

7. INSTALL
✓ the new method as a standard practice and train the persons
involved in applying it.
8. MAINTAIN
✓ the new method and introduce control procedures to
prevent a drifting back to the previous method of work.
 WHAT IS WORK MEASUREMENT?

➢ Is the application of techniques which is

designed to establish the time for an average
worker to carry out a specified
manufacturing task at a defined level of
performance. It is concerned with the
duration of time it takes to complete a work
task assigned to a specific job.
 WHAT IS WORK MEASUREMENT?

➢It is the systematic

determination of how long a task
should take to complete. One of
the most common types of work
measurement is time study.
 TECHNIQUES IN WORK
MEASUREMENT?

✓ Time Study
✓ Predetermined Motion Time
Systems
✓ Synthesis from elemental data
✓ Work Sampling
 TIME STUDY
➢ Is a structured process of directly
observing and measuring human
work using a timing device to
establish the time required for
completion of the work by a
qualified worker when working at
a defined level of performance.
 TIME STUDY
It follows the basic procedure of systematic work
measurement of :
➢ Analysis of the work into small, easily-
measurable components or elements
➢ Measurement of those components and
➢ Synthesis from those measured components
to arrive at a time for the complete job.
 STEPS IN PERFORMING TIME
STUDY

1. Define the job to be analyzed.

2. Break the job into discrete tasks.
3. Measure the actual time required for each
task.
4. Develop a statistically significant sample
size of the task work cycles to be
measured.
 FORMULA FOR TIME STUDY

➢ NORMAL TIME
σ 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑁𝑜.𝑂𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

➢ STANDARD TIME
➢ Allowances are added to the Normal Time
= 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 + 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

➢ Allowances are added to the Total Time

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
=
1 − 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
 FORMULA FOR TIME STUDY

➢ No. Of Units Produced based

on ST
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
=
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 PREDETERMINED MOTION
TIME SYSTEMS
➢ may be defined as a procedure/method
which analyses any manual
activity/human motion in terms of the
basic or fundamental motions required to
perform it. Each of these motions is
assigned a predetermined or a previously
established standard time value in such a
manner those times for the individual
motions on addition provides a total time
for the performance of the activity.
 PREDETERMINED MOTION
TIME SYSTEMS
➢ is frequently used to perform Labor
Minute Costing in order to set piece-rates,
wage-rates and/or incentives in labor
(labour) oriented industries by quantifying
the amount of time required to perform
specific tasks under defined conditions.
Today the PMTS is mainly used in work
measurement for shorter cycles in labour
oriented industries such as apparel and
footwear.
 PREDETERMINED MOTION
TIME SYSTEMS

➢ use Time Measurement Units

(TMU) instead of seconds for
measuring time. One TMU is
defined to be 0.00001 hours, or
0.036 seconds. These smaller units
allow for more accurate calculations
without the use of decimals.
 PREDETERMINED MOTION
TIME SYSTEMS

PHOTO FROM : ONLINE APPAREL STUDY

 Synthesis from
elemental data

➢ Synthesis is a Work
Measurement technique which
builds up Standard Times using
data obtained from previous
Time Studies.
 THE USE SYNTHESIS FROM
ELEMENTAL DATA

➢ Synthetic data are used to establish the

work content for job and batch
production work and also for other work
of a repetitive nature.
➢ It is an extremely valuable technique in
estimating time standards for
production planning and estimating in
connection with quotations.
 WORK SAMPLING

➢ is the statistical technique used for determining

the proportion of time spent by workers in various
defined categories of activity (e.g. setting up a
machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.).
➢ It is as important as all other statistical techniques
because it permits quick analysis, recognition,
and enhancement of job responsibilities, tasks,
performance competencies, and organizational
work flows.
➢ Other names used for it are 'activity sampling',
'occurrence sampling', and 'ratio delay study'
 WORK SAMPLING

➢ Is a method in which a large number of

instantaneous observations are made at
random time intervals over a period of time or
a group of machines, workers or
processes/operations. Each observation
records what is happening at that instant and
the percentage of observations recorded for a
particular activity or delay/idleness is a
measure of the percentage of time during
which that activity or delay/idleness occurs.